Guest Speaker - 12 November 2015 Arya Duta Manado Indonesia
Transcription
Guest Speaker - 12 November 2015 Arya Duta Manado Indonesia
Proceedings of the 1th International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE -2012): “Developing Qualified and Affordable Education System For All” 21 – 23 May, 2012 Grand Sahid Jaya Hotel, Jakarta INDONESIA Organized by: STATE UNIVERSITY OF JAKARTA Keynote Speakers: Prof. Dr. Ir. Musliar Kasim, MS –Deputy Minister of Education and Culture, Indonesia Guest Speakers: Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd. – Head of Educational Resource Development and Education Quality Assurance, Ministry of Education and Culture Indonesia Prof. Dr. Bedjo Sujanto., M.Pd - Rector of State University of Jakarta, Indonesia Prof. Dr. Djaali - Director of Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta, Indonesia Prof. dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D- Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia Prof. Dr. Saedah Siraj - University of Malaya, Malaysia Prof. Dr. Noor Azlan Ahmad Zanzali – University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia Ir. Isran Noor, M.Si - General Chief of Indonesian Local Government Association, Indonesia Dr. Ir. Willy M. Yoseph, MM - The Regent of Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia Edited by : Prof. Dr. H. Djaali Prof. Dr. Mukhlis R. Luddin Prof. Dr. Saedah Siraj Prof. Dr. Mohamad Bilal Ali Pof. Dr. Yetti Supriyati Prof. Dr. H. Emzir, M.Pd. Dr. Wardhani Rahayu, M.Si. Dr. Yuliatri Sastrawijaya, M.Pd. Dr. Endry Boeriswati, M.Pd. Foreword On behalf of the organizing committee please allow me to welcome you, guest speakers and participants to this seminar. We also render our gratitute and appreciation for your attendance. This seminar is truly internasional seminar, since it is hosted by three universities, namely: the State University of Jakarta, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The guest speakers also come from several countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries, and attended by participants from various countries, such as: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the United Arab Emirate, India, the United States of America, Iran, and the Philippines. To improve social welfare and alleviate poverty, the government of Indonesia has established a policy in the field of eduactional system to fulfill the increasing demands of science and technology and labor market. The objective of the policy is to increase participation rate 100% for elementary education and 96% for secondary education. Even the target has been achieved 94,6% in 2009, it is far from the whole objective. Based on the data of Education Development Index (EDI), several countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia are in the category of middle level in the EDI countries, while other countries such as Brunei Darussalam is in the higher level. In other words, quality education is still a problem in those countries. The effort to expand the access to affordable education in terms of geographical and economic development, improving the quality and relevance of education, strengthening governance and accountability of educational services must be realized to accelerate the achievement of universal primary education by 2015. Such an effort should be implemented to include: (i) education and competence of tachers; (ii) teachers professionalism; (iii) financial education management and human resource management; (iv) politics of education; (v) the paradigm and politics of education; (vi) development of organizational education; (vii) quality assurance of education; (viii) education and gender equality; and (ix) education for all. Regarding those above issues, the seminar is aimed to produce strategic formulas to solve such a problem, particularly to find a solution how to develop a qualified and affordable education system. In line with that aim, the theme of this seminar is “Developing a Qualified and Affordable Education System for All”. i This international seminar would not be possible without the contributions and support from our sponsors, partners, and supporters, for which we give our heartflet thanks. We hope our collaboration would contribute a great merit to the development of education in our societies. Committee Chairman Ir. Syaiful Anwar, M.Bus., MA State University of Jakarta ii CONTENTS Page Foreword i Contents iii Message from State University of Jakarta, Indonesia vii Message from University of Malaya, Malaysia ix Message from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia x Keynote Speaker Prof. Dr. Ir. Musliar Kasim, M.S. xi Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd xii Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Bedjo Sujanto, M.Pd xiii Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Djaali xiv Guest Speaker Prof. dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D xv Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Saedah Siraj xvi Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Noor Azlan Bin Ahmad Zanzali xvii Guest Speaker Ir. Isran Noor, M.Si xviii iii Guest Speaker Dr. Ir. Willy M. Yoseph, M.M xix The 1th International Seminar on Quality And Affordable Education (ISQAE 2012) xx Teaching as A Profession and Its Implication on Teacher Education and Teacher's Continuous Professional Development Soedijarto 1-12 Upaya Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru melalui Tes Uji Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia Exti Budihastuti 13-22 Peningkatakan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru melalui Pengembangan Digital Publihsing Misbah Fikrianto 23-38 Mlearning and Teacher Training: A Need Analisys Asra, Saedah Siraj, Siti Aisyah Hasim Ali 39-46 Optimalisasi Profesionalisme Guru Taslim Pantondate 47-64 Pengembangan Modal Manusia dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Jemmy J. Rompas 65-82 Pattern of Supervisory Styles in The Teaching Practicum: An Explorative Case Study of Student Teachers’ Development Mohd Zolkifli Abd Hamid, Fauziah Ismail, Mohd. Safarin Bin Nordin 83-94 Improving Competencies and Developing Teacher’s Profession Unifah Rosyidi Continuous Profesional Development Model Solution to Increase The Teacher Professionalism: (Frame of Mind: Implementative Program Design) Sutrisno Badri, H. Basuki, Sumargana Pengaruh Karakteristik Learning Organization Terhadap Mutu iv 95-110 111-120 121-128 Layanan Akademik Perguruan Tinggi Islam Ahmad Qurtubi Leadership Practices in Effective Schools in Malaysia Jamilah Ahmad, Yusof Boon 129-144 Professional Teacher is A Dream, Hope or Reality Khairil Ansari, Wy Dirgayasa 145-160 Impact of Transformational Leadership on Teacher Commitment in Secondary Schools on Miri, Sarawak Mohammed Sani Ibrahim, Saedah Siraj, Sii Ling 161-186 Education Quality Improvement Policy for Basic and Intermediate Education Level Baharudin, Betti Nuraeni 187-200 The Effect of Leadership Behavior, Organizational Culture, Work Motivation, and Decision Making on Work Performance: A Survey Studies to The Principal of Public Junior High School in The Bogor Municipality and Bogor Regency Aidawati 201-216 Understanding Integrated-Holistic System: Quantum Change in TVET Teachers Training in Malaysia Muhammad Afzamiman Aripin, Rohana Hamzah 217-230 Meningkatkan Kualitas Pendidikan melalui Guru Profesional Meiske Tumbel 231-244 Profesionalisme Guru Nurmansyah 245-264 Peningkatan Efektivitas Pendidikan melalui Pengembangan Profesional Guru Rita F. Sumantri 265-276 Human Capital Development with First Class Mentality among Faculty of Education Students in Malaysia Zainudin Bin Hassan, Mohd.Najib Bin Abdul Ghaffar, Abdul Rahim Bin Hamdan, Mahani Bt. Mokhtar 277-284 v Penerapan Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard dalam Meningkatkan Mutu dan Layanan Prima di Perguruan Tinggi James J. R. Sumayku 285-298 Begin With The End In Mind untuk Menentukan Evaluasi Sistem Pendidikan Theresia Dyah Sulistyorini 299-316 Pengaruh Kecerdasan Entrepreneurial Terhadap Kinerja Guru SMK di Kota Manado Deysie Lumowa 317-321 vi The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Message from State University of Jakarta, Indonesia Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb. First of all let us pray praise and gratitude the presence of Almighty God, because with God permits we are still in good health so that we can all attend an international seminar on this day. I think this forum is important, because this kind of academic forum, built and operated by three leading universities are neighboring each other. These three universities (Universiti Malaya, State University of Jakarta, and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) has long been cooperating in various fields of activities (academic, student exchange, faculty exchange, goodwill visits and so on) to improve the knowledge, skills and friendship to build an academic community. On this day, one of the forms of cooperation that, in the form of an international seminar organized jointly between the three universities of this, we can follow and watch. I warmly welcome and feel optimistic that the model of this kind of concrete cooperation can improve the quality of academic life. Indeed, we are now, we should not sit back and feel of its own. Moreover, such feelings, often, not accompanied by an increase and continual updating of knowledge. And we also understand that the development of science is so very quickly. And often precede the development of science is a growing aspirations of our community in mind (in Asia or ASEAN). We recognize that developments in science that we must grasp with more systematic and continuously, because we also require that what we understand today can help us provide a new understanding of behavior change our lives in times to come. I consider that the issues which was raised at an international seminar this time is very precise and strategic. Important because the issue relates to the real problems being faced by our society, especially those who live in ASIAN region or ASIA. Issues to be discussed at this conference is very compatible with the development aspirations of our society, let alone a region, and of course ASEAN, is expected to make greater contributions to the resolution of societal problems being faced by the world community. Asia and ASEAN become the foundation of an alternative solution to the problem of human life. One of the most important attention on the problems of life are in the area of education. We still have a big homework-completing the disparity between on the one hand there is a tremendous leap in the advancement of science and technology, so that urban communities enjoy more access to vii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) (service) of modern life; on the other hand we also have to still deal with many of our communities not yet covered by the quality of education services, especially in people residing in remote areas (remote areas). Therefore, the international seminar organized jointly by some of the best universities in the region will give a significant meaning to the emergence of a model 'academic relationship' between members of the education community. In this kind of forum, we can exchange ideas, share understanding, developing academic discourse, so that we will gain a new understanding of what is being developed and what is being shared attention in our efforts to improve the quality of our lives together. I hope that the activities of this international seminar may be maintained and held in rotation, from one university to another. From one country to another. From one city to another. Thus, in addition we can improve the knowledge and skills of each of us, we also can build a more comprehensive understanding of the cultural richness, diversity of life models, thus further enhancing mutual understanding and strengthen ties the oneness of origin in this region. Finally, I extend a welcome to all participants, especially those coming from our friendly countries, hopefully you all can enjoy this kind of academic activity. I also hope that we all can meet, discuss and exchange knowledge on the other occasion with new hope and new inspiration. Once again, I congratulate to held seminar, thank you. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb. Jakarta, May 21th, 2012 Prof. Dr. Bedjo Sujanto, M.Pd. Rector of the State University of Jakarta viii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Message from University of Malaya, Malaysia First of all, I would like to congratulate the State University of Jakarta for organizing the First International Seminar on “Quality and Affordable Education 2012” or ISQAE 2012 and also for inviting the Faculty of Education of the University of Malaya as co-organizer.With the theme of ‘Developing a Qualified and Affordable Education System for All" this seminar is timely and important because quality and affordability will ensure both success and access in education. I am pleased that this cooperative effort between the Faculty of Education of Universiti Malaya and State University of Jakarta will strengthen the ties between our institutions, lead to publication of scholarly works of practical value and usefulness and also provide the basis for further collaborative research in future. I also hope that the next three days (May 21-23) will enable us to explore in depth the issues related to ensuring quality in education and ways to maintain affordability without sacrificing quality. Because in the challenging and competitive globalized world today, education – especially higher education -- is no longer a luxury but a necessity to maintain national competitiveness and population well-being. The Faculty of Education of UM appreciates being given a role to play on this auspicious occasion. Thank you for allowing us to participate and exchange ideas and I hope this is only the beginning of a strong, fruitful and lasting collaboration. Terima kasih dan selamat maju jaya. Prof . Dr. Saedah Siraj Dean Faculty of Education, University of Malaya ix The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Message from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Assalamualaikum warahmatullah hi wabarakatuh Excellency’s, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen. It gives me great pleasure and privilege to extend to you all a very warm welcome on behalf of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) to this International Educational Seminar which also cohosted together with Universiti Malaya (UM) and Universitas Negeri Jakarta (UNJ). A special thanks goes to the Government of Republic of Indonesia and UNJ for hosting this seminar and for all the facilities which will undoubtedly highly contribute to the success of this Seminar, It is gratifying to note that the agenda of this Seminar covers a wide range of very interesting topics relating to the educational fields. One of the purposes of this seminar is to exchange ideas and I personally think that this is high an opportune time to create and establish contacts and discuss problems of mutual interest among participants with different background and experiences as delegates for this seminar coming from different countries. This is a good start to develop and strengthen capacities of individuals and institution in a joint collaboration. I believe that this seminar will help in building the progress and set an ambitious new version for the future in taking the leap in advanced academic setting. I hope this seminar will provide an opportunity to share our unique perspectives and experiences with other and renew commitment to an important step in strengthening the cooperative network among the institutions. In conclusion, I wish you every success in your deliberations and a very pleasant stay in Jakarta and enjoy the seminars. Hopefully this event is not the last and we may see each other in the next similar seminar. Associate Prof. Dr. Mohamad Bilal Ali Dean Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia x The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Keynote Speaker Prof. Dr. Ir. Musliar Kasim, MS started his career as Secretary of the Research Institute of the University of Andalas, Chairman of the Institute for Community Service University of Andalas, Vice Rector for Administration and finance of University of Andalas, Rector of the University of Andalas, Inspector General of the Ministry of National Education, the Deputy Minister of Education and Culture Education. He received his doctorate from the University of the Philippines at Los Banos in 1992 and had attended Training Administration Management for Higher Education in Saga University in Japan. Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Musliar Kasim, MS. Also actively researching and developing SRI Cultivation (The System of Rice Intensification) for Indonesia. He is also initiator and Research Team trial planting of wheat Cooperation between the University of Andalas with Slovakia. The award that has been received are the best graduates student in faculty of agriculture, cumlaude for his master and the best lecturer of Andalas University (1994) and Runner up of The Best National Lecturer Indonesia. Prof. Dr. Ir. Musliar Kasim, M.S. Vice Ministry of Education and Culture, Indonesia xi The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd is a professor in State University of Medan. His educational background are: Doctor degree at educational management , State University of Jakarta. Magister degree was completed at Educational Research and Evaluation, IKIP Yogyakarta. Between 2003 – 2007, Syawal Gultom had been Vice Rector II, State University of Medan. Some of his research are Relationship Between Mathematics and Physics Ability High School Students In accordance with Curriculum 1984 in municipality, Skills Analysis of High School Students To Apply Mathematics in Physics in the municipality of Yogyakarta, Evaluation Research. Reasoning Ability, Numerical Ability and Control Materials Mathematics And Its Relation With the ability to use mathematics in physics, Media Effectiveness Concept Map Functions On The Teaching Calculus I Lectures in the Department of Mathematics Faculty State University of Medan. Beside of, he has participated in SEMINAR, upgrading, WORKSHOPS, and scientific meeting: Experimental Design, Testing relationships: correlation and regression analysis, accuracy of Research Data Processing, Data Analysis Package Using Various Research, Problem Formulation Research: Theory and Applications, World Development Education Technology Education, Development and Implementation of CompetencyBased Curriculum in UNIMED Environment, Development And implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum. Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd Head of Educational Resource Development and Education Quality Assurance, Ministry of Education and Culture, Indonesia xii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. Bedjo Sujanto, M.Pd. is a rector of State University of Jakarta. He received his doctoral degree in State University of Jakarta (IKIP Jakarta) and his master in State University of Padang (IKIP Padang). His specialization is in Educational Management. He joined some training such as National Defense Institute, Internal Management Improvement and Integrated Quality Management. His started his carrer as education consultant in Jakarta Office of Education in some project and research such as Supervisors, School Principals and Teachers Recruitment in Local Autonomy Era Project, Basic Education Development Project, Secondary Education Development Project, Compulsory Education Pilot Project, Subject Matter Teachers Need Analysis Project and Junior Secondary Education Quality Improvement Project and DKI Jakarta Dezentralised Baisc Education Project. Before become the rector he was Vice Dean, Faculty of Education for Academic Affair and Head of Institute for Community Service in State University of Jakarta. Prof. Dr. Bedjo Sujanto., M.Pd Rector of State University of Jakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected] xiii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Prof. Dr. H. Djaali is Director of Graduate Program in State University of Jakarta, kind a precious University in East Jakarta. He is concurrently a Professor of Education at the State University of Jakarta and also a member of National Standards Bodies of Education. He has 15 years experience at State University of Jakarta. He was the Head of Educational Research and Evaluation Studies Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta and also Chairman of the College of Management Sciences Budi Bakti. Previous to this position he was the Chief Secretary cum Development Program Doctoral Program Graduate State University of Jakarta. He was also a Consultant for The World Bank's Strategic Plan for Development of National Education Ministry, Partnership for Governance Reform in Indonesia UNDP, the Evaluation Team Leader duties Sisdik Police, Police Officer Education Curriculum Development, cosecutively for almost a decade. He received his Professor from State University of Jakarta in 1999. He achieved his Doctoral directly without any Master degree after his graduation in 4 years after. He devoted his life to teaching since graduated in Makassar until now in Jakarta. In addition to teaching at State University of Jakarta, he also taught as a lecturer at several universities flew home and abroad, such as High School of Accounting Sciences Administration of State Institutions, College Police Science, Bhayangkara University Center, Moestopo University, Pakuan University, Northern University Malaysia, Jayabaya University, State University of Makassar and became a member of the Senate of few of the university. Prof. Dr. Djaali Director of Graduate Program State University of Jakarta, Indonesia xiv The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Prof. dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D received his Ph.D. from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA at 1991 in the field Science of Community Nutrition with a Minorin Epidemiology and Southeast Asia Studies Program. He was a Deputy Minister of Education, Ministry of National Education Republic of Indonesia during 2010-2011. Before that position, he was Director General of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education (2007-2010), Director General for Quality Improvement of Teachers and Education Personnel, Ministry of National Education (2005-2007), Director General of School Education and Youth, Ministry of National Education (2001-2005), Advisor to the Ministerof National Education Sector Education Resource (2000-2001).He was a delegation leader in Internasional forum to USA, Canada, Italy, Norwegia, Mexico, Chille, Mesir, Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Jerman, Belanda, Inggris, Australia, Jepang, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippina, Sri Lanka, India, Jordania, and China. Fasli Jalal ia also Keynote Speaker at: E-9 Senior Officers Meeting “ Programs Offered for Collaboration” Jakarta 24 Oktober 2008, International Conference on Higher Education “ The Role of Higher Education Institution in Empowering Community in Indonesia” Malaysia 24 August 2008, The International Education Workshop "Quality Teacher Education" Jakarta 20 - 22 Agustus 2008. Prof. dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D is an author and editor for: "Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Based Capacity Building of Human Resources of Poor Families", Chairman of the Task Force III TKP3 Commission, the Coordinating Ministry for People's Welfare, May 2004., "Indonesia Human Development Report 2004", Prof. dr. Fasli Jalal, Ph.D Professor of Andalas University, Indonesia Email: [email protected] xv The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Professor Dr Saedah Siraj is Dean of Faculty of Education, University of Malaya. Her specialization areas are Curriculum Development, Curriculum Design, Curriculum Evaluation, Curriculum Management, Curriculum and Instruction, Comparative Curriculum, Future Curriculum, mLearning Curriculum, Family and Children Education. She achieved some awards: Silver Medal Award, International Exposition of Research and Invention of Institutions of Higher Learning (PECIPTA 2009), Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC), Oct 8-10, 2009. (Group Research: Mirroring your teaching style through student’s learning style). As a frofessor in Curriculum and Instructional Technology has contributed in education world: Member of The Council of National Central Curriculum [Malaysia] (July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2011), Evaluator of University of Malaya Research Grant Scheme (UMRG) (2008-2011), Committee of Humanities and Ethics Research Cluster University of Malaya (Jan 2009-Dec 2010), Expert and Main Speaker in the Committee Meeting of Curriculum Design for the Training Institute of Statistics Malaysia, Department of Statistics Malaysia (Dec 26, 2009). [Online] http://www.statistics.gov.my. Professor Dr Saedah Siraj is also author of Kurikulum masa depan (Future curriculum) (1st ed.)., Learning: a new dimension of Curriculum advancement. Pendidikan anak-anak (Children education, Perkembangan kurikulum: teori dan amalan (Curriculum development: theory and practice) (2nd ed.)., Cognition and learning: issues and strategies, Buku teks guru prasekolah komponen Bahasa Melayu (Preschool Teacher’s textbook of Malay Language component, Kurikulum Baru Prasekolah Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: buku kerja 1 komponen Bahasa Melayu (Preschool New Curriculum Ministry of Education Malaysia: Malay Language component workbook 1, Kurikulum Baru Prasekolah Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: buku kerja 2 komponen Bahasa Melayu (Preschool New Curriculum Ministry of Education Malaysia: Malay Language component workbook 2). , Kurikulum Baru Prasekolah Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia: buku kerja 3 komponen Bahasa Melayu (Preschool New Curriculum Ministry of Education Malaysia: Malay Language component workbook 3). Prof. Dr. Saedah Siraj Dean of Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Malaysia Contact no: +6(03) 7967 5000; Email: [email protected] xvi The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Noor Azlan Bin Ahmad Zanzali is Head of Department Science and Mathematics Education Department, Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. He received his Ph.D. at University of Wisconsin, Mdison, United State of America in1987. He has taught at Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia since 1982. Several his works are Managing the holistic assessment system, The continuing issues of mathematics education: The Malaysian experience, Issues in designing an authentic assessment in mathematics education. Plenary Paper in Proceedings of the 4th East Asia Regional Conference in Mathematics Education, Perkembangan dan cabaran pendidikan matematik dalam kurun ke-21. Ceramah Perdana Profesor, Problem posing abilities of primary school children, Evaluating The Levels of Problem Solving Skills Of Secondary School Students, Implementation of the Mathematics Curriculum: Teachers’ beliefs about problem solving, Managing Education for Future Citizenship Proceedings of the 1st Regional Conference on Educational Leadership and Management, Developments and trends in mathematics education, Assessment from the Islamic Perspectice. Holistic Student Assessment System in IKRAM-MUSLEH Schools, The role of Holistic Assessment in IKRAM-MUSLEH schools in the process of Tarbiah (character building), Educational Management from MUSLEH’s perspectives, Improving the quality of mathematics education: Malaysian Experience, Comprehensive indicators of mathematics understanding among secondary schools stduenst, Engineering Elements Profile among First- and Final-Year Engineering Students in Malaysia. Prof. Dr. Noor Azlan Bin Ahmad Zanzali Head of Department Science and Mathematics Education Department, Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia Email: [email protected] xvii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Ir. H. Isran Noor, M. Si. received a master's degree of Development Communication from the University Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. He is also active as a Board of the Association of Muslim Scholars of Indonesia (ICMI) East Kalimantan Region, and had been Secretary of Daily BruneiIndonesia-Malaysia-Phillipines East ASEAN Growth The Area (BIMP-EAGA), Chairman of the Agricultural Extension Society of Indonesia (PERHIPTANI) Province of East Kalimantan, board member of Kosgoro in East Kalimantan, Board Member of Coordination of Student Affairs (BKK) Mulawarman University and Chairman of the Student Representative (BPM) Faculty of Agriculture Mulawarman University. Ir. Isran Noor, M. Si. is also fluent in three foreign languages are active (English, French, and German). Ir. Isran Noor, M. Si. General Chief of Indonesian Local Government Association of Regency all over Indonesia (APKASI) The Regent of Kutai Timur, East Kalimantan, Indonesia xviii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guest Speaker Willy M. Joseph received a Doctor of Educational Management, State University of Jakarta in 2011. A master's degree obtained from STM PPM Jakarta 1995. In addition to formal education, he also had to follow: EIA course of 1987 in Ambon, Personal Management Training Workshop in 1990 in Jakarta, the National Seminar on Wages in 1990 in Jakarta, the National Seminar on K-3 in 1990 in Jakarta, and Workshops employment Rules work in 1996 in Jakarta. In addition to the Regent of Murung Raya, Willy M. Yoseph also as General Manager of PT. Austral Byna of in Muara Teweh and Managing Director of PT. Stars grace Itah of 1999 in Palangkaraya. Also been involved in several companies, including PT. Surya Alam Lestari, Managing Director of PT. Lumber Mighty Jaya, PT. Abaditama embankment, PT. Hargas Industries, PT. Kayu Lapis Indonesia Group, PT. Mangole Timber Producers (Barito Group) and PT. Binareksa Alam Lestari (Barito Group). Until recently he also was Vice Chairman of the Association of Indonesian Regency Governments and Chairman of the Regional Indigenous Council of the District Joyless Raya. Signs Services / Awards ever received by him include: Certificate of UNEP Finance Initiatives Top Participation Roundtable UNEP Finance Initiatives In Tokyo (2003), Memory of Climbing the Great Wall provided the Government of the Republic of China to the Regent Murung Raya at the time of executing visits and cultural promotion in Beijing, China (2004), Certificate in Leadership Award given by the Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia to the people of Willy M. Yoseph Murung Raya as Regent for the participation in decision Socialization Indonesia People's Consultative Assembly (Year 2009), Charter Mark Satyalancana Wira Karya Honorary President of the Republic of Indonesia which, given the Regents Murung Raya To Top Services - Services to support the Great Development of the National Family Planning Program in the District of Murung Raya (July of 2010), Signs Award Primary Service Star honor by the President in Jakarta to the Regent Murung Raya's commitment in developing education in the District of Murung Raya(August of 2010). Dr. Ir. Willy M. Yoseph., MM The Regent of Murung Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia xix The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) The 1th International Seminar on Quality And Affordable Education (ISQAE 2012): Developing Qualified And Afforadable Education System For All ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rational To improve social welfare and alleviate poverty, government of Indonesia has established a policy in the field of educational system shown by effort of development and relevance of education to comply with the increasing demands of science and technology and labor market needs. For that purpose, participant rate 100% for elementary education and 96% for secondary education has been set up. Such a target has been fulfilled 94,6% in 2009. But the success hasn’t been able to answer the target of MDG’s, because the quality of education can’t be achieved if only viewed from the aspect of enrollment rate. Based on data of Education Development Index (EDI) Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar dan Cambodia are in the category of middle EDI countries while Brunei Darussalam is the highest. In other words, those countries are facing problems related to the quality improvement in education. The effort to expand the access to affordable education in terms of geographical and economic development, improving the quality and relevance of education, strengthening governance and accountability of educational services must be realized to accelerate the achievement of universal primary education by 2015. The program should be implemented to include: (1)education and competence of teachers, (2)professionalism of teachers, (3)financial education management and human resource management, (4)politics of education, (5)the paradigm of education, (6)development of organizational education, (7)quality assurance of education, (8)education and gender equality. In order to implement the program, the seminar is aimed at producing strategic formulas to solve such a problem, particularly to find a solution how to develop a qualified and affordable education system. Theme A. Main Theme : Developing Qualified And Afforadable Education System For All B. Sub-theme: 1. Education Quality Improvement Policy 2. Critical Issues in Expanding Access to Education xx The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Education Evaluation System Education Partnership Program Education Management Teacher Professionalism Teacher Education System Remote Area Education Early Childhood Education Formal and Informal Education Education Facilities and Infrastructures Place Grand Sahid Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia Date 21-23 May, 2012 Call for Papers and Presentation Guidelines ISQAE 2012 welcomes research papers in all fields related to stakeholders of education including policy-makers, administrators, educationists, government representatives, academics, and concerned NGOs. Applicants are invited to participate in the seminar and contribute to the dialogue by presenting papers on the sub-themes mentioned above. The abstract should not be longer than 300 words and be either an MS Word or PDF file sent via email to [email protected]. Paper format can be downloaded on the ISQAE website. (http//isqae2012. ppsunj.org) Each accepted paper will be assigned to a parallel session with relevance theme to be presented by the author. Each paper will presented in 15 minutes followed by group discussion in the panel. xxi The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) xxii The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) TEACHING AS A PROFESSION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON TEACHER EDUCATION AND TEACHER'S CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Soedijarto State University of Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Recognizing the importance and critical role of the teacher in the 21st century to mould the characters and mind of the young generation of a democratic and modern society, it is of importance to upgrade teaching occupation as a profession that is occupation that requires advance education and special training in the field of teaching. To ensure that teaching as a profession be really a learned profession that means that the holder of the profession has the commitment and competence to develop, manage, evaluate learning programme as well as capable of diagnosing learning difficulties, teacher professional education need to be developed to ensure that teacher candidate can eventually master essential knowledge of scientific discipline as well as essential and fundamental knowledge of professional discipline and mastering teacher professional competences. To guarantee that teachers produced by professional teacher education program will really a learned professional teachers the Institute of Teacher Education should select teacher candidates among excellent senior high school graduates. This means that the government should provide incentive to attract young people to enter teaching profession through providing scholarship and increasing teacher salary. Without continues professional development of the teaching personnel in this keep moving society of the 21s' century, we cannot expect that the teacher can take the role as one of the moulders of characters and minds of young generation. For this the teacher professional organization should actively make efforts to create cultural and professional environment conducive for continous teacher professional development through publishing scientific and professional journal. Conducting series of symposia and seminars as well as conferences 1 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) on teaching profession. For this cooperation among and between Teacher Professional Organization, Educationist Association with the Department of National Education and the Institute of Teacher professional education needs to be programmeand developed. Besides the importance of the selection of the teacher candidates among excellent senior high school graduates to make Teacher Professional Education Programme can be really effective in producing competent professional teacher to have faculty members consisting of excellent university graduate is also very important. Keywords:teacher, teacher professional development, teacher education INTRODUCTION “The importance of the role of the teacher as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance, has never been more obvious than today. It is likely to become even more critical in the twenty-first century. The need for change from narrow nationalism to universalism, from autocracy to democracy in its various manifestations, and from a technologically divided world where high technology sthe privilege of the few to technologically united world places enormous responsibilities on teacher who participate in the moulding of the characters and minds of the young generation. ” (Delorest, at. al, 1996: 141-142) Intentionally, I start writing this paper quoting the conclusion of the Unesco International Commissions onEducation for the 21st Century, to recognize how higher hashe expectation been put up on the teacher in the processchanging the society in this global era. The question then is “what are the characteristics of teacher that cancarry out those importance role to mould the characters and minds of young generation?” The answercertainly notteacher that can only give lesson to make children copy notes and memorize the notes. For that in the same report, the committee stated: “Improving the quality of education depends on first improving the recruitment, training, social status, and conditions works of teachers; they need appropriate knowledge and skills, personal characteristics, professional prospect and motivation if there are to meet the expectation placed upon them. ” (Delorest, at. al, 1996: 141-142). 2 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) From the second conclusion regarding the quality of teacher expected it is clear that special recruitment, special training as well as improving working condition, and social status, to make teachers mastering relevant knowledge and skills, personal characteristics and professional competence are needed. Inspired by the conclusion of the Unesco Report as quoted, in responding to the request of the SteeringCommittee of the ASEAN Council of Teacher Convention to write an article on “Continuous Professional Development or Teaching Force”, this paper try consecutively discuss the following issues: (1)teaching as profession its meaning and its characteristics; (2)teacher education as professional education; (3)teacher continuous professionaldevelopment; and a teacher and educationist professional organization; and (4)concluding remark. TEACHING AS A PROFESSION, ITS MEANING AND CHARACTERISTICS I am very pleased to inform thatsince 2005 Indonesia has a special Law on Teacher and Lecturer, that among other has regulated the status, the educational qualification, and the right of the teachers. This has been really a meaningful stage of development with regard to the status of teacher as a professional occupation, for the history of Indonesian Education recorded that the education qualification requirement for teacher has been growing from only two years education after elementary school for village schools during the Dutch Colonial time (before independent) to four years teacher education after junior high school for elementary school teacher up to 1957 and two years after senior high school in 1990s up to the present time before the new Law being adopted by the Parliament. During the Dutch Colonial time the highest level of teacher training was two years after senior high school to be junior high school teachers. Only in 1954 for the first time Indonesia Instituted formal Teacher Education Institute at the University level known as PerguruanTinggi Pendidikan Guru (PTPG, Higher Education for Teacher Education). This is the origin of the present University of Indonesian Education. So thus up to the present time the education qualification of Indonesian teachers are so heterogeneous, from those elementary school teachers that only has six years teacher education after elementary school (mostly in the remote areas) to those has graduated from university,even from post graduate programme. The question is can we put all those teachers from different level of education qualification and different types of education (including non teaching education) in one category “professional teachers?” This question stem from my professional experience in 1974-1981, as The Director of the Center for 3 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Curriculum Development as well as the demands to teachers in the 21st century by Unesco Committee as quoted before. In 1970s as manager of educational reform at the classroom level I found that most teachers cannot carry out their role to plan learning programs that include: (1)formulated instructional objective to be achieved in certain period of learning time, for certain learners in specified subject matter; (2)programming teaching-learning strategies to achieve the objectives; (3)moreover to diagnose the factors influencing learning difficulties faced by the learners. In my reflection and contemplation I found that I have made a mistake by putting high expection upon teachers that their educational qualification in 1970 for elementary schools were mostly six years teacher education after elementary school or even lower, and for junior high school were mostly two years teacher training courses after senior high school. I thought it is too high because the demands to have teachers to plan, develop, evaluate, and diagnose learning programme is a professional demand. In this regard I interpret “professional demand” is a demand to somebody that has graduated from professional education that means advanced education and special training in certain professional field. In this regard I understood that at present Teacher Organizational or Teacher Union should include all people that work in teaching occupation as a member of Teacher Organization. But the question is “should all those working as teachers regarded as having the status as professional teacher?” Certainly, we are in agreement that all those teaching at various level of schooling are teachers, but we need to start differencing their professional level and responsibility, as in medical scienceand engineering, they recognize and differentiate hierarchical ladder such as professional, semi professional, technician, and skilled staff, in accordance with their level professional education, they have achieved and their professional responsibilities their need to bear. After recognizing the reality that in practice, especially in Indonesia, educational qualification is so heterogeneous, it is my humble question “shall we start developing professional hierarchy among teachers of different educational qualification?” With regard to Indonesian case, the law that among others regulate the minimum educational qualification for teacher and its certification to make education manage more professional, developing professional hierarchy with its scope and limit of responsibility among them is of importance to be discussed further. It is recognized that people may ask question “why now we are planning to have teaching as an occupation that required advanced education and special training so thus having a professional status parallel 4 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) with medical doctor, lawyer, and engineering; while in the past we can run elementary school with teachers having educational qualification only four years after elementary school?” This question is understandable However, one that poses the question seem not realizing that in the past school education was more aristocratic and elitist. School education’s responsibility seems to be no more that to select and screen. That’s why in the past in 1950-s it was very natural that only few about, sometimes, less that 10 percentof sixth grade elementary school children, that can passstate examination to further their education to junior high school. The headmasters and teachers seem to be not so care with the rest that cannot pass the state examination. This practice is in essence against the democratic principles of education that put school education's role to develop the children potential optimally in accordance with their attitude, cognitive capabilities, and interests. It is very important to be remembered that in modern democratic society everybody should be able to participate intelegentlyand properly in the political process, in the economic, social, and cultural life of a nation state in modern era. For this, everybody, every citizen of democratic nations, disregard of their background should be educated properly to be able to develop all their potentials optimally in accordance with their aptitudes, basic cognitive abilities and interest. To implement this principle is not only to fulfill the basic right of everyone to get education but to lay the foundation for economic growth and to ensure the long term of democratic process. It is my professional conviction that only professional teacher, teacher that has advance education and special training, that can operate learning programme that canhelp children develop their it potential optimally. For this very reason it is timely forto put teaching as professional occupation parallel with other professional occupation such as medical, doctor, lawyer, andengineering. For, only in this way the challenge posed by Unesco International Commissions on Education for the 21stCentury with regard to the role of teacher to participate inthe moulding character and mind of young generations o fthe 21 s t century can be responded properly. The question be pursued further is “How to prepare professional teachers?” To answer this question the next section of the paper is itbe devoted to analyze the question. TEACHER EDUCATION AS PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION In the previous section, this paper has come to a conclusion that education for democratic and modern society or civilizational state of the 21stcentury needs professional teacher that has advance education 5 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) and special training. The question is “how to prepare them?” To answer this question we should have a clear concept on what competences the teacher should master, and what basic knowledge they need to acquire to become professional teacher that can take a role in planning, developing, managing, evaluate, and diagnose learning progamme relevant to learner's background and the educational objective relevant to societal demands. In practice we can observe that there are teachers that might master the subject-matter they should transfer as teaching material but don't understand the characteristics of the children, psychologically as well as culturally, there are also teachers that love children but almost don’t master the subject-matter. The first type of teachers usually could be found among high school teachers, while the second one mostly could be found among elementary school teachers. This can happened because many highschool teachers disregard the importance of understanding the learners, while many elementary school teachers are very weak in mastering subject-matter especially in mathematics; many of them even have been poor in mathematics since they were in high school. Thiscondition cannot be tolerated. This means that profession a I teacher should not only master subject matter and understand the characteristics of the learners in accordance with their age and background but also of mastering, various basic knowledge such as learning theories, educational technology, the philosophy of education, sociology of education, and anthropology of education, as well as the philosophy and the state system of the nation in which schools are operating and functioning. In short, to make professional teacher capable of conducting professional role that includes planning, dove loping, programming, managing, evaluation, and diagnosing learning program relevant to the learner’s need and educational objectives as mentioned before, professional teacher should master the following knowledge: (1)the characteristics of the learners in accordance with age and their background; (2)scientific disciplines as learning ,objects and ways of knowing; (3)learning theories, educational psychology; (4)educational technology including learning methodology; (5)educational evaluation system; (6)philosophy of education, sociology of education and anthropology of education; and (7)the state philosophy and state system of the nation. Certainly in the world, including Asean countries has had a long tradition in running teacher education system. However we still need to question “how far has each of our teacher educational system has really been planned as a professional teacher education in the sense of an 6 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) institution of advance education and special training that can produce professional teacher that master academic disciplines and professional knowledge as has been identified and mastering professional competences as mentioned before?” Indonesian’s experience in running teacher education system has developed from four to six years teachers education (SGB & SGA) after elementary school for elementary school teachers and two years teacher training courses after senior high school for high school teacher, and in 1954 started running higher education institute for teacher education (PTPG) (three to five years education after senior high school) for high school teachers. This institute of higher education for teacher education that was established in 1954, as independence Teachers College has evolutionary change into School of Education of the University system in 1957, in 1963 then become the Institute of Teacher Education and Educational Science (IKIP), and eventually by 1999, all of IKIPs transform into general university system that still has function to produce teachers and other education personal. It is importance to note here, that in Indonesia education history that although the teachers college have been established since 1954 but the existence of teacher training course two years after senior high school (B I) and two years course after (B II) as well as elementary school teacher training (SPG) three years after junior highschool prevail until 1963, B I and B II were integrated into IKIP and SPG was eliminated in 1989 when requirement to become elementary school teachers is two years teacher education after senior high school (D II, Diploma II). With this glimpse history of Indonesia teacher education we can have an idea how heterogeneous are the educational background of Indonesia teaching personnel. Thus with the new Law on Teacherthat regulate that the minimum education qualification o fteacher will be university graduate or equivalent that is I IV four years non academic higher education program, hopefully will make the educational qualification c 1 f Indonesian teachers will be more homogeneous and professional. The question further is “how to make the four year, higher education program for preparing teacher as statedin new law on teacher will be made used as an effective, relevant, and efficient professional teacher education program, that can produce professional teachers thatmaster knowledge and competences properly?” We recognize that there are various models of teacher education programme in the world, each with its own characteristics due to the stage of education development of each nation. For this, this paper in presenting the idea of professional teacher education, certainly will be 7 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) based on the writers understanding on the state and role of the education in Indonesian National Development. In the developed country such as the United Statesteacher education as professional education has been regarded as postgraduateprogram, for this the prerequisite for the professional study of teaching is a bachelor degree in the arts and science. (1986:3) Its seems that the professional study of teaching programme is following a consecutive model, for after only mastering basic knowledge and scientific disciplines they can pursue professional teaching study. Since Indonesian Law onTeacher put the requirementeducation qualification of teachers is university graduate of the first stratum (equivalent to BA/B. Sc) this means that teacher education program should be run in eight semestersor about four years program. In this line this paper is proposing two stages of programme: a. Academic Professional Education in Six Semesters. At this stage, the programme is planned to help teachers candidates acquire and master essential knowledge of relevant scientific disciplines and knowledge related to pre-professional teaching study, such as psychology (learning theories, developmental psychology), philosophy and theories of education, educational psychology (including evaluation, test, and measurement), and educational technology. b. Professional Education and Professional Training. At this stage candidates learning to make use the relevant knowledge master at the first stage program to plan, develop, manage and evaluate learning programmelin, accor dan c 5 with (their relevant specialization (elementary school teachers, subject matter teachers). To make this programme be an effective program is desirable to have the last stage of the program of candidate teacher to stay in teacher education dormitory. This is very important to note that as stated by UNESCO Committee, the teacher fo 21 st century not only need to be professionally intelegent and skillful but they also having proper personal characteristic of good teacher. CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TEACHER/EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION Lifelong learning for decades has become “motto” of education movement with the invention that education process should be capable of developing the attitudes andcompetence of the school leavers (graduate) to continue learning after graduation. Thus it had become one 8 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) out of six objectives of education in the World Declaration on Education For All in 1990, in Jomtien, Thailand. But in reality “how far has education in the developing nations being capable of fulfilling the objectives of education proclaimed fifteen years ago?” The Unesco International Commission on Education for 21st Century found that in many developing countries education that supposed to support nation development have resulted in national problems and burdens. For this very reasons the committee propose to apply four pillars of learning: (1)learning to know; (2)learning to do; (3)learning to live together; and (4)learning to be. For this regard, it can be interpreted further thatteachers in developing nations have been responsible in producing school leavers that create problems rather than contributing solution. In this context, the question is “how has been professional development among teachers?” Withregard to Indonesia, as a student of education the write observes that Indonesia since 1970-s have developed various infrastructure of professional development. Indonesia has Center for Development and Service Teacher Training Centers (PPPG) each for different subject-matter area, such as Mathematics (Yogyakarta), Social Science (Malang), Vocational Education (Jakarta), Teaching Methodology (Jakarta), and Language (Jakarta). Besidesthese centers in each province Indonesia has Center forTeacher Upgrading (BPG). Since the year 2000 these provincial based centers have been changed into the Institute for Quality Education Assurance (LPMP). For years these centers have been conducting series of upgrading courses for teachers to adjust to the demand of the educational reform carried-out by the Minister of National Education. The question is “how effective have these programme have been?” This paper will not answer this question. But the fact is that when the Ministry of National Education start launching National Final Examination in 2004 for the junior and senior high schools the surprising phenomena emerged, that is many schools having none of their students can passed the national examination although the passing grade is only 4 out of 1-10 scale. This can be interpreted further that most teachers are still having a role of teacher in the aristocrateand elitist system of education but not in a democratic society that teacher have the responsibility of helping learners develop their political optimally in accordance with their ability, aptitude, and interest. In short it can be concluded that many of our teachers arestill traditional teachers and have not been professional teachers. A professional is learned man, that is a man that in his career keep learning to improve 9 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) the professional competence. Its seems to be that in many cases it has not happened. With respect to the level of professional competence many Indonesian Teachers have not been at the level of `teaching" as a profession as meant by this paper. However, we need to develop infrastructure and cultural environment to make teachers keep learning and improving their teaching competence to improve the quality of education, that means to help the learners can develop the potential optimally through learning process that is challenging, stimulating, and enjoying; the quality of classroom learning process that had become the policy statement of the late Ministry of Education and Culture Mashuri in 1969. The Education policy then had moved series of educational reform until 1985. It is one of the roles of PGRI as professional teacher organization to work hand in hand with her sister organization, the Association of Indonesian Educationist (ISPI) to create environment that encourage and challenge teachers to keep improving the teaching professional competence through publishing professional journal, conducting symposia and seminars. With the new Law on Teacher and Lecturer to be signed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia that among other rules is to oblige teacher professional organization, the PGRI is very fortunate to use this law as an instrument to attract teachers actively improve their teaching competences. With the Department of National Education that has special Directorate General for improvement of educational quality and educational personnel, the PGRI and ISPI can work closely to make use all the available infrastructure mentioned (PPPG and LPMP) as well as School of Education of various Universities, the goals to develop cultural and professional environment to create condusiveatmosphere to make Indonesian Teachers be really learned professional teachers can be achieved. However, this ambition can be more achievable if the pre-service education as discussed in the previous section be an effective and relevant professional teacher education program, has the capability to attract young generation qualified senior high school graduates to enter professional study of teaching, through offering scholarship and propersalaries for teachers for living adequately, as well as the capability of the system to attract excellent university graduates to be prepared as the faculties of professional teacher education programme are very important. 