neptune - kiswire

NEPTUNE
STEEL WIRE ROPES
MALAYSIA:
KISWIRE SDN. BHD. (OFFICE)
Address
Suite 1701, 17th Floor, City Plaza, Jalan
Tebrau, 80300 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
TEL | 60. 7. 333. 0178
FAX | 60. 7. 333. 2475
E-MAIL | [email protected]
CHINA:
KISWIRE LTD.
(BEIJING REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE)
Address
Room 19-5A, Citic Building
19 Jianguomenwai Street, Beijing, China
TEL | 86. 21. 6593. 1833
FAX | 86. 21. 6593. 1876
E-MAIL | [email protected]
KISWIRE LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR
EUROPE:
KISWIRE EUROPE BV
Kleine Landtong 21
4201 HL Gorinchem
E-MAIL | [email protected]
The Netherlands
PO Box 364
4200 AJ Gorinchem
The Netherlands
TEL | +31 183 66 60 60
FAX | +31 183 66 50 21
E-MAIL | [email protected]
KOREA :
KISWIRE LTD.
SEOUL OFFICE,
Jankyo Building 20th Floor,
Jankyo-dong 1,
Chung-ku, Seoul.
TEL | 82. 2. 316. 6114
FAX | 82. 2. 316. 6115
E-MAIL | [email protected]
USA:
KISWIRE WEST, INC.
Address
3450 Wilshire Boulevard. Suite #314
Los Angeles CA 90010. USA.
TEL | 1. 213. 386. 5420
FAX | 1. 213. 386. 6981
E-MAIL | [email protected]
MALAYSIA:
KISWIRE SDN. BHD. (FACTORY)
Address
Plo 475, Jalan Keluli 2, Pasir Gudang,
81707, Johor, Malaysia
TEL | 60. 7. 251. 2475
FAX | 60. 7. 251. 0870
E-MAIL | [email protected]
Providing strength to access oil and gas reserves
in the deepest waters
Kiswire
Features of Neptune
High strength wire rope for the
offshore oil & gas industry
The NEPTUNE product range includes:
Anchor Lines
A & R Winch Ropes
Drilling Lines
Marine Riser Tensioner Lines
Large Diameter Offshore Crane Ropes
KISWIRE LTD
The World’s largest manufacturer of steel wire rope.
Kiswire was established in 1945 in Busan, Korea. The company has grown into a major international
operation with a global sales and marketing presence and manufacturing facilities in Korea, Malaysia,
China and the USA.
Key Product Features:
NEPTUNE Wire Ropes
In 1997 KISWIRE established a dedicated manufacturing operation in Johor, Malaysia for a complete range
of wire ropes for use by the oil and gas industry, with unit weights for 6-strand rope up to 120t.
Through continuous improvement, product development and expansion, NEPTUNE wire ropes have grown
into leading products for use Offshore
Planned investment will see NEPTUNE unit weights go beyond 300t. and its manufacturing
capacity double.
The highest breaking strengths and fatigue resistance in round and compacted strand rope made possible
by the use of special, high quality steel; high technology wire drawing machinery coupled with special die and
lubrication practices; optimum rope designs to minimise spinning loss.
Outstanding resistance to corrosion through heavy, uniform thickness zinc and zinc aluminium alloy
(ALUMAR) coatings in combination with highly effective water repellent blocking compounds developed
specifically for use with NEPTUNE products.
Excellent packaging and product protection by careful control of rope spooling and the use of strong steel
reels and protective wrapping.
Rigorous quality assurance through procedures and practices strictly applied according to Internationally
accredited standards.
Product Selection
Product Selection
Wire Rope Selection
When replacing a wire rope, refer to the relevant Original Equipment Manufacturers recommendation and rope test certification.
Rope Diameter
8 Strand - 8.5%
6 Strand - 7.1%
Multistrand - 1.9%
40
8 Strand
6 Strand
30
20
Multistrand
10
0
0
Correct and consistent rope diameter is essential for optimum
working performance. Ensure that the rope diameter is correctly
measured and that the resulting diameter is appropriate for the
working system.
