to get the file - School of Engineering
Transcription
to get the file - School of Engineering
Innovative 3D Printed Structures for Enhanced Real-Time Prognostic Health Monitoring for Small Low Cost UAV’s Chase Heckman • Jorge Nunez • Jesse Bok • Luis Bernardo School of Engineering • University of California, Merced Mission Design Print-N-Fly’s purpose is to develop a cost effective and easily 3D printed modular UAV structure for rapid design implementation and ease of repairs. This design will incorporate strategically embedded sensors for future use in prognostic health monitoring thus enhancing airworthiness via a robust and resilient airframe. Background Materials Mechatronics, Embedded Systems, and Automation (MESA) Lab is a University of California, Merced research lab which researches a broad range of topics including unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for civil remote sensing applications. Testing Manufacturability CAD/FEA Embedded Modularity Analysis Sensing Section • Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SUAVs) are autonomously piloted aircraft, controlled by onboard processors and GPS navigation • SUAVS are typically custom made or RC planes retrofitted with hardware necessary for autonomous flight • Typical materials are light weight composites: foam, balsa wood, plastics, foam, and carbon fiber • Custom made SUAVs are difficult and expensive to manufacture Typical Custom made • Retrofitted RC planes limit the amount of customization Foam UAV and functionality of the airframe for autonomous flight effecting payload size and flight characteristics MESA Lab Requirements Include Developing: 1. Airworthy 3D printed small Airframe similar to the classical RC plane the “Telemaster” 2. Stable Structure based on Modular/Segmented Design 3. Embedded sensors for Health monitoring (monitor/log flight stresses for post flight review) 4. Utilizing a desktop, filament extrusion Polylactic acid Telemaster RC Plane (PLA) 3D printer supplied by MESA Lab Methods Print-N-Fly’s Approach to this project is composed of four tasks: 1) Materials Testing • Comparing 3D printed plastic with common UAV materials (balsa wood) for proof of structural stability • Testing Types: 1) Tensile, 2) Compressive, 3) Impact • Material Properties: Ultimate Strength, Specific Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, Impact Strength Qualitative failure characteristics 3) Manufacturability Analysis • Experimentation with the filament extrusion 3D printing method • Determining limitations of printing shapes and configurations (e.g. due to size , resolution, and directional printing constraints) • Analysis of default printing qualities Modular Fuselage • Vibration Sensor Temperature Sensor • Energy 20.00 (kJ/m2) 15.00 Energy (kJ/m2) 15.00 20.00 PLA 10.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 Notched Notched Notchless Tensile Testing 5 0 0.05 ε (-) Compressive Testing Fuselage Modularity Notchless Tensile Testing σ(MPa) 5 4 3 2 1 0 E=2 GPa σ(MPa) 15 Balsa 10.00 5.00 15 4) Modularity/ Segmentation Design • Segmenting wings, fuselage, and stabilizers to promote: • Rapid repair of damaged segment rather than entire aircraft • Modifications of baseline aircraft- ease of segment interchangeability for customizing aerodynamic and payload requirements • Ease of manufacturing on small printer Vibration Sensor Embedded Wing Segment Charpy Impact Testing 25.00 0 E = 800 MPa 0 0.005 ε (-) Compressive Testing σ(MPa) 6 10 4 5 E= 200 MPa 0 0 Piezo Vibration Sensors- Locations: inner wings and fuselage. Measurand: wing flutter, vibration due to flight maneuvers, impact during landing/takeoff Rotary Potentiometers- Locations: wings. Measurand: control surface movement Temperature Sensor- Locations: Fuselage. Measurand: temperature of sensitive plastic at critical regions(e.g. near motor/ batteries) Modular Resistive Network- Locations: Entire Aircraft. Measurand: monitoring/ detecting loss or damage of segments Modularity Design: • modularized fuselage, wings, horizontal and vertical stabilizers •Carbon fiber spar for bending support of wing •Carbon fiber spine for support of fuselage •M3 carbon steel threaded rods for compression fitting of all modular component Medium Grade Balsa 25.00 10 • • A single resistor and easy release clip from network σ(MPa) 20 Makerbot Replicator II Mega Pro Mini Loss of wing, fuselage, or stabilizer segment results in a break in the circuit/disconnected resistor near the damaged segment due to easy release clip. Change in resistance is measured to determine the modular segment of breakage. Charpy Impact Testing 2) Embedded Sensors/ Data logging • Designing/printing sensor compartments and convenient holders for ease of embedding • Capability of logging in-flight health for post flight review/proof of structural stability Sensor Data logging Sensors/ Electronics: •Processor: Arduino Mega Pro Mini •Data Logging: OpenLog Mini SD Card •Other Hardware: multiplexers (expandable inputs) , physical filters (signal processing) Modular Resistive Network & Sensor Map Medium Quality Extruded PLA Instron Tensile Tester Manufacturing/ Material Property Constraints: Build Volume- 11.2 L x 6.0 W x 6.1 H in Time- Slow print times( dependant on quality settings) Material Properties of PLA • Brittle behavior (little deformation or sign of weakening before failing) • Small notches/ printing errors result in large stress concentrators • Denser than Balsa(0.6-1.2 g/cm^3 compared to 0.16 g/cm^3) • Low Melting Temperature (140° F) 3D Printing Fuselage • Warping during printing 0.05 Conclusion & Future Direction • 3D printing SUAVs at the desktop level is not at level of expectations yet due to: •Very Slow Build Times •Unfeasible printing of numerous classical airframe designs •Strong material/capable of withstanding flight load, yet too heavy for light weight applications •Low Weight alternatives must be developed 1) Foam/ Plastic Hybrid Plane 2) Thin Plastic Skin/Spray Foam 3) Non-fixed wings UAVs Future direction in printing SUAVs at the research level include: •Research into similar higher throughput 3D printers for more rapid SUAV printing •Combining 3D printing with classical manufacturing/ materials (foam, carbon fiber skeletons, plastic molding) for lighter weight alternatives •Experimenting further into embedded sensors for prognostic health monitoring •Developing a full scale ready-for-flight model for in flight testing Acknowledgements 2 ε (-) Wing Modularity with carbon fiber spar and threaded rods E=100 MPa 0 0 0.5 ε (-) Team Print-N-Fly Members: Chase Heckman [email protected] Jesse Bok [email protected] Jorge Nunez [email protected] Luis Bernardo [email protected] MESA Lab Advisors: Brandon Stark Dr. YangQuan Chen