10 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) CONCLUDING REMARKS From the series of discussions this paper comes to the following concluding remarks: 1) Recognizing the importance and critical role of the teacher in the 21st century to mould the characters and mind of the young generation of a democratic and modern society, it is of importance to upgrade teaching occupation as a profession that is occupation that requires advance education and special training in the field of teaching. 2) To ensure that teaching as a profession be really a learned profession that means that the holder of the profession has the commitment and competence to develop, manage, evaluate learning programme as well as capable of diagnosing learning difficulties, teacher professional education need to be developed to ensure that teacher candidate can eventually master essential knowledge of scientific discipline as well as essential and fundamental knowledge of professional discipline and mastering teacher professional competences. 3) To guarantee that teachers produced by professional teacher education program will really a learned professional teachers the Institute of Teacher Education should select teacher candidates among excellent senior high school graduates. This means that thegovernment should provide incentive to attract young people to enter teaching profession through providing scholarship and increasing teacher salary. 4) Without continues professional development of the teaching personnel in this keep moving society of the 21s' century, we cannot expect that the teacher can take the role as one of the mouldersof characters and minds of young generation. For this the teacher professional organization should actively make efforts to create cultural and professional environment conducive for continous teacher professional development through publishing scientific and professional journal. Conducting series of symposia and seminars as well as conferences on teaching profession. For this cooperation among and between Teacher Professional Organization, Educationist Association with the Department of National Education and the Institute of Teacher professional education needs to be programmeand developed. 5) Besides the importance of the selection of the teacher candidates among excellent senior high school graduates to make Teacher Professional Education Programme can be really effective n producing competent professional teacher to have faculty members consisting of excellent university graduate is also very important. 11 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) REFERENCES Delorset, Jacques at. al. (1996). Learning: The Treasure Within, The report of International Commission on Education for 21st Century. Paris: Unesco. Task force for Teaching as a Profession,A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the)/, iCentury, Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy, 1986, p. 3. 12 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) UPAYA PENINGKATAN PROFESIONALISME GURU MELALUI TES UJI KEMAHIRAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA Exti Budihastuti Ministry of Education and Culture, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Act No.14 Tahun 2005 about Teachers and Lectures Article 1 Clause 1 states that the definition of teacher is a professional educator with a primary task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, train, assess, and evaluate students on the path of early childhood education formal education, primary education and secondary education. The same article stated that Item 2 , the meaning of the professional' is work or activities of a person's life and a source of income that requires expertise, skill, or ability to meet certain quality standards or norms and require professional education.Professional teachers are teachers who have a knack for carrying out a regulated profession in accordance Permendiknas No. 16 in 2007 on the Quality of Standards Academic and Competency. Teacher standards competency are developed in full of the four core competencies, the pedagogical competence, personality, social, and professional. These four competencies are integrated in teacher performance. For teachers of Indonesian, the embodiment to be a professional teacher means academic standards quality as outlined in the ministerial regulations. Indonesian Language for the SMP / MTs, SMA / MA, SMK / MAK, a teacher must have a variety of professional competence. Professional competence of whom are Indonesian teachers must understand the concepts, theories, and various schools of linguistic material relating to the development of language learning materials and mastering the rules of Indonesian as a reference to the use of Indonesian language properly and correctly. This paper will describe efforts to increase the professionalism of Indonesian teachers through the test of Uji Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia (UKBI). Against this background the results of national examinations Indonesian language for Junior school students and high school students, as well as test results UKBI Indonesian teacher and junior high school, the authors hope 13 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) this paper can inspire various parties associated with education to improve the professionalism of Indonesian teachers through tests UKBI. Keywords: professionalism of teachers, test UKBI PENDAHULUAN Pada hakikatnya upaya untuk mencerdaskan bangsa telah lama kita ketahui melalui pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945, yaitu mengamanatkan Pemerintah Negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial. Upaya untuk mencerdaskan bangsa itu dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk pendidikan nasional. Pendidikan nasional diharapkan dapatmemperkuat keutuhan bangsa dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI), memberi kesempatan yang sama bagi setiap warga negara untuk berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan, dan memungkinkan setiap warga negara untuk mengembangkan potensi yang dimilikinya secara optimal. Hal itu terkandung dalam visipendidikan nasional, yaitu mewujudkan sistem pendidikan sebagai pranata sosial yang kuat dan berwibawa untuk memberdayakan semua warga negara Indonesia agar berkembang menjadi manusia yang berkualitas sehingga mampu dan proaktif menjawab tantangan zaman yang selalu berubah. Guru, sebagai salah satu tenaga kependidikan, berperan penting dalam menjawab tantangan zaman yang selalu berubah. Salah satu cara agar guru dapat menjawab tuntutan itu adalah dengan menjadi tenaga kependidikan yang profesional. Inilah yangmenjadi salah satu tugas yang harus diemban oleh seorang guru dan kemudian berkembang menjadi sebuah permasalahan bagaimana guru tersebut dapat meningkatkan profesionalisme keguruannya. Walaupun tujuan pendidikan nasional bukan semata-mata menghasilkan perolehan nilai terbaik bagi peserta didik, keinginan guru meningkatkan profesionalisme keguruannyaselalu bermuara pada keinginan mengantarkan peserta didik memperoleh nilai terbaik. Inilah yang kemudian menjadi tolok ukur keberhasilan penyelenggara pendidikan, yaitu perolehan nilai ujian nasional. 14 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Makalah ini akan menguraikan upaya peningkatan profesionalisme guru, terutama guru bahasa Indonesia, melalui tes Uji Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia (UKBI). PEMBAHASAN Profesionalisme Guru Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen Pasal 1 Butir 1 menyebutkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan guru adalah pendidik yang profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah. Selanjutnya dalam pasal yang sama pada Butir 2 disebutkan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan profesional adalah pekerjaan atau kegiatan yang dilakukan seseorang dan menjadi sumber penghasilan kehidupan yang memerlukan keahlian, kemahiran, atau kecakapan yang memenuhi standar mutu atau norma tertentu serta memerlukan pendidikan profesi. Guru yang profesional adalah guru yang memiliki kepandaian khusus untuk melaksanakan profesinya sesuai yang diatur dalam Permendiknas Nomor 16 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Kualitas Akademik dan Kompetensi Guru. Standar kompetensi guru ini dikembangkan secara utuh dari empat kompetensi utama, yaitu kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial, dan profesional. Keempat kompetensi tersebut adalah sebagai berikut. a. Kompetensi pedagogik, yaitu kemampuan penguasaan materi pembelajaran secara luas dan mendalam yang meliputi: 1) konsep, struktur, dan metoda keilmuan/teknologi/seni yang menaungi/koheren dengan materi ajar; 2) materi ajar yang ada dalam kurikulum sekolah; 3) hubungan konsep antar mata pelajaran terkait; 4) penerapan konsep-konsep keilmuan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari; 5) kompetisi secara profesional dalam konteks global dengan tetap melestarikan nilai dan budaya nasional. b. Kompetensi kepribadian, yaitu merupakan kemampuan kepribadian yang: 1) mantap; 2) stabil; 3) dewasa; 4) arif dan bijaksana; 5) berwibawa; 6) berakhlak mulia; 15 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 7) menjadi teladan bagi peserta didik dan masyarakat; 8) mengevaluasi kinerja sendiri; dan 9) mengembangkan diri secara berkelanjutan. c. Kompetensi professional, yaitu merupakan kemampuan penguasaan materi pembelajaran secara luas dan mendalam yang meliputi: 1) konsep, struktur, dan metoda keilmuan/teknologi/seni yang menaungi/koheren dengan materi ajar; 2) materi ajar yang ada dalam kurikulum sekolah; 3) hubungan konsep antar mata pelajaran terkait; 4) penerapan konsep-konsep keilmuan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari; dan 5) kompetisi secara profesional dalam konteks global dengan tetap melestarikan nilai dan budaya nasional. d. Kompetensi sosial, yaitu merupakan kemampuan pendidik sebagai bagian dari masyarakat untuk : 1) berkomunikasi lisan dan tulisan; 2) menggunakan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi secara fungsional; 3) bergaul secara efektif dengan peserta didik, sesame pendidik, tenaga kependidikan, orangtua/wali peserta didik; dan 4) bergaul secara santun dengan masyarakat sekitar. Bagi guru bahasa Indonesia, perwujudan menjadi guru yang profesional berarti memenuhi standar kualitas akademik seperti yang diuraikan dalam peraturan menteri tersebut. Seorang guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia pada SMP/MTs, SMA/MA, SMK/MAK,harus memiliki berbagai kompetensi profesional. Kompetensi profesional itu di antaranya adalah: a. Memahami konsep, teori, dan materi berbagai aliran linguistik yang terkait dengan pengembangan materi pembelajaran bahasa. b. Memahami hakekat bahasa dan pemerolehan bahasa. c. Memahami kedudukan, fungsi, dan ragam bahasa Indonesia. d. Menguasai kaidah bahasa Indonesia sebagai rujukan penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar. e. Memahami teori dan genre sastra Indonesia. f. Mengapresiasi karya sastra secara reseptif dan produktif. Tes Uji Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia UKBI merupakan alat uji untuk mengukur kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia penutur bahasa Indonesia. Kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia yang diukur berupa kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia lisan dan tulis, baik yang bersifat reseptif maupun produktif. Sementara itu, penutur bahasa Indonesia 16 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) yang dimaksud adalah penutur asli yang merupakan orang atau warga negara Indonesia dan penutur asing yang merupakan warga negara asing. UKBI dapat digolongkan ke dalam jenis tes kemahiran (proficiency test) untuk tujuan umum (general purpose). Sebagai sebuah tes kemahiran, UKBI mengacu pada situasi penggunaan bahasa Indonesia yang sesungguhnya yang dihadapi oleh peserta uji. Dalam pengembangan UKBI, ancangan tes yang diterapkan adalah pengukuran beracuan kriteria (criterion-referenced measurement). Kriteria yang diacu oleh UKBI berupa penggunaan bahasa Indonesia dalam kehidupan nyata penutur bahasa Indonesia. Penggunaan bahasa dalam kehidupan nyata tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam beberapa ranah komunikasi yang merujuk pada ranah kecakapan hidup umum, yaitu ranah kesintasan (survival) dan ranah kemasyarakatan (sosial) serta ranah kecakapan hidup khusus, yaitu ranah keprofesian (vokasional) dan ranah keilmiahan (akademik). Materi soal UKBI diejawantahkan dari materi-materi penggunaan bahasa Indonesia lisan dan tulis dalam ranah-ranah komunikasi tersebut. Dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia lisan, UKBI mengukur keterampilan reseptif peserta uji dalam kegiatan mendengarkan dan mengukur keterampilan produktif peserta uji dalam kegiatan berbicara. Dalam penggunaan bahasa Indonesia tulis, UKBI mengukur keterampilan reseptif peserta uji dalam kegiatan membaca dan mengukur keterampilan produktif peserta uji dalam kegiatan menulis. Selain menekankan pengukuran terhadap empat keterampilan berbahasa tersebut, UKBI juga mengukur pengetahuan peserta uji dalam penerapan kaidah bahasa Indonesia. Berikut ini susunan lima bagian (seksi) instrumen tes dalam UKBI. a. Seksi I (Mendengarkan) bertujuan mengukur pemahaman dengaran. b. Seksi II (Merespons Kaidah) bertujuan mengukur kepekaan penerapan kaidah bahasa Indonesia. c. Seksi III (Membaca) bertujuan mengukur pemahaman bacaan. d. Seksi IV (Menulis) bertujuan mengukur keterampilanmenulis. e. Seksi V (Berbicara) bertujuan mengukur keterampilan berbicara. Hasil UKBI peserta uji diklasifikasikan ke dalam tujuh peringkat dan ditafsirkan ke dalam tujuh predikat. Ketujuh peringkat tersebut ditentukan berdasarkan rentang skor yang telah dirumuskan. Tabel berikut menunjukkan pemeringkatan hasil UKBI. 17 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Tabel 1. Pemeringkatan Hasil UKBI Rentang Skor 750—900 675—749 525—674 375—524 225—374 150—224 0—149 Peringkat I II III IV V VI VII Predikat Istimewa Sangat Unggul Unggul Madya Semenjana Marginal Terbatas Melalui Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional, Nomor 152/U/2003UKBI telah dikukuhkan oleh Menteri Pendidikan Nasional, Republik Indonesia sebagai sarana untuk menentukan kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia di kalangan masyarakat.Selain itu, berdasarkan Surat Pendaftaran Ciptaan Nomor 023993 dan 023994 yang diterbitkan oleh Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) pada tanggal 8 Januari 2004, UKBI telah resmi dipatenkan sebagai karya Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Peningkatan Profesionalisme Guru melalui Tes UKBI Dalam kegiatan Peningkatan Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia Guru Bahasa Indonesia pada tahun 2011 yang dilaksanakan oleh Bidang Pembelajaran, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, sebanyak 2.014 guru bahasa Indonesia dari 47 kabupaten dan kota di 14 provinsi telah diuji dengan UKBI. Pemilihan 14 provinsi tersebut didasarkan pada peringkat rendah dan tinggi hasil Ujian Nasional bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia. Keempat belas provinsi tersebut adalah DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Sumatra Utara, Banten, Kalimantan Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Tenggara, Maluku Utara, Papua. Dari keseluruhan peserta tersebut diperoleh hasil UKBI seperti yang digambarkan dalam grafik berikut. 18 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Grafik 1. Presentase Hasil UKBI Guru Bahasa Indonesia di 14 Provinsi Dari grafik 1 tersebut diperoleh gambaran bahwa 52% guru bahasa Indonesia memiliki kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia pada predikat madya. Predikat madya mengisyaratkan bahwa meskipun memiliki kemahiran berbahasa yang memadai, penutur yang bersangkutan diprediksi masih mengalami kendala ketika berkomunikasi dalam ranah komunikasi keprofesian yang kompleks dan dalam ranah keilmiahan. Yang perlu mendapat perhatian adalah masih banyaknya guru bahasa Indonesia (dengan persentase sebesar 24%) yang kemahirannya berbahasa Indonesia dalam predikat semenjana. Padahal, guru bahasa Indonesia diharapkan memiliki kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia sekurang-kurangnya unggul. Data dari 14 provinsi tersebut selanjutnya dipilah berdasarkan provinsi dengan hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) bidang studi Bahasa Indonesia peringkat rendah dan tinggi sehingga diperoleh data yang digambarkan dalam grafik 2 dan grafik 3 berikut. 19 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Grafik 2. Presentase Hasil UKBI Provinsi sengan Hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) Bahasa Indonesia Peringkat Rendah Grafik 3. Presentase Hasil UKBI Provinsi sengan Hasil Ujian Nasional (UN) Bahasa Indonesia Peringkat Tinggi Dari grafik 2 dan 3 tersebut dapat digambarkan bahwa jumlah guru bahasa Indonesia yang memiliki kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia dengan predikat sekurang-kurangnya unggul lebih banyak berasal dari provinsi dengan hasil UN Bahasa Indonesia tinggi. Data tersebut mengisyaratkan bahwa kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia guru menjadi salah satu aspek penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam rangka peningkatan mutu 20 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pembelajaran bahasa dan sastra Indonesia, bahkan, dalam rangka peningkatan mutu pendidikan nasional. Pertanyaan berikutnya adalah mengapa harus dengan Tes UKBI? Seperti telah diuraikan di atas bahwa Tes UKBI adalah merupakan alat uji untuk mengukur kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia penutur bahasa Indonesia. Kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia yang diukur berupa kemahiran berbahasa Indonesia lisan dan tulis, baik yang bersifat reseptif maupun produktif. Kendala guru bahasa Indonesia dalam melaksanakan kegiatan belajarmengajar dapat di atasi jikalau guru tersebut sudah mahir berbahasa Indonesia. Sebelum peserta didik mengikuti ujian nasional, ada baiknya sang guru juga telah mengikuti ujian dalam bentuk Tes UKBI. Jika seorang guru telah mengikuti Tes UKBI secara tuntas (5 seksi), akan tergambar dari predikat yang didapatkan guru tersebut untuk empat keterampilan berbahasa. Hal itu akan meningkatkan rasa percaya diri guru yang bersangkutan dalam melaksanakan tugas belajar-mengajar di sekolah dan meningkatkan nilai profesionalismenya. KESIMPULAN Dengan mengikuti tes UKBI dan mengetahui predikat yang diperoleh, seorang guru diharapkan termotivasi dan mampu meningkatkan profesionalismenya dalam mengajarkan materi bahasa Indonesia. Predikat yang masih kurang dapat diperbaiki setelah pesertanya mengikuti pelatihan kebahasaan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Indonesia. Materi tes UKBI dapat dijadikan tolok ukur seorang guru dalam meningkatkan kompetensi profesionalnya karena dalam materi tes UKBI tercakup empat keterampilan berbahasa, yaitu menyimak, membaca, menulis, dan berbicara. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Djiwandono, M. Soenardi. (2008).Tes Bahasa: Pegangan bagi Pengajar Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Indeks. Lampiran Edaran Pers Penguatan Promosi Uji Kemahiran Berbahasa Indonesia (UKBI) Dalam Jaringan (Daring) Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Jakarta, Kotamobagu, Samarinda, Semarang, 22 Desember 2011 21 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Penjelasan Atas Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 14Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen. 22 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENINGKATAKAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN DIGITAL PUBLIHSING Misbah Fikrianto The State Polytechnic of Creative Media, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Based on Law Number 20 Year 2003 on National Education System, Law Number 14 Year 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers, and Government Regulation Number 74 Year 2008 on the Guru, teachers are professional educators who are required to have: (i) The minimum academic qualification of S1 / D-IV, (ii) competence as a learning agent that pedagogic competence, personality, social, and professional, and (iii) certificates of educators. Therefore, teachers must be improved competence. Development carried out covering a wide range of development technologies that are used as a tool to support the implementation of learning. The technology is composed of print technology, audiovisual, computer-based technology, and integrated technology. Print technology is the means to produce and deliver learning materials like books and visual materials through the process of photographic printing or printing. Multimedia technology is a technology that uses the help of tools, media, and electronics to deliver the message to reach its destination. Digital Publishing is a medium of communication that can be made by the teacher to make the contents of learning materials become more attractive. Digital Publishing will allow teachers and students to make the learning process. Digital Publishing can be packaged in the form of CDs, web-based learning, film, audio, and others. Digital Publishing is an e-learning. Learning eLearning is learning through electronic services. E-Learning become an alternative learning for excellence to facilitate the learnes. Pedagogical competence can be divided into five categories, namely: (1) Using and developing the knowledge and professional values, (2) Communicating, interacting and working with students and others, (3) plan and manage the learning process, (4) Monitor and measure student progress and learning outcomes, and (5) Reflecting, evaluating and planning continuous improvement. Keywords:teacher competency, competency pedagogic, technology audio visual 23 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENDAHULUAN Penyelenggaraan pendidikan di Indonesia diatur melalui sistem pendidikan nasional yang ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah melalui Kementerian pendidikan nasional sebagai perwujudan Pasal 31 UUD 1945. Pendidikan nasional tidak hanya fokus pada pendidikan formal, namun juga pada pendidikan nonformal dan informal. Sumber daya manusia yang diharapkan sebagaimana yang menjadi tujuan pendidikan nasional dalam Pasal 3 UU Sisdiknas tahun 2003 yaitu manusia yang beriman dan bertakwa terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, berbudi pekerti luhur, berkepribadian, berdisiplin, bekeria keras, tangguh, bertanggung jawab, mandiri, cerdas, terampil, serta sehat jasmani dan rohani. Di samping itu melalui pendidikan nasional juga manusia tersebut mampu menumbuhkan dan memperdalam rasa cinta tanah air, mempertebal rasa kebangsaan, dan kesetiakawanan sosial. Pemerintah Indonesia menganggap sektor pendidikan sangat penting dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa secara menyeluruh dan merata. Menurut Data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) RI sampai dengan tahun 2009 tercatat angka partisipasi sekolah pada tingkat SD/MI (7-12 tahun) sebesar 97,95%; tingkat SMP/MTs (13-15 tahun) sebesar 85,47%; tingkat SMA/MA/SMK (16-18 tahun) sebesar 55,16%; dan tingkat perguruan tinggi (19-24 tahun) sebesar 12,72%. Angka-angka tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa hingga akhir 2009 masih terdapat anak tidak bersekolah pada usia wajib belajar yaitu 2,05% anak SD/MI yang tidak bersekolah atau putus sekolah, dan 14,53% anak SMP/MTs tidak bersekolah. Efektivitaspembelajaran ditentukan oleh perencanaan yang dibuat guru. Perencanaan pembelajaran tidak hanya sekedar untuk melengkapi kebutuhan administrasi dan kurikulum, tetapi harus melibatkan komponenkomponen desain instruksional meliputi: tujuan instruksional yang diawali dengan analisis instruksional, analisis siswa dan kontek, merumuskan sasaran kinerja, pengembangan instrumen penilaian, mengembangkan strategi pembelajaran, mengembangkan dan memilih materi, dan mengembangkan serta melakukan evaluasi formatif dan sumatif (Dick and Carey, 200f). Pada tahun 2008, pemerintah melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional mengeluarkan aturan tentang perbukuan. Hal tersebut tercantum dalam Permendiknas RI Nomor 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Buku dan Permendiknas RI Nomor 28 Tahun 2008 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 13 Tahun 2008 tentang Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET) buku teks pelajaran yang hak ciptanya dibeli oleh Kementrian Pendidikan Nasional. Buku yang dibeli hak ciptanya ini bisa tersedia di Internet dan bebas diunduh atau pun dicetak. Buku ini disebut Buku Sekolah Elektronik (BSE). Konsep Buku sekolah Elektronik disebut sebagai Digital 24 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Publishing. Digital publishing akan memberikan kemudahan baik untuk penulis maupun pembacanya. Segala bentuk informasi atau pembelajaran yang akan di transfer kepada siswa harus dikemas dalam bentuk yang menarik, murah, dan terjangkau. Buku merupakan bahan ajar yang utama dan aktual. Seorang pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan sangat membutuhkan buku yang dijadikan sebagai mengajar. Pengembangan bahan ajar yang dilakukan guru selama ini baru dalam batas pengadaan bahan cetak berupa hand out dan Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS). Bahan cetak lain seperti buku dan modul masih sangat terbatas dihasilkan apalagi kalau bahan ajar berupa audio, visual, dan multi media. Pembelajaran yang hanya mengandalkan handout dan LKS memang dapat memberikan ringkasan pelajaran yang bisa disampaikan dalam waktu singkat dan dapat dipahami lebih cepat. DIGITAL PUBLISHING Persoalan buku teks pelajaran selalu menjadi pembicaraan yang hangat bagi dunia pendidikan, khususnya mulai dari SD, SMP hingga SMA/SMK. Setiap tahun ajaran baru, sekolah dan para siswa menjadi “pasar empuk” pebisnis buku teks pelajaran. Buku teks pelajaran merupakan salah satu komponen penting dalam pendidikan. Hal ini merupakan kebutuhan wajib para siswa dan sarana primer penyelenggaraan pembelajaran formal. Digital Publishing merupakan media komunikasi yang berbentuk digital, baik menggunakan software interaktif, internet, blog, dan sebagainya. Digital Publising sangat dibutuhkan oleh guru dan siswa. Untuk itu, munculah kebijakan pemerintah yang bernama BSE. Dalam situs resminya, bse. depdiknas. go. id , kurang lebih telah terdaftar sebanyak 407 buah judul buku yang sudah dinilai kelayakannya oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (BSNP). Namun, kebijakan tersebut memiliki banyak kendala. Walau program e-book banyak memberikan manfaat bagi sekolah, khususnya guru dan siswa, harus diakui bahwa program yang relatif baru tersebut sekarang mulai melemah gaungnya. Kendala utama yang ditemui adalah banyaknya anggota masyarakat kita, khususnya guru dan siswa, yang belum menguasai perangkat elektronik komputer dan Internet. Faktor lain, banyak guru dan siswa kita yang lingkungannya memang masih asing dengan perangkat elektronik tersebut. Siswa yang tinggal di daerah terpencil baik itu di Jawa dan apalagi di luar Jawa banyak yang mengalami keterasingan ini. Akibatnya, mereka tidak mungkin memanfaatkan program e-book dari Kemendiknas itu. Jadi, program e-book cenderung dinikmati oleh guru dan siswa kita yang sekolahnya telah memiliki laboratorium komputer secara memadai dan/atau yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan dan daerah-daerah yang akrab 25 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) dengan perangkat elektronik. Kendala tersebut sebaiknya sesegera mungkin diatasi oleh pemerintah baik pusat maupun daerah, sebelum menimbulkan ketidak adilan baru dalam pendidikan. Buku Sekolah Elektronik sebenarnya adalah salah satu skema atau salah satu skenario dari program Pemerintah yang bernama Buku Murah. Jadi, intinya yang sebenarnya adalah program buku murah. Pertanyaannya sekarang apa yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam hal ini Kemendiknas untuk mewujudkan program buku murah tersebut? Kemendiknas membeli hak cipta buku-buku sekolah yang dianggap memenuhi standar atau layak menurut BSNP dari penulisnya langsung. Karena hak ciptanya sudah dibeli, maka buku-buku sekolah tersebut nantinya dapat didistribusikan dengan gratis. Atau, kalaupun diperjualbelikan alias diperdagangkan, boleh dengan catatan harus di bawah HET yang telah ditentukan melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional. Misal, jika HET buku tersebut adalah 12. 500 rupiah katakanlah, maka para pengusaha buku, penerbit atau siapa saja dapat mengkomersilkan buku tersebut dengan harga maksimal 12. 499 rupiah. Pertanyaan berikutnya, bagaimana buku yang telah dibeli hak ciptanya tersebut disebarluaskan? Maka ada beberapa “delivery scenario”. Pertama dan skenario utama, penerbit atau pengusaha buku yang berminat dapat memperoleh sumber buku tersebut dari Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan (Puskurbuk) untuk dicetak dan diperdagangkan dengan harga di bawah HET. Sumber buku ini, tentu saja memenuhi standar kualitas cetak masal dan pengusaha yang menggandakan tidak boleh mengubah apapun, baik layout apalagi isinya. Dengan demikian, akan memberikan peluang bisnis bagi masyarakat di daerah dalam rangka membantu mendistribusikan buku murah ke sekolah-sekolah di seluruh Indonesia. Skenario kedua, Kemendiknas menyediakan softcopy buku tersebut dalam bentuk CD/DVD untuk digunakan sendiri atau dicetak atau dicopykan gratis untuk disebarluaskan ke pihak manapun yang membutuhkan. Pemanfaatannya, bisa saja buku-buku tersebut diprintout sehingga menghasilkan satu master copy, kemudian difotocopy untuk dapat digunakan oleh siswa. Kalaupun harus diperjualbelikan, maka cukup mengganti harga copy saja. Misal, satu buku berisi 100 halaman. Maka jika harga copy per halaman adalah Rp. 100,- maka siswa dapat memperoleh buku tersebut cukup dengan harga Rp 10. 000,-. harga inipun lebih mahal dibandingkan jika beli dari distributor yang menjual dengan harga dibawah HET. Sebagai contoh, Buku Bahasa Indonesia dengan jumlah sebanyak 92 halaman dipatok dengan HET sekitar Rp 6000,-, sekitar 40% lebih murah. Tapi tetap masih lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan harga buku sekolah dari toko buku. Di samping itu, karena ini adalah hasil fotocopy, kualitasnya jangan 26 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) dibandingkan dengan kualitas hasil skenario utama seperti dijelaskan di atas. Alternatif ketiga, buku sekolah tersebut disalurkan melalui media Internet yaitu http://bse. depdiknas. go. id. KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK Berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 74 Tahun 2008 tentang Guru, guru adalah pendidik profesional yang wajib memiliki: (i)kualifikasi akademik minimum S1/D-IV; (ii)kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran yaitu kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial, dan profesional; dan (iii)sertifikat pendidik. Guru harus dapat melaksanakan fungsinya sebagai agen pembelajaran dan harus menguasai berbagai kompetensi dasar sebagai pendidik yang profesional. Guru adalah pendidik profesional yang mempunyai tugas, fungsi, dan peran penting dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Guru yang profesional diharapkan mampu berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan nasional untuk mewujudkan insan Indonesia yang bertakwa kepada Tuhan YME, unggul dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, memiliki jiwa estetis, etis, berbudi pekerti luhur, dan berkepribadian. Tidak lah berlebihan kalau dikatakan bahwa masa depan masyarakat, bangsa dan negara, sebagian besar ditentukan oleh guru. Berdasarkan Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, Guru adalah pendidik profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah. Pasal 20 ayat (b) mengamanatkan bahwa dalam rangka melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalannya, guru berkewajiban meningkatkan dan mengembangkan kualifikasi akademik dan kompetensi secara berkelanjutan sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, dan seni. Pernyataan undangundang di atas pada intinya mempersyaratkan guru untuk memiliki: (i)kualifikasi akademik minimum S1 atau D-IV; (ii)kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran yaitu kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial, dan profesional; dan (iii)sertifikat pendidik. Di samping persyaratan umum di atas, persyaratan lain yang mutlak harus dimiliki guru yang baik adalah: (a)adil; (b)percaya dan suka kepada murid-muridnya; (c)sabar dan rela berkorban; (d)memiliki wibawa (gezag) terhadap anak-anak; (e)penggembira; (f)bersikap baik terhadap guru-guru lainnya; (g) bersikap baik terhadap masyarakat; (h)benar-benar menguasai mata pelajarannya; (i)suka pada mata pelajaran yang diberikan; dan (j)berpengetahuan luas (Purwanto, 2002). 27 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kompetensi adalah seperangkat pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan perilaku yang harus dimiliki, dihayati, dan dikuasai oleh guru atau dosen dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalan (Undang-undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005). Menurut Syah (2011) kompetensi adalah kemampuan, kecakapan, keadaan berwenang, atau memenuhui syarat menurut ketentuan hukum. Selanjutnya kompetensi guru adalah kemampuan seorang guru dalam melaksanakan kewajiban-kewajibannya secara bertanggung jawab dan layak. Sejalan dengan hal tersebut, Permendiknas Nomor 16 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Kualifikasi Akademik dan Kompetensi Guru menyatakan bahwa guru harus memiliki kompetensi sosial, pedagogik, professional dan kepribadian. Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru, yang dimaksud dengan kompetensi pedagogik adalah kemampuan mengelola pembelajaran peserta didik, kompetensi kepribadian adalah kemampuan kepribadian yang mantap, berakhlak mulia, arif, dan berwibawa serta menjadi teladan peserta didik. Kompetensi profesional adalah kemampuan penguasaan materi pelajaran secara luas dan mendalam . Kompetensi sosial adalah kemampuan guru untuk berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi secara efektif dan efisien dengan peserta didik, sesama guru, orangtua/wali peserta didik, dan masyarakat sekitar. Kompetensi sangat diperlukan untuk mengembangkan kualitas dan aktivitas tenaga kependidikan. Guru dengan kompetensi yang baik secara langsung dapat meningkatkan kinerja professionalnya sebagai guru dimana guru akan menjalankan tugas mengajar dan membimbing siswa secara professional yang kemudian secara tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran siswa. Kompetensi inti untuk proses pembelajaran yang efektif adalah: (1)menyiapkan lingkungan belajar yang jelas dan dapat saling memahami; (2)mengusahakan keterlibatan siswa secara aktif; (3)memperhatikan perbedaan belajar siswa; (4)membantu siswa untuk mengetahui hasil belajarnya; dan (5)terlibat dalam pengembangan diri (www. murdoch. edu. au/planning/docs/acfet/index. html) Keempat kompetensi tersebut dinilai penting bagi guru dalam menjadi pendidik yang professional, akan tetapi sebagai tugas utamanya sebagai pengajar, guru harus benar-benar menguasai kompetensi professional dan pedagogic. Kompetensi professional harus dikuasai oleh guru agar dalam menyampaikan konsep dari pelajaran tidak terdapat kesalahan, sedangkan kompetensi professional diperlukan sebagai kemampuan guru dalam menyampaikan materi belajar kepada peserta didik. Terdapat pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa kompetensi pedagogik dapat dibagi ke dalam lima kategori, yakni: (1)Menggunakan dan mengembangkan pengetahuan dan nilai-nilai profesional; (2)Berkomunikasi, berinteraksi, dan 28 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) bekerja dengan siswa dan pihak lain; (3)Merencanakan dan mengelola proses pembelajaran; (4)Memantau dan mengukur kemajuan siswa dan hasil belajar; dan (5)Merefleksikan, mengevaluasi, dan merencanakan peningkatan yang berkesinambungan (WWW. interactivetaching/cs/index. html). Menurut Permendiknas Nomor 16 Tahun 2007, yang termasuk kedalam kompetensi pedagogic adalah sebagai berikut: Tabel 1. Pernyataan Kompetensi dan Indikator Kompetensi Pedagogik NO 1. 2. 3. PERNYATAAN KOMPETENSI Menguasai karakteristik peserta didik dari aspek fisik, moral, sosial, kultural, emosional, dan intelektual. INDIKATOR 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Menguasai teori belajar dan prinsipprinsip pembelajaran yang mendidik. 2.1 Mengembangkan kurikulum yang terkait dengan mata pelajaran/bidang pengembangan yang diampu. 3.1 2.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Memahami karakteristik peserta didik usia sekolah dasar yang berkaitan dengan aspek fisik, intelektual, sosial-emosional, moral, spiritual, dan latar belakang sosial-budaya. Mengidentifikasi potensi peserta didik. Mengidentifikasi kemampuan awal peserta didik. Mengidentifikasi kesulitan peserta belajar. Memahami berbagai teori belajar dan prinsipprinsip pembelajaran yang mendidik. Menerapkan berbagai pendekatan, strategi, metode, dan teknik pembelajaran yang mendidik secara kreatif. Memahami prinsip-prinsip pengembangan kurikulum. Menentukan tujuan pembelajaran yang diampu. Menentukan pengalaman belajar yang sesuai untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang diampu. Memilih materi pembelajaran yang diampu yang terkait dengan pengalaman belajar dan tujuan pembelajaran. Menata materi pembelajaran secara benar sesuai dengan pendekatan yang dipilih dan karakteristik peserta didik. Mengembangkan indikator dan instrumen penilaian. 29 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) NO 4. PERNYATAAN KOMPETENSI Menyelenggarakan pembelajaran yang mendidik. INDIKATOR 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Memahami prinsip-prinsip perancangan pembelajaran yang mendidik. Mengembangkan komponen-komponen rancangan pembelajaran. Menyusun rancangan pembelajaran yang lengkap, baik untuk kegiatan di dalam kelas, laboratorium, maupun lapangan. Melaksanakan pembelajaran yang mendidik di kelas, di laboratorium, dan di lapangan dengan memperhatikan standar keamanan yang dipersyaratkan. Menggunakan media pembelajaran dan sumber belajar yang relevan dengan karakteristik peserta didik dan mata pelajaran yang diampu untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran secara utuh. Mengambil keputusan transaksional dalam pembelajaran yang diampu sesuai dengan situasi yang berkembang. 5. Memanfaatkan teknologi informasi&komunikasi u/ kepentingan pembelajaran. 5.1 Memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran yang diampu. 6. Memfasilitasi pengembangan potensi peserta didik untuk mengaktualisasikan berbagai potensi yang dimiliki 6.1 Menyediakan berbagai kegiatan pembelajaran untuk mendorong peserta didik mencapai prestasi secara optimal. Menyediakan berbagai kegiatan pembelajaran untuk mengaktualisasikan potensi peserta didik, termasuk kreativitasnya. Berkomunikasi secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan peserta didik. 7.1 7. 30 6.2 7.2 Memahami berbagai strategi berkomunikasi yang efektif, empatik, dan santun, secara lisan, tulisan, dan/atau bentuk lain. Berkomunikasi secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan peserta didik dengan bahasa yang khas dlm interaksi kegiatan/permainan yang mendidik yang terbangun secara siklikal dari (a)penyiapan kondisi psikologis peserta didik u/ ambil bagian dalam permainan melalui ujukan&contoh, (b)ajakan kepada peserta didik u/ ambil bagian, (c)respons peserta didik terhadap ajakan guru, & (d)reaksi guru terhadap respons peserta didik, dst. The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) NO 8. PERNYATAAN KOMPETENSI Menyelenggarakan penilaian dan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar. INDIKATOR 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 9. Memanfaatkan hasil penilaian dan evaluasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran. 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 10. Melakukan tindakan reflektif untuk peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran. 10.1 10.2 10.3 Memahami prinsip-prinsip penilaian dan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar sesuai dengan karakteristik mata pelajaran yang diampu. Menentukan aspek-aspek proses dan hasil belajar yang penting untuk dinilai dan dievaluasi sesuai dengan karakteristik mata pelajaran yang diampu. Menentukan prosedur penilaian dan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar. Mengembangkan instrumen penilaian dan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar. Mengadministrasikan penilaian proses dan hasil belajar secara berkesinambungan dengan mengunakan berbagai instrumen. Menganalisis hasil penilaian proses dan hasil belajar untuk berbagai tujuan. Melakukan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar. Menggunakan informasi hasil penilaian dan evaluasi untuk menentukan ketuntasan belajar Menggunakan informasi hasil penilaian dan evaluasi untuk merancang program remedial dan pengayaan. Mengkomunikasikan hasil penilaian dan evaluasi kepada pemangku kepentingan. Memanfaatkan informasi hasil penilaian dan evaluasi pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran. Melakukan refleksi terhadap pembelajaran yang telah dilaksanakan. Memanfaatkan hasil refleksi untuk perbaikan dan pengembangan pembelajaran dalam mata pelajaran yang diampu. Melakukan penelitian tindakan kelas untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran dalam mata pelajaran yang diampu. Berdasarkan table di atas, terdapat 10 pernyataan kompetensi dan 33 indikator dalam kompetensi pedagogic. Berdasarkan uraian diatas, maka kompetensi pedagogik guru dapat disintesiskan sebagai seperangkat karakteristik berupa kemampuan, perilaku, sikap, dan pengetahuan yang saling berhubungan satu sama lain agar mampu melaksanakan pengelolaan 31 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pembelajaran peserta didik dengan benar dengan indikator: (1)menguasai karakteristik peserta didik dari aspek fisik, moral, sosial, kultural, emosional, dan intelektual; (2)menguasai teori belajar dan prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran yang mendidik; (3)mengembangkan kurikulum yang terkait dengan mata pelajaran/bidang pengembangan yang diampu; (4)menyelenggarakan pembelajaran yang mendidik; (5)memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran; (6)memfasilitasi pengembangan potensi peserta didik untuk mengaktualisasikan berbagai potensi yang dimiliki; (7)berkomunikasi secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan peserta didik. Pernyataan kompetensi dan indicator di atas adalah standar yang harus dicapai oleh guru terkait dengan kompetensi pedagogiknya, selain itu pernyataan kompetensi dan indikator ini juga digunakan untuk mengukur sejauh mana pencapaian kompetensi pedagogic seorang guru. Oleh karena itu, dalam mengembangkan kompetensi pedagogic guru kita perlu mengacu kepada pernyataan kompetensi dan indicator di atas. Sebagai bagian dari kemampuan guru dalam mengelola pembelajaran peserta didik di sekolah, kompetensi pedagogic harus lah terus menerus diasah. Selain itu, pengembangan kurikulum serta pengembangan potensi peserta didik menjadi agenda wajib bagi guru. Memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk kepentingan belajar merupakan salah satu kompetensi yang harus dikuasai oleh guru. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan media berbasis ICT dalam proses pembelajaran merupakan salah satu cara bagi guru dalam menyampaikan materi ajar di dalam kelas. Digital Publishing merupakan salah media pembelajaran berbasis ICT. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan digital publishing dinilai perlu dalam mengembangkan kemampuan dan kompetensi pedagogic seorang guru. PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN DIGITAL PUBLISHING Guru merupakan komponen kunci untuk menghasilkan kualitas peserta didik yang baik, oleh karena itu, Guru harus terus menerus meningkatkan kompetensinya. Kompetensi yang harus dikuasai adalah kompetensi pedagogic, professional, kepribadian dan social. Pembahasan pada paper ini mengenai kompetensi pedagogik. Salah satu komponen dalam kompetensi pedagogik guru yaitu pengembangan bahan ajar dan kemampun menggunakan ICT. Berkaitan dengan pengembangan bahan ajar, maka bahan ajar yang dapat dikembangkan dapat berupa digital publishing. Publishing atau dikenal sebagai penerbitan dalam bahasa Indonesia merupakan proses atau cara mencetak atau menerbitkan sebuah tulisan baik itu buku maupun 32 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) majalah. Yang dimaksud dengan digital publishing adalah percetakan yang dilakukan secara digital yang bisa diakses melalui internet atau media elektronik lainnya. Penggunaan Digital publishing dinilai sangat menguntungkan karena dapat menekan biaya serta dalam pendistribusiannya lebih mudah dibandingkan materi cetak. Selain itu, Digital publishing sangat mudah dikembangkan, siapapun dapat menggunakannya dan bahkan membuatnya. Saat ini sudah banyak digital publishing yang beredar untuk pembelajaran. Pembelajaran menggunakan digital publishing dinilai memenuhi pendekatan Pembelajaran yang Aktif, Inovatif, Kreatif, Efektif dan Menyenangkan. Bisaanya digital publishing yang sudah banyak yang beredar adalah pembelajaran untuk anak usia dini. Sesuai dengan kompetensi pedagogic bahwa guru harus mampu mengembangkan kurikulum serta memanfaatkan ICT dalam pembelajaran, maka pengembangan media pembelajaran dan penggunaan digital publishing menjadi salah satu cara bagi guru dalam mengembangkan kompetensi pedagogiknya. Penggunaan Digital publishing dapat dikembangkan yaitu dengan cara pembisaaan untuk membaca dan menulis lewat media elektronik, penggunaan ICT dalam pembelajaran baik ketika proses pembelajaran maupun dalam memberikan tugas dan evaluasi kepada peserta didik. Pembisaaan Membaca dan Menulis lewat Media Elektronik Pada era sekarang yang serba digital ini, kita dapat mendapatkan informasi melalui media elektronik. Media elektronik adalah media yang menggunakan elektronik sebagai media dalam menyampaikan informasi. Media elektronik dapat berupa television, CD dan alat elektronik lainnya dapat menjadi salah satu sarana bagi guru dalam mengembangkan kompetensi pedagogiknya. Selama ini guru hanya mengembangkan kompetensi pedagogiknya melalui membaca buku, journal atau modul. Cara tersebut dinilai tidak cukup dapat meningkatkan kompetensi guru. Melalui media elektronik, guru dapat tercerahkan mengenai hal-hal yang terjadi di dunia lain yang akan menambah pengetahuan dan meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogic. Hal ini memang masih tergolong baru, terutama bagi guru-guru di daerah yang masih kesulitan aliran listrik hal ini akan sulit sekali. Tetapi hal ini sangat penting karena melalui media elektronik segala informasi dan pengetahuan dapat diakses secara cepat, efektif dan efisien. Pembisaaan harus mulai dilakukan oleh guru dalam mendapatkan pengetahuan melalui media elektronik, sehingga guru dapat meningkatkan kompetensi pedagogiknya dan dapat memberikan pengetahuan kepada peserta didik sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. 33 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Pembisaaan menulis melalui media elektronik dapat dilakukan dengan cara menulis di blog atau media social lainnya. Tema penulisan dapat berupa ide, gagasan atau bahkan pengalaman terkait dengan pembelajaran. Guru juga dapat men-sharing metode pembelajaran yang dinilai efektif dan efisien. Melalui sharing digital publishing, guru dapat juga mendapatkan pengetahuan dari guru lain atau praktisi lain terkait dengan metode atau pendekatan pembelajaran. Menggunakan ICT dan Digital Publishing dalam Pembelajaran Penggunaan ICT dalam proses belajar dan pembelajaran merupakan salah satu media yang dapat digurnakan oleh guru. Penggunaan Digital Publishing merupakan salah satu pemanfaatan ICT dalam pembelajaran. Digital Publishing bisa berupa materi yang telah disiapkan oleh guru dan didistribusikan kepada peserta didik sebagai bahan ajar. Selain itu penggunaan Digital Publishing dapat juga digunakan dalam memberikan tugas atau evaluasi kepada peserta didik. Keuntungan dalam penggunaan Digital Publishing ini adalah hemat biaya, siswa dapat membuat tugasnya di rumah dan segera mengirimkannya kepada gurunya melalui email, system pengarsipan jelas karena dokumen tersimpan dalam email, selain itu mengurangi biaya penggunaan kertas dan sebagainya. Pembelajaran menggunakan Digital Publishing juga dapat dilakukan di dalam laboratorium computer dimana guru bisa mendistribusikan bahan ajarnya melalui software atau program interaktif, kemudian peserta didik dapat menggunakan program interaktif tersebut dalam mempelajari materi pelajaran. Mata pelajaran dengan menggunakan program interaktif ini dapat dilakukan guru untuk mata pelajaran. Keuntungan dengan menggunakan metode ini, siswa akan menjadi lebih termotivasi dalam belajar karena proses pembelajaran inovatif dan menyenangkan. Penggunaan ICT dalam pembelajaran menjadi sangat penting dewasa ini. Dengan berkembang pesatnya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, penggunaan ICT menjadi kewajiban dalam pembelajaran. Kenapa hal tersebut menjadi penting adalah karena melalui ICT kita dapat mengetahui apa yang terjadi di dunia sebelah lain hanya dengan itungan detik. Melalui ICT kita dapat mengetahui hasil penelitian dan kajian yang terbaru yang bias menjadi referensi kita dalam mengajar. Penggunaan ICT untuk kepentingan pembelajaran juga perlu kita perkenalkan kepada siswa. Melalui ICT, siswa dapat memperoleh referensi terkait dengan tugasnya atau dalam mencari bahan tambahan sebagai bahan belajar. Pembisaan menggunakan ICT dalam pembelajaran akan memiliki dampak positif kepada peserta didik, antara lain, dapat meningkatkan 34 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) kemampuan siswa dalam memanfaatkan ICT dalam pembelajaran, siswa menjadi lebih termotivasi dalam belajar karena pembelajaran begitu menyenangkan. Selain itu, siswa juga diajar dapat mencari informasi atau pengetahuan melalui ICT untuk kepentingan pembelajaran. Memiliki Blog dan Penerbitan On-line Dewasa ini sudah banyak guru yang memiliki blog pribadi. Blog ini merupakan tempat dimana guru dapat menuangkan segala apa yang ada di dalam benaknya kedalam sebuah tulisan. Berbagai macam blog dapat kita cari di dunia maya ini, dan banyak dari blog ini yang memberikan kita inspirasi dan pencerahan dalam mengajar. Blog juga digunakan dalam mensharing permasalahan dan pengalaman yang kita dapatkan di sekolah. Hal ini sangat penting, karena ketika terdapat guru lain yang memiliki permasalahan yang sama dengan kita, maka ia dapat menggunakan pengalaman kita dalam memecahkan masalahnya. Blog dapat juga dikatakan sebagai buku harian seorang pendidik. Di dalam blog kita bias mengarsipkan segala macam bahan ajar dan media pembelajaran yang kita gunakan di dalam kelas. Keunggulan dari blog adalah kita dapat mengatur sedemikian rupa terhadap blog kita. Tidak ada aturan tertulis bagaimana kita membuat blog. Tetapi sebagai seorang pendidik, kita bias menggunakan blog sebagai salah satu ajang pengembangan professional diri. Sebagai guru yang professional, guru harus mampu membuat tulisan terkait dengan pendidikan ataupun mata pelajaran yang diampunya. Selain itu, guru dapat menuangkan ide, gagasan atau bahkan pengalaman dalam sebuah tulisan. Oleh karena itu, melalui blog dan penerbitan on-line, hal tersebut menjadi tidak mustahil. Guru dapat memiliki blog pribadi dimana dalam blog tersebut guru dapat menuangkan seluruh ide, gagasan dan pengalamannya menjadi seorang pendidik, sehingga guru yang lain atau bahwa pendidik yang lain dapat membaca ide dan gagasannya. Melalui penulisan di blog, guru menjadi terbisaa menuangkan ide dan gagasannya serta penggunaan blog dapat membantu guru dalam mengarsipkan hal-hal yang telah ia tuangkan dalam bentuk tulisan. Penulisan di dalam blog bisa bermacam-macam, bisa dalam bentuk artikel, bacaan, makalah, dan sebagainya. Melalui blog juga guru dapat men-sharing pengalaman terkait dengan pembelajaran, kiat-kita dalam pembelajaran, bahan ajar, media pembelajaran dan sebagainya. Penerbitan on-line juga dapat dilakukan oleh seorang guru. Melalui penerbitan on-line ini guru dapat menerbitkan tulisannya kepada guru lain. 35 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) KESIMPULAN Setiap guru harus melakukan perubahan untuk meningkatkan kualitasnya, oleh karena itu segala usaha harus dilakukannya. Peningkatan komptenesi pedagogic merupakan salah satu kompetensi yang harus dikuasai oleh guru. Adapun yang termasuk ke dalam kompetensi pedagogic antara lain: (1)menguasai karakteristik peserta didik dari aspek fisik, moral, sosial, kultural, emosional, dan intelektual; (2)menguasai teori belajar dan prinsipprinsip pembelajaran yang mendidik; (3)mengembangkan kurikulum yang terkait dengan mata pelajaran/bidang pengembangan yang diampu; (4)menyelenggarakan pembelajaran yang mendidik; (5)memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran; (6)memfasilitasi pengembangan potensi peserta didik untuk mengaktualisasikan berbagai potensi yang dimiliki; (7)berkomunikasi secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan peserta didik. Sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman, maka guru harus ikut berkembang dalam memenuhi tantangan era globalisasi ini. Oleh karena itu, guru perlu ditingkatkan kompetensi pedagogiknya melalui penggunaan media-medai pembelajaran yang aktif, kreatif dan inovatif. Pemanfaatan teknologi, informasi dan komunikasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran dianggap penting dalam era globalisasi ini. Pembelajaran berbasis ICT merupakan pembelajaran yang selalu di kampanyekan sesuai dengan pengembangan ICT. pembelajarPengembangan Digital publishing menjadi salah satu alternative bagi guru dalam mengembangankan kompetensinya. Selan itu, pengembangkan Digital Publishing juga dapat menjadi sarana komunikasi dan informasi kepada peserta didik. Digital publishing ini dianggap sebagai salah satu media yang dapat membantu guru dalam proses pembelajaran yang lebih efektif dan efisein. Pembelajaran melalui Digital publishing ini diharapkan dapat meningatkan kompetensi pedagogic guru sekaligus juga dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik. DAFTAR PUSTAKA A Competency Framework for Effective Teaching. Murdoch University. Retrieved from www. murdoch. edu. au/planning/docs/acfet/ index. html Arikunto, Suharsimi. (1998). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan. Teori dan Praktek. Rineka Cipta. 36 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Armstrong, M. (1990). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Seri Pedoman Manajemen. Cikmat Sofyan, Alih Bahasa. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, Gramedia Biro Pusat Statistik. (2002). Statistik Indonesia. Statistical Year Book of Indonesia. Jakarta: Biro Pusat Statistik. Buku Sekolah Elektronik. Retrieved from http://. bse. depdiknas. go. id Departemen Perdagangan. (2007). Survey Industri Kreatif di Indonesia Tahun 2007. Jakarta: Departemen Perdagangan Dick and Carey. (2005). The Systemstic Design of Instruction, Sixth Edition. New York, NY:Pearson. Donnely. Ivancevich dan Gibson. (1993). Organisasi dan Manajemen. Perilaku Struktur Proses. Jakarta: Erlangga. Esterberg, Kristin. (2002). Qualitative Methods in social research. New York: Mc Grawhill Gibson, et al, (1993). Organisasi dan Manajemen: Perilaku, Struktur. Proses. Penerjemah: Djoerban Wahid. Jakarta: Erlangga. Ngalim Purwanto. (2002). Ilmu Pendidikan Teoretis dan Praktis. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Martaniah, Mulyani. (November, 1964). “Peranan Orang Tua dalam Perkembangan Kepribadian. Yogyakarta” dLm Jiwa Baru 11/12 Th XII. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 28 Tahun 2008 tentang “Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 13 Tahun 2008 tentang Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET) Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 16 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Kualifikasi dan Kompetensi Pendidik. 37 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) School Support Services Norther Territory Department of Education – Operation South. Retrieved from www. interactivetaching/ cs/index. html Sugiyono. (2006). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Undang-Undang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional No 20 Tahun 2003 Undang-Undang Perpustakaan, yaitu Undang-Undang No 43 Tahun 2007 38 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) MLEARNING AND TEACHER TRAINING: A NEED ANALISYS Asra1, Saedah Siraj2, and Siti Aisyah Hasim Ali3 University of Malaya, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Teachers Training is one of element in the successful of teachers in teaching. Various problems encountered in the teachers training, such as; hours of learning are limited compared with that quite a lot of learning materials; a limited number of classrooms and teacher's own limitations. One effort to over come or cope with problems in the teacher training is the use of mobile technology. mLearning is learning to be done any time and any where (Keegan, 2005). And mlearning also an easy learning to use equipment such as over the phone, PDA, Tablet PC, Smart phone, and thei Pad, (Quinn, 2010). The paper reports on the first phase of the study which aims to probe into the needs of module design for m-learning at teachers training and the researcher adopted the needs analysis method. Data accrued from responses on survey questionnaires based on Lickert-point scale were analyzed statistically. The findings from this preliminary study serve as a basis for mLearning module development for teachers training. Keywords: mLearning, teacher training, need analysis PENDAHULUAN Pendidikan guru merupakan salah satu bahagian yang terpenting dalam sistem pendidikan. Keberhasilan pelaksanaan pembelajaran dalam pendidikan adalah bergantung sejauh mana seseorang guru dapat membentuk muridnya menjadi seorang yang berguna kepada masyarakat dan negara. Hal ini adalah keranakemahiran profesional seseorang guru terletak pada keupayaannyamenggunakan ilmu pengetahuan dan dengan itu membentuk sikap dan nilai yang betul. Peranan guru menjadi semakin mencabar berikutan perkembanganbidang pendidikan yang begitu pesat sekali. Menurut Surya (2011) pendidikan guru harus sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan kini. Salah satu ciri perkembangan itu ialah menggunakan 39 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) teknologi komunikasi dan maklumat secara efisien. Teknologi komunikasi dan maklumat (ICT) menjadi semakin penting dalam perkembangan pendidikan hari ini. Penggunaan teknologi ini bukan saja menghemat waktu dan penggunaan tenaga, malah memudahkan capaian maklumat kerana ia bergerak dan berlaku dalam ruang siber atau maya yang tiada lokasi dan masa yang khusus Bagi melaksanakan dasar pendidikan, kerajaan Malaysia melalui KementerianPelajaran telah melatih tenaga pengajar untuk mengajar di peringkat sekolah rendah, menengah rendah dan menengah atas. Pendidikan guru di Malaysia merupakan satu tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia untuk mendedahkan kaedah dan teknik pengajaran secara formal kepada setiap bakal guru, sama ada di Institut Pendidikan Guru atau di pusat-pusat pengajian tinggi awam bagi menyesuaikan bakal guru dengan tugas apabila berada dalam bilik darjah nanti. Ini menandakan betapa pentingnya usaha untuk melahirkan guru-guru yang bertauliah. Hal ini adalah kerana pendidikan guru merupakan satu aspek yang amat penting dalam menentukan keberhasilan suatu negara. Kemahiran guru dalam mengajar sangat diperlukan oleh murid untuk mempelajari suatu mata pelajaran dengan lebih mendalam . Guru-guru perlu mengetahui dan menguasai kemahiran tersebut dahulu sebelum kemahiran tersebut dapat diajarkan kepada murid. Selain itu, seorang calon guru selain memiliki kemahiran juga memiliki kemampuan dalam menggunakan teknologi dalam pembelajaran. Perkembangan teknologi sangat cepat, salah satu nya adalah perkembangan pemanfaatan teknologi mobile dalam pembelajaran atau boleh disebut mLearning (mobile learning) atau pembelajaran mobile. DEFINISI DAN KONSEP MLEARNING Quinn (2002) mendefinisikan mLearning sebagai belajar menggunakan peralatan mobile seperti Palms, iPad, PDA dan juga telepon genggam. Ini berbeda dengan Nyiri (2002) yang menyatakan mLearning sebagai pembelajaran yang berlaku apabila komunikasi antara individu dengan individu yang lain berlaku secara wireless. Sementara O’Malley, Vavoula, Glew, Taylor, Sharples, dan Lefrere (2003) mendefinisikan mLearning sebagai apa saja pembelajaran yang berlaku di tempat dan lokasi yang tidak ditetapkan atau pembelajaran yang berlaku apabila pelajar menggunakan teknologi mobile. Keegan (2005) menyatakan banyak peneliti memberikan definisi yang kompleks mengenai mLearning. Bagi beliau MLearning ialah penyediaan pendidikan dan latihan menggunakan PDA, palmtops, komputer tablet, smartphone dan telepon genggam. 40 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kesimpulannya mLearning ialah apa saja pembelajaran atau latihan yang dijalankan menggunakan peralatan berteknologi mobile seperti komputer, PDA, telepon genggam yang membolehkan pembelajaran dapat berlaku di mana sahaja dan pada bila-bila masa. Brown (2003) menerangkan dengan jelas tentang konsep mLearning. Menurut beliau mLearning adalah bagiann (subset) dari E-learning (elearning). E-learning ialah konsep makro yang melibatkan lingkungan pembelajaran dalam jaringan dan mLearning. Gambar rajah di bawah dapat menunjukkan dengan jelas perhubungan di antara E-learning dengan mLearning. Gamba rajah menunjukkan mLearning ialah bagian (subset) dari E-learning. Sementara E-learning ialah bagian (subset) dari pembelajaran jarak jauh. Pembelajaran jarak jauh pula menjadi bagian( subset) dari pembelajaran fleksibel. Gambar 1. Model MLearning di Afrika Sumber: Dipetik daripada T. H. Brown (2005). Towards a model for mlearning in Africa. International Journal on E-Learning, 4(3), 299-315. Seperti yang dinyatakan di atas mLearning ialah apa saja pembelajaran atau latihan yang dijalankan menggunakan peralatan berteknologi mobile seperti komputer laptop, PDA, telepon genggam yang membolehkan pembelajaran dapat berlaku di mana sahaja dan pada bila-bila masa (Devinder Singh & Zaitun, 2006; Efaw, Hampton, Martinez, & Smith, 2001; Strohlein, 2005; McNeal & van’t Hooft, 2006). 41 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENGGUNAAN MLEARNING DALAM PEMBELAJARAN GURU PELATIH ATAU CALON GURU M-Learning merupakan suatu konsep baru dalam prosespembelajaran. Ianya menekankan kepada keupayaan untuk memudah alih proses pembelajaran tanpa terikat kepada lokasi fizikal proses pembelajaran berlaku (Kukulska-Hulme & Traxler, 2005). Dalam kata mudah, proses pembelajaran boleh dilakukan dimana-mana saja, kapan saja dan bukannya di kelas saja. Banyak penelitian yang telah dilakukan berkaitan dengan pembelajaran mobile ini. Mengikut Saedah & Alias (2005) bahawa mlearning telah berhasil meningkatkan pembelajaran murid dengan membolehkan mereka untuk memahami tugas-tugas yang rumit dalam institusi pendidikan di Malaysia. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bahawa mLearning merupakan metode pembelajaran dan pengajaran yang efektif yang akan membawa keuntungan yang lebih besar bagi pelajar di institusi pendidikan. Dalam mengimplementasikan mLearning di Malaysia, pelbagai perkara perlu diambil kira antaranya: sejauh mana kesediaan pendidik dan pelajar dalam menerima kaedah ini, sejauh manakah teknologi mudah alih di Malaysia dapat disediakan kepada pengajar dan pelajar, dapatkah kaedahini menarik minat pelajar dan adakah ianya merupakan isu yang dapat diterima secara global di Malaysia. Hasil dapatan daripada kajian Attewell (2005) dalam merumuskan projek mLearn2001 mencadangkan bahawa penggunaan mLearning mungkin dapat memberi kesan yang positif kepada beberapa bidang: 1) mLearning membantu pelajar meningkatkan kemahiran literasi dan numeric untuk mengenal pasti keupayaan sebenar mereka 2) mLearning boleh digunakan untuk menggalakkan kedua-dua pengalaman pembelajaran bebas dan pengalaman pembelajaran perkongsian (collaborative learning) 3) mLearning dapat membantu pelajar mengenalpasti perkara-perkara yang memerlukan bantuan dan sokongan 4) mLearning dapat membantu dalam memperjuangkan penggunaan teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi serta dapat membantu mengurangkan jurang diantara literasi telefon mudah alih dengan literasi teknologi maklumat 5) mLearning membantu pelajar menolak beberapa formaliti daripada pengalaman pembelajaran 6) mLearning membantu pelajar dalam mengekalkan fokus pembelajaran untuk angka masa yang lebih panjang. 7) mLearning membantu meningkatkan keyakinan diri (Attewell, 2005) 42 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kesan-kesan positif ini jika dapat diterapkan di dalam suasana pembelajaran di institusi pengajian tinggi di Malaysia semestinya dapat meningkatkan prestasi seseorang pelajar dalam semua aspek yang ingin dicapai. Selain itu, mereka juga dapat melihat dan menggunakan teknologi mudah alih ini dengan perspektif yang lebih luas. Penggunaan mLearning dalam pembelajaran dapat di kelompokkan kedalam tiga fungsi yaitu sebagai suplement (tambahan) yang sifatnya sebagai pilihan pilihan, pelengkap (komplemen) atau pengganti (substitusi). Suplemen (tambahan) Mobile Learning berfungsi sebagai suplement (tambahan), yaitu: peserta didik mempunyai kebebasan memilih, apakah akan memanfaatkan materi mLearning atau tidak dalam proses pembelajaran. Dalam hal ini, tidak ada kewajiba bagi peserta didik untuk mengakses materi Mobile Learning. Peserta didik yang memanfaatkannya tentu akan memiliki tambahan pengetahuan atau wawasan. Komplemen (pelengkap) Mobile Learning berfungsi sebagai komplemen (pelengkap), yaitu: materinya diprogramkan untuk melengkapi materi pembelajaran yang diterima peserta didik di dalam kelas. Di sini berarti materi Mobile Learning diprogramkan untuk menjadi materi reinforcement (penguatan) atau remedial bagi peserta didik di dalam mengikuti kegiatan pembelajaran konvensional. Substitusi (pengganti) mLearning berfungsi sebagai pengganti dari pembelajaran yang tidak dapat diikuti pelajar. Dengan menggunakan mLearning memberikan kemudahan kepada belajar memilih sesuai dengan keinginan dan kemampuannya. Dengan adanya peralatan berteknologi ini, kita berpeluang untuk merubah bentuk kaedah pembelajaran: untuk mencipta komuniti pembelajaran yang luas, untuk menghubungkan manusia pada masa nyata ataupun dunia maya, untuk menyediakan kepakaran yang diperlukan dan seterusnya menyokong pembelajaran sepanjang hayat (long life education) (Sharples, 2007). METODOLOGI KAJIAN Kajian ini menumpukan kepada pembangunan modul MPembelajaran guru pelatih atau calon guru. Modul ini akan dibangunkan 43 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) berdasarkan pandangan yang diberikan oleh pakar. Kajian ini akan mengandungi tiga (3) fasa. Fasa pertama merupakan kajian analisis keperluan untuk modul M-Pembelajaran untuk guru pelatih. Analisis keperluan telah lama dikenal pasti sebagai sebahagian bahagian yang penting dalam perancangan pendidikan. Kaufman dan English (1979), Pratt (1994), Witkin (1977) semuanya mendefinisikan analisis keperluan sebagai kaedah untuk mengenal pasti jurang di antara situasi yang wujud sekarang dengan situasi yang dikehendaki. Sementara McKillip (1987) pula menyatakan keperluan merupakan satu penghakiman nilai bahawa kumpulan tertentu mempunyai masalah yang boleh diselesaikan. Kajian dalam fasa pertama ini akan dijalankan menggunakan teknik survey untuk mengenal pasti apakah keperluan dalam melaksanakan modul M-Pembelajaran. Maklumat daripada kajian fasa pertama akan menjadi sebahagian daripada asas dalam mereka bentuk modul M-Pembelajaran guru pelatih. Sebanyak 60 orang guru pelatih dijadikan pilot study (kajian rintis)dalam penelitian ini. Mereka adalah guruguru pelatih yang sedang belajar dalam semester ke lima dalam program pendidikan guru. Fasa kedua kajian adalah peringkat mereka bentuk modul M-Pembelajaran guru pelatih. Ia akan dilaksanakan menggunakan teknik Delphi. Dapatan daripada kajian fasa kedua akan digunakan untuk mereka bentuk modul MPembelajaran guru pelatih. Teknik Delphi digunakan untuk kajian dalam fasakedua kerana didapati bahawa teknik Delphi adalah kaedah yang terbaik untuk memperolehi persetujuan pakar dalam menentukan perkara-perkara yang akan dimasukkan dalam mereka bentuk modul M-Pembelajaran guru pelatih. Sementara fasa ketiga adalah peringkat penilaian pelaksanaan modul M-Pembelajaran. Dalam fasa ini sebanyak lima sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran dilaksanakan menggunakan Modul M-Pembelajaran guru pelatih yang dihasilkan dalam fasa kedua. Pelaksanaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran ini menggunakan subjek sains. Model State Countenance Model of Evaluation (SCEEM) digunakan untuk menilai Modul MPembelajaran ini. 44 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) RESEARCH QUESTION Fasa 1 Analisa Keperluan Modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih 1. Apakah keperluan Modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih Fasa 2 Design dan Pengembangan Modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih 2. Apakah Pandang Pakar dalam Modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih Fasa 3 Evaluasi Modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih 3. Apakah Output dan modul mLearning untuk Guru Pelatih PENGUMPULAN DATA ANALSIS DATA Kuisioner (50 orang Guru Pelatih) Mean Mode Delphi Teknik (15 pakar) Median Inter Quartile Eksperimen Analisis Kongruent Gambar 1. Bagan Aliran Metodologi TARGET HASIL PENEMUAN KAJIAN Pada akhir kajian ini, modul mLearning untuk guru pelatih yang dihasilkan berdasarkan analisa pendapat para pakar. Secara lebih lengkap, hasil temuan kajian ini diproyeksikan mengungkapkan unsure-unsur utama yang diperlukan dalam mendesain modul mLearning untuk guru pelatih. Di antara unsure-unsur tersebut akan mengungkapkan tujuan dari modul yang diharapkan, macam-macam peralatan/perisian, pelayanan elektronik, kemudahan pendukung di dalam kampus, pelaksanaan metode, konten modul, strategi pembelajaran dan pengajaran, kemampuan dosen, kemampuan pelajar dan penilaian. Disamping itu, satu modul mlearning untuk guru pelatih dipilih dan disain berdasarkan unsure-unsur hasil penemuan. Berdasarkan evaluasi, modul diproyeksikan sesuai dan efektif dalam pembelajaran guru pelatih. KESIMPULAN Kajian ini dilakukan berdasarkan desain yang telah dibuat untuk peringkat awal dalam mengembangkan modul mLearning. Dalam kajian awal ini , analisa keperluan mengungkapkan keperluan pada unsur-unsur; 1)tujuan 45 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) modul mlearning untuk guru pelatih, 2)peralatan dan pelayanan elektronik mlearning, 3)tingkat Implementasi mLearning, 4)konten modul mLearning 5)strategi pembelajaran dan pengajaran mLearning, 6)penilaian mLearning dan 7)Kemampuan mLearning pensy arah dan pelajar. Hasil kajian fasa 1 akan digunaka untuk membuat soal selidik fasa 2 yang lebih besar untuk mengumpulkan pendapat para pakar melalui teknik Delphi. Kemudian pengembangan modul mLearning dilanjutkan pada fasa ke 3 iaitu Fasa penilaian. Pemegang kebijakan pendidikan, penggubal dasar guru, peneliti, dan sektor swasta bisa mendapatkan manfaat dari kajian ini, terutama dalam mendapatkan informasi mengenai keperluan modul mLearning pada guru pelatih. Pada institusi pendidikan sebagai panduan untuk mengembangkan infrastruktur yang berkaitan dengan pemiliahan peralatan mobile dan kandungan pembelajaran, pengurusan system pendidikan atau kemahiran dan bentuk latihan yang diperlukan untuk pengajar. RUJUKAN Attewell, J. (2005). Mobile Technologies and Learning: A technology update and mlearning project summary. Learning and Skills. London: Development Agency. Muhammad Ridhuan and Saedah Siraj, “Prospect and Implementation of mlearning for Future Curriculum,” in Proc. of International Symposium on Computing, Communication and Control 2009, Singapore, Oct 2009. Kukulska-Hulme, A. G. , Traxler, J. (2005). Mobile Learning. A handbook for educator andtrainers. New York: Routedge Falmer. Sharple, M. (2007). Big Issues in Mobile Learning. Report of a workshop by Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence Mobile Learning Initiative. Nottingham: The University of Nottingham. Siraj, S & Norlida Alias. (2005). “An Evalution of mLearning”. International Journal of Learning. 12, 4. Triantafillou, E. , Georgiadou, E. , Economides A. A. (2006). “The design and evaluation ofa computeriaed adaptive test on mobile devices”. Science Direct. Quinn, C. (Fall, 2002). “MLearning: mobile, wireless, in you pocketlearning. ” Linezine. [Online]. Available: http://www. linezine. com/2. 1/ features/ cqmmwiyp. htm 46 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) OPTIMALISASI PROFESIONALISME GURU Taslim Pantondate State University of Manado, Manado, Indonesia taslim_2936@ymail. com ABSTRACT Quality education can not be separated from the process of preparation of qualified human resources, strong and skilled. Human qualities that are needed by the nation of Indonesia in the future are able to face increasing competition with other nations. Professionalism of teachers are those who have the ability to think abstractly is able to formulate concepts, capture, identify, and solve various problems faced in the task, and also has a high commitment in carrying out tasks based on the full sense of responsibility. The characteristics of teacher professionalism, including: understanding and acceptance in the job, willingness to work together effectively with students, teachers, parents, and community, ability to develop vision and continuous growth of the post, put the service in action, directing, pressing and growing patterns of student behavior, and implement a code of ethics of office. And teacher professionalism can be achieved when the pedagogic competence, personal competence, social competence, and professional competence. Establishment of teacher professionalism, the role of educational institutions of education personnel (LPTK) quality is required. Keywords: teacher, professional competence, education. PENDAHULUAN Pendidikan merupakan suatu hal yang sangat fundamental dan memiliki posisi strategis bagi kehidupan bangsa dan negara. Karenanya desentralisasi pendidikan yang merupakan implikasi diterapkannya otonomi daerah harus menghindarkan terjadi masalah yang akan menghambat proses pendidikan itu sediri. Upaya mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa sebagaimana termaktub dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 merupakan tanggung jawab semua pihak, namun secara institusional, tanggung jawab ini dibebankan kepada lembaga pendidikan. Lembaga ini dituntut untuk mempertanggung-jawabkan 47 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) hasil dari proses pendidikan yang telah dilakukannya kepada masyarakat yang mempercayakan anggota keluarganya untuk dididik di lembaga ini. Undang –Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang guru dan dosen dalam Bab I Pasal 1 dimaksud dengan guru adalah pendidik profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah. Pendidikan merupakan bagian integral yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari proses penyiapan sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas, tangguh dan terampil. Pendidikan pada dasarnya adalah suatu upaya untuk memenuhi berbagai tuntutan terhadap kualitas generasi bangsa, yakni (1)tuntutan budaya, (2)tuntutan sosial, dan (3)tuntutan perkembangan anak (Undang – Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang guru dan dosen). Apabila dicermati aspek tuntutan tersebut, maka lembaga pendidikan dituntut lebih arif, kreatif dan inovatif mengikuti perubahan atas dinamika pengetahuan dan teknologi yang berkembang begitu pesat. Dari lembaga pendidikan inilah salah satu harapan besar untuk melahirkan sumberdaya manusia yang mampu untuk menjawab tantangan yang kita hadapi saat ini. Dalam hal ini, guru adalah aktor utama, disamping elemen lainnya. Tanpa keterlibatan aktif guru, pendidikan kosong dari materi, esensi, dan substansi. Secanggih apa pun sebuah kurikulum, visi misi, dan kekuatan finansial, sepanjang gurunya pasif dan stagnan, maka kualitas lembaga pendidikan akan merosot tajam. Sebaliknya, selemah dan sejelek apa pun sebuah kurikulum, visi misi, dan kekuatan finansial, jika gurunya inovatif, progresif, dan produktif serta memiliki kompetensi, maka kualitas lembaga pendidikan akan maju pesat (Asmani, 2009). Berdasarkan pandangan tersebut, bahwa gambaran kualitas manusia yang dibutuhkan oleh bangsa Indonesia pada masa yang akan datangadalah mampu menghadapai persaingan yang semakin ketat dengan bangsa lain. Dan jelas bahwa kualitas manusia tersebut dihasilkan melalui penyelenggaraan yang bermutu (UU. RI No. 14 Tahun 2003). Dalam rangka mendukung penyelenggaran mutu pendidikan berkualitas, profesionalisme guru mempunyai fungsi, peran, dan kedudukan yang sangat strategis dalam pembangunan nasional dalam bidang pendidikan. Oleh karenanya guru profesionalisme harus mampu menempatkan diri sebagai guru yang ideal dan inovatif, yakni guru-guru yang mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan tuntutan perubahan kian cepat dan kompetitif, mempunyai kompetensi melakukan terobosan berkelanjutan dan konsisten. 48 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PEMBAHASAN Kesalahan guru dalam memahami profesinya akan mengakibatkan bergesernya fungsi guru secara perlahan-lahan. Pergeseran ini telah menyebabkan dua pihak yang tadinya sama-sama membawa kepentingan dan saling membutuhkan, yakni guru dan siswa, menjadi tidak lagi saling membutuhkan. Akibatnya suasana belajar sangat memberatkan, membosankan, dan jauh dari suasana yang membahagiakan. Seperti yang telah kita ketahui, bahwa kualitas pendidikan di Indonesia semakin memburuk. Menurut Munawar (untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan secara formal aspek guru mempunyai peranan penting dalam mewujudkannya, disamping aspek lainnya seperti sarana/prasarana, kurikulum, siswa, manajemen, dan pengadaan buku. Guru merupakan kunci keberhasilan pendidikan, sebab inti dari kegiatan pendidikan adalah belajar mengajar yang memerlukan peran dari guru di dalam nya (2011: 6). Rendahnya mutu guru menurutSudarminta (2000) dalam Munawar antara lain : (1) lemahnya penguasaan bahan yang diajarkan; (2) ketidaksesuaian antara bidang studi yang dipelajari guru dan yang dalam kenyataan lapangan yang diajarkan; (3) kurang efektifnya cara pengajaran; (4)kurangnya wibawa guru di hadapan murid; (4) lemahnya motivasi dan dedikasi untuk menjadi pendidik yang sungguh-sungguh; semakin banyak yang kebetulan menjadi guru dan tidak betul-betul menjadi guru; (6)kurangnya kematangan emosional, kemandirian berpikir, dan keteguhan sikap dalam cukup banyak guru sehingga dari kepribadian mereka sebenarnya tidak siap sebagai pendidik; kebanyakan guru dalam hubungan dengan murid masih hanya berfungsi sebagai pengajar dan belum sebagai pendidik; (7)relatif rendahnya tingkat intelektual para mahasiswa calon guru (2011). Terkait dengan hal tersebut, MenurutSaud, paling sedikit ada enam tugas dan tanggung jawab guru dalam mengembangkan profesinya, yaitu (1) bertugas sebagai pengajar, (2) bertugas sebagai pembimbing, (3) bertugas sebagai adminstrator kelas, (4) bertugas sebagai pengembang kurikulum, (5) bertugas untuk mengembangkan profesi, dan (6) bertugas untuk membina hubungan dengan masyarakat. Dalam keenam tugas dan tanggung jawab ini, guru dituntut memiliki seperangkat pengetahuan dan keterampilan teknis mengajar, disamping menguasai ilmu atau bahan yang akan diajarkan (2010: 32). Soedijarto dalam Asmanimengemukakan, guru yang profesional itu harus memiliki enam kriteria yaitu, (1) memahami peserta didik dengan latar belakang dan kemampuannya (2) menguasai disiplin ilmu sebaagai sumber bahan belajar, dan sebagai realms of meaning and ways of knowing 49 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) (3) menguasai bahan pelajaran (4) memiliki wawasan kependidikan yang mendalam (5) menguasai rekayasa dan teknologi pendidikan, (6) berkepribadian dan berjiwa Pancasila(2010: 32). Menurut Sukmadinata yang dikutip Musfah bahwa selain masih kurangnya sarana dan fasilitas belajar, adalah faktor guru. Pertama, guru belum bekerja dengan sungguh-sungguh. Kedua, kemampuan profesional guru masih kurang. Maka sepatutnyalah masalah guru senantiasa mendapat perhatian, baik oleh pemerintah maupun oleh masyarakat pada umumnya dan oleh ahli pendidikan khususnya. Pemerintah memandang bahwa guru merupakan media yang sangat penting artinya dalam kerangka pembinaan dan pengembangan bangsa. Masalah guru adalah masalah yang penting, sebab mutu guru turut menentukan mutu pendidikan. Sedangkan mutu pendidikan akan menentukan mutu generasi yang akan datang. Maka, peran guru sangat penting dalam mengajar dan mendidik siswa, serta dalam memajukan dunia pendidikan. Mutu siswa dan pendidikan bergantung pada mutu guru. Karena itu, guru harus memiliki kompetensi yang sesuai dengan standar nasional pendidikan, agar ia dapat menjalankan tugas dan perannya dengan baik dan berhasil. Profesionalitas guru menjadi titik tolak kebangkitan pendidikan, oleh karena itu, usaha mendorong terwujudnya guru profesional harus dilakukan (2011: 4). Berdasarkan tugas dan tanggung jawab guru tersebut, tampaknya beban guru bukan hal yang ringan, maka strategi yang perlu adalah, penyelenggaraan sertifikasi pendidik berdasarkan kualifikasi akademik dan kompetensi, (Pemendiknas RI No. 16 tahun 2007), pemenuhan hak dan kewajiban guru, penyelenggaaan kebijakan strategis dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan proesi guru, peningkaatan pemberian penghargaan dan jaminan perlindungan terhadap guru dan dosen dalam pelaksanaan tugas (Pemendiknas RI No. 16 tahun 2007). Permasalahan guru selalu menarik, karen guru adalah kunci pendidikan. Guru yang sukses kemungkinan besar murid-muridnya akan sukses. Sebagai konsekuensi logis, pendidikan selalu dihadapkan pada masalah baru. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh dunia begitu luas, karena sifat sasarannya yaitu manusia sebagai mahluk misteri, kedua karena usaha pendidikan harus mengantisipasi ke hari depan yang tidak segenap seginya terjangkau oleh kemampuan daya ramal oleh manusia. Oleh karena itu, perlu ada rumusan masalah-masalah pokok yang dapat dijadikan pegangan pendidik dalam mengembang tugasnya (Tirtarahardja, 2005: 225). Pendidikan mempunyai tugas menyiapkan sumber daya manusia untuk pembangunan yang seirama dengan tuntutan zaman yang tidak dapat diramalkan sebelumnya. Memahami pokok permasalahan pendidikan selalu 50 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) ada kaitan dengan profesionalisme guru dan faktor-faktor yang menghambat secara yang aktual, adalah; Sikap Guru terhadap Sertifikasi Guru Sikap dapat dikatakan sebagai variabel dasar yang dapat berfungsi dalam memberikan petunjuk bagi perubahan tingkah laku dan pada dasarnya menjadi bagian yang terintegrasi pada diri setiap individu. Voughan mengartikan sikap merupakan sekumpulan objek yang relatif tetap yang menyangkut tentang keyakinan, perasaan dan kecenderungan bertingkah laku seseorang terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya yang secara sosial merupakan objek-objek, kelompok peristiwa atau simbol-simbol penting (Vaughan and Hoog, 1995: 72). Oleh sebab itu, sikap merupakan suatu aspek penting yang dimiliki seseorang untuk menentukan prilaku terhadap suatu benda atau objek yang dihadapinya. Sikap juga merupakan sistem yang relatif permanen dalam diri individu berupa penilaian yang bersifat positif dan negatif sebagai dasar dari kecenderungan untuk menyetujui atau menolak. Berkaitan dengan hal di atas, bahwa sikap guru yang dimaksud dalam kajian ini adalah menyang kut sikap terhadap setelah sertifikasi suatu penilaian intelektual dalam pribadinya dan harus mampu mengambil keputusan secara mandiri, terutama dalam berbagai hal menyang kut pembelajaran dan pembentukan kompetensi, serta bertindak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. Sikap guru ini sangat berperan dalam mengkomunikasikan pembelajaran kepada siswa. Oleh karena itu, dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu profesional, guru harus pula meningkatkan sikap profesionalnya. Menurut Musfah, guru profesional itu tidak dilahirkan, tetapi dibentuk oleh suatu pengalamanb belajar yang bermutu (2011: 78). Kebijakan sertifikasi bagi guru dan dosen memang suatu langkah yang strategis untuk dapat meningkatkan mutu pendidikan di Indonesia. Secara formal, Undang-Undang RepublikIndonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan menyatakan bahwa guru adalah tenaga profesional. Sebagai tenaga profesional, guru dipersyaratkan memiliki kualifikasi akademik S-1 (strata satu) atau D-4 (diploma empat) dalam bidang yang relevan dengan mata pelajaran yang diampunya dan menguasai kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran. Efektivitas dan efisiensi belajar individu di sekolah sangat bergantung kepada peran guru. Syamsuddin (2003) dikutip dalam Sudrajat, mengemukakan bahwa dalam pengertian pendidikan secara luas, seorang guru yang ideal seyogyanya dapat berperan sebagai: 51 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) a. Konservator (pemelihara) sistem nilai yang merupakan sumber norma kedewasaan; b. Inovator (pengembang) sistem nilai ilmu pengetahuan; c. Transmitor (penerus) sistem-sistem nilai tersebut kepada peserta didik; d. Transformator (penterjemah) sistem-sistem nilai tersebut melalui penjelmaan dalam pribadinya dan perilakunya, dalam proses interaksi dengan sasaran didik; e. Organisator (penyelenggara) terciptanya proses edukatif yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan, baik secara formal (kepada pihak yang mengangkat dan menugaskannya) maupun secara moral (kepada sasaran didik, serta Tuhan yang menciptakannya). Sementara dalam pengertian pendidikan yang terbatas, mengemukakan peran guru dalam proses pembelajaran peserta didik, yang mencakup : a. Guru sebagai perencana (planner) yang harus mempersiapkan apa yang akan dilakukan di dalam proses belajar mengajar (pre-teaching problems).; b. Guru sebagai pelaksana (organizer), yang harus dapat menciptakan situasi, memimpin, merangsang, menggerakkan, dan mengarahkan kegiatan belajar mengajar sesuai dengan rencana, di mana ia bertindak sebagai orang sumber (resource person), konsultan kepemimpinan yang bijaksana dalam arti demokratik & humanistik (manusiawi) selama proses berlangsung (during teaching problems) (Sudrajat, http://akhmadsudrajat. wordpress. com/2008) Dalam undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentangGuru dan Dosen, dikemukakan bahwa sertifikasi adalah proses pemberian sertifikat pendidik untuk guru dan dosen. Sertifikat ini merupakan adalah merupakan bukti formal sebagai pengakuan yang diberikan kepada guru dan dosen sebagai tenaga profesional. Artinya, sertifikasi guru dan dosen ini merupakan suatu proses pemberian pengakuan bahwa seseorang telah memiliki kompetensi untuk melaksanakan pelayanan pendidikan pada satuan pendidikan tertentu, setelah lulus uji kompetensi yang diselenggarakan oleh lembaga sertifikasi (Mulyasa, 2012: 33-34). Dengan kata lain, sertifikasi guru adalah proses uji kompetensi yang dirancang untuk mengunkapkan penguasaan kompetensi seseorang sebagai landasan pemberian sertifikasi pendidik. Wibowo dalam Mulyasa (2012: 35), mengungkapkan bahwa seertifikasi bertujuan untuk hal-hal sebagai berikut: a. Melindungi profesi pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan b. Melindungi masyarakat dari praktik-praktik yang tidak kompeten, sehingga merusak citra pendidikan dan tenaga kependidikan. 52 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) c. Membantu dan melindungi lembaga penyelenggara pendidikan, dengan menyediakan rambu-rambu dan instrumen untuk melakukan seleksi terhadap pelamar yang kompeten. d. Membangun citra masyarakat terhadap terhadap profesi pendidik dan tenaga kependidikan. e. Memberikan solusi dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu pendidikan dan tenaga kependidikan. Sertifikasi guru merupakan amanat Undang-undang Repbulik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sisdiknas. Pasal 61 menyatakan bahwa sertifikasi dapat berbentuk ijasah dan sertifikat kompetensi, tetapi bukan sertifikasi yang diperoleh melalui pertemuan ilmiah seperti seminar, diskusi panel, lokakarya, dan simposium. Namun sertifikat kompetensi diperoleh dari penyelenggara pendidikan dan lembaga pelatihan setelah lulus uji kompetensi yang diselenggarakan oleh satuan pendidikan yang terakreditasi atau lembaga sertifikasi ) (Mulyasa, 2012: 35). Sertifikasi guru adalah proses pemberian sertifikat pendidik kepada guru yang telah memenuhi persyaratan. Sertifikasi guru bertujuan untuk (1) menentukan kelayakan guru dalam melaksanakan tugas sebagai pendidik profesional, (2) meningkatkan proses dan hasil pembelajaran, (3) meningkatkan kesejahteraan guru, (4) meningkatkan martabat guru; dalam rangka mewujudkan pendidikan nasional yang bermutu. Sertifikasi guru diikuti dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan guru. Bentuk peningkatan kesejahteraan tersebut berupa pemberian tunjangan profesi bagi guru yang memiliki sertifikat pendidik. Tunjangan tersebut berlaku, baik bagi guru yang berstatus pegawai negeri sipil (PNS) maupun bagi guru yang berstatus bukan pegawai negeri sipil (swasta) (http://www. dikti. go. id/index. php? option=com_content&view=cate-gory&id=167 & Itemid=312). Program sertifikasi yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah program yang lebih mengarah pada upaya peningkatan hasil proses pembelajaran dengan mengkondisikan guru-gurunya sebagai tenaga-tenaga pendidik yang berkompeten terhadap bidangnya. Kompeten dalam hal ini diartikan mampu melaksanakan tugas dan kewajibannya sebagaiguru secara profesional dengan langkah-langkah yang strategis. Guru yang layak bersertifikat adalah guru-guru yang mempunyai kemampuan khususnya yang dapat menunjang ketuntasan proses pembelajaran. Maka, upaya menjamin mutu guru agar tetap memenuhi standar kompetensi, diperlukan adanya suatu mekanisme yang memadai. Sertifikasilah yang digunakan sebagai prosedur yang digunakan untuk memberikan jaminan tertulis bahwa sesuatu produk, proses atau jasa telah memenuhi persyaratan 53 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) yang ditetapkan. Dan manfaat sertifikasi tersebut adalah memberikan pengawasan mutu dan pejaminan mutu. Bertolak dari prosedur di atas, ditemukan hasil monitoring dan evaluasi menunjukkan penyelenggaraan sertifikasi guru tahun 2007 dan 2008, khususnya untuk penyelenggaraan sertifikasi guru melalui penilaian portofolio masih ditemukan sejumlah kendala yang dapat menghambat proses pelaksanaan sertifikasi. Fakta yang ada menunjukkan, banyak guru di Indonesia ini belum sesuai dengan harapan tersebut. Sehingga, guru-guru yang ada belum mencerminkan diri sebagai guru ideal dan inovatif yang siap mendidik siswa dengan profesional. Dengan kata lain, program sertifikasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah belum dapat dijadikan tolak ukuruntuk meningkatan kualitas dan profesionalisme guru. Meskipun, pemerintah berkeinginan bahwa dengan lahirnya kebijakan sertifikasi, dapat memberikanpeningkatan kesejahteraan bagi guru. Karena semua orang yakin bahwa guru memiliki andil yang sangat besar terhadap keberhasilan pembelajaran di sekolah, membantu perkembangan peserta didik untuk mewujudkan tujuan hidupnya secara optimal. Program sertifikasi guru dengan model portofolio yang dilaksanakan Pemerintah sejak tahun 2006 pada kenyataan tidak menjamin peningkatkan kualitas guru. Meski hasil penilaian portofolio dinyatakan lulus, namun tidak serta merta mampu meningkatkan kompetensi guru tersebut (2009). Hasil kajian yang dilakukan Ditjen Peningkatan Mutu Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan (PMPTK) Depdiknas tahun 2008 menunjukkan, meski telah lulus sertifikasi, namun tetap tidak mampu mendongkrak kompetensi guru. Bahkan, tak sedikit guru yang nilai kompetensinya terus menurun. “Kenyataan itu menunjukkan bahwa program sertifikasi guru yang telah dimulai sejak tahun 2006 itu tidak lah cukup sebagai upaya mewujudkan dan meningkatkan kompetensi guru. Bahkan sekalipun guru telah menerima tunjangan profesi bukan berarti mereka telah memilkiki kompetensi yang dipersyaratkan undang-undang,” kata Dirjen Peningkatan Mutu Pendidik dan tenaga Kependidikan (PMPTK) Depdiknas (2009). Kondisi tersebut terjadi karena banyak faktor, utamanya guru mengikuti program sertifikasi berkaitan dengan masalah finansial. Saat guru yang masuk dalam kuota mengikuti program sertifikasi dinyatakan lulus, maka tunjangan profesi sebesar satu kali gaji akan diperoleh guru tersebut. Fenomena ini terlihat sejak pemerintah pada tahun 2006 mulai menerapkan kebijakan sertifikasi guru, maka bersamaan dengan berlakunya kebijakan itu semakin banyak guru khususnya guru tingkat sekolah dasar (SD) yang 54 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) beramai-ramai melanjutkan pendidikan demi meraih ijazah sarjana (S1) yang menjadi salah satu persyaratan untuk mengikuti program sertifikasi. Efeknya banyak guru yang panik dan kemudian secara “sembarangan” mencari perguruan tinggi yang ada di daerahnya masing-masing agar bisa melanjutkan pendidikannya dan secara cepat bisa meraih gelar sarjana tanpa memperdulikan kualitas pendidikan sarjana yang diperolehnya. Kalangan guru mengakui cara tersebut semata-mata agar bisa lolos tahapan untuk memenuhi pesyaratan seleksi sertifikasi guru dengan model portofolio. “Kebanyakan dorongan utama untuk melanjutkan kuliah hanya untuk mengejar sertifikasi guru, bukan peningkatan kualitas guru (2009). Dengan demikian, bahwa sertifikasi merupakan sarana atau instrumen untuk mencapai suatu tujuan, dan sertifikasi menunjukkan bahwa yang bersangkutan telah memiliki kompetensi sebagaimana disyaratkan dalam standard kemampuan guru. Peran Kompetensi Guru Menurut Rachman, guru-guru sekarang lebih senang mengajar daripada mendidik. Mengajar berarti guru hanya memberikan bahan ajar berupa teori dan praktik sesuai kurikulum yang ada tanpa dibarengi dengan olah rasa sehingga kegiatan belajar mengajar menjadi sesuatu yang menyenangkan (2009). ] Guru masa kini jauh dari tokoh yang digambarkan dalam sosok Oemar Bakrie yang bersahaja dan sebagai pegawai negeri ia melakoni hidup untuk mengajar dengan olah rasa, olah pikir dan olah hati. Sementara Sutjipto dan Kosasi mengemukakan bahwa peranan profesional guru dalam keseluruhan program pendidikan disekolah diwujudkan untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan yang berupa perkembangan siswa secara optimal. Lebih lanjut disarankan bahwa, profesional guru itu mencakup tiga bidang layanan, yaitu: layanan instruksional, layanan administrasi, dan layanan bantuan akademik-sosial-pribadi, yang menjadi tugas pokok (2004: 2). Guru profesional yang bekerja melaksanakan fungsi dan tujuan sekolah harus memiliki kompetensi-kompetensi yang dituntut agar guru mampu melaksanakan tugasnya dengan sebaik-baiknya. Tanpa mengabaikan kemungkinan adanya perbedaan lingkungan sosial, kultural dari setiap institusi sekolah sebagai indikator (Hamalik, 2002). Guru yang profesional adalah guru yang terdidik dan terlatih serta punya pengalaman dibidang keguruan. Oleh sebab itu, seorang guru profesional dituntut dengan sejumlah persyaratan minimal antara lain; memiliki kualifikasi pendidikan profesi yang memadai, memiliki kompetensi keilmuan sesuai dengan bidangnya, memiliki kemampuan berkomunikasi 55 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) dengan siswanya, mempunyai jiwa kreatif dan produktif, mempunyai etos kerja dan komitmen tinggi terhadap profesinyadan selalu melakukan pengembangan diri secara terus-menerus melalui organisasi profesi, buku, seminar dan semacamnya (Fahrudin dan Idrus, 2011: 50-51). Berdasarkan pandangan tersebut, kompetensi merupakan persyaratan standar bagi seorang individu untuk melakukan dengan benar pekerjaan tertentu. Kompetensi mencakup kombinasi pengetahuan, keterampilan dan perilaku yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kinerja. Secara umum, kompetensi adalah keadaan atau kualitas yang cukup atau berkualitas baik, memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan peran tertentu (http://psychology. wikia. com). Kompetensi adalah kemampuan untuk melaksanakan (secara profesional) suatu kegiatan dalam kategori/fungsi praktek keprofesian sesuai dengan baku-bakuan yang disyaratkan dalam dunia kerja nyata. Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional 045/U/2002 mengartikan kompetensi sebagai seperangkat tindakan cerdas dan penuh tanggung jawab yang dimiliki seseorang sebagai syarat untuk dianggap mampu oleh masyarakat dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas sesuai dengan pekerjaan tertentu. UndangUndang Guru dan Dosen No. 14 Tahun 2005 menyatakan bahwa kompetensi adalah seperangkat pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan perilaku yang harus dimiliki, dihayati, dan dikuasai oleh guru dan dosen dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalan. Berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan pasal 28 dinyatakan bahwa: Pendidik harus memiliki kualifikasi akademik dan kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran, sehat jasmani dan rohani, serta memiliki kemampuan untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional. Kualifikasi akademik adalah tingkat pendidikan minimal yang harus dipenuhi oleh seorang pendidik yang dibuktikan dengan ijazah dan/atau sertifikat keahlian yang relevan sesuai ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Kompetensi sebagai agen pembelajaran pada jenjang pendidikan dasar dan menengah meliputi: kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi profesional, dan kompetensi sosial. Mengingat kompetensi merupakan komponen utama standar profesi, selain kode etik, sebagai regulasi perilaku profesi yang ditetapkan dalam prosedur dan sistem pengawasan tertentu. Broke and Stone dalam Asmani mengemukakan bahwa kompetensi guru merupakan gambaran kualitatif tentang hakikat perilaku guru yang penuh arti,sehingga kompetensi dimaknai sebagai perangkat perilaku efektif yang terkait dengan eksplorasi dan investigasi, menganalisis dan memikirkan, memberikan perhatian, serta mempersepsikan yang mengarahkan seseorang menemukan langah-langkah 56 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) preventif untuk mencapai tujuan terntentu dengan efektif dan efisien (Asmani dan Ma’mur, 2009: 22-23). Oleh karena itu Mulyasa (2012) mengemukakan bahwa kompetensi bukanlah suatu titik akhir dari suatu upaya, melainkan suatu proses yang berkembang dan belajar sepanjang hayat. Menurut Saud (2010: 45), bahwa seorang profesional yang kompeten harus dapat menunjukan karakteristik utamanya antara lain: Mampu melakukan sesuatu pekerjaan tertentu secara rasional Menguasai perangkat pengetahuan (teoridan konsep, prinsip dan kaidah, hipotesis dan generalisasi, data dan informasi, dan sebagainya) tentang seluk beluk apa yang menjadi bidang tugas pekerjaannya. Menguasai perangkat keterampilan (strategi dan taktik, metode dan teknik, prosedur dan mekanisme, sarana dan instrumen, dan sebagainya) tentang cara bagaimana dan dengan apa harus melakukan tugas pekerjaannya. Memahami perangkat persyaratan ambang (basic standards) tentang ketentuan kelayakan normatif minimal kondisi dari proses yang dapat ditoleransikan dan kriteria keberhasilan yang dapat diterima dari apa yang dilakukannya. Memiliki daya (motivasi) dan citra (aspirasi) unggulan dalam melakukan tugas pekerjaannya. Ia bukan sekedar puas dengan memadai persyaratan minimal, melainkan berusaha mencapai yang sebaik mungkin. Memiliki kewenangan (otoritas) yang memancar atas penguasaan perangkat kompetensinya yang dalam batas tertentu dapat didemonstrasikan (observable) dan teruji sehingga memungkinkan memperoleh pengakuan pihak berwenang. (certifiable). Bertolak dari uraian di atas, pada dasarnya guru yang profesional adalah guru yang memiliki seperangkat kompetensi (pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan perilaku) yang harus dimiliki, dihayati, dan dikuasai oleh guru dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalnya. Kompetensi yang harus dimiliki oleh guru pendidikan berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 14 tahun 2005 sesuai dengan jenjang pendidikan sebagai berikut: Kompetensi Pedagogik Menguasai karakteristik peserta didik dari aspek fisik, moral, spritual, sosial kultural, emosional dan intelektual Menguasai teori belajar dan prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran yang mendidik Mengembangkan kurikulum yang terkait dengan dengan mata pelajaran /bidang pengembangan yang diampu. 57 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Menyelenggarakan pembelajaran yang mendidik. Memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran Memfasilitasi pengembangan potensi peserta didik untuk mengaktualisasikan berbagai potensi yang dimiliki. Berkomunikasi secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan peserta didik. Menyelenggarakan penilaian dan evaluasi proses dan hasil belajar. Memanfaatkan hasil penilaian dan evaluasi untuk kepentingan pembelajaran. Melakukan tindakan reflektif untuk peningkatan kualitas pembelajaran Kompetensi Kepribadian Bertindak sesuai dengan norma agama, hukum, sosial, dan kebudayaan nasional Indonesia Menampilkan diri sebagai pribadi yang jujur, berahlak mulia, dan teladan bagi peserta didik dan masyarakat. Menampilkan diri sebagai pribadi yang mantap, stabil, dewasa arif, dan berwibawa. Menunjukkan etos kerja, tanggung jawab yang tinggi, rasa bangga menjadi guru, dan rasa percaya diri. Menjunjung tinggi kode etik profesi guru. Kompetensi Sosial Bersikap inklusif, bertindak objektif, serta tidak diskriminatif karena pertimbangan jenis kelamin, agama, ras, kondisi fisik, latar belakang keluarga, dan status sosial ekonomi. Berkomunikasi secara secara efektif, empatik, dan santun dengan sesama pendidik, tenaga kependidikan, orang tua, dan masyarakat. Beradaptasi ditempat tugas di seluruh wilayah Republik Indonesia yang memiliki keragaman sosial budaya. Berkomunikasi dengan komunitas profesi sendiri dan profesi lain secara lisan dan tulisan atau bentuk lain. Kompetensi Profesional Menguasai materi, struktur, konsep, dan pola pikir keilmuan yang mendukung mata pelajaran yang diampu. Menguasai standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar mata pelajaran yang diampu. Mengembangkan materi pembelajaran yang diampu secara kreatif. 58 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Mengembangkan keprofesionalan secara berkelanjutan dengan melakukan tindakan reflektif Memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi untuk berkomunikasi dan mengembangkan diri. Apabila dicermati keempat bidang kompetensi tersebut, tampaknya bukan bediri sendiri-sendiri, melainkan saling ada keterkaitan dan saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain dan membentuk hubungan hierarkhis, dengan kata lain saling mendasar satu sama lain. Dapat dikemukakan, kompetensi guru merupakan perpaduan antara kemampuan personal, keilmuan, teknologi, sosial, dan spritual yang secara menyeluruh membentuk kompetensi standar profesi guru. Kompetensi tersebut mencakup beberapa hal yakni; (1)penguasaan materi, yang meliputi pemahaman karakteristik dan substansi ilmu sumber bahan pembelajaran, pemahaman disiplin ilmu yang bersangkutan dalam konteks lebih luas, penggunaan metodologi ilmu yang bersangkutan unuk memverifikasi dan memantapkan pemahaman konsep yang dipelajari, serta pemahaman manajemen pembelajaran; (2)pemahaman terhadap peserta didik, yang meliputi berbagai karakteristik, tahap-tahap perkembangan dalam berbagai aspek, serta penerapannya (kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotori) dalam mengoptimalkan pembelajaran dan perkembangan; (3)pembelajaran yang mendidik, yang terdiri atas pemahaman konsep dasar proses pendidikan dan pembelajaran bidang studi yang bersangkutan, serta penerapannya dalam pelaksanaan dan pengembangan pembelajaran; (4)pengembangan kepribadian profesionalisme (Saud, 2010: 45). Kompetensi merupakan komponen utama dari standar profesi. Kompetensi merupakan kemampuan seseorang yang diperlukan pada suatu profesi tertentu berupa: pengetahuan, keterampilan, sikap dan perilaku, dan kemampuan manajerial. Dan secara prodfesional kompetensi guru mengandung dua bidang kajian, yaitu: penguasaan landasan dan wawasan pendidikan; penguasaan bidang studi; penguasaan pengelolaan pembelajaran; penguasaan evaluasi pembelajaran, dan memiliki kepribadian, wawasan profesi dan pengembangannya. Kedua, yaitu kemampuan berinteraksi peserta didik dengan senantiasa menjujung tinggi martabat peserta didik sehingga dalam proses pembelajaran tercipta suasana yang mendidik dan menyenangkan) (Saudagar, 2011: 93). Berdasarkan tentang kompetensi guru ialah sejumlah yang harus dimiliki oleh guru mencapai tingkatan guru profesional, paling tidak harus memenuhi empat kompetensi guru yang telah ditetapkan dalam Undangundang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 Tentang Guru dan Dosen 59 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) yaitu; kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi sosial, dan kompetensi sosial. Oleh karena itu, guru mempunyai kemampuan meliputi: menguasai landasan mengajar, menguasai ilmu mengajar, mengenal siswa, mengenal lingkungan masyarakat, menguasai penyusunan penyusunan kurikulum,menguasai teknik penyusunan RPP, dan menguasai pengetahuan evaluasi pembelajaran, dan lain-lain. Optimalisasi Profesionalisme Guru Ada beberapa upaya penting untuk mengoptimalkan profesional guru, antara lain: Pertama, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional melakukan evaluasi terhadap lembaga penyelenggara pendidikan tenaga kependidikan (LPTK), karena salah satu faktor berpengaruh atau penentu profesionalisasi jabatan guru, yang membawa konsekuensi terhadap kompetensi lulusannya. Kedua, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional terus-menerus berusaha untuk mengevaluasi terhadap kebijakan tentang guru, baik kebijakan tingkat pusat maupun di tingkat kabupaten/kota. Karena pada umumnya guru-guru dihantui dengan adanya intervensi birokrasi. Menurut Weber (2009:1) ada tujuh ciri yang dapat dijumpai pada organisasi birokratis, yaitu: (1)Adanya pengaturan ataupun fungsi-fungsi resmi yang saling terikat oleh aturanaturan, yang menjadikan fungsi-fungsi resmi itu suatu kesatuan yang utuh; (2)Adanya pembagian kerja yang jelas di dalam organisasi; (3)Adanya pengorganisasian yang mengikuti prinsip hirarki, yaitu tingkatan yang lebih tinggi, sehingga tersusun suatu hirarki otoritas yang runtut mulai dari tingkatan yang tertinggi hingga tingkatan yang terendah dalam organisasi; (4)Adanya system penerimaan dan penempatan karyawan (anggota organisasi) yang didasarkan pada kemampuan; (5)Adanya pemisahan antara pemilikan alat produksi maupun administrasi, dari kepemimpinan organisasi; (6)Adanya objektivitas dalam pelaksanaan tugas yang berkaitan dengan suatu jabatan dalam organisasi. Weber bependapat bahwa pemegang suatu jabatan harus lah melakukan kegiatan secara objektif sesuai dengan tugas yang harus dijalankannya, dan tidak menggunakan jabatannya untuk melayani kepentingan dirinya pribadi; (7)Kegiatan administrasi, keputusankeputusan, dan peraturan-peraturan dalam organisasi selalu dituangkan dalam bentuk tertulis. Dengan birokrasi yang berorientasi meningkatkan mutu profesional, maka pada akhirnya profesionalisme gurupun jelas akan meningkat. Ketiga, pengkajian kualitas sistem pendidikan prajabatan guru. Untuk mengkaji kualitas penyelenggara pendidikan prajabatan tenaga kependidikan perlu dicermati jenis guru yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem pendidikan 60 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) nasional. Usaha mewujudkan kualitas pendidikan prajabatan ini ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor pendukungnya, antara lain (1) kualitas kelembagaannya, (2) kualitas penyelenggaranya, (3) kualitas sumber daya manusia dan fasilitasnya, (4) kualitas peserta didiknya, dan (5) kualitas pemberdayaan peserta didiknya. (Djohar, 113) Dengan demikian, pendidikan guru mampu membekali kemammpuan dan cara menghadapi tantangan kehidupan saat itu, melalui luasnya wawasan, kematangan kreativitas, rasionalitas, keterlatihan memecahkan masalah, dan kematangan emosionalnya. Keempat, guru terus berusaha untuk meningkatkan kompetensinya dengan cara mengikuti pelatihan, lokakarya, seminar, dan meningkatkan kualifikasi pendidikan melalui pendidikan ke jenjang lebih tinggi. Guru terus berusaha menjalin kerja sama yang baik dari semua pihak yang terlibat dalam penyelenggaran pendidikan, mulai dari guru, staf, orang tua siswa, masyarakat, sampai pemerintah. Karena pendidikan yang bermutu sangat tergantung pada kapasitas satuan-satuan pendidikan dalam mentranformasikan peserta didik untuk memperoleh nilai tambah, baik yang terkait dengan aspek olah pikir, rasa, hati, dan raganya. Di dalam menghadapi siswa dengan segala keragamannya, guru harus memiliki pengetahuan tentang pendekatan pembelajaran. Stevens Institute of Technology dalam Liberero menyatakan bahwa pengelolaan pembelajaran yang dilakukan seorang guru dapat tercermin dari bagaimana proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan baik itu di dalam maupun diluar kelas. Pengertian pengelolaan pembelajaran saat ini difokuskan pada “student learning objectives, standards, and how these can be measured through student assessment. ”(Libero, 2011). Ini berarti bahwa pengelolaan pembelajaran yang dilakukan dimaksudkan supaya kegiatan pembelajaran yang dilaksanakan harus bertumpu pada tujuan atau hasil pembelajaran dengan mengacu pada standard atau acuan-acuan, dan bagaimana hal-hal tersebut dinilai lewat penilaian siswa. Acuan-acun tersebut dapat berupa acuan bagaimana mencapai tujuan tersebut (proses) dan acuan penilaian. Lebih lanjut, Liberero mengatakan bahwa ada tiga kelompok dalam pengelolaan pembelajaran yang dapat meningkatakan pembelajaran yang dikenal dengan istilah elemen inti (core element), kegiatan tambahan (supplementary activities) dan sumber daya pendukung (supporting resources). Pengelolaan pembelajaran berkaitan dengan komponen yang bersifat prosedural dan kurikuler. Lebih lanjut dikatakannya bahwa “procedural components are processes that are determined to enhance learning, such as classroom order and discipline, and the like…, curricular components refer to content or the topics to be learned. Artinya bahwa untuk 61 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) meningkatkan pembelajaran maka perlu memperhatikan pengaturan kelas dan disiplin dan sebagainya, serta topik atau bahasan yang dipelajari. Menurut Djohar jenis guru yang dibutuhkan dalam sistem pendidikan nasional pada pronsipnya dibedakan atas; (1) guru kelas, dan (2) guru bidang studi. Tugas guru kelas tidak hanya memperhatikan perilaku belajar anak, akan tetapi juga perilaku umum anak itu. Mengenai perilaku belajar anak dapat diperhatikan dari cara anak berinteraksi dengan objek persoalan belajar. Kelima, pola rekruitmen guru yang menjanjikan kompetensi guru yang diperlukan dan pola rekruitmen sekurang-kurangnya harus memenuhi standar kompetensi minimal. Rekrutmen dimaksud dengan tujuan; (1) untuk memikat sekumpulan besar pelamar kerja sehingga organisasi akan mempunyai kesempatan yang lebih besar untuk melakukan pemilihan terhadap calon-calon pekerja yang dianggap memenuhi standar kualifikasi organisasi; (2) tujuan pasca pengangkatan (post-hiring goals) adalah penghasilan karyawan-karyawan yang merupakan pelaksana-pelaksana yang baik dan akan tetap bersama dengan perusahaan sampai jangka waktu yang masuk akal; (3) upaya-upaya perekrutan hendaknya mempunyai efek luberan (spillover effects) yakni citra umum organisasi haruslah menanjak, dan bahkan pelamar-pelamar yang gagal harus lah mempunyai kesan-kesan positif terhadap organisasi. Berbagai upaya penting dan strategis yang diagendakan untuk mengoptimalkan profesionalisme guru ini sangat tergantung pada kemauan dan tekat guru untuk menjadikan dirinya sebagai guru profesional, yang bukan sekedar berhasil lulus dari uji kompetensi, tetapi juga dapat mengantar siswanya berhasil meraih prestasi melebihi dirinya. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Asmani, Jamal Ma’mur. (2011). Tips Pendidikan dan Latihan Profesi Guru. Jogjakarta: Diva Press Fahruddin dan Ali, Idrus. (2011). Pengembangan Profesionalitas Guru. Jakarta: Diva Press. Graham Vaughan dan Michael Hogg. (1995). Instroduction to Social Psychology. Australia: Prentice Hall. http://www. scribd. com/doc/65573689/Definisi-Rekrutmen 62 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Lex Librero. (2011). Principles and Practices in Instructional Management. Technical Vacational Education and Training in the Philippines,dikutip dari http//www. upou. edu. ph/ papers/flibrero. Diakses 24 Februari 2012). Mulyasa. (2012). Standar Kompetensi dan Sertifikasi Guru. Bandung: Rosdakarya. Munawar (2011). Citra dan Profesionalisme http://aksiguru. org/2011. Guru. Dikutip dari Musfah, Jejen. (2011). Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru; Melalui Pelatihan dan Sumber Belajar, Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: Kencana New World Encyclopedia, Bureaucracy, p. 1, 2009 (http://www. Newworld encyclopedia. org/ entry/Bureaucracy) Oemar Hamalik. (2002). Pendidikan Guru : Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kompetensi. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Pemendiknas RI No. 16 tahun 2007. Rachman, Arif. (2009). Sertifikasi Guru Gilas Idealisme. Dikutip dari matanews. com Saud, Udin Syaefudin, (2010). Pengembangan Profesi Guru. Bandung: Alfabeta Saudagar, Fahruddin dan Ali Idrus. (2011). Pengembangan Profesionalitas Guru. Jakarta: Gaung Persada. Sertifikasi Bukan Jaminan. (2009) Dikutip dari matanews. com. Soetjipto dan Ralis Kosasi. (2004) Profesi Keguruan. Jakarta: Asdi Mahasatya. Syamsuddin (2003). Citra dan Profesionalisme Guru. Dikutip dari http://aksiguru. org/2011. 63 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Tirtarahardja, Umar dan La Sulo. (2005). Pengantar Pendidikan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang guru dan dosen Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, Pasal 7 dan Pasal 8 UU RI Nomor 14 tahun 2005. 