100
200
300
400
500
600
Untwisting Effect in degrees/metre
Where an original wire rope is to be supplied, or where the required working conditions have changed, KISWIRE should be
consulted to obtain the best possible advice and recommendations.
Predicted Rope Rotation with Zero Restraining Torque
120
Torque Factors
Torque/Rope Diameter (tonnef)
To ensure safe and efficient operation, replacement ropes should conform to the specified nominal rope diameter and be at least
equal to the required strength originally specified. Additionally, the wire rope construction selected should provide similar or
improved working properties for resistance to rotation, bend fatigue, crushing, abrasion and corrosion.
Comparison of Rope Torques
50
100
8 Strand
80
6 Strand
60
40
20
Multistrand
Rope Tension (tonnef)
0
0
The torque generated is the torque factor (%) multiplied by
the rope diameter multiplied by the applied load.
5
10
15
Applied Load as % MBL
20
25
Incorrect diameter can reduce performance and cause unsafe
working conditions.
Strength
Axial Stiffness (EA)
Flexural Stiffness (EI)
Rope strength should be specified as Minimum Breaking
Strength or Minimum Breaking Force.
Axial Stiffness (EA) is determined by E x A x 10-3, in MN,
where:
Flexural Stiffness (EI) is determined by E x I x 10-6, in N.m2,
where:
E - is the apparent modulus of the rope in kN/mm2, shown
below for 6x37 IWRC group constructions.
A - is the cross sectional area of the circumscribed circle
(mm2) based on the nominal rope diameter.
E - is the Stiffness Factor in N/mm2, shown below for
appropriate 6x37 IWRC group constructions.
I - is the Second Moment of Area of the rope (d4), using
Nominal Diameter d.
The breaking strength of the rope is determined by the wire
tensile strength and steel cross sectional area.
Grooves for Pulleys, Sheaves and Drums
The steel fill factor and rope construction can be varied to suit
the operating conditions.
Strand compaction can be used for increased rope strength
and service life.
Construction 6x37 IWRC API classification
E
Construction 6x37 IWRC API classification
kN/mm²
Rope Torsion
All wire ropes have inherent rotation characteristics that
will produce a turning moment in the rope. With both rope ends
fixed and unable to rotate, the turning moment will generate a
TORQUE force at the fixed points. Whereas, if one end of the
rope is free to rotate, the generated force will result in rope
TURN and therefore load rotation.
58.86
6x36
15.6
6xK36, 6xK41 and 6xK49
63.77
6xK36
18.8
6x41
14.5
6xK41
17.6
6x49
12.6
6xK49
14.4
e.g. EI for 76.2mm dia. 6x36: 15.6 x 76.24 x 10-6 = 526 N.m2
Single Layer ropes such as the 6 and 8 strand have a much
greater tendency to rotate under load, whereas Multistrand
ropes, which depend upon the opposing torsional values of the
various layers of strands, offer much greater torsional stability.
As the wire rope construction options are numerous, KISWIRE
would be pleased to offer technical advice on rope selection.
N/mm²
6x36, 6x41 and 6x49
e.g. EA for 76.2mm dia. 6x36: 58.86 x 4560 x 10-3 = 268 MN
Wire ropes can be designed to achieve the desired rotational
properties required by the application.
Stiffness Factor
N.B. In both cases the Stiffness values apply to new rope with little or no applied load.
On all technical queries and parameters, it is always best to verify your requirements with the KISWIRE QA Dept.
Single Layer
2 Layer
Neptune Alumar
Product Selection
Influence of rope lubricant on bend
fatigue performance
Rope Lubrication
All Neptune ropes are filled with an impermeable, semi
solid, anti corrosion blocking compound. This provides
lubrication for the rope which reduces internal abrasion
damage, as well as increasing rope service life through
resistance to penetration of the rope by seawater.
A range of manufacturing lubricants is available to
satisfy particular seawater salinity and temperature.
Neptune Alumar
(000’s)
200
150,000 High performance lubricant
100,000 General lubricant
25,000 Dry rope
Neptune ALUMAR provided by the special zinc/aluminum alloy coating.
Neptune ALUMAR is an exciting new development, stemming from a major investment programme led by KISWIRE’s R&D Center.
Cycles to failure
Effective rope lubrication during manufacture by
the selection and application of the optimum lubricant
can increase fatigue life, minimise wear and provide
corrosion resistance to extend the service life of
wire rope.
150
100
50
Neptune ALUMAR has excellent corrosion resistance and superior rope fatigue performance compared to conventional
galvanising.
The special, ductile zinc/aluminum coating, combined with highly effective, water repellent blocking compounds, provide three
times greater life in sea water than the conventional product.
This powerful combination of corrosion resistance, durability and highest strength rope, significantly extends useful life of rope
in a marine environment.
0
Neptune ALUMAR provides a 21st century solution for the offshore oil and gas industry:• Unparalleled high strength to weight ratio
• Extended tension-tension and bend fatigue life
• Remarkable corrosion resistance
A quality assured product from design through to installation.
Corrosion Induced Coat Weight Reduction Over Time
200
Coat Loss in g/m2/year
Coating
180
160
All information and data provided are for guidance only and it is recommended that individual requirements be discussed
with KISWIRE.
Loss in Coating (g/m2)
In applications such as Riser Lines, additional corrosion protection can be achieved by the use of a plastic impregnated core.
The plastic will give added protection to the centre wires and also offer greater support to the outer strands, resulting in
extended rope life.
Severe
Marine
ALUMAR
7
9
10
12
Galvanised
14
21
19
24
GALVANISED
Corrosion
Where the rope is working in a corrosive environment, protection of the individual wires should be considered, especially if the
rope life is expected to be in excess of 12 months. In such cases, it is essential to safeguard the integrity of the smaller, inner wires
of the rope in order to maintain the constructional stability and also the working safety of the rope. Zinc has been the conventional
coating on wire, but KISWIRE is now offering a much superior coating based on a Zinc/Aluminum alloy – ALUMAR, (see the
details overleaf).
Rural Industrial Marine
140
120
100
80
60
ALUMAR
40
20
0
0
2
4
6
Exposure Period (years)
8
10
Neptune Factory
Neptune Factory
• Dedicated inside rod storage provides protection against pitting corrosion and coil handling damage.
• Durable reels for world wide transportation.
• State-of-the-art ALUMAR coating line for Neptune products.
• Support cradles to distribute weight.
• Efficient cooling in drawing to maximise ductility, aided by special drawing die technology and lubrication.
• Robust polymer wrap protecting against corrosion
and mechanical damage.
• Efficient, well controlled stranding for complex constructions.
• Large rope closing machine provides options for 6, 8 and 9 strand constructions.
• Take up unit capable of handling very large rope pieces enabling excellent package quality.
• Clear customer ID and shipping documentation.
Products
Products
Anchor Lines
Rope construction:
Class 6x36 IWRC and greater.
Large diameter outer wires for optimum
resistance to wear and corrosion.
Wire protection by galvanising or ALUMAR.
Compact strand (CMP) for increased
strength, improved contact area, reduced
tread pressures and sheave wear.
Anchor Lines & A&R Winch Ropes
Nominal Rope Estimated Rope
Diameter
Mass in air
mm
ins
kg/m
lb/ft
EEIPS
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
kN
ALPHA
DELTA
Minimum Breaking Force
metric short
metric
kN
tonnes tons
tonnes
OMEGA
short
tons
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
2384
2578
2957
3612
3980
4394
4805
5276
5610
5992
6531
7090
7698
8554
9076
10089
11132
12226
243
263
302
369
406
448
490
538
572
611
666
723
785
873
926
1029
1136
1248
268
290
332
406
448
494
540
593
630
673
734
797
865
962
1021
1134
1252
1375
2575
2784
3193
3901
4299
4742
5186
5694
6055
6467
7049
7652
8308
9238
263
284
326
398
439
484
529
581
618
660
719
781
848
943
290
313
359
439
483
533
583
640
681
727
793
860
934
1039
Neptune Conventional - Large Diameter Six Strand Rope
A&R Winch Ropes
Optimum flexibility to allow efficient rope
operation around sheaves, drums and
capstans.