64 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENGEMBANGAN MODAL MANUSIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN Jemmy J. Rompas State University of Manado, Manado, Indonesia unjjufrina@ymail. com ABSTRACT The challenge for education in Indonesia situated in the limited human resources and budget. Many discussions on the question of education, budget issues that constantly. Clearly, this is a problem and do not deserve to be underestimated. However, the budget for education seems to be not only in Indonesia but many other countries in the world including developed countries. Efforts to find alternatives to the strategy of relying on human development because in the construction, technology, culture, and education, an element that synergistically related and compounding. Through his own investments, people can be expand widely thought to choose a profession, occupation or other activities that can improve the welfare of his life. Human investment is an attempt to increase the value-added "goods or services" produce at the expense of the opportunity to enjoy the consumption of these days. Accordance with the principles of human investment, economic value can be develope the future through a process such as an increase in the value-attitude, behavior, knowledge, skills, expertise and skills. Education and training is one important factor in the development of human resources (HRD). Education and training not only increase knowledge, but also improve work skills, there by improving productivity. Education and training is seen as an investment that canbe obtained several years later few years later. Keywords: development, human capital, quality of education PENDAHULUAN Pembangunan tidak hanya bisa tergantung pada sumber daya alam, teknologi sebagai sumber daya pembangunan yang lain memang menjadi penting pula belakangan ini. Namun perkembangan dan pemanfaatan teknologi itu sendiri sangat tergantung pada manusia. Pengalamanpengalaman negara maju seperti Jerman, Inggris, Perancis, Amerika Serikat, 65 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) serta negara-negara industri baru, seperti Korea Selatan dan Taiwan, menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan mereka sebagian mereka besar didukung oleh sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas tinggi. Beberapa ahli sepakat bahwa pembangunan di Indonesia juga sudah semestinya mengandalkan sumber daya manusia. Dengan tersedianya sumber daya yang memadai dalam arti kuantitas dan kualitas, maka tantangan di masa mendatang akan bisa diatasi dengan baik. Para ahli juga sepakat bahwa kualitas sumber daya manusia yang sekarang kita miliki masih perlu ditingkatkan, agar tantangan tersebut bisa teratasi dengan baik. Pendidikan dan Ketenagakerjaan, dimana dimensi sumber daya manusia meliputi jumlah, komposisi, karakteristik(kualitas), dan persebaran penduduk (Effendi, 1991). Dimensi tersebut saling terkait satu dengan yang lainnya. Selain keterkaitan antara kuantitas dan kualitas yang telah disinggung sebelumnya, komposisi dan persebaran juga sangat penting. Bila rasio ketergantungan tinggi, artinya banyak penduduk usia tidak produktif, pengembangan sumber daya manusia juga akan mengalami banyak kesulitan. Demikian pula bila sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas terkonsentrasi di wilayah tertentu. Ada beberapa pendekatan untuk mengembangkan sumber daya manusia. Satu diantaranya adalah pendekatan mutu modal manusia (human capital). Dalam pendekatan human capital, manusia menempati peranan yang amat pentingselain modal (uang), sumber alam, dan teknologi dalam proses produksi. Untuk mengembangkan sumber daya manusia, perlu juga diingat bahwa ada beberapa hambatan yang tentu akan dihadapi. Secara garis besar hambatan itu ada dua, hambatan dari dalam dan hambatan dari luar. Akan tetapi menurut perhitungan World Bank, untuk negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, hambatandari dalam lebih besar pengaruhnya. Karena alasan ini pula, maka dalam pembicaraan selanjutnya juga akan banyak dibicarakan tentang kondisi kita sendiri. Dua hal kiranya bisa menggambarkan keadaan sumber daya manusia Indonesia saat ini disamping hal-hal lain, yaitu pendidikan dan ketenagakerjaan. Pada tahun 1971 hingga 1990, kenaikan proporsi penduduk yang berpendidikan cukup baik. Namun kita sadar bahwa angka yang telah dicapai tersebut belum memuaskan. Di samping masih ada sebagian yang belum mengenyam pendidikan formal, kebanyakan usianya lanjut, proporsi yang pendidikannya rendah cukup besar (Sunarto, 1992). Oleh karena itu bisa dimengerti bila pemerintah dalam waktu dekat ini akan mengenakan wajib sekolah hingga 9 tahun masa belajar (setingkat SLTP). Kenaikan jumlah yang berpendidikan formal ini disertai juga dengan kecenderungan naiknya tingkat pendidikan angkatan kerja. Sekali lagi, kita 66 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) tidak boleh cepat puas dengan keadaan ini. Di samping perbedaan tempat (desa-kota) dan jenis kelamin yang masih menjadi masalah, angkatan kerja yang tingkat pendidikannya rendah masih menonjol. Kita barangkali sepakat, bahwa di masa mendatang dibutuhkan lebih banyak lagi tenaga kerja dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih tinggi. Belum lengkap rasanya hanya melihat data-data seperti yang telah disajikan di atas. Bagaimana pemanfaatan tenaga kerja kita? Dari tahun ke tahun, tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia menunjukkan angka resmi yang kecil. Hal ini dikarenakan oleh definisi pengangguran yang terlalu lunak. Oleh karena itu, para ahli ketenagakerjaan umumnya lebih tertarik melihat proporsi tenaga kerja yang kurang termanfaatkan (underutilization). Tenaga kerja kurang termanfaatkan ini secara operasional didefinisikan sebagai jumlah pengangguran ditambah setengah pengangguran. Dengan melihat proporsitenaga kerja yang kurang termanfaatkan, maka akan diketahui bahwa produktivitas tenaga kerja masih memprihatinkan. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi hal tersebut. Terbatasnya lapangan kerja adalah salah satu faktor yang sering dijadikan alasan munculnya keadaan seperti itu. Meskipun kenyataan ini harus diakui, ada baiknya tidak semata-mata menyalahkan kurangnya kesempatan kerja ini. Sebab pada kenyataannya sering dijumpai keluhan masih kurangnya tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan, terutama tenaga kerja dengan kualifikasi yang berketerampilan tinggi. Keluhan seperti ini kemudian merembet pada terbatasnya tenaga kerja yang siap pakai. Oleh karena itu tidak mengherankan bila kemudian muncul dan meningkat pengangguran terdidik. Keadaan semacam ini juga bisa mengakibatkan munculnya mismatch (ketidak sesuain antara keahlian dengan pekerjaan). Kendatidata-data tentang mismatch ini masih sulit sekali diperoleh, namun, diperkirakanhal ini akan mempengaruhi pula produktivitas tenaga kerja. selain juga menyebabkan pemborosan biaya. Disamping dua masalah yang dikemukakan tadi, tentunya masih adabeberap masalah lain yang terkait. Masalah-masalah ini banyak terkait dengan kualitas manusia yang antara lain meliputi etos kerja, disiplin, daya saing, dansebagainya. Sebagai contoh, penelitian Ancok dan Faturochman (1989)menemukan bahwa kualitas kekaryaan merupakan pengembangan dari etoskerja, pada sebagian masyarakat kita masih perlu ditingkatkan. PERUBAHAN MENDASAR Secara garis besar, masalah pokok yang berkaitan dengan pengembangansumber daya manusia yang dihadapi oleh negara kita menjelang tinggal landas(PJPT II). adalah mengembangkan kuantitas dan 67 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) kualitas sumber daya manusia dalam menghadapi dinamika perkembangan dunia yang cepat. Ini berarti tingkat pendidikan sebagai salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kualitas sumber dayamanusia harus terus dikejar, serta menciptakan kesempatan kerja yang mencakup pemanfaatan sumber daya manusia secara maksimal, sumber daya manusia yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi. Dalam PJPT II diperkirakan akan terjadi perubahan yang besar dan mendasar, karena perubahan kondisi sosio-ekonomik dunia. Perubahan yang mendasar ini mancakup jumlah modal manusia (human capital) dan ketenagakerjaan yang disebabkan oleh perubahan sosial-ekonomi dunia yang cepat. Perubahan yang cepat di bidang ekonomi akan mengakibatkan pergeseran dari pekerjaan sektor pertanian ke sektor jasa dan industri, yang pada gilirannya akan mempengaruhi struktur ketenagakerjaan. Pada awal Pelita VI nanti diperkirakan pencari kerja Indonesia sekitar 12 juta orang. Apabila pertumbuhan ekonomi mencapai 5 persen, maka cukup banyak tenaga kerja yang terserap. Apalagi bila pertumbuhannya lebih besar. Apabila pertumbuhan ekonomi di bawah 5 persen, tentu keadaannya akan lain. Untuk mengantisipasi permasalahan tersebut, strategi praktis pengembangan sumber daya manusia adalah tidak semata-mata bertumpu pada permasalahan yang diperikirakan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang, namun juga harus melihat permasalahan yang belum dapat diatasi sampai saat ini. Sebab, permasalahan yang akan datang mungkin juga merupakan akibat atau akumulasi masalah yang lalu. Pertanyaan besar yang akan timbul sekarang adalah sumber daya manusia yang mana dan bagaimana yang diperlukan, guna menjawab tantangan permasalahan di atas? INVESTASI DALAM PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN Investasi pada bidang sumber daya manusia adalah pengorbanan sejumlah dana (sesuatu yang dapat diukur dengan nilai uang) yang dikeluarkan dan kesempatan memperoleh penghasilan selama proses investasi. Penghasilan yang diperoleh pada masa akan datang adalah tingkat penghasilan yang lebih tinggi untuk mampu mencapai tingkat konsumsi yang lebih tinggi pula. Investasi yang demikian disebut human capital. Penerapannya dapat ditakukan dalam hal: (1)Pendidikan dan latihan; dan (2)migrasi. Pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Pendidikan dan pelatihan tidak hanya menambah pengetahuan, akan tetapi juga 68 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) meningkatkan keterampilan bekerja, dengan demikian meningkatkan produktivitas kerja. Pendidikan dan pelatihan dipandang sebagai investasi yang imbalannya dapat diperoteh beberapa tahun kemudian dalam bentuk pertambahan hasil kerja. Teori Human Capital Seseorang dapat meningkatkan penghasilannya melalui peningkatan pendidikan. Setiap tambahan satu tahun pendidikan, berarti bahwa disatu pihak meningkatkan kemampuan kerja dan tingkat penghasilan seseorang, dipihak lain menunda penerimaan penghasilan selama satu tahun dalam mengikuti pendidikan tersebut. Disamping penundaan menerima penghasilan, orang yang melanjutkan pendidikan harus membayar biaya secara langsung seperti uang sekolah, pembelian buku-buku dan peralatan, tambahan uang transpor dan lain-lain. Jumlah penghasilan yang akan diterima seumur hidup setelah menjalani pendidikan dihitung dalam nilai sekarang atau Net Present Value. Melalui investasi dirinya sendiri, seseorang dapat memperluas cakrawala berfikirnya dalam rangka memilih profesi, pekerjaan atau kegiatan-kegiatan lain sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Human investment merupakan suatu upaya untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah “barang atau jasa” yang dihasilkan di kemudian hari dengan mengorbankan kesempatan untuk menikmati konsumsi hari ini. Sesuai prinsip investasi manusia, nilai ekonomisnya dapat berkembang di kemudian hari melalui suatu proses pertambahan nilai seperti peningkatan sikap, perilaku, wawasan, kemampuan, keahlian dan keterampilan. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) IRR dari melanjutkan sekolah dalam waktu tertentu adalah tingkat discount yang mempersamakan hasil dari melanjutkan sekolah tersebut dengan biaya total. Biaya total untuk melanjutkan sekolah adalah jumlah biaya tidak langsung (opportunity cost) dan biaya langsung. Perhitungan IRR di bidang pendidikan dapat digunakan untuk beberapa tujuan. IRR privat dalam rangka human capital dapat digunakan bebarapa hal, yaitu : a. Sebagai dasar pengambilan keputusan mengenai apakah seseorang akan melanjutkan sekolah atau tidak . b. Perhitungan IRR dapat digunakan untuk menerangkan situasi kerja seperti bertambahnya pengangguran di kalangan tenaga kerja terdidik Indonesia. c. IRR dapat dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan tambahan penyediaan tenaga dari masing-masing jenis dan tingkat pendidikan beberapa tahun kedepan. 69 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) d. Perhitungan IRR dapat dipergunakan dalam menyusun kebijaksanaan pendidikan dan perencanaan tenaga kerja. e. Perhitungan IRR sosial terutama digunakan untuk menentukan apakah suatu program pendidikan tertentu cukup baik untuk diselenggarakan atau tidak , dan dalam hal ini pemilihan prioritas dari berbagai alternatif program pendidikan yang terbuka. Perhitungan Privat dan Sosial Perhitungan privat dan sosial menunjukkan hubungan benefit yang diperoleh masyarakat secara keseluruhan termasuk oleh yang bersangkutan, disimbolkan dengan notasi V(t), dan biaya sosial yang ditanggung masyarakat disimbolkan dengan notasi W(t). Benefit sosial mencakup benefit yang diperoleh masyarakat secara keseluruhan termasuk oleh yang bersangkutan. Dalam V(t) dapat diperjelas lagi biaya privat dengan notasi C(t) yang hanya mencakup biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh siswa/mahasiswa yang bersangkutan atau orang tuanya. C(t) dinamakan biaya sosial bila mencakup seluruh biaya pendidikan baik yang dikeluarkan oleh siswa yang bersangkutan, maupun biaya yang ditanggung oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat. Penggunaan IRR dalam Analisa Human Capital Perhitungan IRR privat pada human capital dapat digunakan dalam beberapa hal, seperti : (a)dasar pengambilan keputusan untuk melanjutkan sekolah atau tidak ; (b)menerangkan situasi kerja; (c)merumuskan kebijaksanaan pendidikan dan tenaga kerja; (d)dan lain-lain. Perhitungan IRR Sosial, terutama digunakan untuk menentukan apakah suatu program pendidikan tertentu cukup baik untuk diselenggarakan atau tidak , dan dalam hal pemilihan prioritas dari berbagai alternatif program pendidikan yang terbuka. Kaitannya melanjutkan sekolah atau tidak , biasanya dihubungkan dengan keputusan bekerja dan pilihan pekerjaan. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh variabel upah, manfaat bekerja dan keuntungan pribadi yang diperoleh. Banyak tenaga kerja menentukan pilihannya. Tenaga kerja dalam menentukan keputusannya berdasarkan faktor tertentu seperti arus upah dan kondisi pekerjaan. Bentuk dari keputusan inilah yang nantinya akan menentukan perkembangan untuk suatu bingkai kerja dengan jalan investasi. Keutamaan investasi pasar kerja, yang meliputi keutamaan investasi pasar tenaga kerja, yang meliputi: pendidikan dan pelatihan, migrasi dan mencari pekerjaan baru. Investasi tersebut meliputi harga utama dan semuanya dibuat untuk mencapai tujuan investasi yang nantinya akan dapat memberikan hasil. Penekanan pada esensi yang sama dalam investasi ini ke investasi lain, dijabarkan oleh ahli ekonomi sebagai investasi dalam modal 70 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) manusia dalam suatu bentuk konsep peningkatan keahlian. Peningkatan dan keahlian seorang pekerja berasal dari pendidikan dan pelatihan yang mencakup segala pengalaman sebagai modal produktif. Meskipun nilai dari jumlah modal produktif tersebut didapatkan dari beberapa keahlian dalam pasar kerja. Pencarian pekerjaan dan migrasi merupakan aktivitas dalam usaha meningkatkan nilai modal manusia dalam bentuk upah yang diterima pekerja berdasarkan keahlian masing-masing. Total kekayaan masyarakat dalam wujud suatu kombinasi modal diri manusia. Modal dalam arti manusia meliputi investai aktivitas pendidikan dan pelatihan pekerjaan serta migrasi. Angkatan kerja dalam memberikan jasanya sebagai faktor produksi ternyata tidak homogen. Mereka berbeda bukan saja dalam penyediaan waktu kerja produktif akan tetapi juga dalam kualitas jasa kerja yang diberikannya. Pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia. Pendidikan dan pelatihan tidak saja menambah pengetahuan, tetapi juga meningkatkan keterampilan kerja, dengan demikian akan meningkatkan produktivitas kerja. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil penelitian, Sumarsono, S (2003) menyebutkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan penduduk suatu negara yang rata-rata tinggi akan mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi yang lebih cepat. Dengan demikian pendidikan dan pelatihan dipandang sebagai “human investment” yang imbalannya dapat diperolah beberapa tahun kemudian. Tingkat pendidikan dan pelatihan yang dimiliki seorang tenaga kerja akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja tersebut. Harapan terhadap hasil investasi modal dalam diri manusia dicatat sebagai level yang lebih tinggi dalam pendapatan, kemampuan bekerja selama hidup dan apresiasi yang lebih tinggi dalam aktivitas non pasar dan keterkaitannya. Umumnya dalam membicarakan hasil investasi modal manusia tersebut dibagi dalam tiga kategori (Sumarsono, S. , 2003) sebagai berikut : 1. Diluar suku bunga atau biaya langsung, meliputi biaya pendidikan, bukubuku, perpindahan (migrasi) dan transportasi waktu mencari pekerjaan. 2. Oportunity cost pengadaan sumber-sumber yang merupakan faktor harga lain, karena selama periode investasi biasanya tidak mungkin melakukan pekerjaan. 3. Adanya korban perasaan yang dihitung satuan harga tertentu, sebab pendidikan merupakan suatu hal yang sulit dan membosankan serta memerlukan penyesuaian. Di sini akan dianalisa investasi pendidikan (termasuk diklat) dan implikasinya terhadap tenaga kerja. Sebab hampir semua investasi 71 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) berhubungan erat dengan penyediaan tenaga kerja yang nantinya diharapkan dapat memenuhi lowongan pasar tenaga kerja yang sesuai dengan keterampilannya. Mengeluarkan biaya langsung dan tidak langsung untuk pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan investasi di bidang sumber daya manusia (human kapital). Investasi dapat dilakukan bukan saja dalam bidang usaha seperti yang biasa kita kenal, akan tetapi juga dapat dilakukan dalam bidang sumber daya manusia. Dari kedua bentuk investasi tersebut ada persamaan dan perbedaan, yaitu: (1) persamaannya: bahwa untuk melakukan suatu investasi diperlukan sejumlah dana yang harus dikorbankan dengan tujuan memperoleh suatu jumlah penghasilan atau keuntungan yang lebih besar dari apa yang diperoleh saat ini; (2)perbedaannya : dalam human capital hasil investasinya adalah berupa peningkatan kemampuan kerja atau produktivitas tenaga kerja, yang mana dengan peningkatan produktivitas kerja tersebut akan dapat memberikan tingkat penghasilan yang lebih tinggi pada tenaga kerja tersebut. Sehingga penghasilan dalam bentuk pertambahan tingkat konsumsi bagi tenaga kerja sifatnya adalah tidak langsung dapat dinikmati. Sedangkan investasi yang dilakukan dalam bidang usaha akan memberikan imbalan langsung yang berupa pertambahan penghasilan usaha yang dapat dinikmati hasilnya. Banyak cara yang ditempuh oleh pekerja (pekerja potensial) yang menambah kapasitas pendapatan melalui pendidikan (termasuk diklat). Mereka bisa bersekolah di pendidikan tinggi, akademi atau sekolah tertentu yang memiliki fasilitas laboratorium praktikum atau institut teknik. Juga bisa melalui program magang (pendidikan dan pelatihan) untuk mendapatkan dan meningkatkan keterampilan/keahlian dalam pekerjaan. Melalui jalur pendidikan sekolah. Permintaan untuk melanjutkan kuliah diukur dari prosentase lulusan sekolah menengah (SMA) yang mendaftarkan diri di perguruan tinggi. Untuk pria, pedaftaran 55,2 % pada tahun 1980, menurun menjadi 45,7 % pada tahun 1990 dan kembali meningkat menjadi 57,8 % pada tahun 1999. Sedangkan untuk wanita, jumlahnya lebih sedikit yaitu 48,5 % tahun 1980 meningkat menjadi 57,8 % tahun 1990, meningkat menjadi 62 % tahun 1999. Masyarakat ingin melanjutkan kuliah di perguruan tinggi apabila mereka percaya bahwa dengan melakukan itu akan dapat menjadikannya tingkat hidup yang lebih baik di kemudian hari. Beberapa kasus yang relatif kecil, mereka lebih suka memasuki kursus-kursus yang menawarkan kesempatan kerja setelah selesai mengikuti pendidikan tersebut. Hal ini dirasakan sebagai suatu kebutuhan yang baik, sebab mereka mendapat kepuasan dalam mernasuki program tersebut. 72 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENDIDIKAN, IPTEK, DAN KEBUDAYAAN Pada waktu membahas berbagai konsep mengenai pertumbuhan, telah ditunjukkan, baik secara empiris maupun secara teoretis, betapa SDM berperan sebagai sumber kemajuan yang dicerminkan dalam ukuran ekonomi melalui pertumbuhan. Modal manusia ini yang paling utama dihasilkan oleh pendidikan. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan pendidikan berjalan dalam suatu system yang saling menunjang. Ilmu pengetahuan dikembangkan di dunia pendidikan, dan pendidikan berkembang karena ilmu pengetahuan berkembang. Dalam kehidupan masyarakat, pendidikan pulalah yang menjadi faktor utama yang menggerakkan proses pembaharuan budaya menuju taraf yang lebih maju. Oleh karena itu, pembangunan pendidikan dan iptek tidak dapat dipisahkan. Untuk membangun masyarakat yang berkebudayaan ilmiah, peran pendidikan terutama sejak tingkat dini teramat penting. Oleh karena itu pula, pembentukan kebudayaan iptek harus merupakan sasaran dari upaya pendidikan nasional pada tingkat pendidikan dasar. Selain mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum, kebudayaan iptek itu harus ditanamkan dalam sikap anak didik. Sikap ini harus meliputi: rasa ingin tahu yang tidak henti-hentinya: bertanya adalah kebiasaan yang baik dan harus didorong dan bukan dimatikan (seperti dalam masyarakat tradisional Indonesia); berpikir logis dan rasional harus dibiasakan: jauhkan anak-anak dari berpikir mistik, dan sikap pasrah padaalam; menghasilkan yang terbaik harus menjadi sasaran: kebiasaan untuk jangan menonjol, berada di bagian tengah adalah yang paling baik dan aman, harus dihilangkan; semangat bersaing harus digelorakan: jangan mau gampang kalah atau cepatmengalah; jangan dibiasakan mentolerir sikap asal jadi saja atau mencari yang gampang saja; sikap mengakui kebaikan dan kekuatan yang ada pada orang lain harus dikembangkan, dan menghargai kerja keras dan tidak memandang rendah kerja kasar. Seperti sebuah corong, makin tinggi taraf pendidikan, sikap serupa itu harus makin deras dialirkan. Di lingkungan pendidikan tinggi puncaknya harus tercapai. Dengan demikian, pendidikan akan menghasilkan insan-insan yang tidak Cuma menyandang gelar sarjana (yang sering kali hanyalah sebuah ilusi), tetapi insan-insanyang bersemangat ilmiah, yang kreatif, yang selalu mencari kesempurnaan (unendingsearch for excellence) dan menghindarkan sikap 73 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) mediocre. Manusia-manusia yang demikian inilah yang akan menjadi modal pembangunan yang utama, yang akan menjadi andalan masa depan. Kemajuan Jepang yang begitu cepat sebelumnya adalah berkat modal sumber daya manusianya yang dihasilkan oleh nilai-nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat dan sistem pendidikan yang ketat. Oleh karenaitu, masyarakat Jepang cepat sekali dapat menyerap gagasan baru yang membawa kemajuan. Inilah berbagai tuntutan yang menjadi tantangan bagi dunia pendidikan diIndonesia. Kalau pendekatan itu dapat dilakukan, maka masalah dunia pendidikan,yang sekarang ini senantiasa dikeluhkan pada keterbatasan sumber daya khususnya anggaran, akan terasa lebih ringan. Dalam berbagai pembicaraan mengenai masalah pendidikan, yang muncul senantiasa persoalan anggaran. Jelas memang ini merupakan masalah dan tidak pantas untuk diremehkan. Akan tetapi, kebutuhan anggaran untuk pendidikan tampaknya bukan hanya soal bangsa Indonesia saja, banyak negara lain juga menghadapinya, termasuk negara-negara maju. Hal yang penting dipertanyakan adalah apakah bangsa Indonesia sudah melakukan segala sesuatu yang terbaik yang dapat dilakukan dalam keadaan yang serba terbatas ini? Atau lebih tajam lagi terkait dengan topik pembahasan ini, apakah sisi pengembangan kebudayaan (yang relatif tidak memerlukan biaya besar) sudah cukup diperhatikan? Atau lebih diarahkan lagi,apakah jalur kebudayaan dalam proses belajar mengajar telah ditempuh dan dimanfaatkan secara optimal? Jawaban terhadap pertanyaan-pertanyaan itu dapat membantu upaya untuk mencari alternatif-alternatif dalam strategi pembangunan yang bertumpu kepada manusia karena di dalam pembangunan itu,teknologi, kebudayaan , dan pendidikan, merupakan unsur yang bertalian dan bersenyawa secara sinergis. PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DALAM ERA INDUSTRIALISASI Banyak peluang akan terbuka dari proses globalisasi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang ini. Arus informasi, teknologi, modal, barang dan jasa yang mengalir makin deras dan kurang hambatannya, membuat roda-roda ekonomi bisa berputar lebih cepat. Pasar yang semula terkotak-kotak, menjadi lebih luas dengan terbukanya tirai-tirai pelindung antara unit-unit ekonomi yang lebih kecil. Gejala ini memberi peluang dansekaligus tantangan bagi bangsa Indonesia. Kuncinya adalah kemampuan bersaing untuk dapat mengejar ketinggalan dari Negara-negara industri atau sekurang-kurangnya dari negara-negara tetangga yang disebut Negara industri baru. Agar mampu bersaing, salah satu jalannya tidak lain adalah meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) dengan daya serap teknologi yang lebih tinggi. Daya 74 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) saing yang bersumber dari kualitas manusia harus makin diandalkan karena bangsa Indonesia tidak bisa terus–menerus mengandalkan tenaga kerja dan sumber alam yang dihargai murah. Topik ini membahas konsep SDM, dan usaha-usaha untuk mengembangkan SDM. ISU-ISU STRATEGIS, MASALAH DAN TANTANGAN Beberapa hal perlu kita simak bagaimana “keberhasilan‟ penerapan ajaran Human Capital dalam pembangunan yaitu: Pertama, dalam hubungan antara buruh dengan majikan, akibat terjadinya surplus hasil pembangunan pendidikan, upah pekerja sangat murah, dan kebijakan perburuhan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah republik pun kurang berpihak pada buruh, yang notabene masyarakatnya sendiri. Penyebabnya sederhana, karena pemerintah tidak mau kehilangan momentum untuk mendapat bantuan dari negara-negara kekaisaran, yang mensyaratkan pembangunan setiap negara harus mengikuti pendekatan, model, dan metodologi yang ditetapkan kekaisaran, yang diwakili oleh negara-negara kapitalis. Kedua, dengan berlindung di balik kepentingan negara, pemerintah masih merasa perlu mendapat bantuan negara-negara kapitalis, karena perlu dengan "management fee”. Akibatnya lagi, munculah ”mediator-mediator” atau “konsultan-konsultan” pembangunan. Bantuan internasional harus melalui konsultan yang ditunjuk oleh kekaisaran, dan pada umumnya “anakanak” negara donor sendiri, dan konsultan yang berasal dari dalam negeri hanya sebatas pelaksana. Begitu pula dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan di dalam negeri, program-program pembangunan yang harus banyak melibatkan LSM, kebanyakan dilakukan dengan LSM-LSM “plat merah” yang notabene LSM bentukan oknum-oknum pemerintah, atau kepunyaan oknum yang mulia anggota dewan perwakilan rakyat. Ketiga, penjualan asset negara, tugar-guling dengan alasan privatisasi, dilakukan dengan “kongkalingkong” pihak oknum pemerintah, DPR, dan kaum kapitalis. BUMN dan BUMD dijadikan “ladang” perusahaan pribadi para oknum pejabat republik, penggelapan setoran pajak dari rakyat, mark-up biaya proyek pembangunan, komersialisasi jabatan, penyerobotan hak-hak rakyat, dan jual-beli hukum dan keadilan, sehingga banyak merugikan rakyat dan negara. Pengawasan pembangunan menjadi tidak jalan, karena semua unsur sama-sama kebagian “kue pembangunan”. Keempat, sistem moneter dengan peningkatan dan penurunan suku bunga bank, bantuan permodalan untuk UKM, ternyata hanya sebagian kecil bila dibandingkan dengan bantuan untuk liquidasi kalangan perbankan sendiri. Upaya menekan laju inflasi, tidak sampai kepada menekan atau 75 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) menghilangkan kaum kapitalis yang menyimpan dana di bank yang tidak dilaporkan ke negara. Semuanya aman, karena bank tidak tersentuh dengan dalil “kerahasiaan bank dijamin oleh hukum”. Penyebabnya, oknum-oknum pemerintah sendiri banyak menyimpan dana tidak ingin diketahui oleh masyarakat, karena didapat dari hasil yang tidak layak menurut hak-hak rakyat. Kelima, subsidi pelaksanaan pembangunan kepada rakyat dicabut dan diganti dengan Bantuan Langsung Tunai (BLT). Dalilnya konpensasi, sekedar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pokok segelintir kaum miskin. Belakangan, kebijakan ini pun malah membuat “overload” tugas aparat pelaksana di tingkat bawah. Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) sebagai pelaksanaan tugas pembantuan dari pemerintah pusat, masih terhambat dengan pola manajemen yang “karatan”. Antara jadwal pelaksanaan dengan pencairan bantuan tidak sejalan, sehingga membuat para pengelola sekolah “kalang-kabut” dengan harus mencari dana talangan, ngutang sana-sini, dengan harapan akan dibayar bila bantuan sudah “cair”. Di samping itu, ada pengajuan dari pihak sekolah yang “di-mark-up” oleh kelompok manajemen tingkat menengah, sehingga banyak sekolah yang harus mengembalikan ke negara. Untung bagi para pengelola sekolah yang memiliki moral baik, ruginya bila para pengelola sekolah “main-mata” dengan atasannya, tidak sampai dikembalikan kepada negara. Dengan demikian, sekalipun bantuan itu disampaikan secara langsung kepada yang berhak menerimanya, tetapi pada pelaksanaannya banyak mengalir lagi ke para oknum-oknum pengelola bantuan di daerah, wartawan, bahkan oknum-oknum LSM sendiri terlibat menjadi “pemeras”. Tentu saja, yang kelabakan ialah para pengelola pada tingkatan operasional yang semuanya harus dipertanggungjawabkan secara sepihak. Keenam, sistem pengangkatan pegawai yang tidak relavan dengan job deskripsi, suap-menyuap dalam pendidikan pra jabatan, kenaikan pangkat dan promosi, pengajuan pensiun yang masih mengharus kan adanya “pelicin”, penggajian yang tidak adil, penghargaan terhadap pegawai yang pensiun dalam bentuk pengembalian dana TASPEN masih jauh dirasakan ada keseimbangan dengan para pegawai BHMN atau para pejabat negara. Ketujuh, pelaksanaan proyek-proyek pembangunan sering mandeg karena membengkaknya “biaya syetan” yang hampir 54% dari setiap nilai proyek, dengan rincian: 15% pajak (kembali ke negara), 10% diperas oknum Panitia Anggaran di DPR, 5% diperas oknum Badan Pengawas, 2% diperas oknum KPKN, 2% diperas oknum wartawan dan LSM, 10% manajemen fee, 15% keuntungan rekanan. Jadi, biaya riil untuk setiap proyek, ternyata hanya sekitar 46% saja. 76 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Secara khusus mari kita lihat pula dampak kasus-kasus tersebut terhadap pembangunan SDM di lingkungan pendidikan. Seperti yang kita ketahui, bahwa sejak bergulirnya reformasi, pembangunan dalam bidang pendidikan di daerah pada umumnya masih dihadapkan pada persoalanpersoalan sebagai berikut: Pertama, dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, kecenderungan yang menonjol terjadi dalam dunia pendidikan di daerah sepertinya kurang mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Pembangunan pendidikan cenderung terjerumus dalam proses komersialisasi. Pendidikan telah berubah menjadi komoditi perdagangan manufaktur yang berorientasi pada keuntungan (profit oriented). Pembangunan pendidikan yang seharus nya populis dan humanis, ternyata sudah semakin susah didapat masyarakat. Setiap ahir tahun ajaran, kita dan seluruh masyarakat selalu disibukkan dengan upayaupaya dalam mengikuti UN. Dan setiap tahun ajaran baru, tidak sedikit orang tua peserta didik yang resah karena harus membayar uang pangkal, uang gedung, dan biaya pendidikan lainnya yang makin mahal. Tidak berbeda dengan dunia industri yang serba impersonal dan tak segan saling bersaing berebut pangsa pasar, dalam dunia pendidikan di lingkungan persekolahan pun kini saling berlomba menawarkan kelebihan mereka masing-masing, asalkan konsumen bersedia membayar dengan uang ratusan ribu dan puluhan juta rupiah. Akibat komersialisasi pendidikan seperti itu, turut melahirkan proses superiorisasi sekolah. Pendidikan persekolahan pun berubah ke arah proses pereduksian makna, terdegradasi menjadi kegiatan produksi dalam bentuk menghafal dan mengasah keterampilan siswa untuk mengerjakan soal-soal ujian. Sama sekali kurang terarah pada membangun kecerdasan dan potensi siswa dengan cara-cara yang humanis. Kedua, dalam aspek pemerataan dan perluasan akses pendidikan di daerah yang seharus nya diprioritaskan pada penuntasan Wajar Dikdas 9 tahun dan pemberantasan buta aksara, masih menunjukkan gambaran yang memprihatinkan. Jika pada Tahun 2010 secara nasional harus tuntas paripurna yang dicirikan dengan APM di atas angka 90% dan APK di atas angka 98%, maka setiap pemerintah daerah harus mengejar point standar tersebut dalam kurun waktu yang tersisa. Ketiga, dalam aspek peningkatan mutu, relevansi dan dayasaing pendidikan di daerah disinyalir bahwa walaupun tingkat kelulusan dapat dianggap relatif baik. Namun, persoalannya apakah tingginya angka kelulusan dan angka kenaikan kelas seiring dengan peningkatan mutu hasil belajar (pendidikan) atau tidak , terutama dalam aspek: a. Aspek kurikulum: (1)Kurikulum pendidikan yang terlalu teoritis, kurang praktis, kurang kontekstual, sehingga kurang memberikan makna yang 77 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) berarti bagi bekal kehidupan murid di masa depan, baik yang berkenaan dengan nilai-nilai religius, bekal kecakapan hidup (life skills), tata pergaulan, budi-pekerti, seni budaya lokal, kesehatan dan lingkungan hidup, serta aspek-aspek pembentuk karakter bangsa sering terabaikan; (2)Masih sulitnya mengembangkan Sekolah Kejuruan yang berorientasi pada potensi daerah setempat untuk memenuhi peluang pasar kerja tingkat daerah, nasional maupun untuk pasar kerja internasional; b. Aspek ketenagaan: (1)Masih belum meratanya distribusi guru dan tenaga TU sekolah; (2)Masih kurangnya guru untuk beberapa mata pelajaran, yaitu di tingkat SLTP dan SLTA kekurangan guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Matematika dan BP, di tingkat SMU/SMK kekurangan guru untuk mata pelajaran Matematika, Fisika, Biologi, Lingkungan Hidup dan BP; (3)Masih banyak guru yang belum sarjana dan relevan dengan bidang studi yang diajarkannya, dan (4)Masih rendahnya tingkat kesejahteraan guru dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya; c. Aspek sarana dan prasarana: (1)Masih tingginya jumlah ruang kelas yang rusak bukan hanya terjadi di SD/MI dan SMP/MTs, SMA/SMK/MA, termasuk juga pada kantor-kantor dinas di kecamatan; (2)Pengadaan, distribusi, penertiban, perbaikan, dan pemeliharaan tanah, gedung, perabot dan alat peraga sekolah yang bervariasi, tidak berdasarkan standarisasi; (3)Masih banyaknya sekolah yang kekurangan buku paket dan alat peraga edukatif sehingga menyulitkan guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran; Keempat, berkaitan dengan peningkatan mutu tatakelola, akuntabilitas dan pencitraan publik yang masih lemah. Lemahnya sistem tatakelola ini ditandai dengan : (1) Masih lemahnya sistem manajemen SDM kependidikan, terutama dalam pola rekruitmen, seleksi, penempatan dan pendistribusian, pembinaan karier, kesejahteraan dan remunerasi, serta pemberhentian tenaga guru, kepala sekolah, pengawas sekolah dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya yang sering keliru; (2) Pembiayaan dan anggaran penyelenggaraan satuan pendidikan masih didasarkan pada asumsi-asumsi teoritis, tidak didasarkan pada perhitungan satuan biaya operasional (SBO) secara faktual; (3) Mekanisme sistem penganggaran pun belum didasarkan pada sistem pemetaan alokasi (budget mapping alocation) untuk kebutuhan setiap penyelenggaraan satuan program pendidikan. Sekalipun sudah dibantu dengan adanya BOS, masih tetap saja belum dapat mengangkat persoalanpersoalan pembiayaan penyelenggaraan pendidikan pada tingkat satuan pendidikan; (4) Masih lemahnya kemampuan administratif dan manajerial para pengelola satuan pendidikan (kepala sekolah, tata usaha sekolah, pengawas sekolah, dan komite sekolah); (5) Partisipasi dunia usaha terhadap 78 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pembiayaan program-program pendidikan yang disalurkan melalui pemerintah masih rendah. Partisipasi yang baru dilakukan hanya disalurkan sendiri terhadap institusi ”binaan” dunia usaha itu sendiri. Kelima, ketersediaan data dan informasi dalam mendukung setiap kebijakan pembangunan dalam bidang pendidikan di daerah masih lemah. Masih sering ditemukan data dan informasi yang kurang terintegrasi secara terpadu, banyak versinya, ada versi pemerintah pusat, ada versi pemerintah provinsi, dan ada versi pemerintah kabupaten. Di lingkungan pemerintah kabupaten pun, ada data versi Dinas Pendidikan, versi Dinas Kependudukan, versi Dinas Tenaga Kerja, dan versi Bappeda. Begitu pula akses masyarakat dan pemerintah untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat sangat sulit didapat, sehingga setiap kebijakan tentang pembangunan pendidikan kurang menyentuh permasalahan yang sebenarnya. Jika kita amati secara seksama, sebetulnya pemerintah telah menjabarkan mengenai rencana pembangunan jangka panjang yang telah ditetapkan untuk periode 2005-2025, antara lain: periode 2005-2010 ditargetkan untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan modernisasi guna terciptanya insan Indonesia yang cerdas dan kompetitif dalam tataran masyarakat lokal dan global difokuskan pada peningkatan daya tampung satuan pendidikan yang ada. Periode tersebut mendukung pada program pemerintah yaitu pendidikan untuk semua (education for all). Pemerataan akses pendidikan bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat yang berada di seluruh pelosok negeri agar dapat mengurangi angka buta aksara khususnya pada aspek membaca, menulis, dan berhitung sebagai kompetensi dasar guna mewujudkan masyarakat yang berbasis pengetahuan (based knowledge society). Periode 2010-2015 ditargetkan untuk menguatkan pelayanan, menitik beratkan pada rasio kebutuhan dan kesediaan sarana dan prasarana pendidikan nasional menjadi optimal agar mutu pendidikan menjadi relevan dan berdaya saing dengan penggunaan strategi milestone peralihan fokus atau penekanan dari pembangunan aspek kuantitas kepada aspek kualitas. Periode 2015-2020 untuk meningkatkan daya saing regional difokuskan pada kualitas pendidikan yang memiliki daya saing regional pada tingkat ASEAN terlebih dahulu dengan berdasarkan pada standar benchmarking yang objektif dan realistis. Harapan Indonesia pada akhir periode ini sudah bisa menjadi titik pusat gravitasi sosial ASEAN sebagai sebuah entitas sosiokultural. Periode 2020-2025 memiliki target untuk meningkatkan daya saing internasional dengan dicanangkannya pencapaian nilai kompetitif secara internasional. Berbagai program yang dicanangkan oleh pemerintah pusat tentunya harus bersinergi dengan keberhasilan (milestone) pada level daerah baik tingkat provinsi, kota, dan kabupaten. Tolak ukur keberhasilan 79 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) berada pada bagaimana cara untuk mengimplementasikan berbagai kebijakan strategis di bidang pendidikan baik pada saat proses perencanaan, implementasi, dan evaluasi yang berkesinambungan (sustainable) sesuai dengan kondisi daerah yang ada (existing condition) agar tercapai kondisi yang dicita-citakan (excepted condition), sehingga mampu berkompetitif baik pada tingkat lokal, regional, dan global. Mengkritisi kasus-kasus dan permasalahan sebagaimana dipaparkan di muka, mengisyaratkan bahwa sistem penyelenggaraan pembangunan memerlukan SDM-SDM yang memiliki keshalehan, baik secara pribadi maupun sosial. Bagaimana mungkin membangun generasi yang shaleh, sementara para pelaksananya tidak dalam keadaan shaleh. Bagaimana mungkin membangun SDM yang memiliki daya saing, sementara para manajer PSDM sendiri tidak memiliki daya saing. Karena itu, dalam upaya membangun SDM yang dibutuhkan harus dimulai dari pribadi manajer pengembang SDM, baik secara pribadi sebagai anggota keluarga, masyarakat, maupun sebagai anggota aparatur pemerintah. PEMECAHAN Untuk menghadapi tantangan perubahan yang besar tersebut tidak ada cara lain bagi bangsa Indonesia untuk bersaing dengan negara-negara lain dalam penguasaan informasi, teknologi, dan pasar internasional. Cara yang sederhana akan tetapi sukar dan butuh waktu untuk dilakukan adalah mengubah secara mendasar sumber daya manusia Indonesia dengan mengubah potensi yang rendah menjadi sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas tinggi. Menjelang era tinggal landas, negara diambang industrialisasi, ada kriteria tertentu yang berkaitan dengan tingkat pendidikan. Mengutip pendapat Noeng Muhadjir (Tempo, 25: 1992), masyarakatnya harus 100 persen tamat SD, 65 persen tamat SLTA, dan 35 persen berijazah perguruan tinggi, dan dari 35 persen itu sebagian besar di bidang keahlian sains dan teknologi. Untuk mencapai tingkat seperti itu tentu saja kerja keras yang diperlukan. Sebab, sumber daya yang berkualitas tersebut harus mencakup sumber daya manusia yang mampu menyerap informasi dan teknologi maju, serta memiliki etos kerja dan mental bersaing yang sehat. Langkah kemudian adalah menciptakan kesempatan kerja yang sesuai dengan kualitas tersebut. Pendekatan pemecahan masalah pengembangan sumber daya manusia (Hasibuan, 1991) barangkali bisa menjadi salah satu model yang bisa diadopsi. Ada dua alasan mengapa pendekatan pemecahan masalah dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia diperlukan. Pertama karena kurangnya konsepsi tentang pengembangan sumber daya manusia; dan kedua adalah 80 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) meningkatnya kebutuhan penyelesaian masalah baik kini maupun masa datang. Dalam model ini, syarat mutlak yang diperlukan adalah memandang manusiasecara utuh. Manusia adalah pelaku, pelaksana, dan penikmat pembangunan, dengan menyertakan suasana kebebasan dan keterbukaan sehingga merangsang tumbuhnya entrepreunership. Dengan demikian, para pelaku pembangunan dituntut pertama kali untuk menguasai permasalahan dan kreativitas untuk mencari berbagai alternatif pemecahan. Cara yang diperlukan untuk cara itu adalah penguasaan informasi dan kemampuan memilih informasi tersebut. Disamping tentu saja, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang relevan dengan kebutuhan zaman yang diperoleh dengan salah satu cara, yakni meningkatkan tingkat pendidikan. Penguasaan informasi merupakan aset penting dalam rangka mencari atau mengembangkan alternatif yang sudah dipilih. Atas dasar itu maka dapat dikembangkan sasaran yang hendak dicapai. KESIMPULAN Dari uraian di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pendidikan dan pelatihan merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Pendidikan dan pelatihan tidak hanya menambah pengetahuan, akan tetapi juga meningkatkan keterampilan bekerja, dengan demikian meningkatkan produktivitas kerja. Pendidikan dan pelatihan dipandang sebagai investasi yang imbalannya dapat diperoteh beberapa tahun kemudian. Harapan terhadap hasil investasi modal dalam diri manusia sebagai level yang lebih tinggi dalam pendapatan, kemampuan bekerja selama hidup dan apresiasi yang lebih tinggi dalam aktivitas non pasar dan keterkaitannya. Pendidikan dan pelatihan dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, yaitu dilakukan di dalam maupun diluar pekerjaan. Pelatihan diluar pekerjaan umumnya merupakan pelatihan yang bersifat formal diluar jam kerja. Pendidikan dan pelatihan yang dilakukan di dalam pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengikutsertakan karyawan dalam berbagai aktivitas tertentu seperti kegiatan yang bersifat on the job training. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Alhumami, A. (2002). “Pendidikan Tinggi dan Pembangunan Ekonomi”. http://www. kompas. com/kompas-cetak/0408/06/Didaktika/ 1190797. htm 81 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Arfida BR. (2003). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. Damanhuri, D. S. (2006). “Sumber Daya Manusia Indonesia dalam Persaingan Global”. http://www. duniaesai. com/ ekonomi/ eko61. htm. Danim, S. (2003). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. Bandung: Pustaka Setia. DeCenzo and Robbins, S. 1999. Human Resource Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Dessler, Gary. (2000). Human Resource Management, 8th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall International Inc. Fattah, N. (2004). Ekonomi dan Pembiayaan Pendidikan. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Fitz-enz, Jac. (2000). The ROI of Human Capital: Measuring The Economic Value of Employee Performance, New York: AMACOM. Iik Nurulpaik. tt. “Pendidikan Sebagai Investasi”. http://www. pikiran-rakyat. com/cetak/0404/05/teropong/lainnya05. htm Merrifield, J. and Salisbury, D. (2005). The “Competitive Education Industry Concept and Why it Deserves More Scrutiny”. http:// www. keepmedia. com/ pubs/TheCatoJournal/ 2005/03/ 22/1327740?&pbl=17 Mulyadi S. (2003). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Nurkolis. (2007). “Pendidikan Sebagai Investasi Jangka Panjang”. http://kimia. upi. edu/isiberita. php?kode=20%20March%202007, %20Pukul%2008:52:53 12 82 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PATTERN OF SUPERVISORY STYLES IN THE TEACHING PRACTICUM: AN EXPLORATIVE CASE STUDY OF STUDENT TEACHERS’ DEVELOPMENT Mohd Zolkifli Abd Hamid1, Fauziah Ismail2, Mohd. Safarin bin Nordin3 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia1,2,3, [email protected], [email protected],[email protected] ABSTRACT Much has been said about the importance of teaching practice amongst student teachers who follow the teacher education program. The program provides teaching practicum as the platform for student teachers to practice the knowledge and skills that they acquired from the program into the real life experience. In order to enhance student teachers’ professional development, the practicum committee of Faculty of Education, UTM, assigned lecturers as University’s Supervisor (US) and experience teachers in schools as Cooperating Teachers (CT) throughout the student teachers’ teaching practice period. This article will describe the process of teaching practice supervision and how the university’s supervisors promote the student teachers’ professional development. A study was conducted during the teaching practicum in semester 2 of 2010/11 academic session. It involved two University’s Supervisors (US) and eight student teachers who underwent teaching practice in five secondary schools in Johor, Malaysia. A qualitative case study methodology was employed to collect the data. A total of 17 in-depth interviews were carried out and 24 supervision conferences were observed and audio taped. Data collected from interviews and conferences were transcribed and coded according to themes that generated from the transcripts and they were analyzed manually. It was found that the US applied varieties of supervisory styles but the directive style was dominant. Besides that, it was also noted that the supervision orientation changed from supervisor-centered to student teacher-centered during the supervision process. This study signifies the importance of teaching practice supervision be conducted in a flexible manner 83 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) in order to enhance student teachers’ competencies and professionalism. Keywords:teaching practice supervision, supervisory developmental level of student teachers styles, INTRODUCTION Pre service teacher’s education program aims to prepare student teachers with all the knowledge and skills before they are qualified to embark on their career in schools. One of the most important components in teacher education’s curriculum is teaching practice (teaching practicum). Copland, (2010), refers teaching practice as a central component of pre-service teacher training. To assist the trainees to develop into fully competent novice teachers, they will be guided by two supervisors. One is the university’s supervisor and the other is co-operating teacher in school. The cooperating teacher would be an experienced teacherinthe school where student teachers havetheir teaching practice (practicum). Eachsupervisor plays a vital role to guide, enhance and motivate these students. They are working in tandem to ensure that the students receive fully support and thereby could strengthen their capabilities to teach. The duration of teaching practice also varies and it depends on the curriculum of the bachelor degree at the respective university. As for the Faculty of Education, UTM, the duration to complete the practicum is 14 weeks (one semester) and it carries eight (8) credit hours. Usually the students will start their practicum at the end of the third year of their study. Instead of looking at teaching practice as an ultimate destination to apply theories into practice, it is more likely to consider it as a process to develop one’s competency and a journey to professionalism. However, the journey is not as smooth as the students expected. It is full of obstacles and resistances and could be considered as turbulence (Mohd. Zolkifli Abd. Hamid, et. al 2010). It is also one of the most crucial moments of pre service teacher teaching (Wilson, et. al 2001).. This is where the function of the university supervision is essential and indeed the work is challenging (Cuenca, et. al, 2011). Tang & Chow (2007), teaching practice supervision could provide support for professional learning. The supervisor will need to conduct teaching practice supervision three times. The supervisors are advised to implement clinical supervision which consists of three stages, namely pre-observation conference, observation in the classroom and postobservation conference. 84 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Background of the Study Although there were myriad of studies on teaching practice supervision, the effectiveness of such supervision is still debatable. Some findings show a positive impact (Abdul Rasid Jamian (2009); Mohd Nor Jaafar, (2009); Chow Fook Meng, (2009)), and some were not (Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia & Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia (2005); Baharin Abu (2006)). Sailesh, et.al (2011), instead of improving teachers’ performances, instructional supervision is more towards punishment and demoralize. They concluded that the teachers do not agree with the way supervision is conducted. Zakaria Kasa, et.al (2001) has stated that student teachers are facing problem to improve their teaching. In addition, the students are receiving less guidance from the university’s supervisor (Megat Aman, et.al, 2009). Therefore, there is need to promote supervisory styles that are motivating and can enhance student teachers’ competencies during the teaching practicum. METHODOLOGY The study was carried out using qualitative research approach in order to get an in-depth view on the development of student teachers and associated it with the supervisory styles of the university’s supervisor. Furthermore, this study adhered to the following characteristics of qualitative research: 1. focus on explorative and descriptive 2. non-emergent design 3. purposive sampling 4. data collection in a natural social setting 5. focus on human-as-instrument 6. inductively and continuous data analysis 7. single case study design Method and data triangulation were used to ensure trustworthiness. It involved in-depth interviews, non-participant observation and document review. Sampling of Participants The population of the study was the third year undergraduate students of Technical and Engineering Education from the main stream of four years full time Bachelor of Technology and Engineering Education program. Eight student teachers under the supervision of two university lecturers were selected as the research participants. This purposive sampling technique was adopted due to the qualitative nature of the study as well as 85 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) to ensure that the unit of analysis and social setting of the study was as natural as possible without any manipulation. Social Setting The social setting of this study was in the classroom of secondary schools, while the unit of analysis was the teaching-learning process of student teachers who taught technical and vocational subjects. DATA ANALYSIS Data were analyzed inductively. Data from interviews were transcribed promptly and coding was carried out to identify emerging themes. Field notes were also done from direct observation, while documents were read and re-read to identify any themes. To enhance the findings of the research, the number of supervisory styles for each postobservation conference were counted and displayed in term of frequency (Tab. 1). The data were then tabulatedinto two graphs (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Findings During the first week of the practicum, students were asked to observe and familiarize themselves with the new teaching and learning environment (classrooms, laboratories and workshops) and school compound. They were also advised to socialize with pupils, teachers, staffand school administrators. This duration is called School Orientation Plan. The aim is to make students understand the function of school as an educational institution, roles of teachers in the classroom, pupils behavior, school and classroom management through observation, documents review and reflections. Students need to prepare a portfolio and a report which encompass four components; management, facilities, curriculum and cocurriculum (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2010). The process of teaching and learning is only occurred in the second week of practicum. Table 1. Supervisory Styles of University’s Supervisor Collaborative Nondirective 1 16(20. 5%) 6(7. 7%) 2 3(7. 9%) 6(15. 8%) 3 9(23. 7%) 5(13. 2%) Supervision 86 Directive Information Control al behavior behavior 56(71. 8%) 29(37. 2%) 27(34.6%) 29(76. 3%) 18(47. 4%) 11(28.9%) 24(63. 1%) 17(44. 7%) 7(18. 4%) The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Figure 1. Pattern of Supervisory Styles for Each Round of Post-Observation Conferences Figure 2. Comparison between Directive Control Behaviors and Directive Informational Behaviors. First Supervision According to the schedule of supervision, supervisors were urged to supervise students inthe 2nd until 3rd week of practicum. At this stage, students were still inexperienced, lacked of interaction amongst teachers in 87 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) school and had low self esteem. They had the tendency of relying on supervisor’s guidance. Thus, in order to match the low developmental level of students, supervisors applied more on directive styles of supervision. As shown in Fig. 1, the percentages of directive behavior are higher for all supervisions. These findings are in tandem with many past studies such as studies by Beach & Reinhartz (1989), Copeland, (1982)] and were consistent with Glickman & Bey (1990), in which they conclude that directive style is effective in strengthening the process of teaching and learning amongst student teachers with low self-esteem. To ensure a positive development of student teachers and survival of the early stage of practicum, the supervisor gave direct instructions precisely and clearly to them. This could be track down in Excerpt 1 which shows how the supervisor gave direction to the teacher. Giving direct instruction could also mean transmitting knowledge to the student teachers and they had to follow the instructions without doubt. This is in line with Loughran, & Tudball (2005) study which highlights that student teachers have an expectation that they will be taught on how to teach and be given the recipe of good practices of teaching. They also show an inclination towards the perception that learning professionally could only be done when supervisors instruct them what to do (Russell, 2005). This is also in accordance with Glickman & RossGordon, (1995) who claim that most of the pre-service teachers wanted a supervisor who tell them precisely what changes they could be expected to make to improve instruction. Excerpt 1 from post-observation conference 1: Supervisor:Mula-mula (firstly) tanya soalan dahulu, kemudian (and then)berikan dia masa untuk berfikir. Tanya, siapa boleh jawab secara volunteer. Lepas tu (after that) barulah…hah…, kalau misal kata tak ada volunteer. . , you pin point pelajar tu, siapa nak jawab. In the conference, it was clear that the supervisor taught the student teacher on how to ask a question to the students. The supervisor described the questioning technique which involved a step by step (firstly – and then – after that) standard procedure. This supervisory style is in accordance with Tunku Mohani & Wing, L.P. (1995) statement. They found that certain student teachers, at the beginning of practicum, request direct instructions from their supervisor. If we look at the above excerpt, it is clear that the supervisory conference is the medium for the university supervisor to make a decision. As a result, the supervisor’s role is more likely to be a decision maker. 88 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) The analyses of the directive forms of supervisory behaviors (Fig. 2) show that in practice, the directive control behaviors are almost equivalent to the directive informational behaviors at the very beginning of the practicum. However, with the progression of the practicum period, the directive informational behaviors were applied more frequent as compared to the directive control behaviors. This means that the degree of dependency towards supervisor as a decision maker has declined and indicates that a progress or positive development among the student teachers. Second Supervision The second supervision was conducted around week 5 to week 7. As seen in figure 1, the directive supervisory style was still dominant. Further analysis (Fig. 2) shows that although the directive supervisory styles slightly increased, the percentages of directive control behaviors had declined and at the same time the non-directive styles increased (Fig. 1). In term of decision making by the supervisor in solving student teachers problems, the directive control behavior is more burdening for the supervisors. They have to provide answers or solutions to problems faced by the student teachers. Whereas in the informational directive behavior, the supervisor’s role is merely to suggest answers and then the student teachers had an option whether to adopt or use their own solution. This shows that student teachers have started to get the freedom to make choices and the degree of dependency towards supervisor becomes less. This is found to be consistent with [6] argument in which he states that the degree of dependency declined due to the teaching experience and self confidence gained for the past few weeks of the practicum. Excerpt 2 from post-observation conference 2: Supervisor:Saya suka cadangkan (I would like to suggest), kalau you bahagikan whiteboard tu kepada 3 bahagian, so lebih teratur. Hah, . . so kalau you nak padam pun mungkin you ada student yang nak salin. Ok, mungkin boleh padam (maybe you can rub the whiteboard) part by part. The words I would like to suggest and maybe show that the supervisors gave flexibilities to the student teachers. This suggests that they are given the opportunity to choose the appropriate remedies to their problems. Third Supervision The third supervision was conducted as scheduled (week 12 – 14). In this supervision, although the directive styles were still dominant, the collaborative and non-directive styles were applied frequently. This shows 89 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) that supervisors continuously give guidance and support to the student teachers. This is in accordance with the third level of developmental concept suggested by Furlong & Maynard (1995) in which encouragement, technical and emotional support should be given consistently. In addition, due to the limitation of the practicum duration, student teachers do not seem to get enough time to be fully independent in terms of making their own decision. However, detail analysis revealed that the directive styles diminished towards the third supervision and the collaborative styles slowly applied. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION One of the benefits of teacher education research is to study the impact of instructional supervision or supervisory styles on student teachers’ development Burden, (1990) especially on how they are guided to acquire the teaching skills. To measure the developmental level of the students is quite complicated because of the short duration of the practicum and also the limited number of supervisions. The normal practice to measure students’ progression is by analyzing the marks given by the university’s supervisor. When dealt with numbers, there is a tendency towards assessing students. Furthermore if supervision needs to be seen as a means to guide and support students’ development, then, it should be based on humanistic approach. Thus, ways to indicate student’s progression need to be identified. One way to observe students’ developmental level is by analyzing the practice of supervisors’ supervisory styles. In general, the directive supervisory style is implemented throughout the supervision process. However, there are varieties in terms of practices of collaborative and nondirective styles which show that the university supervisors are not too rigid but flexible in conducting their supervision tasks. It shows that supervisors applied democratic style. These could be considered as an indicator that the three prominent styles are still needed to support the development of student teachers. Furthermore, this pattern is in tandem with the variety of student teachers’ development level. The supervisors have made the necessary adjustment to the supervisory styles in order to match the developmental level of the student teachers. The gradual changes from directive control behavior (declined) to informational directive behavior (increased) along the duration of the practicum show a release of responsibilities of the supervisor’s decision making which is in line with the improvement of student teachers’ confidence and competencies. The changes also could be considered as a change from supervisor-centered to student teacher-centered. The pattern is congruent with the contextual model of supervision proposed by Ralph, 90 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) (1998) and also matched with the situational leadership’s concept by Hersey, & Blanchard, (1988) who suggested changes from telling (directing), to selling (coaching) and then participating (supporting) and lastly delegating (selfregulating). The words in bracket are terms suggested by Ralph, (1998) who refers to similar changes by Hersey & Blanchard (1988). In general, there are varieties of patterns in the supervisory styles in the supervisions conducted by the university supervisors and this is consistent with Pajak, (2001) who proposed that supervisors need to balance the directive styles with non-directive styles in their supervision so that it will be in line with the competencies development of the student teachers. It is also found to be in accordance with Shukri Zain (2005) claim that student teachers hope for a balanced authoritative and collaborative instructional communication. The varieties of supervisory styles and also the orientation of supervision from supervisor-centered (directive) to student teacher-centered (non-directive) explicitly demonstrate that the teaching practice supervisions by the university supervisors have instructional scaffolding characteristics. This scaffolding matches with the progression of the student teachers’ teaching skills which can contribute to their development. 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Suara Pendidik, 23, 2030 94 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) IMPROVING COMPETENCIES AND DEVELOPING TEACHER’S PROFESSION Unifah Rosyidi Head of Professional Development of Teachers, Ministry of Education and Culture, Indonesia BACKGROUND In the civilization of any nation, including Indonesia, the profession as a teacher hasa strategic meaningbecause he/she has the real task for the humanity, humaness, acculturation, and the builders of the nation's character. This strategic significance of teachers necessitates the recognition of teachers as a profession. The implementation of theAct , no. 14 of 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers,is a clear form of recognition for the teaching profession in all dimensions. In the Act no. 14 , 2005,it is mentioned that the teachers are professional educators with the primary task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training, assessing, and evaluatingstudents on formal early childhood education, primary education and secondary education. As the implications of this Act, teachers must undergo a certification process to hold Certificates of Educators. The teachers who have been appointed since the enactment of this Act have to take in-service teacher certification program, which is expected to be completed until 2015. On a broader spectrum, the recognition of the teaching profession raises a lot of ideas. First, it is necessary to have an extra capacities to provide real professional teachers in sufficient numbers, so that students who enter school do not get stuck in vanity due to poor education and learning services. Second, the implementation of the regulation should be consistent in the placement and assignment of teachers in order to avoid discriminatory access to education services for those who are at the outermost parts of the country, in isolated places which are difficult to reach, and in areas of conflict. Third, teachers should have acommitment to realize the rights of all citizens to quality education through state funding and regulation of the education system. Fourth, the welfare of and status of teachers and other education personnelsshould be improved through effective application on their human rights and their professional freedom. Fifth, teachers should eliminate all forms of discrimination in education and learning services, especially with regard to gender, race, marital status, poverty,sexual orientation, age, religion, political affiliation or 95 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) opinion, social and economic status, ethnicity, customs, and also encourage understanding, tolerance, and respect for cultural diversity of the community. Sixth, teachers should promote democracy, sustainable development, fair trade, basic social services, health and safety, through solidarity and cooperation among members of teachers' organizations in foreign countries, international movement workmanship organizations, and civil society. Moving on from the above theoretical ideas, it is necessary to formulate policy and professional development of teachers. That is why, in the past years, there is even a stronger impetus to review the system of teacher management, particularly relating to the supply, recruitment, hiring and placement, distribution systems, certification, improvement of qualification and competence, performance appraisal, competency tests, rewards and protection, welfare, career development, continuing professional development, supervision of professional ethics, and management of teachers in special areas relevant to the present and future demands. To that end, the Ministry of Education and culture is always trying to improve the policies in improving and developing the teacher’s profession. THE ESSENCE OF COMPETENCE ENHANCEMENT Science and technology, both as the content subjects and as tools for learning process, continue to grow. These dynamics require teachers to always improve and adapt their competencies to be able to develop and present the actual subject matter using a variety of approaches, methods, and the latest learning technology. Those are the best ways for teachersto conduct learning processes that can direct their students successfully to enter the real life in accordance with the needs and challenges of their era. Conversely, an unwillingness and inability ofteachers in improving theirknowledge and competencies based on the demands of their professional development will become one factor inhibiting the achievement of education and learning aims. Until now, both in reality and perception, many peoplestill doubt the competencies of teachers in both subject areas that they teach and other supporting areas, such as pedagogy and teaching methods. This reasonable doubt rises because, from the results of competency tests, many teachers have not reached a specified standard of competence. The competency tests also show that many teachers do not master the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The pilot study on the video recording of the teachers at some sample sites, as a matter of fact,proves thisdoubt. The 96 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) other surprising conclusion from this study is that the learning processes in the classroom are still dominated by teacher-centered one-way communication method, and questions and answers are very rare to occur. This reflects that there are many teachers who are not trying to improve and update their professionalism. Education reforms that are mandated by Act No. 20 of 2003 on National Education System, Act No. 14 of 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers, and Government Regulation No. 19of 2005 on National Education Standards demandteacher reformation to have higher levels of competencies, such as higher pedagogic, personality, professional, and social competences. As a result of many teachers who still have not mastered the required competencies and have had less ability to use ICT, there are at least two impacts on students. First, students are equippedwith obsolete competencies. As a result, the product of education and learning systems cause students unready to plunge into the real life world that is constantly changing. Second, the learning processes held by the teachers are also less conducive to the achievement of an active, creative, effective, and funlearningg as they are not supported by the use of reliable and modern learning technology. This is based on the fact that the substance of the subject matter to be learned by students continues to grow both in volume and complexity. As emphasized in the principles of accelerated learning, materials that should be learned by the students has atendency to increasingly grow in quantity,types, and levels of difficulty. The materialsdemand teachers implementsupportive learning strategies and technologies that are constantly adjusted, so that learning can be accomplished in the interval of the same time. Indeed, teachers are an integral part of the whole educational organization subsystem. To make an educational organization able to deal with changes and uncertainties that characterize modern life, it is necessary to develop a school as a learning organization. Among the main characters, a learning organization is one that is looking at internal and external changes followed by necessary adjustment in order to maintain its existence. FOUR STEPS IN ACHIEVING PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS The awareness to bring about professional teachers and educational personnelsas a major resource in smarting the nation, in fact, already starts from the oldcivilization history of education. In Indonesia, especially for teachers, from the dimensions of their nature and substance, fourways to 97 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) realize professional teachers are: (1)provision of university-based teachers, (2)school-based induction fornovice teachers, (3)professionalization of initiative-based teachers, and (4)the profession-nalization of individual- or societal-basedteachers. In connection with the provision of teachers,the Act no. 14 of 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers, and the Government Regulation no. 74 of 2008 on teachers have outlined that the provision of teacher has become the authority of teacher education institutionswhich produce university-based teachers. According to the two products of law, the educationinstitutions for teachers and education personnels are the universities or colleges that are given the tasks by the government to organize programs for teachers’ procurement at the levels of formal early childhood education, primary education, and/ or secondary education, as well as to organize and develop teacher educationand non teacher education programs. The teachers must have academic qualifications at least S1/D-IV and hold a Certificate of Educator. If a teacher has had both of them, then his/her status is recognized by the nation as a professional teacher. The Act no. 14 of 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers and the Government Regulation no. 74 on teachers have mandated that in the future, graduates of S1/D-IVboth from education and non-education programs areprequisite to be a teacher. In addition, they should also take and pass teacher professional education. The two products of laws stipulate that participants of professional education areset by the minister, which may be based on the formation of the quota requirement. Especially for professional education of teachers, some of the important messages can be tapped from the two products of law. First, potential participantsfor professional educationshould have S1/D-IV qualification. Second, certificates of educators will be achieved through professional education programs organized by universities which have been accredited to conduct teacher procurement program, set by the government. Third, educator certification for prospective teachers must be objective, transparent and accountable. Fourth, the number of participants for annualprofessional education program is determined by the Minister of Education of Culture. Fifth, professional education program ends with an educator competency test. Sixth, educator competency test covers a written examination and performance test in accordance with the standards of competence. Seventh, written examination is done comprehensively and it includes the mastery of: (1) knowledge and insight about educational foundation, an understanding of learners, development of curriculum or 98 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) syllabus, learning design, and evaluation of learning outcomes, (2) broad and detailed learning materials based on content standard of subject matter, subject matter groups, and/ or programs that teachers hold, and (3) concepts of scientific disciplines, technology, or art that conceptually cover the subject matter, a group of subject matters, and / or programs that teachers hold. Eighth, the performance test is conducted in a holistic manner in the form of teaching practice tests that reflectsthe mastery of pedagogical, personality competence, professional, and social competences at a relevantschool. The enactment of the Act no. 14 of 2005 and Government Regulation no. 74 of 2008 prequisites that in the future those having the qualification of at least Bachelor degree (S1) or Diploma IV (D-IV) and certificate of educatorare legally recruited as teachers. If the regulations are adhered in compliance, there is no reason for prospective teacherswhose qualifications are below the required standards to serve in schools in Indonesia. However, after they are recruited to become teachersascandidates of civil servants (PNS) in the beginning scheme of state employment, they are not directly able to havefully in charge when coming to school for the first time. Rather, they still have to enter a precondition phase called induction. When undergoing an induction program, the teachers,ideally, will be guided and led by a mentor chosen for a period of approximately one year, so that the new teachers will be ready to carry out professional tasks. This is certainly not easy because the required quality of teachers and those who are willing to be a mentor may not be available in schools in the suburbs or in the remote areas. Although the recruited teachers have met the minimum qualification and held the educator certificate, which have been legitimized by the law as the ones having full authority, induction program for positioning them to become professional teachers is still needed. In the academic literature, it is believed that the induction program is the phase that must be followed when someone is appointed as a teacher. Induction is a transition program for novice teachers (beginning teachers) starting from the first time they come to school until they are feasible enough to do their duties independently. This policy gains academic legitimacy, because theoretically and empirically it is prevalent in many countries. No matter how great the theoretical experience of prospective teachers when they areon campus, the atmosphere would be different when facing the reality in the workplace. Issues related to teaching not only what material will be taught and how to teach it, but also all the subsystems that exist in schools and in the 99 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) community influence real behavior teachers, both inside and outside the classroom. This is to emphasize the importance of the induction program. When a teacher completes a process of induction and he/she performs the daily routine of professional duties, the professionalization orthe process of growing and developing the profession does not stop there. A continuous effort is still needed to keep teachers to have the knowledge and skills in accordance with the demands of the curriculum as well as advances in science and technology. This is the essence of coaching and developing teacher professionalism. This can be done at the initiative institutions, such as education and training, workshops, internships, study tours, etc. This initiative becomes important, because, in general, novice teachers still have limitations of financial matter, network, time, access, and so on. COMPETENCY TEST To know the competence of a teacher, competency test should be done. Competency test is intended to obtain information of teachers’s ability to implement the learning process. The results of the competency test define teachers’ competence profile at a certain level as well as the feasibility of the teacher. Thus, the goal of the competency test is to assess and determine whether the teacher is competent or not based on the standard of competence tested. Activities to improve the competence of teachers have strong rational and empirical considerations, so that bias can be proved in terms of academic, moral, and professionalism. Thus, in addition to the results of performance assessment, thecompetency test is one of the main bases for teacher competency enhancement program design. The competency test essentially focuses on the four competencies – pedagogical, personality, social,andprofessional competences-that must be mastered by a teacher. THE FLOW OF PROFESSIONAL AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT Nowadays, the recognition of teachers as a profession and professional personnel is becoming apparent. The recognition on the status of teachers as professional personnel has the function to raise the dignity and role of teachers as agents of learning to improve the quality of national education. The actuality of the duties and functions of those with teaching professionsis based on the principles of: (1) having the talents, interests, determination, and idealism, (2) having a commitment to improve the quality of education, faith, piety, and noble character, (3) having relevant academic qualification and educational background in accordance with his/her duties, 100 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) (4) having the necessary competence in accordance with his/her duties, (5) having the responsibility for the implementation of professional tasks, (6) gaining the income which is determined in accordance with performance appraisal, (7) having the opportunity to develop a sustainable professionalism through lifelong learning; (8) having the guarantee for the legal protection in carrying out the task, and (9) involvement in professional organizations that have the authority to regulate the matters related to the task of teacher professionalism. The Scope of Teacher’s Profession Teachers: 1.Classroom teachers 2.Subject mater teacher 3.Guidance and conseling teachers Teachers with the additional task as principal Teachers in the position as the supervisors Figure 1. Teacher’s profession At present, people with the teaching profession have expanded in meaning and in perspective. In the Government Regulation (PP) no. 74 of 2008 on Teachers, the term of ‘teacher’ includes: (1)teachers –classroom teachers, content subjectteachers as well as guidance and counseling teachers or counselors, (2)teachers with additional duties as principals, and (3)teachers in a supervisory position, as outlined in Figure 1. Thus, it is expected that there isa synergyin the profession and the career development of teacher profession in the future. Public awareness has been developing for quite a long time that if no teacher means no formal education. It has also developed that education quality will fail without the presence of a professional teacher with sufficient numbers. On the other hand, professional teachers are almost helpless without the supports of professional educational personnelsas well. In line 101 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) with this, there is a presumption that professional teachers will just be a dream without assurance of education requirements, welfare, protection, status, and their professional ethics. In running professional duties, teachers are required to conduct professionalization or the process of growing and developing the profession. A continuous effort is required to keep teachers to have the knowledge and skills in accordance with the demands of the curriculum and the progress of science and technology. This is the essenceof teacher professional development. This can be done at the initiative of institutions, such as education and training, workshops, internships, study tours, and others. This initiative becomes important because, in general,some teachers still have limitations of financial matter, network, time, access, and so on. The Government Regulation (PP) no. 74 of 2008 distinguishes improvement and development of teacher competence for those who have already heldS-1 or D-IVdegree and for those who have not. Teachers who have not held S-1 or D-IV degreemust follow development and improvement of academic qualifications through higher education conductedby educational and non-educational programs in the accredited universities or collegesto gain the S-1 or D-IV degree. Teachers who already holdcertificates of educators still take development and improvement of teacher competence in order to keep theirprofessional competence according to the development of science, technology, art, and culture and/or sports. Development and improvement of teacher competence is done through a system of teacher training and continuous professional development which relate to credit pointsof functional positions. Development and improvement of teacher profession includes training pedagogic, personality, social, and professional competencies. Meanwhile, improvement and development of careers include assignment, upgrading functional positionand career promotion. The effortsto improve and develop teachers’ career should be in line with their functional hierarchy. The patterns of improvement and development of teacher profession and career, as presented in Figure 2., is expected to be a reference to the relevant institutions in implementing professional guidance and teacher’s career. 102 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 1. Principal competence 2.Supervisor competence 3.Other competencies 4.Other requirements 1.Assignment 2.Upgrading position 3.Promotion CAREER DEVELOPMENT 1.Pedagogic competence 2.Personality competence 3.Professional competence 4.Social competence PROFESSION DEVELOMPNET TEACHER’S DEVELOPMENT Figure 2. The Flow of Teacher’s Profession and development Profession and career development is directed to improve the competence and performance of teachers in implementing the process ofteaching and learning in the classroom and outside the classroom. Initiatives to improve the competence and professionalism should be in line with efforts to reward, improve welfare and provide teacher protection. The Government Regulation no. 74 of 2005 has mandated that there are two strands of improving and developing professional teachers, namely: professional training anddevelopment, career improvement and development. The improvement and development of teacher profession includes the improvement of pedagogic, personality, social, and professional competences. This development is done through functional positions. All teachers have the same rights to participate in training and professional development. The program focuses on four competencies above-mentioned. However, teachers will need varieties of training and professional development programs. The variety of needs are grouped into five categories, namely understanding the learning context, strengthening the mastery of the material, developing themethods of teaching, learning innovations, and experiencing on current theories. The programs for professional development and improvementcan be carried out by government institutions, private training institutes (training providers), organizations or school. At the school level, programs can be done by mentor teachers, core teachers, coordinator of classroom teachers, and the ones designated as the best teachers and assigned by the principal. 103 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Needs analysis, formulation of goals and objectives, program designs, implementation and services, and evaluation of training programs can be determined independently by the organizers or modified/adopted similar programs. Career improvement and development of teachers consists of three domains, namely the assignment, upgading functional position, and career promotion. As a part of career development, upgrading functional position is the rights for teachers. Within the framework of improvement and development, unpgrading functional position is in the domain of teacher career advancement. Upgrading functional position is achieved through two ways. First, an upgrading is gained through the system of collecting credit points. Second, an upgrading is accomplishedbased on the job performance or outstanding dedication. EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT Becoming a professional teacher, needs a long journey. Thus, policy on teacher professional development must be carried out continuously, with the serial activities, starting from preparation for prospective teachers, recruitment, placement, assignment, professional development and career (see Figure 3), to a trully professional teachers, who keep continuously improving their professionalism. Referring to the this logical thought, a true teacher is the one who performs his/her duties and functions autonomously, masters competence comprehensively, and posseshigh intellectual power. Professional development of teachers is sometimes preceded by performance appraisal and competency test. Teacher performance appraisal and competency test are to determine the performance and competence of teachers. Teacher performance appraisal and competency test define teacher profile and map a teacher’s performance and competence. This real condition of a teacher is a basis for improvement of teacher competence. Thus, the results of performance appraisal and competency test is one of the main basesfor teacher competency enhancement program design. Teacher performance appraisalis a step to formulate a program to improve teacher competencies effectively and efficiently. This is in accordance with the mandate stated in PAN and RB No16 of 2009. Performance appraisalis to determine the actual ability of teachers to conduct learning process. Based on this performance appraisal, strengths and weaknesses of teachers can be viewed, in accordance with their respective duties as classroom teachers, content subject teachers, as well as guidance and counseling teachers. Teacher performance appraisalis carried out periodically and systematically to tell his/her performance, including his/her potential development. 104 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) THE POLICY FOR TEACHERS’ IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (PROFESSIONAL, DIGNITY AND PROSPERITY) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Qualification Competence Performance Upgrading Career Teachers’ Continuous Professional Development 7. Protection 8. Incentives RECRUITMENT, DISTRIBUTION, QUANTITY, AND QUALITY RECONSTRUCTION OF TEACHERS’ ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION STANDARD AND PATTERNS FOR RECURITING TEACHER STUDENT CANDIDATES QUALITY ASSURANCE Figurepolicy 1.4. Thefor policy for teacher’s inprovement andand development Figure 3. The Teachers Improvement Development Besides the necessity to undergo performance appraisals, teachers also need to know the level of competence through a competency test. Competency test is intended to obtain information about the real conditions of teachers in the educational and learningprocess. The results of the competency test defines teacher competency profile at a certain level, as well as determinesteacher’s feasibility. Thus, the goal of the competency test is to assess and determine whether the teacher is competent or not based on the standard of competence tested. Thus, the programs for improving teacher competence are conducted based on rational and empirical considerations. Performance appraisal and competency testfocuson the four competencies that must be possessed by a teacher. The policy of improving and developing teacher professionin all domains of activities should be followed by the efforts of giving rewards, providing protection, increasing teacher’s welfare, anddignity. Therefore, issues that are relevant to future management of teachers, require a systemic and systematic formulation, mainly in supply systems, recruitment, hiring and placement, distribution systems, certification, qualification improvement, performance appraisals, competency tests, rewards and protection, welfare, career counseling, continuing professional development, 105 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) supervision of professional ethics, and management of teachers in special areas. CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT The PAN and RB decree no. 16 of 2009 on teacher’s functional position and credit pointsis grounded by the fact that a teacher has a strategic role in improving the quality of learning process and of learners. Changes in terms of teacher performance appraisalsin the PAN and RB decree No. 16 of 2009 as compared to previous regulations, have been done from more administrative ways of implementation to more practicallyoriented, quantitative, and qualitative ways of implementation, so that hopefully teachers will be more eager to improve their performance and professionalism. In this regulation, functional position consists of four levels, namely Guru Pertama (Novice Teacher), Guru Muda (Junior Teacher), Guru Madya (Senior Teacher), and Guru Utama (Master Teacher). Every year, teachersshould be assessed periodically through the Teacher Performance Appraisal (TPA) and they should follow the continuing professional development (CPD). CPD must be executed by a teacher since he/she has a class rank III/a through conducting self development, and since a teacher has aclass rank III/b through scientific publications and/or innovative work. To upgrade his/her class rank from IV/c to the class of IV/d, a teacher must make a scientific presentation. Figure 4 shows the relationship between CPD, TPA, and teacher career development. CPD is developed on the basis of teacher performance profile as the results ofTPA and supported by the results of self-evaluation. If a teacher has a TPA which is catagorized below the specified standards of competence or, in other words,a low performance teacher, he / she is required to follow the CPD program oriented to meet the required standard of competence. Meanwhile, if a teacher has a TPA categorized above the required standard of competence, the CPD program is directed towards the development of competence in order to meet future demands in the performance of duties and obligations in accordance with the needs of schools and in order to provide a quality learning services for students. 106 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Professional Teacher 1. Prosperity 2. Protection 3. Professinal Incentives Formative TPA CPD + + Summative TPA The Availability of credit point CAREER DEVELOPMENT Figure 4. The System for Teachers’ Improvement and Develoment In PAN and RB Decree No. 16 of 2009, the CPD is recognized as one of the main elements togain credit points for the teacher career development and upgrading/promotion for functional positions of teachers, besides other learning/mentoring activities and other additional tasks which are relevant to the functions of the school/ madrasah. CPD program is expected to create a professional teacher, who should not only have extensive knowledge, but also have a mature personality. With an excellent personality and a strong mastery of science and technology, skilled teachers are expected to boost student’s interests and talents according to their fields. In general,PKB aims to improve the quality of education services at school/madrasah which impacts on the quality of education. Specifically, the purposes of CPD are presented below: 107 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 1. To improve the competence of teachers to meet the specified standard of competence. 2. To update the competence of teachers to fulfill the needs of teachers in facilitating students in the learning process with the future demands of the development of science, technology, and art. 3. To realizethe teacherswith strong commitments to carry out their duties and functions as professional personnels. 4. To fostera sense of love and pride as a person with the teaching profession. 5. To enhance the image and dignity of the teaching profession in society. The benefits of CPD for students are to gain the assurance of getting good education service and effective learning experiences in order to enhance optimal self potentials, so that they have strong personality and noble characters to play active roles in the development knowledge, technology and art in accordance with the development of society. The benefits of CPD for teachers are to develop science, technology, and arts and have strong personality in accordance with the teaching professions, so that during their careers, teachers canface internal and external changes in meeting the future learning needs of learners. The benefits of CPD for teachers, a school/madrasah is expected to be an effective learning organization, so that the school/madrasah can be a place to improveteachers’ competence, dedication, and commitmentin order to provide quality education for students. For parents/community, CPD for teachers means that their children in school will receive quality education services according to their needs and capabilities. For the government, CPD may be possible to map the quality of teacher education as a basis to develop and establish policy on guidance and development of teacher professions in supporting the development of education, so that the government can realize the intelligent, competitive, and noble personality of Indonesianpeople. CPD is a form of lifelong learning to maintain and improve the overall competency standards, covering areas related to the teaching profession. Thus, teachers can professionally maintain, enhance, and expand their knowledge and skills to implement quality learning process. Quality of learning is expected to increase the knowledge, skills and understanding of the learners. CPD includes the activities designed to increase knowledge, understanding, and skills of teachers. CPD activity is in the form of a cycle that includes planning, implementation, evaluation, and reflection. 108 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Figure 5. The Cycle CPD Activity for Teachers Through the cycle of teacher professional development activities on an ongoing basis, teachers are expected to be able to accelerate the development of knowledge and skills for their career enhancement. CPD activities for self-development can be done by teachers in schools, either independently or in collaboration with other teachers in other schools. CPD activity through school network can be done in one area,among the areas in the specific county/city, inter-provinces, and even,if possible, through a network cooperation of interstate and partnership among schools and industries, either directly or through information technology. CPD activities through the network, among others, may include: activities of KKG/MGMP; training/seminars/ workshops; visits to other schools, businesses, industries, etc. ; inviting speakers from other schools, school committees, local government, supervisory, professional associations,or from other relevant agencies. If CPD activitiesin schools and school networks do not meet the professional development needs of teachers, or teachers still need further development, this activity can be implemented using other sources of outside expertise. Another source of this expertise can be provided through LPMP, P4TK, university or other private institutions recognized by the government, or foreign service institutions through distance education and training by using virtual networking or ICT. In connection with this CPD, certain types of competence development can be done by teachers and in their own schools. 109 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) REFERENCES The Act no. 14 of 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers and the Government Regulation no. 74 The Government Regulation no. 74 of 2005 110 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) CONTINUOUS PROFESIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL SOLUTION TO INCREASE THE TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM (Frame of Mind: Implementative Program Design) Sutrisno Badri1, H. Basuki2, Sumargana3 Graduate Program, Widya Dharma University, Klaten, Indonesia 1,2,3 lpmk. unwidha@gmail. com1 ABSTRACT The quality education is highly dependent on the presence of qualified teachers, the teachers are professional, well-being and dignity. Because it is very appropriate if the Government seeks to increase the professionalism of teachers, does not rule out other factors. Problems profesional teachers according to the Ministry of Education and Culture, comes from these factors: qualifications, competence, performance, promotion, career, continuing competency program teachers, protection, and salaries. While the district/city government sources identified the lack of professional teachers of prospective teachers recruitment system, distribution, quantity and quality. It is recognized that the demands of professionalism of teachers requires continued efforts to develop a professional attitude, through capacity building of teachers to be more able to develop the profession in the running task in school. Therefore, the efforts made by teachers in their professional development as an educator is a very important factor, because it can increase the capabilities and competencies of educators/ teachers, who will be able to continuously improve the learning process. Continuous professional development carried out in order to realize the teachers professional, dignified and prosperous, so teachers are able to form beings who have fear of God Almighty, excels in the mastery of science and technology, has an independent spirit, virtuous and personality. Formulate the ideas and the elaboration of two conceptual models that can be implemented in improving professional teacher: (1) a descriptive model of career development of teachers (2) descriptive models of 111 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) teacher performance appraisal. Ongoing professional development for prospective teachers who were recruited in 2012 pursued based on 4 (four) standards of teacher competence, namely: pedagogical competence, professional, personal/personal and social competence, whereas for teachers who have passed the certification program built it based on professional values that include: development of competence, leadership skills, innovation and increasing paper publications. Keywords:professionalism, program design, competency standards, professional values INTRODUCTION Growing issue of education in Indonesia, said the level of education we are still very low. We education quality is still below the average of other developing countries. The results of World Competitiveness Year Book survey in 1997-2007 showed that of 47countriessurveyed in1997, Indonesia wasranked 39, in 1999, down 46 ranks. Year 2002 was ranked 47, and in 2007 was ranked 53 of the 55 countriessurveyed. Fasli Jalal in Istamar Syamsuri (2010) revealed that quality education is highly dependenton the presence of qualified teachers, the teachers are professional, well-being anddignity. Because it is very appropriate if the Government seeks to enhance theprofessionalism of teachers, does not rule out other factors. One effort to improve theprofessionalism of teachers is through the teacher certification with the aim of: (a) Determine the feasibility of carrying out duties as a teacher in a learning agent andachieve national education goals, (b) Improve the process and the quality of education, (c) Improve the dignity of teachers, and (d) Enhance the professionalism of teachers. In-service teacher certification is done through two ways: (1)teacher portfolio assessment carried out on a collection of documents that reflect the competence of teachers covering various aspects, and (2)educational trail that begins with the implementation of PPG in some LPTK entered into a collaboration to educate students LPTK graduates during two semesters, or three semesters for graduates of non LPTK. TEACHER PROFESSIONAL ISSUES From various sources identified that the issue became a teacher prosesional domains according to the Ministry of Education and Culture 112 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) identified the lack of professionalteachers come from a variety of factors: qualifications, competence, performance, promotion, career, continuing competency program teachers, rights protection, and salaries. Regency/ City Government identified the teacher's professional low due to several factors: the prospective teacher recruitment system, the distribution of teachers,the quantity and quality. Thus the problems that have given the solution is: "How teachers can overcomeweaknesses in the competency profile and improve their teaching? " THEORETICAL BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT The teacher is a professional job so that the right to be regarded as a profession. As a professional skills development and improvement of competence is an important thing that can contribute significantly to improving the quality of education and learning in schools. In law (government rule) No 14 of 2005 article 20 paragraph b states that one of the teachers' task is to improve and develop the academic qualifications and competence on anongoing basis in line with developments in science, technology, and art. This implies that the performance of teachers in professional development to be an overview of the implementation of forward-oriented tasks as the basic need to face the challenges of change as a result of globalization. Professional development is the development of skills that contribute to the improvement of teacher competence, which in turn will impact on the ever increasing quality of learning. Therefore, the efforts made by teachers in their professional development as an educator is a very important factor, because it can enhance the capability and competence of teachers, who will be able to continuously improve the learning process. Development of teacher performance from the standpoint of performance management can be done with two approaches the competency-based approach (Competency Based Performance Management/CBPM) and performance-based approach (Performance Based Performance Management/PBPM). Competency-based approach to performance development through capacity building of teachers to do any work in accordance with the roles and tasks, while performance-based approach to teacher development through implementation of best practices (best practice) in performing work in accordance with its assignments. Therefore attention to the development of teacher performance to continue to rise and upgraded to the most urgent thing, especially if attention to the growing public demands related to the quality of education, 113 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) and this of course will have implications for the growing need for improving the quality of teacher performance. Teacher performance is basically a teachers' activities in carrying out their duties and obligations as a teacher and educator in the school who can describe the achievements of its work in implementing it, and it is clear that a job as a teacher can not be done by anyone, without having the expertise and qualifications specified as a teacher. Teacher performance in carrying out their roles and duties in schools, especially in the learning process requires the development and changes towards more innovative. Efforts to improve continuously the quality of learning needs to become a professional attitude as an educator, this means that efforts to develop innovative things that should be the concern of teachers in an effort to improve the quality of education. Thus, creativity and innovative performance becomes very important, especially in the context of globalization that fully with competition in various areas of life, so that the innovative performance including teachers need to keep on pushing and developed, even more so when considering the various changes that increased demands. FACTORS SUPPORTING THE GOVERNMENT POLICY The government has made various efforts to improve the quality of education in Indonesia, ranging from changing the curriculum efforts (now applicable SBC), an increase of teachers (refresher courses, seminars, training), school management, media supplement, laboratories (facilities, infrastructure), to the issuance of an umbrella law in improving the quality of education by the issuance of Law No. 14 of Teachers and Lecturers, and Government Regulation No. 19 of 2005 on National Education Standards. The Law. 14 In 2005, teachers are considered as professionals who have a pedagogic competence, personal competence, social competence, and professional competence. Among the four competencies, there are two competencies that are directly related to the duties of teachers pedagogical and professional competencies. Regulations and laws on education includes standard norms, and implementation has its own facts. For example, based on Government Regulation No. 19 Year 2005 on National Education Standards, Article 19 states: 1) Learning process the educational unit organized in an interactive, fun, motivating learners to actively participate and provide enough space for innovation, creativity, and independence according to their talents, interests, and physical and psychological development of students; 114 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 2) In addition to the provisions referred to in paragraph (1), the educators provide exemplary learning process; 3) Each educational unit to plan the learning process, the implementation of the learning process, learning outcomes assessment, and monitoring the learning process for the implementation of the learning process effective and efficient. For the success of efforts to improve the quality of education, the Ministry of Education and Culture in cooperation with various countries eg Australia, USA, Japan, Germany. But such cooperation is generally not maximized to improve the quality of education in Indonesia. Observations and survey results indicate that the quality of education in the region is still low because most of the paradigm of teachers who take part in education and training is oriented toward the fulfillment of obligations is not based on the need to improve ourselves. Government policy on certification of teachers and lecturers, basically have noble intentions. Professional teachers, who have four competencies that pedagogical competency, professional, personal and social competence, need to be respected, given a certificate in exchange for a decent salary and benefits. It is unfortunate that the implementation of the Law. 14/2005 on Teachers and Lecturers in the impression there are indications of "pity as reciprocation", "turn" and attempt to obscure the search for seeds in the form of a professional teacher who without being limited by age, rank and seniority. Certificates have already been distributed and some salaries have been paid. Is there any progress of the learning process between the before and after the certification? Which is more professional, a certified teacher through the portfolios or through PLPG? Given the salary money that was delivered to the certified teacher is money from the state budget, which comes from public money, whether people are entitled to see the learning process by the certified professional teacher? In the area of symptoms that occur much less frequently both senior teachers (civil servant has been appointed) who have obtained certification benefits and often leave the teaching hours of teachers told Wiyata Bhaktistatus public school teacher salaries for substitute teaching hours. This happened because the senior teacher has to feel safe because of a government salaries, laid off a very small risk, then it is only a makeshift teaching obligation abort, do not need to innovate in the development of teaching, which is interesting that the principal, the head UPTD as their leader did not seem let them not teach helpless, example of concrete during 115 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) service hours are still many teachers found dressed in the official markets, in a public place outside of school. CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODELS Status of teachers in Indonesia are clasificated into nine types: (1)PNS, (2)PNS Ministry of Religious Affairs, (3)PNS DPK (4)Teachers Assistance, (5)Honor Regional Teachers (Honda) (6)GTT (Teachers Not Fixed ), (7)Teacher Permanent foundation, (8)Honor Teachers in Public Schools is now defined Guru Wiyata Bhakti (9)SM3T. Classificationof teachers is to have different problems, but these problems could conclude that the problem: coaching, empowerment, and professionalism. Educational qualifications (D-4, S-1, S-2. S-3) who has met the Law No. 14/2005 only amounted to 51. 3%, the remaining 48. 7% are educated D-3, D-2, D-1 and SMA are equal. Stages of Development of Model To produce a professional teacher needs to be done stage model of professionalism sustainable development program are: First Phase: Material Requirements Planning Program (Material Requirement Planning Program). Starting from this type and class teacher in Indonesia who follow the competency test in 2011, the need for ongoing professional development program tailored to the number of teachers, distribution, educational qualifications and rank, so that targeted, effective and efficient. Second Phase: Determine the institution organizing partners (LPTK) based on experience (pengalaman) and performance (kinerja), especially competence and qualifications of instructors. At this stage the Ministry of education and culture should not do that only discriminatory in favor of the LPTK State University, but when viewed from the LPTK in Indonesia amount LPTK State University whereas only 38 pieces, Private LPTK of more than 350 pieces, with the composition of this kind of partnership in ongoing program implementation professionalism into consideration factors for decisionmakers. Third Phase: Implementation program continuous professional development Continuing professional development programs for prospective teachers (students LPTK) who was recruited in 2012, the program is prepared based on the 4 (four) standards of teacher competence, namely: pedagogical competence, professional, personal / social and personality, while the teacher exixting (2,925,676) coaching program based on professional values. 116 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) For teachers who will conduct professional development Continuing to effectively and efficiently carried out through three media, namely: 1) At school, the program has developed 25% chance of success which includes self-study multimedia learning technologies including learning that is not too low applicable of information technology, because demand needs of the knowledge transfer from teacher to student, observations with team work (colleagues), mentoring. 2) The working group peers, has a 60% chance of success which includes FGD (Focus Group Discution), sharing of experiences (benchmarking), sharpening each other, and foster compassion among peers. 3) Institutions organizers of the training program or continuing professional development has a 15% chance of success. Process of continuous professional development priorities include: 1. Competency standards identified below is based on formative assessment. 2. Competencies identified by the teachers need to be improved. 3. Knowledge, skills and competencies required by teachers for career development. 4. Knowledge, skills and competencies needed by teachers to carry out new tasks, such as a school principal. 5. Knowledge, skills, materials needed by the School Self-Evaluation Report and / or the Annual School Development Plan. 6. Knowledge, skills, and specific competencies in demand by teachers. Fourth Phase: Monitoring and evaluation. At this stage should be conducted to ascertain whether the first stage (MRP) have according to the needs, the use of resources, to achieve policy objectives and meet the Ministry of National Education & Culture. Application Design Model Development Descriptive models of career development. Table1. Career Development of Public Teacher Levels Main Grade Classification Program Development Focus IV. d, IV. e 1. Professional Development 2. Institutional strengthening 3. Decision Making 4.Institutions Planning & Development Strategy 117 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Levels Medium Grade Classification Program Development Focus IV. a, IV. b, IV. c 1. Resource management 2. School of management 3. Development of school networks. 4. Paper Development & Publications Young III. c, III. d 1. Increasing Student Achievement. 2. Innovation development of Learning First III. a, III. b 1.Competence and Professional Development 2.Innovation & Technology Development Learning 3. Learning Resources Development Matters related to the development needs of teachers in his career that includes threeareas: a. Modules related to core competencies in the field of pedagogic b. Modules related to core competencies in the professional field c. Modules related to the career development of teachers Descriptive model teacher performance assessment Teacher Performance Appraisal include the substance (1) Requirements Planning, Procurement, Appointment, Distribution, and Equitable PTK (2) Reconstruction of Teacher Education (Selection, Academic Education And Professional Education), (3) Staf Education Development and management capabilities include the technical ability, managerial ability, leadership ablity. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Continuing professional development is done in an effort to bring teachers professional, dignified and prosperous, so teachers are able to form beings who have fear of God Almighty, excellent in the mastery of science and technology, has an independent spirit, virtuous and personality. Professional development is conducted continuously, for acceleration scientific publications, innovative work, and development themselves. 118 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Therefore, teachers are reserve the rightto the opportunity to develop a sustainable profession. Educational institutions shall provide facilities and infrastructure, favorable conditions to support the ongoing professional development. Education offices at the district/city must provide the conditions and facilities needed by the school to meet its obligations to the teachers. The central government (Minestry of Education and Culture) must support teacher development program conducted by the district education office / town. Recommendation Competence of teachers needs to be improved. Knowledge, skills and competencies required by teachers for career development. Knowledge, skills and competencies needed by teachers to carry out new tasks, suchas a school principal. Knowledge, skills, materials needed by the School Self-Evaluation Report and / or theAnnual School Development Plan. Knowledge, skills, and specific competencies in demand by teachers. REFERENCES Istamar Syamsuri. (2010). Teacher Competence Increase for to increasing student interest MIPA field. Government Regulation No. 19, (2005). The Education National Standard. Minestry of National Education & Cultural Regulation No 16. (2007). Academic Cualification Standard and Teacher Competence. Rosyidi, Unifah. (2012). Teacher Development for future, Teacher Development Centre (TDC). Ministry of National Education & Cultural. 119 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Wilson, S. M. , Floden, R. E. , & Ferrini-Mundy, J. (2001). Teacher Preparation Research: Current Knowledge, Gaps and Recommendations. Spokane, WA: Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy 120 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK LEARNING ORGANIZATION TERHADAP MUTU LAYANAN AKADEMIK PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM Ahmad Qurtubi State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT The change of the institution order to become a State Islamic University (UIN) in several IAINs in Indonesia is the adaptive response to the change and response to the global dynamic innovation. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah experiences continuous changes and they are expectedly able to increase the academic service quality of Islamic Universities. A learning organization with emphasis on capability of making continuous adjustment and improvement is considered as appropriate work frame in conducting this research. The problems of this research are what are characteristics of learning organization that can be identified in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah and are these characteristics able to improve to academic service quality. This research is aimed to obtaining expalanation abot the effect of learning organization characteristics on academic service quality in UIN Syarif Hidayatullah after change of IAIN to UIN. This research use quantitatif method. The population was UIN’s students. The hypothesis tested in research was in term of causal relation. Sample of 217 student adopted random sampling technique. The data were gather by using questionnaire in form of scale with 5 alternative answer and then processed statistically by using multiple regression correlation analysis. The research finding indicated 8 caracteristics of learning organization with strength in The UIN Syarif Hidayatullah as a learning organization and the improvement in the Academic Service Quality. Last but not the least, the research provides many recommendations for further development of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah as a learning organization and the methods that are subsequently able to increase the academic service quality. Keywords: learning organization, change of institution, academic, characteristic. 121 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta sebagai salah satu IAIN tertua di Indonesia, yang bertempat di ibukota Jakarta, menempati posisi unik dan strategis, tidak hanya sebagai 'Jendela Islam di Indonesia', tetapi juga simbol bagi kemajuan pembangunan nasional, khususnya di bidang pembangunan sosial-keagamaan. Karakteristik Learning Organization di UIN, ada enam karakteristik yang sangat didukung dan terdapat tingkat interkorelasi dan ketergantungan antara karakteristik-karakteristik ini. Sebagai contoh, berpikir sistemik di dalam kerangka kerja sistemik dan strategic yang kuat, sementara keduanya beroperasi di dalam dan difokuskan oleh konteks luas visi dan misi bersama. Temuan-temuan kajian ini sesuai dengan maksud Rosengarten dan pembahasan teoritis, yang menyimpulkan bahwa sistemik thinking dan shared vision keduanya perlu dan merupakan karakteristik `inti' yang diperlukan dan cukup dari organisasi pembelajar sebagaimana ditentukan oleh kontribusi dua karakteristik ini yang dilakukan untuk organisasi pembelajar. Pemikiran sistemik membentuk kerangka kerja luas yang di dalam nya pembelajaran organisasi yang bermutu diupayakan. Sementara peningkatan berkelanjutan merupakan imperatif penting yang menjaga organisasi pembelajar tetap terjadi. Karakteristik organisasi pembelajar lain, jika perlu, tidak cukup di dalam penentuan organisasi pembelajar. Dua karakteristik yang sangat didukung dalam kajian ini adalah karakteristik yang paling konsisten di identifikasi di dalam literatur sebagai karakteristik organisasi pembelajar. Lima karakteristik organisasi pembelajar yang memiliki dukungan paling kuat secara rinci, perlu dicatat bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kelompok demografis yang signifikan secara statistik di dalam karakteristik-karakteristik ini, yang menunjukkan konsistensi persepsi pada kelompok demografis. Bahasan ketiga karakteristik tersebut adalah sebagai berikut. Populasi survei yang mengakui bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah memiliki harapan tinggi, yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitasnya sendiri dan menunjukkan kesediaan untuk mengevaluasi secara teratur pelayanannya, dengan beberapa reservasi mengenai batasan yang hingga batasan tersebut UIN Syarif Hidayatullah meminta umpan balik dari pimpinan dalam proses peningkatan kinerjanya. Mental models memerlukan komitmen terhadap pembelajaran, sering diberitahukan oleh analisis data dan umpan balik untuk membantu diagnosis masalah dan peningkatan kinerja pada tingkat sistem dan pendidikan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah merupakan organisasi yang mengumpulkan data mengenai pendidikan dan kinerja sistem, dengan tujuan untuk menggunakan data tersebut untuk 122 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) membantu peningkatan kinerja. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah menunjukkan akuntabilitas dan komitmennya terhadap peningkatan dengan beberapa cara termasuk peninjauan ulang sistem. HASIL PENELITIAN Hasil-hasil ini sesuai dengan kisaran luas penelitian yang mengidentifikasi sistem pendidikan yang efektif sebagai sistem yang secara sempurna menyeimbangkan tekanan dan dukungan sebagaimana mereka mainkan bagian mereka dalam peningkatan pendidikan. Batasan pengaruh pihak berwenang pendidikan, seperti UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, terhadap praktek ruang kelas merupakan masalah. Namunhasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa responden menganggap proses sistem sebagai proses yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap mutu pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Batasan dan sifat pengaruh ini tidak ditentukan dalam kajian ini tetapi akan merupakan subyek kajian lebih lanjut. Hasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa personal mastery merupakan karakteristik yang sangat ditunjukkan di dalam UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dan penting di dalam pengakuannya sebagai organisasi pembelajar. Data dokumenter kuantitatif, kualitatif dan sistem, yang dianggap, dalam konteks literatur, mendukung kesimpulan bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dapat dianggap sangat menunjukkan karakteristik organisasi pembelajar, `personal mastery. Pendapat dibagi apakah UIN Syarif Hidayatullah merupakan organisasi yang inovatif, dimana eksperimentasi diakui sebagai sarana pembelajaran, dimana penyelidikan ditingkatkan dan justru apakah struktur organisasinya memenuhi kebutuhan–kebutuhan yang pendidikan yang berubah, dengan memperhatikan pandangan Osler yang menyatakan bahwa sistem pendidikan harus mendorong inovasi sepanjang hal ini difokuskan pada peningkatan standar (2001: 1-7). Mayoritas responden menganggap UIN Syarif Hidayatullah sebagai organisasi yang lebih memperhatikan pada peraturan dibanding dengan layanan. Pendapat dibagi menjadi apakah UIN Syarif Hidayatullah merupakan organisasi dimana kesalahan-kesalahan ditolerir dan dimana para kepala pendidikan dapat mengambil resiko. Tingkat pengaruh kepala pendidikan pada pengambilan keputusan di dalam sistem merupakan sistem dengan dukungan paling rendah pada skala ini. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil lain dalam kajian ini yang menunjukkan bahwa pengambilan keputusan pada tingkat sistem ini tidak dianggap sangat dipengaruhi oleh kepala pendidikan. Hasil–hasil menunjukkan bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dianggap sebagai organisasi yang mendorong inovasi, pengambilan resiko atau kreativitas pada tingkat organisasi yang lebih luas. Tingkat nilai karakteristik 123 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) ini mungkin juga mencerminkan komitmen yang kuat yang telah dibuat oleh sistem untuk pendekatan ilmiah dan kuntitatif untuk standar. Terdapat bukti dalam kajian ini, bahwa ketegangan terdapat di antara berfikir sistemik, yang juga dikembangkan dengan baik pada UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, dan kreativitas, pengambilan resiko dan inisiatif. Hasil–hasil mendukung klaim Schmoker's bahwa berfikir sistemik dan perencanaan strategis membatasi pelaksanaan keputusan dan kreativitas dengan rencana strategis yang komplek yang membingungkan dan memberi beban pendidikan dan guru (2004: 424:432). Memberikan terlalu banyak fleksibilitas dan dorongan pengambilan resiko selalu menanggung resiko pengembalian untuk praktek–praktek sebelumnya. Tantangan untuk organisasi ini adalah untuk mendorong pengambilan resiko yang diinformasikan dan inovasi (Ulrich, 1993: 52-66) sementara mempertahankan kekuatannya dalam karakteristik lain yang diuji dalam kajian ini. Satu hal yang menarik analisis LEA oleh Riley, Docking, Rowles dan Leich mencapai kesimpulan yang sama ketika responden tidak dapat mengetahui LEA sebagai hal yang menghasilkan strategi yang inovatif, dengan banyak anggapan bahwa strategi tersebut terlalu birokratis(1998: 3034). Pembelajar untuk memiliki komitmen yang kuat terhadap pengembangan penguasaan pribadi yang dengan penguasaan ini belajar seumur hidup dipupuk melalui klarifikasi dan penguatan berkelanjutan visi pribadi. Jika penguasaan pribadi bermanfaat bagi individu, tim dan organisasi hal ini perlu bukan hanya dikejar dari perspektif sistem tetapi juga sesuai dengan kebutuhan-kebutuhan para peserta. Hasil–hasil kajian ini menunjukan bahwa pendekatan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah terhadap pengembangan profesional berkelanjutan mencakup dimensi–dimensi ini dalam pendekatan sentral, regional dan lokal untuk pengembangan profesioanal dengan flexibilitasnya dan dorongannya atas dialog dan saling tukar pengalaman yang baik. Hal ini sesuai dengan pandangan Schmoker's bahwa kunci untuk pengembangan profesional yang efektif adalah mengembangkan masyarakat guru yang belajar melalui kerjasama dan praktek berkelanjutan (2004: 424-432). Perlu dicatat bahwa sebgaimana pendapat Guskey, kerjasama yang diselenggarakan scara seksama antara penddik berbasis tempat dan petugas tingkat distrik, dengan perspektif lebih luas mengenai masalah, merupakan alat untuk mengoptimalkan efektivitas pengembangan profesional (2003: 748-750). Hasil-hasil ini menekankan kembali pentingnya kerjasama di dalam menetapkan arahan pengembangan profesional dan kebutuhan bagi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah untuk melakukannya secara lebih baik sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam tanggapan–tanggapan. 124 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Mayoritas responden menyatakan bahwa terdapat saling percaya antara para pimpinan dan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dan bahwa masalahmasalah sensitif dapat diajukan, sementara struktur di dalam UIN Syarif Hidayatullah mendorong kerjasama. Mayoritas responden berpendapat bahwa keputusan diambil pada tingkat yang tepat, sesuai dengan prinsip subsidiaritas. Temuan-temuan ini didukung oleh karya Garrettyang menunjukkan bahwa organisasi pembelajar pada intinya dibangun atas dasar kepercayaan dan dapat menjadi sember sinisme jika retorika tidak dianggap sebagai kejujuran (1999: 202-206). Sementara kepercayaan dan kerjasama merupakan hal yang sangat penting jika perubahan dan pembelajaran akan terjadi (Berman, 1976: 345-370). Karya Schmoker menekankan bahwa kerjasama meningkatkan kinerja. Hasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah benar-benar perlu menguji unsur-unsur karakteristik ini jika hal ini adalah untuk selanjutnya meningkatkan profil dan kinerjanya sebagai sebuah organisasi pembelajar (2004: 424-432). Dialog merupakan komponen penting visi dalam organisasi pembelajar, dengan dialog yang terjadi dalam iklim yang terbuka dan saling percaya. Dialog merupakan kelompok bangunan yang penting bagi organisasi yang digunakan untuk mempelajari, mengembangkan kemampuan kapasitas kemanusiaannya dan agar tanggap terhadap lingkungan yang berubah. Terdapat bukti bahwa dialog tersebut bukan merupakan ciri jelas UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dan sifat komunikasi di dalam sistem menjamin penjajagan lebih lanjut. Meskipun dalam beberapa bidang (Item 56) Dalam kajian ini komunikasi efektif sangat penting karena hal ini mendasari banyak karakteristik organisasi pembelajar lain, seperti pengembangan dan kepemilikan visi dan misi bersama. Hasil–hasil menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik ini mendapat dukungan sedang dari responden sebagai karakteristik organisasi pembelajar di dalam UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, tetapi ini merupakan bidang yang menjamin penyelidikan dan pengembangan lebih lanjut. Pendapat dibagi mengenai apakah kebebasan berfikir didorong di dalam tim yang dibentuk oleh UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. apakah tim tersebut merupakan unit pembelajaran mendasar di dalam UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dan apakah pendangan sistem mengenai keputusan dibuat dalam tim dan nilai mereka. Apakah program pengembangan profesional UIN Syarif Hidayatullah yang mendorong keterampilan kerja tim juga tidak pasti, tetapi Fink dan Thompson mengklaim bahwa kerja dan struktur tim, yang memupuk kerjasama merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi pembelajaran organisasi. 125 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Tidak ada perbedaan kelompok demografis yang mencolok untuk karakteristik ini (2001: 803-813). Meskipun konsep berpikir sistemik dan model mental merupakan gabungan disiplin, perlu dicatat bahwa dalam penekanan berlebihan organisasi sebagai unit dasar dengan sifat-sifat uniknya, suatu hal yang mungkin untuk mengabaikan kontribusi yang diberikan oleh masing-masing anggota terhadap organisasi. Hasil-hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa para responden tidak merasakan diberdayakan atau dimintai konsultasi seluas yang mereka inginkan. Serta penggunaan pendekatan yang sangat sistematik untuk perencanaan strategis dan visi mungkin kenyataannya menghambat kreativitas dan individualitas, yang menciptakan ketegangan antara kreativitas individu dan kerja secara saling mendukung untuk tujuan-tujuan umum (Johnston and Caldwell, 2001: 94-102). Demikian juga visi yang sangat didukung pada tingkat kepemimpinan sistem mungkin dirasakan sebagai memperkenalkan tingkat manipulasi dan kontrol. Hal ini akan mungkin membatasi kesiapan untuk belajar dan berinovasi karena komitmen terhadap visi dan misi bersama membatasi kapasitas untuk gagasan-gagasan baru dan timbulnya gagasan tersebut. Hasil-hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa UIN Syarif Hidayatullah rentan terhadap peringatan-peringatan (Johnston and Caldwell, 2001: 94-102). Karakteristik dengan rangking rendah dalam kajian ini adalah, `komunikasi yang efektif', dan mungkin karakteristik ini cenderung kurang menemukan ekspresi di dalam organisasi dimana proses sistem ditetapkan dengan cukup jelas, dimana kerangka kerja jelas dan dimana tujuan-tujuan dan target-target korporasi juga ditetapkan dengan cukup jelas. Terdapat arti bahwa para pemimpin di dalam sistem kurang memiliki pengaruh ketika harus mengambil keputusan yang lebih luas. Juga terdapat keengganan untuk melakukan eksperimen dan beberapa ketidak jelasan mengenai bagaimana organisasi dianggap `melakukan kesalahan'. Hingga sejauh mana untuk menggabungkan berpikir sistemik tingkat tinggi dan budaya untuk peningkatan berkelanjutan, sementara memupuk dan mendorong pengambilan resiko dan 'inisiatif merupakan tantangan dan di masa yang akan datang. Tantangan adalah bagi pendidikan, guru, kepala pendidikan dan UIN Syarif Hidayatullah untuk bekerja secara harmonis dan, dalam melakukannya, kreativitas yang lebih besar akan terjadi. Terdapat keseimbangan yang baik yang perlu dicapai antara inovasi lokal dan tujuan-tujuan strategis sistem, dimana pembelajaran individu dan kolektif, yang ditekankan dengan kuat dalam teori organisasi pembelajar, perlu dihubungkan dengan tujuan-tujuan strategis sebuah organisasi. Hal ini dapat memberi penjelasan di dalam kajian ini, di satu pihak, untuk kekuatan 126 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) relatif `Berpikir sistemik dan model mental' sebagai karakteristik UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dan di pihak lain, kelemahan relatif `komunikasi yang efektif. Hasil-hasil menunjukkan bahwa lembaga dan pimpinannya berupaya untuk meningkatkan diri dan juga mendorong pendidikan untuk melakukannya. Beberapa sistem luas meninjau ulang peningkatan berkelanjutan model-model pada tingkat sistem sebagaimana evaluasi sistem proses yang signifikan dilakukan, seperti Peninjauan Ulang dan Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Audit Pendidikan (Clark, 1998: 373-374). Program-program ini dan program-program yang diawali sistem lain telah mendorong budaya peninjauan ulang sendiri di dalam pendidikan dan sistem secara umum. Penetapan target untuk pengujian standar juga telah menekankan peningkatan berkelanjutan. KESIMPULAN Sebagai kesimpulan, dapat ditetapkan organisasi pembelajar sebagai salah satu organisasi yang unggul di dalam pembelajaran organisasi karena memiliki tingkat tinggi karakteristik tertentu yang membantu proses perolehan atau pembentukan pembelajaran organisasi yang dengan sengaja digunakan untuk meningkatkan tindakan dan hasil organisasi. Hasil-hasil dari delapan karakteristik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini memiliki rata-rata skala per item antara 4. 15 dan 3. 19, yang menunjukkan bahwa semua karakteristik didukung untuk berbagai tingkatan tetapi semuanya di atas titik median 3. Dalam bentuk definisi yang digunakan dalam kajian ini UIN Syarif Hidayatullah dapat dianggap sebagai organisasi pembelajan. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Berman, P. & M. W. McLaughlin. (1976). Implementation of educational innovation. The Educational Forum. Clark, B. R. Creating Entrepreneurial Universities: Organizational Pathways of Transformation. Higher Education Journal. Fink, S. & S. Thompson. (2001). Standards and Whole System Change,Thinking and Change. Garret, B. (1999). The Learning Organization 15 Years on: Some Personal Reflection. The Learning Organization. 127 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Guskey, T. R. What makes professional development effective? Phi Delta Kappan. Johnston, C. & B. Caldwell. (2001). Leadership and Organizational Learning in the Quest for World Class Schools. The International Journal of Educational Management. Osler, D. “Meeting New Challenges: Educational Developments in Scotland”, Practising Administrator, 2001, pp. 1-7. Riley, K. A. , J. Docking, & D. Rowles. (1998). LEAs on Probation –Will They Make the Grade?. Education Review. Schmoker, M. (2004). Tipping Point: From Feckless Reform to Substantive Instructional Improvement. Phi Delta Kappan. Ulrich, D. , T. Jick, & M. Von Glinow. (1993). High-impact Learning: Building and Diffusing Learning Capability. Organizational Dynamics. 128 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) LEADERSHIP PRACTICES IN EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS IN MALAYSIA Jamilah Ahmad1, Yusof Boon2 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia1,2 [email protected]. my1, [email protected] ABSTRACT "Access to a quality and affordable education", the third National Key Results Areas (NKRA), focus on effective schools excellence and high performance in Malaysia. An effective school is a school with professional leadership, shared vision and goals, that focus on quality, purposeful and effective teaching and learning process, with high expectations, accountability, that conduct regular monitoring of the school's development, provide priority for the rights and responsibilities of students and practise creative and collaborative culture and with well-defined rules and discipline to create a safe and conducive learning environment. Success for an effective school will not be achieved without effort by all parties in the school organization. The main factor that leads to this achievement is the leadership of the principal or headmaster. Leadership is a process where a leader's behavior and actions influence others to work on a voluntary basis and together with all concerned to achieve the vision of the organization. Characteristics and leadership practices of effective school principals and headmasters should be used as a reference by other school leaders in Malaysia. A model of effective school leadership practices in Malaysia should be formed, so it can be used as a guide for school leaders who wish to follow in the footsteps of the excellent and effective school and help to put Malaysia on world class standards of education. Keywords: Effective schools, school leaders, practices INTRODUCTION Since achieving independence five decades ago, Malaysia has become an advanced country through change and development. Various efforts and initiatives have been and will be taken by the government to 129 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) ensure that our nation continues to develop, be innovative and have a competitive standing among leading countries in the world. On July 27, 2009, during a speech at the Joint Assembly for Council Members of the Administration and Civil Servants including Government Link Companies (GLC), the Honourable Prime Minister, Dato 'Seri Mohd Najib Tun Razak announced the National Key Results Areas (NKRA) that encompasses six main fields for national achievement (MOE, 2010, 2011). In the gathering held at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre (PICC), the Prime Minister outlined the approaches to transform the government to one that places emphasis on the citizen's needs. The Ministry of Education (MOE) is directly involved in the third NKRA that is to provide wider access to a quality and affordable education. With respect to the third sub NKRA, the MOE has taken a proactive and responsive step to identify 100 effective schools ranging from normal day schools, smart schools, cluster schools, charter schools and boarding schools which may receive the title of High Performing Schools (HPS) by 2012. This initiative is in line with the concept of "1 Malaysia: People first, Achievement Preferred”. On January 25, 2010, the MOE announced a list of 20 effective schools, 32 effective schools in 2011 and followed by another 14 effective schools in 2012 to receive the title of HPS. For the first, second and third phase, only 66 schools were selected from more than 10,000 schools in Malaysia ( MOE, 2010, 2011,2012). The main objective of the MOE is to place all the effective schools (HPS) as a benchmark in terms of educational excellence and a model to all other schools in the country. EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS A school is a place where students learn and experience the school process that affect their development and achievements. According to Hussein, 2008; Bliss et al. , 1994; Moos et al. , 2005, effective schools are successful schools which could produce pupils with excellence result in academic and co-academic achievement, with high discipline , trust and belief among the public and ensure teachers' satisfaction to work in the school. While Jamil (2009) states that effective schools are schools which are able to produce good success, and superior quality in all areas whether in academic, non-academic, personality, management, communication, infrastructure or leadership. According to Alimuddin (2006); Hopkins (2001); Hussein (2008), the effective schools can be seen from the changes in organizational features that include a focus on educational leadership, high academic expectations, organization, discipline, culture and a positive and condusive school 130 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) environment. Mortimore, 1991; Leithwood, 2005; Abdullah et al. , 2007; Nor Ashikin, 2008, stated a school has become successful and effective when the students of the school show greater improvement from what they were expected at the initial entry to school and positively affect the development of their physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual. There are nine characteristics of an effective school (Mortimore, 1995; Alimuddin, 2006) which are : 1. Professional leadership (a clear sense of purpose for the school is identified and authority and responsibility are distributed). 2. Shared vision and goals (a clear and shared understanding of goals demonstrated). 3. Focus on quality, purposeful and effective teaching and learning process (time spent on academic and non-academic learning is carefully considered and effective teachers know how students learn and build on the knowledge their students already have). 4. High expectations (it is expected that every student has the ability to learn). 5. Accountability (rigorous systems of accountability exist, by which school and student performance can be evaluated). 6. Regular monitoring of the school's development (supervision and observation). 7. Provide priority for the rights and responsibilities of students. 8. Practise creative and collaborative culture. 9. Create a safe and conducive learning environment. Types of Effective and Ineffective Schools Stoll and Fink (1996), Rosenholtz (1985) and Hopkins et al. (1994) labeled the successful and effective schools as moving and cruising schools, while the less successful schools and ineffective schools were called the struggling, strolling and the sinking schools (Figure 1). A sinking school is a low performing school and teachers and students are having attitudes problems and always blame others as the cause of their failure (Hopkins et al . 1994). The sinking school requires a drastic change in leadership and school culture as well as a variety of assistance to be given to save the schools from drowning. A struggling school is an ineffective school but all parties in this school realize the situation and strive to improve it (Rosenholtz, 1985). A strolling school is a medium school in terms of academic achievement. This type of school attempts to move towards effectiveness, but lack of strength to cope with the rapid pace of change and some of teachers are experiencing 'burn out'. A cruising school is an excellence school 131 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) which maintained the school's performance but there is no initiative taken to upgrade the pupils' potential. While a moving school is an effective school which succeeds in raising the achievement of excellence (in all areas) that far exceeds the expectations of their students and citizens. The leaders and teachers are moving together to increase the school performance, effective schools must be followed by other schools in Malaysia, to assist the MOE to achieve the third NKRA of wider access for a quality and affordable education. Figure 1. Types of schools. (Stoll and Fink (1996) , Rossenholtz (1989) Hopkins et al. (1999) ) An Effective School Leadership Principals or headmasters have a great influence over the organizational excellence and achievement in schools. Research has noted the pivotal role and the significant influence of the school leaders ( Geisjel et al. , 2003; Deal & Peterson, 2009). Effective schools need effective leaders to govern them or problems will occur in the organizations (Elmore,2002; Hussein, 2008; Alimuddin, 2006). Effective schools require the leaders to be intelligent in performing their duties and responsibilities. Effective leaders are able to transform an organization from its existing static state to a dynamic state by using effective methods or practices with an intention to be achievement oriented. Many researchers acknowledge the leadership style and practices of school leaders are different. Many studies have been made about the leadership of successful schools in the context of diversity. One of the largest and well known research on successful school leadership practices is ISSPP Project. This project implemented by Day, Harris, Hadfield, Tolley and Beresford (2002), is composed of three phases involving fourteen countries in the world, England, Canada, United States, Australia, Denmark, Norway, 132 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Australia,Sweden, China ,Cyprus, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand and Turkey. This project involved more than 100 case studies from various perspectives and an overview of successful leaders (ISSPP, 2011, 2010; Raihani, 2007). Qualitative methods were used and the findings from this study show significant features of successful school leaders from selected countries. From the finding of the earlier ISSPP study, successful school leaders are inclined to adopt a Transformational Leadership dimension introduced by Leithwood et al. (2003) with three main dimensions as follows: 1. Setting direction 2. Development of people 3. Redesigning the organization. Studies conducted by Raihani (2007) in several effective schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, found that there is a dominant leadership style among principals of the selected schools, Transformational Leadership of Leithwood et al. (2003). Based on the study of educational leadership, the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) performed by Day, Harris, Hadfield, Tolley and Beresford (2002), Raihani (2007) has used qualitative methods and interviewed principals, teachers, students and parents of the three schools involved, and he found that the findings are relevant to the study of ISSPP, however there is an element of religion (Islam) and cultural beliefs and values, that were found to be strong among the principals which influenced their actions in carrying out their duties as a leader. By using the same methodology used by the project ISSPP, several researchers from other countries have made the study on effective and successful school leadership. The study by Mulford & John (2004), in the form of case studies in Tasmania, Australia found that the principals’ personal set of beliefs and values were the basis for their leadership practices. These beliefs and values led the principals in their decisions and actions regarding supports and capacity building provided both for individual people in the school and for the schools as organizations that include school culture and structure. The researchers found that the leadership proposed by Leithwood et al. (2003) is the most dominant in the practice of leadership by the school leaders of the effective and excellence schools. The study by Gur, Drysdale & Mulford (2006) in the Victorian schools, Australia, confirmed the findings of Leithwood et al. (2000, 1999, 2003, 2002), Hallinger & Heck (1998), MacBeath et al. (1998), and Day et al. (2000) regarding successful school leadership practices and developed 'a contemporary model of educational leadership'. Gurr, Drysdale and Mulford (2006) then constructed 'Australian Model of Successful Principal Leadership' derived from the 14 Australian case studies (nine Victorian and five 133 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Tasmanian). In this model, principals exert an influence on student outcomes (broadly conceived) through a focus on teaching and learning which is driven by their own values and vision, an agreed school vision, elements of transformational leadership, and increasing school capacity, across four dimensions (personal, professional, organisational, and community), taking into account and working within the school context, and using evidencebased monitoring, and critical reflection to lead to change and transformation. The study by Wang (2010) explored the characteristics and practices of the principals in four effective primary schools in Singapore. He adopted a multi-perspective case study methodology of ISSPP, in which semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from principals, teaching and nonteaching staff, students, parents and School Management Committee/ School Advisory Committee members. Wang (2010) found that the principals in Singapore have contributed significantly to success of their schools and their leadership was underpinned by their personal qualities, beliefs and values, which guided their practices. From the study Wang (2010) developed a model of 6Es- Educate, Envision, Energize, Engage, Enable and Embrace and confirmed the findings of Leithwood et al. (2000, 1999, 2003). In reviewing previous literature studies, Leithwood, Day, Sammon, Harris and Hopkins (2006) found that successful school leadership involves four main dimensions ( Figure 2). Following the discovery of 'new dimension', a case study 'across country' in ISSPP was made. Leithwood et al. (2007) have obtained an evidence relevant to the literature and said there is an additional practice for successful school leadership which is managing the instructional program and it has been proved that practices of successful leadership of school leaders influence on the school success. Managing The Instructional Program Setting Direction SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL PRINCIPALS Developping People Redesigning The Organization Figure 2. Transformational Leadership Model (Leithwood et al. 2007) 134 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Leadership Practices of Effective Schools In Malaysia In an effort to realize a world-class education system and to create Malaysia as a centre of excellence for knowledge, the existence of an effective school like HPS is the best alternative to achieve ( MOE, 2011, 2012). High Performance Schools (HPS) are defined as effective schools with ethos, character and a unique identity enabling them to excel in all aspects of education. To qualify as HPS, stringent criteria must be met including academic achievement, alumni strength, international recognition and a strong network of external relationships. The HPS are entitled to get a lot of benefits. Each effective school (HPS) will received an allocation of RM700,000 yearly from the government of Malaysia. They are given special allocations, incentives and training for leaders, teachers and non-academic staff . The HPS are also given an autonomy in curriculumn, financial and human resources management and student intake. On January 25, 2010, MOE announced the HPS from 20 selected effective schools for the selection of the first phase ( ten boarding schools, four secondary schools and six primary schools). In the second phase (in 2011), a total of 32 schools (two secondary schools, eleven boarding schools, eight primary schools and two primary schools) and followed by another 14 effective schools in 2012 for the third phase. There are only 66 effective schools were selected to get the recognition as HPS from the 10,000 schools in Malaysia (MOE, 2010, 2011, 2012 ). There is a difference between a school performance from selected effective schools compared with other schools in Malaysia, even though schools that have not been selected may have better facilities and are more sufficient, or at least have equal facilities of selected effective schools. Sekolah Kebangsaan Ulu Lubai’s admission to the ranks of HPS is a very good example. It is a small rural school with six classrooms and fewer than 40 pupils in the middle of the jungle in the district of Limbang, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is so remote and isolated that it was closed in 1974 as no one was willing to teach in the school and only reopened in 1977. But it has recorded 100 per cent passes in the Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) exam for five consecutive years since 2006 and occupies top spot in the primary school ranking. In fact, it is an award-winning school that has garnered some 47 prizes at the district, state, national and international levels. Principals and head masters are the civil servants who are responsible for leading schools to function professionally and effectively. Fullan,2001 ; Harris, 2002, 2003; Abdul Shukor Abdullah 2004, stated that they have an important responsibility. In order to carry out their jobs, principals and the headmasters must equipped themselves with great 135 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) leadership, knowledge, skills and positive attitude. They are also need to be proactive and committed to their works. Theirweaknesses in leadership will prevent the management of schools to function more effectively. Among the major weaknesses are the practices of leadership, that always refers to the bureaucratic model which makes them ambiguous about their role as leaders who need to generate the commitment of teachers for their school. From the studies made by Foo Say Fooi (2003) and Azlin (2006), there are principals in Malaysia who still support the classical management model as the best model for managing and leading the schools. They are more likely to adopt an autocratic leadership style through a formal rule, ignoring the psychological needs of teachers and staff, there is no consensus on a strong, heavily emphasized academic achievement that ignored the role of a leader who is able to generate human quality capital for the purpose of educational development (Chan Yuen Fook , 2004; Herbet , 2006). In discussing the issue of the inadequacy of leadership in Malaysia, Ariffin (2001); Nor Ashikin (2008) and Vishalache (2005) also reported that most of the principals in this country practice one-way communication, no opportunity is given to the teachers and other school staff to make decisions. Relationships with teachers are very limited resulting in less interaction, which does not implement the autonomy of teachers and allows little or no time for professional development programmes to be conducted. There are also some principals who get over involved in the school's administration, spend too much time in the office, attend meetings and answer phone calls however they ignore the importance of instructional processes or programmes in schools. The above findings warrant a detailed analysis of the leadership practices of effective schools, in order to create a model and set guidelines for principals to produce a vision credible of making the quality of their schools world class in leadership. What are the practices of an effective school leadership in Malaysia? Based on the characteristics of an effective school in Malaysia, the most dominant leadership style among principals of effective schools is Transformational Leadership proposed by Leithwood et al. (2007). To achieve effective schools, it is necessary for the principals or headmasters of the schools to apply the best leadership practices on four main dimensions of successful school leadership (Figure 3) suggested by Leithwood et al. (2007), as follows: Setting Direction In managing a school in Malaysia, it is important for school leaders to set direction, determine the vision and goals of the organization. The 136 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) effective school leaders set the direction by identifying and articulating a school vision, framing and communicating school goals, creating high performance expectations, and motivating others through creating purpose or establishing a school mission (Hallinger, 2003; Leithwood et al. , 2009). According to Jamil et al. , 2009; King et al. 2001; Leithwood et al. , 2007; Blase et al. , 2010; Raihani 2007; Mc Ewan, 2003; Hill, 2002, effective schools leaders ensure all citizens share, understand the vision clearly and strive to ensure that each action is relevant to achieve the vision. They accept responsibility and accountability for promoting and achieving the vision and mission. There are several strategies for communicating the mission and vision of the school to the staff, students, and parents. For the staff to receive communications effectively the school leaders should have opendoor policies, social events, effective staff meetings, build leadership teams, have one-on-one conversations with teachers, issue bulletins and newsletters, and by being a visible presence in the building. Personal involvement and interaction with students, school assemblies, being a role model, school newsletters and other written communications with students are important in communicating the mission and vision. Parents are also a major factor in student success and must have a sense of the school mission and vision (Cotton et al. , 2003). Principals may communicate the mission and vision of the school through letters to parents, newsletters, web sites, board and other community meetings, parent teacher conferences and other activities. Leaders also need to wisely develop strategies to increase school performance and to develop high performance expectations. School leaders in addition should be able to analyze and understand the internal and external context of schools and act as they were arranged or planned accordingly. Developing People Successful and effective school leaders in Malaysia are not born naturally they are created after gaining a lot of training and experience as well as through the process of self-improvement and lifelong learning (Hussein, 2007). They should take responsibility for their personal performances , performance of all school staff and the school's organization. Outstanding leaders constantly seek to improve themselves by acquiring the knowledge and skills of anything new and useful. They are always proactive, committed, creative, 'think out of box', and strive to improve the performance of themselves, and at the same time, they assist to improve the performance of their subordinates and school organization. 137 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) SETTING DIRECTION *Vision , goal and directions * Develop strategies for school improvement *Analyse internal and external context and develop high performance expectation LEADERSHIP KNOWLEDGE SKILLS ATTITUDE EFFECTIVE SCHOOLS LEADERS ORIENTATION COMMITMENT DEVELOPING PEOPLE *Intellectual stimulation * Individual support * Professional development *Lead by example (value & positive practices) REDESIGNING ORGANIZATION *Develop creative culture *Collaborative culture *Condusive and safe school environment *Relation ( Internal & external) *‘network’ ( School / institutes locally and internationally) *Making decision together HPS MANAGING INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM *Focus on teaching and learning process *Managing curriculum *Observation and evaluation on teaching activity *Reward/ incentive *Support for pupils learning process Figure 3. Model of Effective Schools Leadership Practices in Malaysia. Effective leaders have skills to develop subordinates. They are able to stimulate the intellect of their subordinates, to offer individual support and show good example of the values of important and positive practices. Teacher development can happen in a number of ways, such as providing formal training, forming teacher study groups, modelling appropriate practices and developing Professional Learning Communities (PLC) ( Du Four et al. , 2009; Leithwood et al. , 2009). Additionally, effective school leaders 138 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) must examine the performance of teachers, give feedback regarding classroom instruction, make decisions about teachers' roles and along with performing teacher evaluations. Redesigning The Organization. School leaders must have knowledge and expertise to manage the organization and structure the organization with the needs and the changes of times. Effective school leaders are capable of building creative and collaborative cultures, create a conducive and safe environment in the school, allow subordinates to make decisions and create positive relationship with parents and the outside community (Halinger, 2005; Leithwood et al. , 2007; Blase et al. , 2010 ). The effective schools leaders create a positive and purposeful, environment, which is free from the threat of physical harm. Desirable student behaviors are consistently articulated and expectations are clear. Students and teachers help each other and what is best for all. This environment nurtures interaction between students and teachers that is collaborative, cooperative, and student centered. The school leaders' roles in building schools culture include developing the core values of the schools, communicating and modeling these values, rewarding and supporting behaviors that enhances the culture, and building traditions to perpetuate the school culture (McEwan, 2003 ; Ryan, 2009). The effective school leaders build trust and communication within the school, parents and community as they knew that forming partnerships with the parents and community enables all stakeholders to support the mission of the school and have the same goals and expectations. Relationship and collaboration between the effective school leaders and the community, whether internally or externally must be good. There is a sense that all have a responsibility to educate students, not just teachers and staff in schools. Families, as well as businesses, social service agencies, and community colleges or universities, all play a vital role in this effort. Without good relationship, certainly, there will be misunderstanding resulting in problems and the school's vision not being achieved (Yu et al. , 2002 ; Ghani, 2007; Aziah, 2008; Hussein, 2007; Leithwood et al. , 2007). Managing the Instructional Program. The effective school leaders are the "leader of the leaders" not the "leader of the followers. " They understand and apply the characteristics of instructional effectiveness in the management of the instructional program. Hallinger (2003) stated that one of the three factors that correlated with effective school principals is managing the instructional program. In a metaanalysis of effective leadership practices, the leadership function of planning, 139 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) coordinating, and evaluating teaching and the curriculum had one of the largest effects on student achievement (Wong , 2005 ; Reynolds et al. , 1996; Ryan, 2009 ; Hallinger et al. , 1998 ; Blase , 2004). Leithwood et al. (2007) have obtained a relevant evidence to the literature studied and said there is an additional practice for successful school leadership which is managing the instructional program. Although it is not expected that the principal becomes an expert in all subject matters or even spend much time in the classroom teaching, the principal is ultimately responsible for the school’s instruction. The responsibilities of effective school leaders associated with the instructional program include supervising and evaluating the classroom instruction, coordinating the curriculum, staffing the instructional program, providing resources, managing the committees and meetings, apply the best practices for instructional programme, and monitoring the students’ progress. The effective schools frequently measure academic student progress through a variety of assessment procedures. Assessment results are used to improve individual student performance and also improve instructional delivery. Assessment results will show that alignment must exist between the intended, taught, and tested curriculum. A study should be conducted to determine a clear picture of the effective school leadership practices in Malaysia. The aim of the study is to present a model of leadership practices among principals and headmaster of effective schools (HPS) that could be used as a guide or reference for other schools in Malaysia, mainly to school leaders in order to lead their schools effectively , excel and become the HPS in the near future. Thus the study will be able to assist the MOE's intention to realize the third NKRA by providing wider access to affordable and quality education (MOE, 2009, 2010, 2011). CONCLUSION A school is unable to achieve success and excellent performance if not for the efforts of all parties within the schools environment. The main reason that lead to the achievement of the success is the leadership of the principal or headmaster. Leadership is both a process and behaviour in which a leader apply certain actions to influence others to work on a voluntary basis and to work together towards achieving the objectives of the group or organization. To perform the duties of a leader is not an easy task as they have to take responsibility for leading the school towards achieving excellence and high performance. Based on the characteristics of effective schools, the most dominant leadership style among principals of effective and sucessful schools is Transformational Leadership of Leithwood et al. (2007). To achieve a successful and effective school is a must for the principal or headmasters of the school to practice the best and excellence leadership. 140 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) REFERENCES Abdul, Shukor Abdullah. (1988). 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Journal of Educational Administration, 40 (4), 368-389. 144 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PROFESSIONAL TEACHER IS A DREAM, HOPE OR REALITY Khairil Ansari1, Wy Dirgayasa2 State University of Medan, Medan, Indonesia1, 2 [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT In the last five years, many societal components such as politicians, government officers, bereauctrats, businesspersons, or even common groups of people comment the existance of the teacher. Many of them appreaciate and support them but not few of them criticize, or even blame them. That is why, it can be simply said that recently, teacher with its numerous atributes has become one of the nationwide hot issues. We can see that every day, media either printed, electronic or even online ones inform and expose the two facets of the teacher. The point is, a professional teacher is neccessary for the shake of education quality. To do so, the government has to response with a number rules, regulations and policies, and any other relevant actions in order to produce teachers’ professionalism because it is generally acknowledged that the quality of education mostly depends on teachers. If the government has a seerious and strong political will and then teachers are strongly affording to reach their professionalism, then the professional teacher is not a matter of dream or hope but a real fact in the near future. As a result, a golden generation will come true at the moment of a 100 year Indonesia aniversary. Keywords: professional teacher, dream, hope, reality INTRODUCTION At the early of the ‘enlightment’ 98 up to mid of 2000s, goverment did not care optimally about the education sector. Education, in general still became less important and the forgot sector. It is a fact that the government still much focused on economic investment or ‘economy of goods’ (Makagiansar, 2002) rather than human investment or ‘knowledge economy’ in order to generate economic income. This reality can be traced back from the government funding for education in which education sector just received less 10% of the total National Budgent Income Expenses. 145 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Then, gradually, the government is seriously aware of the importance of education in a national development perspectives Then, it becomes one of national development priorities. The government always affords hard to alocate more budget for education. This reality is not only due to the government’s will but it is also in line with the Law No 23 2003 about National Education System. In line with this, goverment is amanded to budget 20% of total National Budgent Income Expenses (APBN). Even though, the education has become one of the top national priorities development, education faces many contraints, handicaps, and problems. Education has not yet reached its main objectives as approved the Law No 23 2003. The real condition of education is still a big problem. Some of the main problems are as follows: First, as a matter of fact, every year many students fail from National Examination (NE) either from elementary school or up to high school. It also generally known that NE does not run well because some problems arise such as a massive cheating, unfairness, untruthworthiness, plagiarism, system of the distribution of test items, division of power and policies among the governement bodies, and large amount expenses etc. Up to present, frankly said that, the National Examination is still the controversial issue among the stakeholders. Second, the link and match program orsystem does not work optimally yet, so that the graduates are not ready to work at the workplace after having graduated from colleges or universities. Third,education doesn not bring a significant contribution the human index. Http://desireminsa. multiply. com/journal/item/3?&show_interstitial =1&u=%2Fjournal%2F item reports that Indonesian Human Index Development (HDI) is really low. Its rank is only 107 of 177 countries surveyed in the world. If it is compared toASEAN countries, Indonesia is absoloutly far left behind Malaysia 63, Tailand 78, and Singaopre 25. Indonesia is little bit higher than its neighbour Timor Leste 150, and Papua Nugini 145. Fourth,in term of human character, education has been not able to create the students having good characters. As a result not few students invloved in the school fighting, drug abuse, sexual crime, and the like. Then, it could be said that education has been able to ‘humanize the human. ” Also, in many respects, sometimes students do not respect their teachers anymore, so the slogan “guru kencing berdiri dan murid kencing berlari” might be “guru kencing berdiri dan murid mengencingi guru?” Finally, the most current data show that the average score of the Prelimenary Competence Test (Uji Kompetensi Awal-UKA)-a pre-requisite for joining the Education and Training for Teacher Profession (PLPG) program is only reaching 41,25 in a national average. It is only little bit higher than of 30 146 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) as national passing grade. So it can be said that it is still regarded relatively low and unsatisfying. Overall, it is apparantly clear that teacher becomes the main problem for the quality of the education in the country. From time to time, teacher and its diverse atributes and a huge bruden become a non-stop and a nationwide discussion and talk among the stakeholders. This shows that teacher is the front ‘spear’ and plays absloutely important and strategy for prusuing the quality of the education. This paper is trying to present how to produce professional teacher in order to meet the rules, regulationsand the needs of the market from two perspectives. REVIEWING THE NATURE OF TEACHERS Historically, the meaning of ‘teacher’ is really different from time to time. For example, in the late of 14 century, the word ‘teacher’ is also called ‘school teacher. ’ In French language it is equal to ‘pedagogue’ meaning ‘teacher for children. ’ In Latin language-it is called ‘paedagogus’ meaning ‘slave who escorted children to school and generally supervised them,’ or later from Greek-it is ‘paidagogos’ from ‘pais’ or ‘paidos’ meaning ‘child’ and ‘agogos’ meaning ‘leader. ’ In the era of Hinduism, teacher is similar to the word ‘guru’ or ‘gooroo’ meaning ‘priest’ or a learned man, master, teacher. ’ Or from Sanskrit it means ‘payndita-s ‘a learned man, scholar,” Actually, the word ‘Guru’ (Devanagariगरु ु ) is a Sanskrit term for "teacher" or "master", especially in Indian religions. The Hinduguru-shishya tradition is the oral tradition or religious doctrine transmitted from teacher to student. Then, it is defined as one to be honored and has heavy burden and tasks. In line with teacher role and task, Hansen (1995) in Suparno (2003) calls teacher as a “call of life” viewed from two perspectives-helping, developing, meeting other people and developing and meeting the needs of the teacher itself. In Indonesian culture, the teacher can be traced back during the Tarumanagara, Majapahit or even Sriwijaya kingdoms. The word teacher (guru) is associated with one of the Hindu’s godess or one of the Ciwa’s names-Batara Guru. Batara Guru in Hinduism plays very important power and role. Batara guru is really respected and honeredby others. Then, in Javanese culture, there is a signficant term-‘soko guru. ’ ‘Soko’ means ‘pilar’ and ‘guru’ means ‘supreme’ or ‘main,’ so that the ‘soko guru’ means ‘main pilar’ standing or supporting theheavy burdern of the building or house. Then, it can be seen that the teacher has heavy burdens and tasks to do and hassupport honnerd and holy burdens. Later on, the teacher (guru) is sometimes added with particle “sang” to be ‘sang guru’ or 147 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) the ‘majesty teacher’. This happens because the teacher has supreme, honored and holytasks. Then after, it is commonly asocciated with that of the statement ‘if the pilar is damage the house is damaged too. Therefore, it is relavant to say that if the teacher is having poor manner and quality, the students will be having a bad manner and low achievement. Consequently, the future of a country will be only ruins forever (Aqib, 2009). In accordance to the power of teacher and the high or supreme position of the teacher, in literary term, the teacher is identical with the leader. Hareva in his book “ Berguru ke Matahari” Aqib (2009) associates and symbolzes the teacher as a leader into eight planets characters such as sun, moon, star, sky, wind, fire, ocean, and land. Those names are having different characters, tasks, and orientions. THE CURRENT TEACHER REALITY As generaaly well-informed that teacher and its diverse and huge burdens become one of the nationwide issues in the last five years. Teacher becomes a matter of idol having the goods and bad sides. There are some keywords showing the contradictory existing situation or reality at present. If we trace far back, it is fairly justified that the entry behavior of teachers are not really promising and high. Most of them have low entry behavior when they study at universities or colleges. This happens because most of them come from second or third class high schools. Besides, they also have low motivation and low moderation economic incomes, and so forth. In short, the teachers are from ‘disadventageous’ people. For them, to be teacher is not a matter of ‘call’ but a matter of ‘best of the worst choice. ” Nowadays, many teachers are regarded to have low competences, they do not have good and reliable competences either professional, pedagogic, social or personal competences as approved by the Law of Republic of Indonesia No: 14 2005 about Teacher and Lecturer Law. This can be proved that, there is a signficant percentage of teacher who do not pass from the Education and Training for Teacher Profession (PLPG) program. This condition is also supported by the current data from Prelimenary Competence Test (Uji Kompetensi Awal-UKA) showing that their competences are really low reaching 41,25 in average for national scale. Then, it is also stated that only 50,1% of teacher is feasible to be certified in the year of 2012 (Rakerda, 2012). In addition, the data from Research and Development, Ministry of Education show that only 28,94% of elementry school teacher either state or private is regarded to feasibale and reliable to teach, for high school teachers, it is about 57,6%b in average, whereas for senior high school, it 148 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) reaches 65,1%, and vocational school is lower than senior high school reaching 57,08%. The data above show that the qualities of teachers continuously need improving and enhancing. In line with Law of Republic of Indonesia No 14 2005 about Teacher and Lecturer, it is clearly stated that government should increase the teacher income. But until now, government can not meet the need of the law in term of income and salary optimally yet as approved by the law. As a result, many people think that the teachers are still regarded to earn relative low income. However, in the last five years, teachers’ income is regarded relatively much better than five years ago before the certification. Factually, not many teachers can and or are eager to improve their competences gradually and continously eventhough they have already gained the certification wages. This phenomena shows that they still are lack of money for traininng and education funded by themselves or they are not having serious will to improve their own competences. The latest issue of the lack of competences of the teachers can be seen and justifed form the result of portfolio and Education and Training for Teacher Profession (Pendidikan dan Latihan Profesi Guru-PLPG). During the portfolio system for certification, many teachers could not meet the minimum standard requirement needeed by the standards. Then, not few of them had to follow the Education and Training for Teacher Profession program. When they join the program, the teachers passing the program still are not satisfying. Consequently, they have to retake part the Education and Training for Teacher Profession (Pendidikan dan Latihan Profesi Guru-PLPG) untill they really reach the standards determined. The low competences of teachers are not really only caused by their low entry behavior, motivation and their other influencing variable, but also it is due to lack of education and training provided by the government or private institutions. Only small number of teachers can take part in education and training conducted by the government or private. The government have limited time, space and budget for conduncting education and training for them. Beside that, it seems that teacher do not have a strong commitment and will to improve themselves by their own budget. Observaing the real phenomana, it seems that teachers still misunderstanding about the certification. Most of them taught that the extra income is used for improving the quality of life in term of consumer goods and other relevant usages. In fact, referring to the Law No. 14 2005, it is used for improving the teacher professionalism such as study, education and training, seminar, workhsop, and other properties related to pursuing their competences as teachers. 