Effective protection of all wires by
galvanising/ALUMAR.
Appropriate lubrication during manufacture.
Rope selection should be determined through
consultation with KISWIRE.
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
79.4
82.6
85.7
88.9
95.3
102.0
108.0
114.0
121.0
127.0
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
31⁄8
31⁄4
33⁄8
31⁄2
33⁄4
4
41⁄4
41⁄2
43⁄4
5
11.3
12.8
14.3
17.8
19.7
21.4
23.5
25.4
27.6
29.9
32.2
34.8
39.9
45.3
51.1
57.4
63.9
70.8
7.6
8.6
9.6
11.9
13.2
14.4
15.8
17.1
18.5
20.1
21.6
23.4
26.8
30.5
34.3
38.6
42.9
47.5
1930
2160
2420
2950
3240
3530
3840
4170
4490
4840
5180
5520
6280
7060
7730
8590
9480
10430
197
220
247
301
330
360
392
425
458
494
528
563
640
720
788
876
967
1064
217
243
272
332
364
397
432
469
505
544
582
620
706
794
869
966
1066
1172
2216
2363
2697
3295
3629
4011
4384
4815
5119
5462
5953
6463
7002
7806
8287
9209
10160
11160
226
241
275
336
370
409
447
491
522
557
607
659
714
796
845
939
1036
1138
249
266
303
370
408
451
493
541
575
614
669
726
787
877
931
1035
1142
1254
2285
2471
2834
3462
3815
4207
4599
5060
5374
5737
6247
6786
7355
8199
8699
9670
10670
11719
233
252
289
353
389
429
469
516
548
585
637
692
750
836
887
986
1088
1195
257
278
319
389
429
473
517
569
604
645
702
763
827
922
978
1087
1199
1317
Neptune CMP - Large Diameter Six Strand Rope
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
79.4
82.6
85.7
88.9
95.3
102.0
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
31⁄8
31⁄4
33⁄8
31⁄2
33⁄4
4
12.1
13.8
15.5
19.1
21.1
23.1
25.2
27.4
29.8
32.3
34.8
37.6
43.0
48.9
8.1
9.3
10.4
12.8
14.2
15.5
16.9
18.4
20.0
21.7
23.4
25.3
28.9
32.9
2141
2396
2684
3272
3594
3916
4260
4626
4981
5369
5746
6123
6966
7831
218
244
274
334
367
400
435
472
508
548
586
625
711
799
241
269
302
368
404
440
479
520
560
604
646
689
783
881
Estimated Rope Mass in Sea Water = 0.87x Rope Mass in Air.
All Ropes manufactured in accordance with API Standards.
2458
2621
2992
3655
4025
4449
4863
5341
5678
6059
6603
7169
7767
8659
251
267
305
373
411
454
496
545
579
618
674
732
793
884
276
295
336
411
453
500
547
601
639
681
743
806
873
974
2535
2741
3144
3840
4232
4667
5101
5613
5961
6364
6929
7527
8159
9095
259
280
321
392
432
476
521
573
608
649
707
768
833
928
285
308
353
432
476
525
574
631
670
716
779
846
917
1023
Products
Products
Drilling Lines
Marine Riser Tensioner Lines
Rope construction:
6x19 and 6x26 for constructional stability.
Rope construction:
Flexible constructions (6x41 and 6x49) to
achieve optimum fatigue life.
Compacted strand (CMP) provides:
Lang’s lay to provide improved wear
resistance to rope and sheaves.
• Improved spooling on the drawworks
Corrosion protection by galvanising or
ALUMAR.