149 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) In term of characters, it is generally known that many teacher ethics, teachers still show their bad characters which are not in accordance to their codes of ethichs of teacheer, relgious norms, or even social norms in the society. The slogan “guru ditiru dan digugu” is not optimally implemented yet by them. Still, some teachers along the countries are doing outlaw and bad manners such as plagiarism, violancein the classroom or school, sexual harrasment or abuse, or even corruption, etc. Again if we observe in our daily neighborhood, I think teachers have lost their powers, supremes or even bergaining positions in the society. Teachers lost their respects and honors from the students and society member as well. The root is, I think it is due to their low income, low social status, and lack of professional and sense of proudness as well as their daily manner in the society. This phenomena is contradictory with slogan that teacher is an educated people and normatively their status are also regarded good and should be honored and respected by the poeple. TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM Etimologically, the word professional is dervied from profession. It refers to a job needing a specific and advanced education, skill and competence (Webster, 1996). Then, the word professional means to be capacity to perform with realible skill that which is possed Middelton in http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com. Historically, the subject of professionalism is often referred to in the medical literature, but the word itself is rarely defined—and it is assumed that physicians understand what it means to be a professional and use this understanding as they make decisions in their private and professional lives Cruess in http://www. bmj. com. In medical domain, for example, the concept of professionalism must be grounded both in the nature of a profession and in the nature of physicians' work. Attributes of medical professionalism reflect societal expectations as they relate to physicians' responsibilities, not only to individual patients but also to wider communities as well. The author identifies behaviors that constitute medical professionalism and that physicians must exhibit if they are to meet their obligations to their patients, their communities, and their profession. Then, Dempsey in Hoffman et al (1997) states that professionalism is about shared professionals and clients, professionals and knowledge, professionals and colleagues, and professional and the publics which ultimately grant symbolic authority to a profession. In a wider context, many of the discussions have been somewhat amorphous, because the word professionalism carries with it so many connotations, complexities, and nuances. It has virtually lost its meaning 150 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) because it is so widely used. Different groups have used the word differently and for different purposes. Perhaps professionalism is like pornography: easy to recognize but difficult to define Herbert M. D in http://journals. lww. com/academicmedicine/Abstract/2000/06000/Towar_a_Normative_ Definition_of_Medical. 10. aspx. So what is meant by be professional for the teacher? Teacher professionalism is an artifact broadly created and produced by teachers, students, administrators, and policy-makers, and anyone who participates in the construction of what we called ‘teacher. ’ However, it seems that in the sense of teaching, a professional teaching qualification does not make you a professional, in the true sense of the word. Belonging to a particular profession does not automatically guarantee that the service you provide, is a professional one Dempsey in Hoffman et al (1997) . Also, professional is defined as job or profession or activities done by someone and become livehood or source of living which need skill and expertise then meet quality standard and specific norms and need professional education (Musclich, 2007). In indonesian context, teacher is a professional educator whose main job is to educate, teach, guide, lead, train, and evaluate the students for early education up to high education Law No. 14 2005. In line with professionalism, Sanjaya (2005) proposes the professionalism at least meet the following indicators: a)comprehensive knowledge of a certain science, b)specific expertise of a certain expertise, c)level of expertise in line with ducational background, and d)social impact toward society. In line with teacher professionalism, Soetjipto and Kosasi (2000) proposes the professional teacher should have professional attitudes such as a)attitude toward law and regulation, and policies related to education and teacher, b)professional organization, c)peer review, d) students, e)workplace, f)leader (school master), and e)profesion itself. Those components and variables will much influence the existance of the teahers as professional profession. HOW TO BE PROFESSSIONAL TEACHER? The answer of the question above is simply answered ‘may be yes may no. ” It depends on government, House of Representatives or other related interest bodies, and teachers themselves. Theoritcally and emprically, the professsional teachers or teacher professional should be viewed from two different approches. In line with professional teacher, Ramly in his book entitled “Guru Kaya-” Rich Teacher in (Aqib, 2009) tries to draw a matter of illustration how professional and rich teacher is produced or created. He 151 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) associates the usage of north pole and south pole. The south pole is the responsible of the government together with the House of People of Representatives and the north pole is filled in by the teacher itself. These two poles mush works sinergically and integratedly in order to produce the professional teachers. The South Pole Domain The first approach or it is called the south pole side. It is in the government and House of Representative hands. Both of the bodies have to work hand in hand and sinergically to make laws, rules, regulations, and other related policies which can create and produce professional teachers. I think so far, the government and House of Representative have produced a number of adquate significant and contributive laws, rules and regulations dealing to education and teacher such as Law of National Education System No. 20, 2003, The Law of Lecturer and Teacher No, 14, 2005 and a number of goverment rules and regulations and Ministrial rules and regulation such as government regulation No. 74, 2008 about the teacher, Ministrial regulation No. 16, 2007 about educator standard and so forth. Those instruments seemingly are adequate enough to govern and to execute how to produce, create, and improve continously the future professional. However, to be practical and and implementive, some breakthroughs can be done by goverment, especiallly the Ministry of Education and Culture or particular institutions which are in charge of teacher education and teaching training. Even though the laws, rules and other relevant policies have been made and implemented, it seems that some alternatives and options proposed in this paper need to be considered for the shake of the teacher professionals. Students Recruitment System It is a determining and crucial phase for creating professional teacher. The government, in particular teacher trainging institution or university may need revising and improving its selectin system so that the teacher candidates really are having good input. During the recruitment, the number of candidates (students) need to be limited and adjusted with the facilities and resources available. Selection system must be tightly done. If necessary, the interview test and pscycho test may really help to provide students as candidates for teachers. This will provide potential and qualified candidate who are not only having good intelectual competence but also are having social and personal compentences. 152 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Then, the schoolarship should continously be done for the students who want to be teachers. By schoolarship, the economically disaventagous student but academically potential could be selected optimally. Observing the current phenomana, it is apparently a good moment that teacher professions is rising and people are enthusiatically responding the current teacher profession in Indonesia. Curriculum During the teaching and learning process, the candidates of teachers are set in a such typical system. For instance, It is a public secret that students who study in teacher training institution or university have lower competences than non teacher training insitution. In this case, the subject matter content should be enlarged and extended in such way so that they have adeqaute competence of the subject matter. Then, it is also urgent to give students soft skills in order to support their hard skill. In addition, to response the current circumstance, the students also need training for personal development. In addition, the students also prepared to be critical thinkers. So far, they are just provided knowledge and skill what to teach and how to teach. Limited Institution Government should be aware that to produce the pontential and professional teachers is not easy, simple, and cheap. It costs a lot money, investment and ridig requirements and standards. Therefore, the opening of the private teaching institution or university should be redesigned in order to meet the standard institution. In other word, the government should strictly regulate the opening of the institution producing the teachers. However, Responding the high demand of teachers lately, still the government may open state or private teacher training with high standards and requirements. Boarding School Boarding school or boarding system may lead candidates to have good disciplines and responsibility. This situation, then also promotes spirit of corps, integraty, loyalty to the work dedicated. Boarding school aslo creates the candidates to be having better moral, ethics and norms. At last, by this system, the disorder manners such as crime, drug abuse, other societal disharmonies could be minimized. 153 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Teaching Practice (PPL) Teaching practice at school (PPL) is a must for teacher candidate. It is the time and place in which they prove they have mastered the four comptences. PPL provides them real and factual experiences of the teaching and learning process. However, it seems that the PPL conducted by institution is not really adequate in term of time. Teacher candidate are not having enough time to develop their competences. For this reason, time alocation for PPL should be extended ranging 6 months to one year. Sarjana Mendidik di Daerah Terdepan, Terluar dan Tertinggal (SM3T) Program (Graduates teaching at the frontier and underdeveloped area) In order to response the intensive high demand for professional teachers in the last five years, government has done a very significant breakthrough named Sarjana Mendidik di Daerah Terdepan, Terluar dan Tertinggal(SM3T) Program since last year- a kind of progam facilitating and providing fresh graduates to develop and implement their competences in real remote area. It is a one year program. It seems that program is trully relevant and beneficial to promote future professional teachers. Teacher Profession Education (Pendidikan Profesi Guru-PPG ) It is the second breakthrough done by the government lately for producing professional teacher. Teacher Profession Education program is a matter of higher education after graduating in order to prepate the graduates having profession with specific skills and expertises. Then, this program also recruits the graduates having serious and potential interest so that they master national standars for teacher. Then, they are also provided professional teacher certificate. Teacher Profession Education takes place for a year. After joining teacher profession education program, they are automatically nominated as professional teacher with a number of atributes in it. Salary and Income It is commonly know that most people are choosing types of job due to salary and income they earn. The higher salary and income provided by any type of job, usually only short-listed people could afford, particularly who have high intellectuality. Can be a teacher having high salary and income? Again, it is in the government and House of Representative’s hand. If the two institutions have strong political will, some day teacher become big 5 professions (doctor, engineer, lawyer, accountant) which attract potential 154 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) candidatges either intellectually, emotionally or spiritually. And someday, to be a teacher will be the first choice for the young poeple? Education and Training Teacher is not ‘tukang’who just teaches and follows the model designed totally, he is an architect and artist because they must always improve, inovate and create their own new dan creative model of teaching, art of teaching, material improvement, evaluation and the like. In doing so, education and training is a must. Education and training must always be executed continously and consistantly after they have been teachers or even they have teachers for years. It is known that Education and training can refresh and rejuvenate all teachers’ potentials either professional competence, pedagogy, social and personal. By having education and training, there will be no slogan for the teacher “I have taught for years but I teach the same thing and the same method, and the style for years. ” Teacher Recruitment System During the autonomy era, it seems that there is something wrong with teacher recruitment. It is issued that the recruitment of civil servent teacher is colored and indicated with nepotism and collusion. This leads to misrecuitment in which many potential candidiate teachers are not selected. In addition, this selection also creates unproportional distribution of the teachers in terms of skills, geography, and other relevant variables. Now, it is the time in which the teacher recruitment system need revising and improving. The North Pole Domain The sayings “No body perfect” seems right, however, it is nothing to loose, if we (teachers) will be pursuing to be perfectionists. That is why, the teachers from their own intrisinct and extrisinct motivation and inner spirit as well, must always afford hard to be perfect and professional. As stated by Ramly, with his term the north pole is the teachers’ hand. The north pole must be filled in by the teachers themselves. They have to work hard and smartly in order to be professional teachers. For example, they are building mental confident, 2)blessing of the offering, 3)eager to change destiny and fate, 4)keep harmony and pray to God, 5)be always optimitistic for the shake of job, and 6)afford to build that teacher is honored and be supreme profession. 155 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) In http://www. wikihow. com/Be-a-Professional-Teacher/3/4/2012 states that in the sense of practicality and implementation, to be a professional teachers, they should do something like 1)inspire the trust of your clients - the students and parents. Create a good first impression from day one of the academic year, 2)Dress like a professional. It is important for teachers to dress tastefully. Revealing clothes are the number one "no-no" for female teachers. Male teachers should remember that a tie and jacket worn to work, can easily be removed should the need arise. Teachers should arrive at work, looking the part. Then, to be fasionalable, for a teacher is a must because the teacher in the class is an ‘artist. ’ He becomes a center object for the students. Besides that, having a dandy dress shows that the teacher is ready and confident to teach. This also contributes significant effect to the students motivate and encorage themselve to learn optimally, 3) Follow procedures and the protocol expected at your school. 4)Treat your colleagues and supervisors with respect. Model respect for authority for your students and gaining their respect will be much easier for you, 5)Embrace change. A professional teacher will not be a doomsayer and throw cold water on new ideas or suggestions for positive change. A professional will not vocalise negative thoughts like "That will never work at this school", 6)Treat your students with respect. Follow the maxim "Do unto others. " Never publically humiliate or belittle your students. Do not discuss their results or grades in front of other students. Don't personalise issues with students. Leave their family, background, religion,behaviour, and personal circumstances out of public disciplinary processes and discussions. 7) Be a mentor not a friend. Model responsible adult values, exhibit self-control, choose your words carefully and consider the impact they may have on a particular student or group of students, 8)Consult parents. Try to include parents in the educational process and encourage their support of the school's disciplinary processes and procedures. Be polite and calm when dealing with parents. Keep reminding them that every discussion about the child needs to be undertaken with the child's best interests at heart, 9) Support your colleagues and school management. Walk the talk. Put the needs of the institution above your own. Remember you are one person in a group of professionals who share a common goal and vision, and 10) Keep abreast of education policy and legislation. In line with the professional teacher, in which the teacher must take responsiblities for his own way, http://www. unesco. or. id/reports/ National_Competency_Based_Teachers_Standard. pdf/ 1/5/2012 states some questions that must be kept and reflected by the teachers such as 1)“Can my students appreciate and model the value of learning through my 156 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) interactions with them?” or 2)“Do I create a consistent and orderly social climate and organization in the classroom for my students?” or 3)“Do my students feel that I am trying to help them learn, whatever their capabilities, learning styles,cultural heritage, socio-economic backgrounds, and other differences are?”, etc. It seems that the questions above show that the teacher must always do self-evaluation, self-reflection, and selftcontemplation whether their teaching and learning meet the students needs in any respects. Then, the self-evaluation, relflection, and contemplation must be done after teaching. The outcome of these activities can be used as references and sources of teaching and learning in order to continously improving the quality of teaching. Then, Brenda in http://www. esl-school. com/2/4/2012P/2 proposes some ways and tips to be professional teacher. She continues to state that a professional teacher needs to be confident without being arrogant, teachers should be able to feel that their professionalism entitles them to back-up from the school directors, and teacher should show professional standards of behavior because they interact other professionals. While in http://www. nswteachers. nsw. edu. au/Main-ProfessionalTeaching-Standards/1/5 /2012 stated that the standards are mapped to four key stages in a teacher's career. These four stages were established as a foundation for the future accreditation of teachers. They are graduate teacher- in this case, they have the commitment, enthusiasm and interpersonal skills to assume a professional role within schools and their broader communities and to contribute to the operations of a school as a whole, professional competence-this refers to that professionally competent teachers have demonstrated successful teaching experience. They have successfully undertaken an induction program and have met the standards for professional competence, professional accomplishment meaning that they are highly accomplished and successful practitioners. They are recognised by other teachers as having in-depth subject knowledge and pedagogy, and professional leadership refering to these teachers have a record of outstanding teaching and are committed to enhancing the quality of teaching and learning. They are committed educators who can articulate a vision of education to their students, peers, the profession and the wider community. In line with professionalism, Barnawi (2012) proposes some important things to do by the teacher to be professional such as 1) has a good communication either interpesonal and intrapersonal communication, 2) understand some Laws, rules and policies regarding to education in general, 3) has sense of humor, 4) able to operate ICT devices, etc, 5) has 157 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) always guide and encourage the students to be proud of their school, and so forth. CONCLUSION Based on the previous elaboartion and explantion, some important remarks could be summarized as follows: 1) Recently, it is a fact that the teacher profession is rising up and it reaching its momentous era that teacher now becomes an ‘idol’ among other professionals. It is now a good time for all teachers to redefine and repost their existance to be really professional so that all related stakeholders recognize and appreaciate their profession. It is known that teacher is a kind of ‘holy’ profession, a kind of ‘godess’ or ‘Batara’ with heavy burden. The teacher is a kind of plant enlighten the universe. So it is not really exaggeration to say that . . . ” most of the heaven occupants are teachers” Also we have to analyze the slogan “ =guru tanpa tanda jasa” to be “ guru dengan tanda jasa. ” 2) In line with professional teachers, to be a professional teacher, is not a simple and easy way, it takes time, it costs lost, it suffers a huge mentally and physically properties as well. In term of time, say for example, professional teacher will be produced with 6 six years or so-4 years during college, 1 year during the field practice, and 1 year for education and in campus for PPG program. 3) A teacher is not ‘ tukang’ but thinker, intellectual, and also archictect. He/she always improves and inovates in all aspects relating to education and teaching. For the teachers some hints to be remembered in order to strenghten our spirit to be professional teachers such as 1)professional status is not an inherent right, but is granted by society, 2)its maintenance depends on the public's belief that professionals are trustworthy, 3)to remain trustworthy, professionals must meet the obligations expected by society, 4)the substance of professionalism should be taught at all levels of medical education as part of the profession's response to changing societal expectations. 4) To be professional teacher nowaday is really possible. The government seems to have strong and serious will and committment to realize it. How ever, it is also supported by the teacher itself. Both parties apparantly have responsiblities for actualizing the future professsional and rich as well. 5) If what, the professional teachers can be produced withn five years, the golden generation at the moment of a 100 Indonesia aniversary could come true and consequently, the quality of education increses as well. 158 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Finally the status, the power and position of teacher is reaching its romantic moment as it was. REFERENCES Aqib, Zainal. (2009). Menjadi Guru Professional Berstandar Nasional. Bandung: Tyrama Widya. Asyirint, Gustaf. (2010). Langkah Cerdas Menjadi Guru Sejati Berprestasi. Yogyakarta: Bahtera Buku. Barnawi, (2012). Be A Great Teacher. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ar RRuzz Media. Hoffman E. Nancy et, all. (1997). Lesson from Restructuring Experiences: Story of changes in Professional development School. New York: New York University Press. http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 14678500. 1974. tb00814. x/abstract/3/4/2012. http://www. nswteachers. nsw. edu. au/Main-Professional-Teaching-Standards/1/5/2012. http://www. unesco. id/reports/National_Competency_Based_Teachers_Standard. pdf/1/5/2012. or. Makagiansar, Makaminan, (2002). Saling Asih, Saling Asuh, Saling Asah, Jakarta. Moedjiarto. (2001). Sekolah Unggul. Jakarta: CV. Duta Graha Pustaka Muslich, Mansur. (2007). Sertifikasi Guru Menuju Profesionalisme Pendidik. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Panduan Rapat Kerja Unimed. (2012). Soetjipto dan Kosasi. (2000). Profesi Keguruan. Jakarta: Rineka Karya. 159 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Suparno, Paul. (2003). Guru Demokratis di Era Reformasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Grasindo. Sylvia R Cruess. http://www. bmj. com/content/315/7123/1674. extract Professionalism must be taught. 160 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON TEACHER COMMITMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MIRI, SARAWAK Mohammed Sani Ibrahim1, Saedah Siraj2, Sii Ling3 Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [email protected]. my1, [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT A principal’s role is critical in sustaining or diminishing teacher commitment (Day, Elliot & Kington, 2005). Teacher commitment recorded at only average level in Malaysia (Sabariah et al. , 2002). The self-developed survey instrument was based on conceptual framework on transformational leadership (Bass & Rigglo, 2006), and teacher commitment (Dannetta, 2002). Quantitative survey method was employed and two hypothesized relationships were tested using a sample of 1014 trained teachers serving in twentyseven secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak. The findings showed either a direct or indirect relationship between transformational leadership and teacher commitment. They offer insights on how leadership practices affect teachers’ commitment. The findings necessitate for leadership development of school leaders to acquire transformational leadership qualities that are crucial in changing teachers’ attitude and improving their level of commitment. Future endeavors should compare these findings with similar predictors and criterion in other areas. Keywords: transformational leadership, teachers’ commitment, idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized stimulation INTRODUCTION A principal is the most powerful and influential individual in school. The role of a school principal is considered as the first and foremost important person in ensuring the effectiveness of the school and efficiency in running the school (Rahimah, 2004). Thus, educators and policymakers alike seek a frame for effective leadership that can produce sustainable school 161 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) improvement and continuous teacher commitment (Lambertz, 2002). Swanepoel, Erasmus, Van Wyk and Scheck (2000) argued that leadership style that encourages employees’ commitment is essential for an organization to successfully achieving their goal. The essence of school leadership was also highlighted by the Minister of Education Malaysia, Hishammuddin Tun Hussein, who delivered a speech addressing the school principals, educators and administrators from around Malaysia on 29 March 2005. ‘School leadership is absolutely crucial to energize and bring dynamism to our schools. It is the vital role of a school head to nurture professional growth and bring effective leadership to bear in schools. School heads must take the lead in forging a particular vision for each school that will energize teachers and motivate students. Besides, school heads and teachers should be empowered to make their schools excellent each in its own way’. It is definitely the utmost role of the most effective and dynamic school leadership that a school leader should take heed and adopt as it affects the level of teacher commitment in the education arena in Malaysia. School leadership has become a priority in education policy agendas internationally. It plays a key role in improving school outcomes by influencing the motivations and capacities of teachers, as well as the school climate and environment. Effective school leadership is essential for improving the efficiency and equity of schooling (Directorate for Education, Education and Training Policy Division, 2008). Educational research also indicates that leadership and teacher commitment are influential factors in school organizational and school effectiveness. School leadership is considered to be highly significant in influencing teachers’ levels of commitment to and engagement with new initiatives and reforms (Day, 2000; Fullan, 2002; Louis, 1998). Thus, school leaders are of crucial importance in establishing and maintaining connections between the new educational ideas and teachers’ existing passions and ideological framework. This is because school leaders are considered to be the interpreters and the connectors between the schools and the system’s goals and priorities and specific teacher practice (Elliott & Crosswell, 2001). Principals play a vital role in setting the direction for successful schools, but existing knowledge on the best ways to prepare and develop highly qualified candidates is sparse (Davis, Darling-Hammond, LaPointe & Meyerson, 2005). Furthermore, as the impact of leadership on student achievement became evident, policymakers placed greater pressures on principals. Rewards and sanctions affecting principals are increasingly common. 162 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Teske and Schneider (1999) pointed out that a number of studies emphasized the importance of transformative leadership for school principals (Conley, 1997; Fullan, 1996; Hord, 1992; Leithwood, Tomlinson & Genge, 1996; Reed & Roberts, 1998; Sergiovanni, 1992; Perez, et al. , 1999; Wood, 1998). It is significantly important for principals to embrace transformational leadership as it affects the level of teacher commitment. Principal’s leadership has great influence on school achievement quality, student achievement and teacher commitment (Ibrahim Mamat, 1998). Teacher commitment has been identified as one of the most critical factors in the success and future of education (Huberman, 1997; Nais, 1981). It contributes to teachers’ work performance, absenteeism, burnout and turnover, as well as having an important influence on students’ achievement in, and attitudes towards school (Firestone, 1996; Graham, 1996; Louis, 1998; Tsui & Cheng, 1999). Research on teacher commitment indicates that teachers with high levels of commitment work harder, demonstrate stronger affiliation to their schools, and more desire to accomplish the goals of teaching than teachers with low levels of commitment. Most importantly, students of highly committed teachers are more likely to obtain good grades in examinations (Graham, 1996). Research Problem School leadership is absolutely crucial to energize and bring dynamism to our schools. It is the utmost role of the most effective and dynamic school leadership that a school leader should adopt as it affects the level of teacher commitment in the education arena in Malaysia. It is significantly important for school principals to embrace transformational leadership as it affects the level of teacher commitment. Instructional and transactional leadership no longer work well in gaining teacher commitment in today’s modern era. The role of the principal is critical in sustaining teacher commitment by being attentive to personal and school context factors. Moreover, the principal’s role is equally critical in addressing the system context factors that diminish teacher commitment (Day, Elliot & Kington, 2005). An examination of the influence of school leaders on the process and outcomes of schooling is essential to the larger context of educational improvement. Therefore, the study of principal leadership can be informative to schools just as the study of leadership in other organizations is valuable to understanding organizational outcomes (Yukl, 2006). 163 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Secondary school principals’ service appointment in Malaysia Secondary school principals’ service appointment is based on academic qualification, years of service (time-based), performance (merit) which are recognized and approved by the State Education Department and the Management of Education Service Sector (National Education Service Commission). A principal must possess a first degree academic qualification and a teaching certificate recognized by the Ministry of Education in Malaysia. There are several categories of secondary school principals’ service appointment: DG41, DG44, DG48, DG52, DG54, and Jusa C recommended by the State Education Department and approved by the Ministry of Education. Secondary School Teachers’ Service Appointment in Malaysia Secondary school teachers’ service appointment is based on the academic qualification cum possession of a valid teaching certificate, years of service (time-based), performance (merit), and the service appointment which are recognized and approved by the State Education Department and the Ministry of Education. There are two categories of secondary school teachers namely trained non-graduate (DG29 or DG32) or trained graduate (DG41, DG44, DG48, DG52 and DG 54) serving in the secondary schools in Sarawak, Malaysia (National Education Service Commission). Statement Of The Problem The teaching role has been one of nurturing and developing students’ potential. However, teachers’ work today comprises a complex mix of various factors that include teaching, learning new information and skills, keeping abreast of technological innovations and dealing with students, parents and the community. These are demanding roles and there are growing concerns about teacher well-being and competence. In particular, teachers are experiencing increasing levels of attrition, stress and burnout (Pillay, Goddard & Wilss, 2005). Sabariah et al. (2002) in a research discovered an only average level of teacher’s organizational commitment in Malaysia. Besides, Fauziah et al. (2008) also discovered that teachers had low to moderate levels of professionalization in Malaysia. This unhealthy phenomenon alerts immediate and serious attention. Moreover, teachers’ commitment is reported to decrease progressively over the course of their teaching career (Fraser, Draper & Taylor, 1998; Huberman, 1993). The level of commitment is directly influenced by the principal’s leadership. Singh and Billingsley (1996) indicated the importance of principal leadership in enhancing teacher commitment and the effect principals can 164 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) have on teachers’ collegial relationship in a study. In addition, commitment to the workplace is becoming understood as a hallmark of organizational success (Rosenholtz & Simpson, 1990). Minimal research attention has been directed towards the relationship between transformational leadership practices and teacher commitment in secondary schools in Malaysia essentially in Sarawak. By examining this relationship in education institutions, we can increase our understanding on the importance of transformational leadership and its impact on the teachers’ commitment. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW Transformational Leadership Theory (Bass and Rigglo, 2006) First, ‘idealized influence’ leaders are role models for their followers. They are admired, respected, and trusted. Second, ‘inspirational motivation’ leaders motivate and inspire those around them by providing meaning and challenge to their followers’ work. Third, ‘intellectual stimulation’ leaders stimulate their followers’ efforts to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways. Fourth, ‘individualized consideration’ leaders pay special attention to each individual follower’s needs for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor. Teacher Commitment (Dannetta, 2002) ‘Organizational commitment’ includes the belief in and acceptance of organizational goals and values; willingness to exert effort on the organization’s behalf; and a desire to remain in the organization (Mowday, Steers, & Porter, 1982). ‘Commitment towards teaching profession’ is generally the degree to which one has a positive, affective attachment to one’s work (Coladarci, 1992; Firestone & Rosenblum, 1988). ‘Commitment towards student learning’ focuses on the degree to which teachers are dedicated to student learning regardless of the other issues that may be involved. Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment in Education Since the mid 1990s, the influence of transformational leadership in the educational sector has been the focal point of many research studies. This leadership paradigm has quickly become the most prevalent and widely accepted model of school leadership because of its emphasis on the fostering and development of organizational members (Marzano et al. , 2005). Ross and Gray (2006:180) argued that the “essence of transformational leadership 165 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) is dedication to fostering the growth of organizational members and enhancing their commitment by elevating their goals”. Mounting evidence links transformational leadership practices to individuals’ organizational commitment. Koh, Steers and Terborg (1995) in their study discovered the influence of transformational leader behavior by school principals relates to organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, teacher satisfaction with the leader and student academic performance. The findings revealed that transformational leadership did have a significant effect on organizational commitment and teacher satisfaction with their leader. Commitment to the organization, related organizational citizenship behavior, and job satisfaction were significantly greater when the principals were described by the teacher as more transformational. The findings provided credibility to the argument that transformational leadership may be effective in enhancing attitudes and behaviors among employees of other geographical regions as it has for employees in firms in the United States, thus, suggesting the generalizability of this theory across geographical regions. Geijsel, Sleegers, Leithwood and Jantzi (2003) discovered that transformational leadership behaviors affect both teachers’ commitment and extra effort. Teacher commitment was more significantly affected by the leadership behaviors of vision building and intellectual stimulation. The results of these studies show supporting evidence of the notion that transformational leadership behaviors are strongly correlated to employees’ sense of organizational commitment. Given the presence of this strong supporting empirical evidence, it is logical to assume that the practice of transformational leadership behaviors by school leaders would enhance the organizational commitment of special education teachers (Horn-Turpin, 2009). METHODOLOGY Quantitative survey method was employed and two hypothesized relationships were tested using a sample of 1014 trained teachers. The samples included all the trained non-graduate and graduate teachers in 27 government secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak. Miri was chosen as it had the third largest population (1904 teachers) in terms of trained graduate and non-graduate teachers whose qualification, certification, job confirmation, service category, and promotion were similar in the Ministry of Education in Malaysia. It was a convenient sampling as the researcher was a trained graduate teacher serving in one of the secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak. 166 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) The response rate stood 53. 26 percent (1014 respondents) from a total of 1904 samples. An official written application along with all necessary documentation regarding the nature and purposes of this study to the ‘National Planning and Education Research Department’ prior to the ‘State Service and Development Sector’ were submitted seeking their approval to conduct this research. Data were gathered via self-developed survey instrument based on transformational leadership (Bass & Rigglo, 2006), and teacher commitment (Dannetta, 2002) as shown in Figure 1. 1 below. The variables were transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration), and teacher commitment (commitment towards organization, commitment towards teaching profession, and commitment towards student learning). Figure 1. Possible Relationships between Transformational Leadership, and Teacher Commitment Source: Adapted from Bass and Rigglo (2006), and Dannetta (2002) To ensure the reliability of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted in Bintulu, Sarawak. Cronbach’s Alpha values which stood above 0. 70 were taken as many researchers reported that anything above 0. 6 was acceptable. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin or KMO values measures of sampling adequacy were well above the acceptable level of 0. 6 and thus factorability was assumed (Coakes, Steed & Dzidic, 2006). 167 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Descriptive analysis (mean scores), and inferential statistics (correlation analysis) was used to examine the strength and linear relation direction between two variables (Pallant, 2007). Multiple Linear Regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis that a significant relationship existed between transformational leadership and teacher commitment. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and MANOVA were used to determine the significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership and teacher commitment components in relation to demography. Delimitation It had relied primarily on samples drawn specifically from the trained teachers serving in secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak at a scheduled time. Hence, the direction of casualty could not be determined. Next, it was uncertain that the obtained results could be generalized to all the trained teachers in other divisions in Sarawak, Malaysia. RESEARCH FINDINGS The Extent of Principal’s Transformational Leadership Practice and The Level of Teacher Commitment Teachers perceived an overall low level of their principals’ transformational leadership practice as the mean scores recorded only 30. 09: ‘idealized influence’ (41. 88), ‘intellectual stimulation’ (21. 83), ‘inspirational motivation’ (27. 77), and ‘individualized consideration’ (28. 86). However, teachers demonstrated an average level of commitment as the mean scores recorded 55. 84: ‘Commitment towards organization’ stood 93. 96, ‘Commitment towards teaching profession’ recorded 56. 13, and ‘commitment towards student learning’ stood 17. 43. Extents of Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment There were partially significant linear correlations between transformational leadership and teacher commitment (r=0. 443). ‘Individualized consideration’ recorded the strongest linear correlation (r=0. 516), and ‘inspirational motivation’ had the weakest linear correlation (r=0. 463) with ‘commitment towards organization’. ‘Inspirational motivation’ had the strongest linear correlation (r=0. 398), and ‘intellectual stimulation’ (r=0. 335) had the weakest linear correlation with ‘commitment towards teaching profession’. ‘Intellectual stimulation’ had the lowest correlation (r=-0. 018) with ‘commitment towards student learning’, and it was not significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed) in Table 2. 168 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Significantly, ‘individualized consideration’ (B=0. 370, p<0. 05) contributed 26. 6 percent of the variance (R Square=0. 266) in ‘commitment towards organization’ as indicated by the F-value of [F(1. 1012)=367. 202]. It indicated that ‘individualized consideration’ (B=0. 516, p< 0. 05) was the main factor which caused the respondents to ‘commit towards organization’. Thus, ‘idealized influence’ and ‘individualized consideration’ were predictors of ‘commitment towards organization’. Significantly, ‘inspirational motivation’ (B=0. 264, p<0. 05), ‘individualized consideration’ (B=0. 295, p<0. 05), and ‘intellectual stimulation’ (B=0. 122, p<0. 05) contributed 18. 1 percent of the variance (R Square=0. 181) in ‘commitment towards teaching profession’, as shown by the F-value of [F(3. 1010)=74. 328]. It indicated that ‘inspirational motivation’ (B=0. 398, p< 0. 05) was the main factor which caused the respondents to commit towards teaching profession. Thus, ‘inspirational motivation’, ‘individualized consideration’, and ‘intellectual stimulation’ were predictors of ‘commitment towards teaching profession’. However, ‘idealized influence’, ‘inspirational motivation’, ‘intellectual stimulation’, and ‘individualized consideration’ were not predictors of ‘commitment towards student learning’. Table 1. Correlation Coefficient Values between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment Idealized Influence Commitment to Organization Commitment to Teaching Profession Commitment to Student Learning Inspirational Intellectual Motivation Stimulation Individualized Consideration 0.478(**) 0.463(**) 0. 468(**) 0. 516(**) 0.395(**) 0.398(**) 0. 335(**) 0. 396(**) -0. 032 -0. 059 -0. 018 -0. 022 Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed). All results are significant except for teacher commitment towards student learning 169 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Differences in Mean Scores among Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment Components in Relation to Demography Differences among transformational leadership qualities in relation to demography There were significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership qualities in relation to years of teaching experience [F(7,1006)=2. 456, p=0. 017]. However, there were no significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership components in relation to status [F(2,1011)=2. 435, p=0. 088], and service category [F(5,1008)=2. 117, p=0. 061]. Therefore, the null hypotheses were confirmed at the 0. 05 level. It demonstrated that there were partial significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership qualities in relation to demography. Differences in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to demography There was a significant difference in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to years of teaching experience [F(7,1006)=3. 286, p=0. 002]. Therefore the null hypothesis was rejected at the 0. 05 level. There were also non-significant differences in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to status. Therefore, the null hypotheses were confirmed at the 0. 05 level. It indicated that there were partial significant differences in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to demography. Multivariate analysis of variance (manova) There were no significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership practices and teacher commitment components in relation to demography. Thus, the null hypotheses were confirmed at the 0. 05 level. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS The Extent of Transformational Leadership Practices The findings showed a low level of transformational leadership practices, and it did not support the previous studies which highlighted the dynamism of transformational leadership that could bring changes to the level of teacher commitment. 170 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Idealized Influence The findings showed that the practice of ‘idealized influence’ recorded the highest mean values (mean=41. 88) among the four components of transformational leadership. It indicated that teachers perceived a fairly high level of ‘idealized influence’ from the principals, and they recognized the impact of the quality of ‘idealized influence’ in enhancing teacher commitment. It also meant that teachers regarded ‘idealized influence’ quality as an important asset in gaining teacher commitment. The findings supported the previous research which conceptualized ‘idealized influence’ as a personality or behavior, characteristic and attribute which enables a leader to instil pride in and respect for the leader as well as make him, or her, a trustworthy and an energetic role model for the followers (Rowold & Heinitz, 2007). The findings matched with previous studies that ‘idealized influence’ from a leader functions to transform followers by creating changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations (Rowold & Heinitz, 2007; Yukl, 2002). This transformation is accomplished through appealing to the followers’ self-concepts, namely their values and personal identity. The purpose is to attract commitment, energize workers, create meaning in employees’ lives, establish a standard of excellence, and promote high ideals. This would then bridge the gap between the organization’s present problems and its future goals and aspirations (Huang, Cheng & Chou, 2009). The findings also supported the previous research that ‘idealized influence’ builds trust and respect in followers and provides the basis for accepting radical and fundamental changes in the ways individuals and organizations do their work. These leaders display conviction about important issues, exhibit high standards of ethical and moral conduct, sharing risks with followers in settling and attaining goals; consider the needs of others over their own; and use power to move individuals or groups towards accomplishing their mission, vision, and cause, but never for personal gain. Thus, without such trust and commitment to the leaders, attempt to change and redirect the organization’s mission are likely to be met with extreme resistance (Avolio, 1994). The findings also supported the previous research that ‘idealized influence’ is about building confidence and trust and providing a role model that followers seek to emulate (Bono & Judge, 2004:901; Simic, 1998: 52; Stone, Russell & Patterson, 2003:3). Leaders are admired, respected and trusted (Bass, Avolio, Jung & Berson, 2003:208). Confidence in the leader provides foundation for accepting (radical) organizational change. That is, 171 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) followers who are sure of the virtues of their leaders will be less likely to resist proposals for change from her or him (Gellis, 2001:18). In short, the findings showed that the principals were lowly noticed as role models for the teachers to emulate and they were lowly admired, respected and trusted. They were also rarely seen as having extraordinary capabilities, consistency and determination, and are willing to take risks in running the school. Moreover, they were scarcely seen to emphasize the importance of having a collective sense of mission, and believed that obstacles would be overcome. They were also lowly counted on to do the right thing as they demonstrated a low standard of ethical and moral conducted as assessed by the teachers. Inspirational Motivation The findings showed that the practice of ‘inspirational motivation’ recorded the third highest mean value (mean=27. 77) among the four components of transformational leadership. It indicated that teachers perceived a fairly low level of ‘inspirational motivation’ from the principals, and they rarely saw the principals practising ‘inspirational motivation’ in enhancing teacher commitment. It also meant that principals scarcely regarded ‘inspirational motivation’ quality as an important asset in gaining teacher commitment. The findings partially matched with the previous studies that ‘inspirational motivation’, another component of transformational leadership conceptualized by Bass (1985) and Bass and Avolio (1991, 1997), is a process through which the transformational leader motivates his or her followers to become committed to and a part of the shared vision in the organization. Through inspirational motivation, transformational leadership communicates high expectations to followers which inspires them and creates in them the desire to become committed to and involved in efforts to realize the shared vision in the organization. It has been demonstrated that inspires team spirit and consequently leads to greater motivation and enhanced productivity (Kreitner & Knincki, 2004; Yukl, 2002). In short, the findings showed that the principals showed a low level of enthusiasm and optimism by providing meaning and challenge to teachers’ work. They were seen unable to get teachers involved in envisioning attractive future states, and create clearly communicated expectations that teachers want to meet and also demonstrate commitment to goals and shared vision. 172 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Intellectual Stimulation The findings showed that the practice of ‘intellectual stimulation’ recorded the lowest mean value (mean=21. 83) among the four components of transformational leadership. It indicated that teachers perceived a fairly low level of ‘intellectual stimulation’ from the principal, and they rarely saw the principals practising ‘intellectual stimulation’ in enhancing teacher commitment. It also meant that principals scarcely regarded ‘intellectual stimulation’ quality as an important asset in gaining teacher commitment. The findings partially supported the previous studies that ‘intellectual stimulation’ involves arousing and changing followers’ awareness of problems and their capacity to solve those problems (Bono & Judge, 2004; Kelly, 2003). Transformational leaders question assumptions and beliefs and encourage followers to be innovative and creative, approaching old problems in new ways (Barbuto, 2005). They empower followers by persuading them to propose new and controversial ideas without fear and punishment or ridicule (Stone, Russell & Patterson, and 2003:3). They impose their own ideas judiciously and certainly not at any cost (Barbuto, 2005; Hall, Johnson, Wysoci & Kepner, 2002; Judge & Piccolo, 2004; Kelly, 2003; and Simic, 2003, 1998). In short, the findings showed that the principals were noticed seldom able to stimulate teachers to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems, and approaching old situations in new ways. They were seen criticizing teachers’ mistakes in public. New ideas and creative solutions to problems were rarely solicited from teachers who were included in the process of addressing problems and finding solutions. The principals were also assessed as scarcely able to get teachers to look at problems from many different angles. They were also noticed to criticize teachers if teachers differed from his or her ideas. Individualized Consideration The findings showed that the practice of ‘individualized consideration’ recorded the second highest mean value (mean=28. 