• Greater contact area for reduced sheave
and groove wear
• High resistance to abrasion and pressure
The IWRC can be Plastic impregnated to:
• Higher strength
• Protect the inner small wires
• Improved fatigue life
• Improve strand support and reduce internal
wire stresses
Compact Strand (CMP) offers:
• Greater contact area
• Reduced tread pressures and sheave wear
Nominal Rope
Diameter
Estimated Rope
Mass in air
mm
kg/m
ins
lb/ft
EIPS
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
EEIPS
Minimum Breaking Force
metric
short
kN
tonnes
tons
ALPHA
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
575
723
889
1072
1259
1471
1697
1932
2216
2363
2697
3295
59
74
91
109
128
150
173
197
226
241
275
336
65
81
100
120
142
165
191
217
249
266
303
370
594
747
919
1108
1301
1520
1812
2104
2414
2733
3061
3734
61
76
94
113
133
155
185
215
246
279
325
418
67
84
103
124
146
171
204
237
271
307
358
461
Nominal Rope
Diameter
Estimated Rope
Mass in air
mm
ins
kg/m
44.5
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
1 ⁄4
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
44.5
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
1 ⁄4
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
Neptune Conventional - Class 6x19 Steel Core
25.4
28.6
31.8
34.9
38.1
41.3
44.5
47.6
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
1
11⁄8
11⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
15⁄8
13⁄4
17⁄8
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
2.8
3.6
4.4
5.3
6.4
7.5
8.7
9.9
11.3
12.8
14.3
17.8
1.91
2.41
2.98
3.59
4.28
5.03
5.83
6.68
7.61
8.59
9.63
11.95
460
578
711
854
1010
1170
1360
1550
1760
1970
2200
2655
47
59
73
87
103
119
139
158
180
201
224
271
52
65
80
96
114
132
153
174
198
221
247
298
506
636
782
943
1110
1300
1500
1710
1930
2160
2420
2950
52
65
80
96
113
133
153
174
197
220
247
301
57
71
88
106
125
146
169
192
217
243
272
332
1
11⁄8
11⁄4
13⁄8
11⁄2
15⁄8
13⁄4
17⁄8
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
3.05
3.79
4.85
5.90
6.64
7.90
9.20
10.60
12.10
13.70
15.50
19.10
2.05
2.54
3.25
3.96
4.45
5.30
6.17
7.11
8.12
9.19
10.40
12.82
475
597
734
882
1043
1211
1454
1688
1948
2206
2463
2974
All Ropes manufactured in accordance with API Standards.
48
61
75
90
106
123
148
172
199
225
251
303
53
67
83
99
117
136
163
190
219
248
277
334
523
657
808
974
1147
1345
1604
1862
2136
2419
2709
3304
53
67
82
99
117
137
164
190
218
247
276
337
59
74
91
109
129
151
180
209
240
272
304
371
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
EEIPS
Minimum Breaking Force
metric
short
kN
tonnes
tons
ALPHA
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
1695
2216
2363
2697
3295
3629
4011
4384
4815
173
226
241
275
336
370
409
447
491
191
249
266
303
370
408
451
493
541
1812
2414
2733
3061
3734
4088
4452
4814
5195
185
246
279
312
381
417
454
491
530
204
271
307
344
420
459
500
541
584
Neptune Conventional - Class 6x36 Steel Core
Neptune CMP - Class 6x19 Steel Core
25.4
28.6
31.8
34.9
38.1
41.3
44.5
47.6
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
lb/ft
EIPS
3
8.7
11.3
12.8
14.3
17.8
19.6
21.5
23.5
25.4
5.83
7.61
8.59
9.63
11.95
13.18
14.42
15.76
17.10
1360
1760
1970
2200
2682
2945
3209
3491
3782
138.7
179.5
200.9
224.4
273.5
300.4
327.3
356.1
385.7
153
198
221
247
301
331
361
392
425
1500
1930
2160
2420
2950
3240
3530
3840
4160
153.0
196.9
220.3
246.8
300.9
330.5
360.0
391.7
424.3
169
217
243
272
332
364
397
432
468
Neptune CMP - Class 6x36 Steel Core
3
9.2
12.1
13.8
15.5
19.1
21.1
23.1
25.2
27.4
6.0
7.9
9.0
10.1
12.4
13.7
15.0
16.4
17.8
1448
1924
2180
2436
2974
3257
3548
3831
4140
All Ropes manufactured in accordance with API Standards.
147.6
196.2
222.3
248.4
303.3
332.1
361.8
390.6
422.1
163
216
245
274
334
366
399
430
465
1608
2138
2422
2707
3305
3619
3942
4256
4599
164
218
247
276
337
369
402
434
469
181
240
272
304
371
407
443
478
517
Products
Quality Assurance
Large Diameter Crane Ropes
Appropriate rope constructions to achieve
optimum fatigue life.
Where the expected working life is in excess of
1 year, ALUMAR protection is recommended.
Committed to supplying the
highest possible quality across
the full product range
Compact Strand (CMP) offers:
• Higher strength and improved spooling
properties
• Greater contact area for reduced
sheave wear
• Improved fatigue performance
Nominal Rope Estimated Rope
Diameter
Mass in air
mm
ins
41.3
44.5
47.6
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
1 ⁄8
13⁄4
17⁄8
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
kg/m
lb/ft
EEIPS
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
kN
ALPHA
DELTA
Minimum Breaking Force
metric short
metric
kN
tonnes tons
tonnes
OMEGA
short
tons
kN
metric
tonnes
short
tons
1612
1860
2120
2381
2575
2953
3607
3975
4394
4805
5276
164
190
216
243
263
301
368
405
448
490
538
181
209
238
268
289
332
405
447
494
540
593
Neptune Conventional Rope - Class 6x36 Steel Core
5
7.5
8.7
9.9
11.3
12.8
14.3
17.8
19.7
21.4
23.5
25.4
5.0
5.8
6.7
7.6
8.6
9.6
11.9
13.2
14.4
15.8
17.1
1300
1500
1710
1930
2160
2420
2950
3240
3530
3840
4170
133
153
174
197
220
247
301
330
360
392
425
146
169
192
217
243
272
332
364
397
432
469
1469
1695
1932
2216
2363
2697
3295
3629
4011
4384
4815
150
173
197
226
241
275
336
370
409
447
491
165
191
217
249
266
303
370
408
451
493
541
1547
1785
2035
2285
2471
2834
3462
3815
4207
4599
5060
158
182
208
233
252
289
353
389
429
469
516
174
201
229
257
278
319
389
429
473
517
569
Neptune CMP Rope - Class 6x36 Steel Core
41.3
44.5
47.6
50.8
54.0
57.2
63.5
66.7
69.9
73.0
76.2
15⁄8
13⁄4
17⁄8
2
21⁄8
21⁄4
21⁄2
25⁄8
23⁄4
27⁄8
3
7.9
9.2
10.6
12.2
13.7
15.5
19.0
21.0
23.1
25.2
27.4
5.3
6.2
7.1
8.2
9.2
10.4
12.8
14.1
15.5
16.9
18.4
1345
1604
1862
2136
2419
2709
3304
3618
3940
4260
4598
137
164
190
218
247
276
337
369
402
434
469
All Ropes manufactured in accordance with API Standards.
151
181
209
240
272
305
371
407
443
479
517
1520
1812
2104
2414
2733
3061
3734
4088
4452
4814
5195
155
185
215
246
279
312
381
417
454
491
530
171
204
237
271
307
344
420
460
500
541
584
1601
1909
2216
2542
2878
3224
3932
4306
4689
5069
5471
163
195
226
259
293
329
401
439
478
517
558
180
215
249
286
324
362
442
484
527
570
615
1668
1989
2309
2649
2999
3359
4097
4486
4886
5282
5701
170
203
235
270
306
343
418
457
498
539
581
187
224
260
298
337
378
461
504
549
594
641
KISWIRE is committed to supplying the highest possible
quality across its full product range. This is achieved by strict
adherence to ISO 9001 to which the whole of KISWIRE’s
operations are accredited.
ISO 9001 Det Norske Veritas Management System
API Certificate of Approval to use the official API Monogram
Korean Register of Shipping
KISWIRE maintains its QA programmes throughout its
operations to ensure that products are manufactured under
a documented and controlled system for consistency in
workmanship standards.
The following quality systems have been integrated into
KISWIRE’s manufacturing operations and process control
programmes:
ABS Certificate of Manufacturing Assessment
ABS Certificate of Design Assessment
ABS Certificate of Type Approval (AQS)
Det Norske Veritas Approval of Manufacturer Certificate