86) among the four components of transformational leadership. It indicated that teachers perceived a fairly low level of ‘individualized consideration’ from the principal, and they hardly saw the principals practising ‘individualized consideration’ in enhancing teacher commitment. It also meant that principals scarcely regarded ‘individualized consideration’ quality as an important asset in gaining teacher commitment. The findings partially supported the previous studies that ‘individualized consideration’ is to determine the needs and strengths of 173 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) others (Atwater & Bass, 1994). Using this knowledge and acting as mentors, transformational leaders help followers and colleagues develop to successively higher levels of potential and to take responsibility for their won development (Avolio, 1994). In short, the findings showed that the principals were rarely seen in paying special attention to each teacher’s need for achievement and growth in their career by acting as a coach or mentor. Teachers’ individual differences in terms of needs and desires were not recognized. For example, some teachers received more encouragement, some more autonomy, others firmer standards, and still others more task structure. Besides, a two-way exchange in communication was rarely encouraged and ‘management by walking around’ workspace was rarely seen. Interactions between principals and teachers were lowly personalized, and the principals were rarely able to delegate tasks as a means of developing teachers. They were also scarcely seen spending time teaching and coaching the teachers, and creating new learning opportunities for the teachers with a supportive climate. They also seldom recognized and accepted an individual’s uniqueness among the teachers. Overall Findings on Transformational Leadership The results revealed that teachers perceived a low level of transformational leadership when reflection upon their principals’ leadership qualities. It also meant that teachers rated the practice of transformational leadership qualities fairly unfavourably, and they were doubtful about their principal’s leadership skills in gaining teacher commitment. The Extent of Teacher Commitment The findings showed a moderate level of teacher commitment and it matched with the previous studies that teachers in Malaysia only had moderate levels of affective, continuance, and normative commitment (Fauziah, et al. ,). Commitment Towards Organization. The findings showed that teachers rated their ‘commitment towards organization’ at the highest mean values (mean=93. 96). It supported the previous studies which showed that teachers’ commitment towards organization was influenced by (a) beliefs and acceptance of organizational goals (Mowday, Steers & Porter, 1979; Riehl & Sipple, 1996), (b) level of involvement in decision making (Kushman, 1992), (c) orderly climates 174 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) conducive to learning (Kushman, 1992); (Rosenholtz, 1989), and (d) student achievement (Kushman, 1992). This study revealed that teachers were very willing to believe and accept organizational goals and values, and exert effort on the organization behalf and desire to remain in the organization. Commitment Towards Teaching Profession. Teachers rated their‘commitment towards teaching profession’ at the second highest mean values (mean=56. 13). It supported the previous findings thatteachers revealed a moderate level of commitment to teaching profession by showing a moderately positive, affective attachment towards their career. It also suggested that teachers had a moderate sense of relevance or purpose in one’s work. However, teachers with no sense of relevance to their teaching are not as committed as others, possibly due to the frustrations of their work. Not only do teachers leave the profession because of frustration, but also because they become attracted to alternative activities (Firesko, Kfir & Nasser, 1997). In short, teachers were committed to their teaching profession at a moderate level. Commitment Towards Student Learning. Teachers rated their ‘commitment towards student learning’ at the lowest mean values (mean=17. 43). It did not support the previous finding as administrative support was noticed at a moderate level at the school. The findings contradicted the theory which conceptualized teacher commitment to student learning that consisted of the committed behaviors directed towards both the social and intellectual development of students (Hoy & Sabo, 1998; Hoy & Tarter, 1997). Generally, it suggested that teachers were unwilling to interact with students on a more sensitive level such as adolescent development issues or extracurricular activities as suggested by Louis (1998) in this study. They were also unwilling to help students learn regardless of academic difficulties or social background as purported by Danetta (2002). Teachers with lower levels of commitment develop fewer plans to improve the academic quality of their instruction. They are also less sympathetic towards students, have more anxiety, and have less tolerance for frustration in the classroom (Firestone & Pennell, 1993). 175 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Extents of Relationship Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment There were partial significant linear correlations between transformational leadership and teacher commitment. ‘Individualized consideration’ and ‘idealized influence’ were factors to ‘commitment towards organization’. The findings matched with a study that ‘individualized consideration’ was one of the most important factors in describing transformational leadership in collectivistic culture when an emphasis on teamwork was also expected (Karen, Nick, Joseph, and Andrea, 2002). There were no factors influencing ‘commitment towards student learning’. It matched with the previous study that teachers were reluctant to show ‘commitment towards student learning’ as teachers were most dissatisfied with student motivation and discipline, lack of recognition, and administrative support (Darling-Hammond, 1997). The findings also partially supported the studies that transformational leadership had a significant positive effect on organizational commitment (Geijsel, et al. , 2003; Koh et al. , 1995). Differences in Mean Scores Between Transformational Leadership and Teacher Commitment Components in Relation to Demography Differences in mean scores among transformational leadership components in relation to demography There were significant differences in mean scores among years of teaching experience components in relation to ‘idealized influence’, ‘inspirational motivation’, and ‘intellectual stimulation’. There were also significant differences in mean scores among status at school and service category components in relation to ‘individualized consideration’. It showed partial significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership practices in relation to demography. This study indicated that there were partially significant differences in mean scores among teacher’s demography and transformational leadership components. It demonstrated that an increase in teaching experience, a higher level of transformational leadership qualities from the principal was expected from the teachers. It also showed that an increase in teachers’ status at school would partially increase the expectation of teachers on transformational leadership qualities from the principals. It also showed that an increase in service category among the teachers, a higher level of transformational leadership qualities from the principal was looked upon to from the teachers excluding the service category of DG48. 176 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Differences in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to demography There were significant differences in mean scores among years of teaching experience in relation to ‘commitment towards organization’ and ‘teaching profession’. However, there were no significant differences in mean scores among status at school in relation to teacher commitment but there were significant differences in mean scores among service category in relation to ‘commitment towards teaching profession’. This study indicated that there were partially significant differences among teacher’s demography and teacher commitment in secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak. It indicated that an increase in teaching experience could partially decrease in teacher commitment except for those who had 2 to 5 years, and 6 to 10 years of teaching experience. It also showed that an increase in teachers’ status at school did not increase their commitment towards organization, towards teaching profession, and towards student learning essentially for those who were in the ‘other category’ which included Senior Student Affairs teachers, School Counselors, Senior Cocurricular teachers. It also suggested that an increase in service category could partially increase in transformational leadership qualities except for the service category of DG48. In short, there were partially significant differences in mean scores among teacher commitment components in relation to demography. Differences in mean scores among transformational leadership and teacher commitment components in relation to demography There were no significant differences in mean scores among transformational leadership and teacher commitment components in relation to demography. It indicated that there were no effects of teachers’ demography (years of teaching experience, status at school, and service category) on transformational leadership and teacher commitment. SUGGESTION This study highlighted the importance of transformational leadership in improving the level of teacher commitment, and future endeavors should compare these findings with similar predictors and criterion in other areas. Future research could consider multiple sources of performance ratings such as employing self and peer-evaluations, in addition to supervisory ratings (Barksdale & Werner, 2000). The sample size should also be increased with samples drawn from diverse locations or areas so as to promise generalizability of findings. Nonetheless, the line of research can still be 177 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) expanded by exploring other determinants which could be taken as predictors and moderators of teacher commitment. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed that transformational leadership behaviors were slightly correlated to employees’ sense of commitment. It demonstrated the practice of transformational leadership behaviors by school leaders enhanced teacher commitment in secondary schools in Miri, Sarawak. It was concluded that transformational leadership qualities is an important dimension of the social context in improving the level of teacher commitment in schools. It had provided empirical evidence on the impact of transformational leadership qualities on improving teacher commitment in schools. The findings had provided considerable insights on the teachers’ perceptions of their principal’s transformational leadership qualities. It had inevitably provided some empirical supports to verify the notion that transformational leadership had direct impact on teacher commitment towards organization, towards teaching profession, and towards student learning. Teachers’ commitment was at a low level, and the practice of transformational leadership qualities was reported at a moderate level. There were weak significant correlations between transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration), and commitment towards organization, and commitment towards teaching profession. However, there was no significant correlation between transformational leadership and commitment towards student learning. The findings also showed that ‘individualized consideration’ and ‘idealized influence’ were factors to ‘commitment towards organization’. ‘Inspirational motivation’, ‘individualized consideration’, and ‘intellectual stimulation’ were factors to ‘commitment towards teaching profession’. However, there were no factors to ‘commitment towards student learning’. The findings also showed that transformational leadership behaviors were slightly correlated to employees’ sense of commitment. It demonstrated the practice of transformational leadership behaviors by school leaders enhanced teacher commitment in this study. It was concluded that transformational leadership qualities is an important dimension of the social context in improving the level of teacher commitment in schools. It also provided empirical evidence on the impact of transformational leadership qualities on improving teacher commitment in schools. 178 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) The findings had provided considerable insights on the teachers’ perceptions of their principal’s transformational leadership qualities. This study had inevitably provided some empirical supports to verify the notion that transformational leadership had direct and indirect impact to teacher commitment respectively. There is substantial evidence that transformational leadership is an effective form of leadership (Yukl, 1999). It also agreed with Bass (1985) who argued that transformational leadership motivated followers to do more than the expected by doing the following (a) raising followers’ levels of consciousness about the importance and value of specified and idealized goals, (b) getting followers to transcend their own self-interest for the sake of the team or organization, and (c) moving followers to address higher-level needs. Besides, it also showed that transformational leadership is concerned with the performance of followers and also with developing followers to their fullest potential (Avolio, 1999; Bass & Avolio, 1990a). The findings also revealed that individuals who exhibited transformational leadership often had a strong set of internal values and ideals, and they were effective at motivating followers to act in ways that supported the greater good rather than their own self-interest (Kuhnert, 1994). The findings also supported Lowe and Kroeck’s (1996) who discovered that individuals who exhibited transformational leadership were perceived to be more effective leaders with better work outcomes than were individuals who exhibited only transactional leadership. The findings also confirmed with the previous research by Yu, Leithwood and Jantzi (2002) who argued that transformational leadership behaviors have been found to have a significant effect on teachers’ level of commitment. It had provided specific avenues regarding future research on the four components of transformational leadership to increase the three dimensions of teachers’ commitment level in schools. However, the practice of transformational leadership qualities to improve teacher commitment towards student learning might need special attention to the ‘how’ to boast teachers’ spirit in committing themselves to help students really learn and thereafter improve academic performances in public examinations. 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O. , & Lawler, J. J. (2003). Building effective organizations: transformational leadership, collectivist orientation, work related attitudes, and withdrawal behaviors in three emerging economies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 10831101 Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in organization(6thed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 186 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) EDUCATION QUALITY IMPROVEMENT POLICY FOR BASIC AND INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION LEVEL Baharudin1, Betti Nuraeni2 Dinas Pendidikan Dompu District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia2 Doctorate Program Students of State University of Jakarta, Indonesia 1 soriutu@yahoo. com1, betti. nuraini@yahoo. co. id2 ABSTRACT The Indonesian national education faces several major problems: (1)widespread inequitable access to education; (2)low quality and relevance; and (3)weak education management and In addition, (4)Educational disparity. The Ministry of National Education and Culture has programs, goals and targets in imporving the national education quality. The data shown that the result of the education quality improvement is based on RPJM target 2011. And based on the accountability report of Kemdikbud 2011 that the APK of PAUDNI is 29,60%, APK SD/SDLB/Paket A is 93%, APK of SMP/SMPLB is 75,46, and APK SMA/SMK/SMLB/Paket C is 68%. The teachers of SD/SDLB/Paket A who have D4/S1 qualification are 26% (ratio 1:18), SMP/SMPLB is 76% (ratio 1:19), and the teachers of SMA/SMLB are 91,90%/ and SMK teachers are 87,33%. The persentage of School infrasctructures are improved. It shown by the data of SD which implement e-learning is 20,20%, SMP and the like is 34,60%, and SMA which have e-libraries are 15% and /SMK are 40%. The percentage of SMP which have internet facilities are 42%. And the educational fund is more increased. In 2011, the education budgeting is 20,2% of APBN (Rp. 1. 229,56 T X 20,2% = Rp. 248,98 T) and in 2012 is 20,2% of APBN (Rp. 1. 435,40 T X 20,2% = Rp. 289,95 T). The school management must be more well managed. Keywords:policy, quality improvement, basic and intermediate education. INTRODUCTION Background Education plays a most strategic role in the development of nation. Studies indicated the significant relationship between education and national 187 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) development. This statement also supported by the conclusion of the International Commission of the education for the twenty-first century stated that education has a fundamental role to play in personal and social development. They Commission does not see education as a miracle cure or a magic formula opening the door to a world in which all ideas will be attained but as one of the principal means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war (Delors at. al. , 1998: 37). Education development aims to improve equal access, quality, relevance, and efficiency in education management (Bappenas, 2010: 37). Education is the right for all of the nation. Education is the responsibility of the national government to fund, to execute, and to improve it for all its nation. This statement based is as stated in the 1945 constitution chapter XIII about Education Article 31 (1)Every citizen has the right to receive education; (2)Every citizen has the obligation to undertake basic education, and the government has the obligation to fund this; (3)The government shall manage and organize one system of national education, which shall increase the level of spiritual belief, devoutness and moral character in the context of developing the life of the nation and shall be regulated by law; (4)The state shall priorities the budget for education to a minimum of 20% of the State Budget and of the Regional Budgets to fulfill the needs of implementation of national education; (5)The government shall advance science and technology with the highest respect for religious values and national unity for the advancement of civilization and prosperity of humankind (Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Republik Indonesia). This means that the government must think hard and hard to implement those statement into real action through prospective educational programs and strategies. This also means that the government must set aside a proporsional budgeting to the improvement of the educational quality, both inputs, process, outputs, and outcomes. Yahya Muhaimin said that the twenty first century witnesses three major issues with which Indonesia has to deal very seriously: (1)national security as a prerequisite to a good standard for national life and develeopment; (2)equitable welfare of the people; and (3)education as a crucial component of human resource development. He, then, stated that at present, The Indonesian national education faces several major problems: (1)widespread inequitable access to education; (2)low quality and relevance; and (3)weak education management. In addition, most academic staff members lack scientific and technological excellence and independence. Educational disparity can also be witnessed across geographical areas, urban 188 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) and rural, between western and eastern parts of Indonesia, and among groups of people with varying incomes and gender (Muhaimin, 2011: xiii). The issue of quality of the Indonesian education is widely discussed. While there are some good schools, both public and private, it is widely admitted that the average quality of Indonesian education is poor, even by Indonesian standards (Muhaimin, 2011: 96). Basic and Intermediate Level of Education are levels, where the nation character firstly formed, play very crucial role in improving the nation value. Basic and Intermediate Level of Education in Indonesia still encounter many problems related to the improvement its quality. Nation building is character building. It is not just about sovereignty, but sovereignty and beyond. It is not just about economics, but economics and beyond. It is not what is built, but who builds it. Nation building is about people first, and everything else second. It is about a people's character first and foremost (The Brunei Times, May 2 2019). Senior Secondary School’s Problems There are many problems encountered by education sector in improving the educational quality. The followings are the most focussed problems; 1. Rough Enrolment rate (APK) 2. Teacher Qualification 3. Learning Process and Evaluation System 4. School infrasctructures 5. Educational funds 6. School Management Table 1. Problems in National Education* No 1 Major Problems Widespread inequitable access to education 2 Low quality & relevance 3 Weak education management 4 Educational disparity Desccription funding, infrasctructure, information Teacher qualification, professionalism, teacher welfare Principals & supervisor, local government commitment Geographical areas, urban and rural, western and eastern parts of Indonesia, and among group people with varying incomes and gender *Elaborated from many sources 189 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) POLICY AND EDUCATION STRATEGIS FOR BASIC AND INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION Educational Policy The policy on education is a very strategic agenda of the government all over the world. This points is as stated by Bell & Stevenson in their book Education Policy. Process, Themes and impact that education policy is high on the agenda of governments across the worlds as global pressures focus increasing attention on the aoutcomes of education policy and on their implications for economic prosperity and social citizenship(Bell and Stevenson, 2006). Onother expert, Li Lanqing, stated that education is the responsibility of the government, by saying “. . . providing decent education should be a government responsibility. Basic education, especially compulsory education, should depend primarily on government allocations. Vocational education should also be guided by the government, which should fund expansion of its infrastructure. Higher education now depends principally on the government for financial backing, and though a mecanism for cost sharing is gradually taking shape, it will remain the chief paymaster” (Lanqing: 50) Those statements implicitly meant that education – from elementary school (compulsory education) up to high education is the responsibility of the government to set aside curriculum, human resources (teachers and staffs), infrasctructures, funds, and some else. According to Tilaar and Nugroho that educational policy related to all of the process and the formulating result of the education strategic steps in order to achieve the national education goals (Tilaar and Nugroho, 2008: 140). A very high quality of educational policy making is quite needed to overcome many tensions happened at the end of Cold War. According to Delors et. al (1998: 17-18) that there are – at least – seven main tensions of the twenty-first century, namely: (1)the tension between the global and the local: (2)The tension between the universal and the individual: culture is steadily being globalized, but as yet only partially. (3)The tension between tradition and modernity: how is it possible to adapt to change without turning one’s back on the past, how can autonomy be acquired in complementary with the fee development of others and how can scientific progress be assimilated? (4)The tension between long-term and short-term consideration. (5)The tension between the need for competition and the concern for equality of opportunity. (6)The tension between the extraordinary expansion of knowledge and human beings’ capacity to assimilate it; (7)the tension between spiritual and the material: it is thus education’s noble task to encourage each and paying full respect to 190 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pluralism, to lift their minds and spirits to the plane of the universal and, transcend themsleves. Indonesian’s Educational Policy As stated in chapter one that education is a very strategic sector that can lead the nation ‘right or wrong’. The national education haved progressively developed from year to year. Since 1968, the Indonesian government’s educational planning has been formulated within a sequence of five-year national socioeconomic developmen plans, a sequence contained within an overarching 25-year cycle. The firts cycle ended in 1992. The second cycle, launched in 1993, is intended to cover the period 1993-2018. The success of the first 25-year cycle is reflected in an impressive list of accomplishment. For instance, the proportion of children aged 7-12 attending school more than double over the period 1967-1996, rising from 12,5 milion pupils. In 1967, before the implementation of the first five-year plan, hardly 50% of primary –school age children were in school. By 1995, nearly all children attended primary school, at least initially. In contrast to these marks of progress, there is a number of serious problems of quality, equity, and efficiency at all levels of the schooling hierarcy (Clark at. al. , 1998: 5). Indonesian Educational policy is stated clearly in many Indonesias rules, both related irrelated directly to the education, namely (1)the constitution 1945 article 32; (2)educational Law (UU) No. 20/2003 about national education system; (3)Government Regulation (PP) No. 19/2005 about the national standar of education; (4)Government Regulation (PP) No. 47/2008 about compulsory education; (5)Government Regulation (PP) No. 48/2008 about the funding of education; (6)Government Regulation (PP) No. 17/2010 about the management and the implementation of education; (7)the Minsitry of National education Regulation No. 63 /2009 about educational quality assurance system; (8)National education Strategic Planning, etc. This fact indicates that Indonesian government is intensively think how to improve the educational quality in all aspects (8 national education standards). Strategic Programs, Goals, and Targets of Education in Indonesia (Renstra Kemdikbud 2010-2014) Strategic programs There are seven programs arranged by level of education and supports needed in implementing the programs LAKIP2012Kementerian 191 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan ). They are (1)Kindergarden and Elementary School; (2)Senior Secondary School; (3)High Education ; (4)Nonformal and Informal Education; (5)Improvement of Teacher and Administration Staffs Quality and Welfare; (6)Supporting of Management and Stakeholders; and (7)Controling and Improving Accountability of Apparatus. Strategi goals In achieving the national education goals, the ministry of national education and culture has six general goals, they are (1)the availability and achievability of qualified and equivalent pre-primary education in all provinces, regencies, and municipalities; (2)The assurance to acquire qualified and equivalent basic education in all provinces, regencies, and municipalities; (3)the availability and achievability of qualified and equivalent intermediate education in all provinces, regencies, and municipalities; (4)the availability and achievability of qualified, relevant, international competable and equivalent high education in all provinces; (5)the availability and achievability of qualified, equivalent, and relevant with the society needs; and (6)the availability of good management system to ensure the implementation of national education prima services. Strategic targetsof Kemdikbud 2010-2014 Strategic Targets to Achieve qualified and equivalent pre-primary education 1) Nationa APK PAUD is 72,9%, at least 75% of provincies has APK ≥ 60%, at least 75% municipalities has APK ≥ 75%, and at least 75% of regencies has APK ≥ 50%. 2) 85 % of formal pre-primary teachers (TK/TKLB) are S-1/D-4 and 85% serrticicated, whereas 55% for nonformal. 3) All of formal PAUD implement the learning which build the characters (honesty, care, responsibility and tolerance) and joyful learning for students. Strategic Targets to Achieve qualified and equivalent basic education 1) National APM of SD/MI/Paket A 96%; 85% of provincies has APM ≥ 95%; at least 90% municipalities has APM ≥ 96%, and at least 90% regencies has APM ≥ 94%; 2) APS of school aged 7-12 is 99,9% 3) National APK of SMP/MTs/Paket B is 110%; at least 90% of Provincies has APK ≥ 95%; at least 80% municipalities has APK ≥ 115%, and at least 85% of regencies has APK ≥ 90%; 4) APM of SMP/MTS/SMPLB/Paket B/Sederajat is 76,8% 192 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 5) APS of school aged 13-15 is 96% 6) All principals and supervisors of SD/SDLB dan SMP/SMPLB join the sustainable professional training 7) Drop-out of SD is max 0,7% and SMP is max 1%, at 97% of SD/MI/Paket A graduate continue study to SMP/MTs/Paket B 8) 93,50% of SMP/MTs/SMPLB/Sederajat graduate continue study to SMA/SMLB and SMK/sederajat 9) At least 90% of SD/SDLB and 90% of SMP/SMPLB are accredited 10) At least 15% of SD/SDLB and 27% of SMP/SMPLB are accredited minimum B; 11) At least 40% of SD/SDLB and 60% of SMP/SMPLB implement e-learning 12) At least 50% of Regencies/Municipalities have SD SBI or RSBI; 13) At least 60% of Regencies/Municipalities have SMP SBI atau RSBI; 14) At least 88% of SD/SDLB teachers are S-1/D-4 and 80% are certified; 15) At least 98% of SMP/SMPLB teachers are S-1/D-4 and 90% are certified; Strategic Targets to Achieve G3 (qualified and equivalent Intermediate education) 1) Improve National of rough education participation more than 70,7% 2) At least 95,5% of SMA/SMLB are accredited and at least 40% accredited B 3) At least 95,5% of SMK is accredited and at least 30% accredited B 4) All principals and supervisors of SMA/SMLB and SMK join the sustainable professional training 5) At least 70% of Regencies / municipalities have SMA & SMK SBI/RSBI 6) At least 98% of the teachers of SMA/SMLB/SMK are S-1/D-4, and at least 90% are certified 7) All SMK are certified by ISO 9001:2008. 8) At least 75% of SMA/SMLB and 70% SMK implement e-learning 9) At 70% of SMK alumnus have work at the time (year) they graduate. 10) All of SMK provide entrepreneurship guiding and counseling services 11) All principals and supervisors of SMA/SMLB and SMK join the sustainable professional training (the same as S4). 12) The improvement of the internal eficiency indicated by the improvement of at least 95 % school aged (16-18) continuing studies to the next level and the decrease of drop-out at maximum 1,69 %. 13) The decrease of gender disparity indicated by the ratio of gender equivalency up to 95%. 14) All of the education units (schools) SMA/SMLB/MA/MAK implement the learning which develop the nation characters. 193 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Challenges in Improving National Education Quality It is a usuality that every nation encounters many challenges in implementing all development programs in their country. The challenges may come from out side (external) and from inside (internal) of the orgnanization, from very micro side to the very macro ones. Indonesia, as one of the biggest countriees in the world, faces the challenges in implroving the educational quality. Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) reported that there seven major challenges faced in improving educational quality in Indonesia, they are (Bappenas, 2010): 1. Reaching the unreached is a major challenge in achieving the MGD target of 100 percent, particularly due to poverty. For the poor and near poor family, school costs are often unaffordable, so that children are not able to attend school. Poverty is a major factor contributing to low enrollment in basic education with lack of affordability being the reason for 70 percent of non-attendance at school (AIBEP 2008). Costs are still significant and often unaffordable for poor parents, particularly for daily travel, lunches, uniforms, and books (Bappenas, 2009) 2. Improving school readiness to reduce the dro-out rate and improving the completion rate for basic education. Only a small proportion of Indonesia’s 28 million children aged 0-6 participate in early childhood education and development (ECED) programs. Participation in the program 3. Improving the professionalism and equaldistribution of teachers. There is a strong correlation between teacher’s academic qualifications, overall school effectiveness, and improved learning outcomes. However, in 2009, around 57,4% of the 2,6 million teachers were under qualified. 4. Providing adequate infrastructure, books, and teaching learning equipment to meet the minimum standards. The number of primary school particularly in remote and underserved areas is less than adequate. Not all school provide text books required by students. 5. Improving the coverage of non-formal education (NFE) programs for the drop-out students and for children who are not able to enroll in formal schooling. The provision of NFE programs particularly for out-of-schoold children, namely package A (primary education equivalency programs) is an essential element in accelerating progress towards achievement of the MGD for basic education in Indonesia. However, the program is still facing problems of coverage and qaulity. 194 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 6. Developing better financing and a fund transfer mechanism to improve efficiency, accountability, and equity in funding and to ensure the equitable access to quality basic education. In line with the incfreased commitment of the government and community to education, the government has dramatically increased public funding allocation for education from 11,4% in 2001to 20% in 2009. However, the increased transferred of resources from local government to districts and to schools has resulted in reduction of local budget allocations for education (substitution effect). 7. Improving education management accountability and efficiency in a decentralized system. Through decentralization, the principal responsibilities, authority, and resources for the delivery of education are transferred to lower levels of government, while some decision-making power is transferred to individual schools. However, governance and education management are not optimally and effectively implemented. Low capacity in implementing new roles in decentralization is experienced by both central and local government. Ministry of National Education and Culture explained several some problems in improving the educational quality. It is as stated in the Strategic Planning 2010 – 2014. (1)Province literacies are still under the national target; (2) Indonesian Education Quality is still low (International rank : 124); (3) Teacher’s welfare in remote areas still low; (4) Educational access and cost for the poor; (5) Curriculum contents contain many materials irrelevant with the process of pupils’ growth; (6) Many of teachers teach irrelevant subject with their education background;(7) The disparity among regions is high; (8) The disparity of teacher and student ratio is high; (9) Teacher’s qualification Disparity; (10) Disparity of education unit (school) category is high; (11) The graduation of quality of (competent graduates) SMK have not matched with work needs; (12) Lick and match of school program and work needs; (13) Local government commitment to meet 20% education budgeting from APBD; (14) Deviation in UN; (15) The quality of PAUD is still low; (16) Utilization and dan dissemination of TIK in education is still low. Those challenges or problems indicates that we (Indonesia) still needs much time to improve the national education quality. Arif Rahman & Teguh Wiyono describe some external sector that challenge the effort of the improvement of national education; (1) liberalization in service sector; (2) internationalization and globalization; and (3) free trade policy to education (2010: 37). The change of educational policy (new paradigm) from centralistic to decentralistic (in some dimension; education budgeting, equality, and quality 195 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) improvement) demands strenghtening in all levels of education units (schools). The change needs schools to do much change in order tobe more autonomous and professional. But the problem is the change of paradigm will create new educational capitalism. Educational capitalism supposes that education servivce is a comodity that can be sold. Furthermore, they stated that internationalization and globalization is indentical that has almost the same physic and different in features and characteristics or has fold personalitity. Means that it is diffiucalt to identify its advantages and disadvantages immediately. And, free trade policy, tha practiced in globalization, has fundamentalism character which has a great impact to education (particularly high education). This impact can be negative or positive for the developing countries (depends on globalization arena). Policy and Strategic Targets in Improving Educational Quality In its report 2010, Bappenas stated three major policies related to the improvement the quality of education in Indonesia (2010: 44-45). Improving equitable access: a. Formulate and implement policy at national and local levels to accelerate provision of adequate infrastructure and teaching-learning facilities, rehabilitation of schools, construction of new schools, and establishment of one root schools, particularly in poor, underserved and remote areas including Madrasah and Pesantren. b. Ensure education financing mechanisms are more pro-poor to address inequitable allocation of funds and education resources. An affirmative policy for the poor is essential to accelerate access to quality education service. c. Strengthen the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of the implementation of BOS. Capacity of local government and school level in managing the implementation of BOS will be strengthened. Moreover, community participation will be increased in planning, monitoring, and evaluation of BOS by enhancing the school committee. d. Accelerate provision of holistic and integrated ECED services in rural and underserved areas. e. Accelerate provision of equivalency programs and enhance quality for school drop-out. 196 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Improving quality and relevance a. Accelerate improvements in pre-service and in-service teacher training provision. In order to increase leaerning quality, a policy will be developed for all teacher training institutets (LPTK) to review their curriculum and courses based on the competency stated in the teacher law. b. Reform curriculum and improve teaching and learning quality. Curriculum reform will be conducted to develop and improve the curriculum and teaching-learning process which will enable students to develop their intellectual, emotional, and social capacities. c. Improvement of training on school based management (SBM) targeted to school principals and supervisors. The training will cover teacher support and staff performance appraisal, monitoring and supervisions, financial planning and management, and community participation. Strengthening governance and accountability a. Improve local government capacity in managing the basic education program. District institutional capacity will be strengthened through expanding, coverage of capacity development programs in education management, including analysis, planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation, as well as financial management. b. Strengthen accountability in edjucation resource management. The strategies will include: (1)evaluating budgeting efficiency and funding mechanism; (2)developing performance-based budgeting tied to quality standards and incentive mechanisms; (3)strengthening performance evaluation and qaulity assurance systems; and (4)strengthening management information systems. c. Increase community participation. Improvement of community participation in education management will be conducted through: (1)advocacy to stakeholders for increased resource mobilization; (2)promotion of public-private partneships with explicit roles for parents and the community in school performance and school-based management (SBM). The Achievement of National Education (from Basic to Intermediate education) Rough enrolment rate (APK) Accordance with the data from BPS –RI, Susenas 2003-2010 that Rough Enrolment rate of Indonesia is incraesed significantly. It means that the number people of school aged who do not enrol to school become smaller and smaller. The following is the summary of the data. 197 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Table 2: Rough Enrolment rate of Indonesia Level of Education SD/MI SMP/MTs SMA/MA 2003 105,82 81,09 50,89 2004 107,13 82,24 54,38 2005 106,63 82,09 55,21 Years 2006 2007 109,96 112,19 81,87 86,37 56,69 59,46 2008 111,12 86,86 59,06 2009 110,42 81,25 62,55 2010 111,68 80,59 62,85 And based on the accountability report of Kemdikbud 2011 that the APK of PAUDNI is 29,60%, APK SD/SDLB/Paket A is 93%, APK of SMP/SMPLB is 75,46, and APK SMA/SMK/SMLB/Paket C is 68%. Teacher qualification And based on the accountability report of Kemdikbud 2011 that the teachers of SD/SDLB/Paket A who have D4/S1 qualification are 26% (ratio 1:18), SMP/SMPLB is 76% (ratio 1:19), and APK SMA/SMLB are 91,90%/ and SMK teachers are 87,33%. Learning Process and Evaluation System The learning system is better and better from year to year. This condition isndicated by the data shown in the accountability report of Kemdikbud 2011. School infrasctructures The persentage of SD which implement e-learning is 20,20%, SMP and the like is 34,60%, and SMA which have e-libraries are 15% and /SMK are 40%. The percentage of SMP which have internet facilities are 42%. Educational funds The percentage of national education budgeting from APBN have increased from year to year. In 2010, the education budgeting is 20,2% of APBN (Rp. 1. 229,56 T X 20,2% = Rp. 248,98 T) and in 2012 is 20,2% of APBN (Rp. 1. 435,40 T X 20,2% = Rp. 289,95 T) School Management In the strategic target item, one of the targets stated by Kemdikbud that is All principals and supervisors (of all educationb levels- from preprimary to intermediate level) join the sustainable professional training. It means that (nowdays) not all principals and supervisors are proffesional in their jobs. There is no data shown the last condition of the school management. 198 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Indonesian rank based on the HDI 2011. Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from education attainment levels using official durations of each level. Source: HDRO updates of Barro and Lee (2010) estimates based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics data on education attainment (2011) and Barro and Lee (2010) methodology (Yadav, et. al. , 2001) Table 3: Rank of HDI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion Based on the explanation above we can conclude that the achievement of the improvement of the national quality is good. And based on the National education strategic planning 2010-2014 that national education goals will be attained completely (based on the target stated) in 2014 for RPJM. The government effort to improve educational attainment and quality have been relatively unsuccessful in comparison to the neighbour countries (rank 124 of 187 countries). Recommendation Refering to the achievement of the national education goals to the improvement of the quality, we may recommend some points: 1. We have to be more effective to attain the national educationgoals 2. We must pay more attention to the remote areas in order that all of the nation acquire the equal chance and right of education 3. Involving all of the related stakeholders to plan, to organize, to act,and to control the implementation of the educational improvement policy. REFERENCES Bappenas, Report On the Achievement of the Millenium Development Goals in Indonesia 2010. 199 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Bell, Less & Howard Stevenson. (2006). Education Policy. Process, Themes and impact. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. Clark, David et. al. (1998). Financing of Education in Indonesia. A Joint Publication of Asian development bank. Comparative Education Research Centre. The University of Hong Kong. Edited by Mark Bray & R Muray Thomas. Delors, Jacques et. al. (1998). Learning: The Treasure Within. The International Commission of Education for the Twenty-first Century. UNESCO. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan . Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah (LAKIP) 2012. Li Lanqing. Education for 1. 3 Billion –On 10 Years of Education Reform and Development. China. Pearson Education Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press. Muhaimin, Yahya. (2001). Speech of National Education. Edited by Fasli Jalal and Bachrudin Mustafa. Rahman, Arif and Teguh Wiyono. (2010). Education and Policy in Decentralization Era. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Renstra Kemdikbud 2010-2014 The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Tilaar & Nugroho. (2008). Kebijakan Pendidikan. Yadav, Anil K. , Srivastava, Madhu. , Pal, Cahitali. , and Saxena, Shri V. K. (2001). Educational Development Parameters and The Preparation of Educational Development Index. Research Project. Institute of Applied Manpower Research, India. Retrieved from http://planningcommission. nic. in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_ edudev. pdf. 200 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) THE EFFECT OF LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, WORK MOTIVATION, AND DECISION MAKING ON WORK PERFORMANCE (A Survey Studies to the Principal of Public Junior High School in the Bogor Municipality and Bogor Regency) Aidawati Graduate Program, State University of Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT The objective of the research is to determine the direct effects of the State Public Junior High School Principals’ Leadership Behavior, Organizational Culture, Work Motivation, and Decision Making towards Work Performance. The data were collected through 4 months survey to the State Public Junior High Schools in Bogor Regency and Bogor City involving samples of 62 Principals had been selected from the target population of 102 principals. The path technique was used to analyze the data. The research found positive direct effect of leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation, decision making on work performance; leadership behavior, organizational culture on work motivation; leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation on decision making. Based on the result of research, this indicates the crucial role of leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation, and decision making on the principals’ work performance. This implies that improved work performance of the State Public Junior High School Principals can be realized through improving on leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation, and decision making. These findings suggest that the leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation, and decision making are important determinants of the principals’ work performance. Keywords: performance, leadership behavior, organizational culture, work motivation, and decision making. 201 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) INTRODUCTION The process of improving the quality of education is a process that is integrated with the process of improving the management of professional education. In addition, the government issued Government Regulation No. 17 of 2010 on the autonomy of the education can be expected as a guideline for education. Have not been successful efforts to improve the quality of education in cities and counties Bogor due to various factors, when viewed in terms of education management, the main problem is the poor performance of the principal so that it takes a variety of factors supporting the principals’performance but the role of the principal remains the key position, since the main determinant of policy and decision-making is the principal. Professional principal who is able to practice good management functions, including POLC: Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controling. Besides the principal role as educator, manager, administrator, supervisor, leader, entrepreneur, motivator, climator, and Organizer (EMASLEM-CO). But the reality on the ground there are still things related to the behavior of the principal performance is still low. Based on the result of DP3 (List of Assessment Implementation of the Work) performance of the head supervisor of Bogor District Junior High School made by the superintendent builder in 2010-2011, about 75 percent are still considered good and professional with a category value of A and B. Reality in this field indicates that the quality of education in the city of Bogor and it can be said is still stagnant, it has not shown good quality. Application of the autonomy of education should be education paradigm changes but the estimated principal leadership behavior would still embrace the old paradigm that is kept waiting (passive) while it's still a lot of principals are less initiative, less professional, has less communication so less skilled at engaging the community in any decision. Less able to give consideration to the concept and technical work in the field. Furthermore, principals are required to have the ability to lead and manage schools, because the headmasters to be the most determining school achievement. The results of studies on the effectiveness of the school stated that the main determinant of the progress the school is the principal. If the school fails, then it is a failure of leadership. The school principal as a leader role is to set the performance standard on himself by using the references of national standards of education or establish a higher standard. Principal competency standards are minimum standards of competence which must be owned by the principal. Regulations governing standards of competence, namely the Principal Permendiknas No. 13 of 2007 gathered on the five competencies: 202 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. personality, managerial, innovative, hard working entrepreneurship, supervision in order to improve the quality of professional educators, and have social competence. It is therefore important to address the low quality of education is to overcome the poor performance of school principals by improving the performance. METHODS This research aims to determine: 1. The direct effect of leadership behavior on the performance of school principals; 2. The direct effect of leadership behavior on work motivation, 3. The direct effect of leadership behavior on decision-making; 4. The direct effect of organizational culture on the performance of school principals; 5. the direct effect of organizational culture on decision-making; 6. The direct effect of organizational culture on work motivation; 7. The direct effect of work motivation on the performance of school principal; 8. The direct effect of decision-making on the performance of the school principals; 9. the direct effect of work motivation on decision making. This study uses survey research methods. Research using quantitative methods. Characteristics of quantitative research using the paradigm of design research. Research site in Junior High School in the Bogor city and the Bogor regency, the study between January 2011 until May 2011. Population affordable Principals of Junior High School in Bogor City and Bogor regency consists of 102 people. Test the research instrument was taken 30 people, for the study sample of 62 people. Sampling was done by using Simple Random Sampling by lottery, simple random sampling technique gives equal opportunity to members to be elected as members of the population sample, the determination of sample size determination based on a sample table of a given population according to Isaac and Michael in Sugiyono, Statistics for Research (2009:75). Data processed with SPSS version 18, to test the significance of path coefficients used the t test, and the values obtained were compared to t table. Before testing the hypothesis, performed the analysis of test requirements that are test for normality, regression, and linearity. Data analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05 and 0.01. 203 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) RESULTS The first hypothesis: Leadership behavior directly positive influences on the performance of the principal. A positive direct effect of leadership behavior on the performance of the Principal and State Junior High School in the Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known of the path coefficient of leadership behavior on performance of the school principal (P51) of 0. 163, with t count = 2. 028, and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count> t table so reject H0, meaning that significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on the performance of the school principal. The second hypothesis: a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on work motivation of Principal on State Junior High School in Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to effect the leadership behavior of the path coefficient of performance of principal (P31) of 0. 335, with t count = 3. 363 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count> t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that the significant paths coefficient, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on the principal work motivation. The third hypothesis: A positive direct effect of leadership behavior for making decisions on State Junior High School Principal in Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Path coefficient is known to influence the leadership behavior on the principal decision-making (P41) of 0. 264, with t count = 2. 587 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), t count> t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that the coefficient significant paths, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on the principal decision-making. The fourth hypothesis: A positive direct effect of organizational culture on the principals performance of the State Junior High School in the Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence the path coefficient of organizational culture on the performance of school principals (P52) of 0. 262, with t count = 3. 013 then, t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), t count> t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that the coefficient significant paths, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of organizational culture on the performance of the principal. The fifth hypothesis: A positive direct effect of organizational culture on decision making in the State Junior High School principal in the Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence the path coefficient of organizational culture on the principal decision-making (P42) of 0. 233, with t count = 2. 080 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count> t table then reject H0, 204 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) meaning that significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is a positive direct influence of organizational culture on the principal decision-making. The sixth hypothesis: a positive direct effect of organizational culture on work motivation of the State Junior High School principal in the Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence the path coefficient of organizational culture on work motivation principals (P32) of 0. 508, with t count = 5. 094 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count> t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of organizational culture on work motivation of the principal. The seventh hypothesis: A positive direct effect of work motivation on the performance of principals of the State Junior High School in Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence the path coefficient of organizational culture on work motivation principals (P53) of 0. 308, with tcount = 3. 092 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count> t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of the work motivation on the performance of the principal. The eighth hypothesis: decision making direct positive effect on the performance of school principals of the State Junior High School in the Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence decision-making path coefficient on performance of the principal (P54) of 0. 335. With t count = 3. 409 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then t count > t table then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that a significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is a positive direct effect of decision-making on the performance of principals. The ninth hypothesis: work motivation has positive direct effect on decisions making of the principal of State Junior High School in Bogor City and Bogor Regency. Known to influence decision-making path coefficient on performance of the principal (P43) of 0. 406 with t count = 3. 327 and t table = 1. 671 (α = 0. 05, df = 60), then reject H0 and H1 accepted, meaning that a significant path coefficients, the conclusion there is positive direct effect of work motivation on the principal decision-making. DISCUSSION Leadership Behavior on Performance. In the dynamic world today needs leadership that can challenge the status quo, creating a vision, inspiring members of the organization to be able to achieve that vision. Managers are required to formulate a detailed plan, creating an efficient organizational structure. In theory the destination path (Path Goal Theory) developed by Robert House said that the leader encourages higher 205 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) performance by providing activities that affect their subordinates to believe that valuable results can be achieved with a serious effort. Performance is a principal that performs of his duties as Educator, Manager, Administrator, Supervisor, Leader, Entrepreneur, Motivator, Climator, and Organizer. Looking at the above explanation that the principal has good leadership behavior will enhance its performance. Therefore, the better leadership behavior of principals, the more optimal of performance. Thus there is supposed a positive direct effect leadership behavior on the principal performance. Leadership Behavior on Work Motivation. Leadership behaviors can be oriented and production oriented employees. Behavior of employeeoriented leaders emphasize interpersonal relationships, pay attention to the needs of employees, accept individual differences, whereas productionoriented leaders tend to emphasize the technical aspects and tasks, strong leadership to achieve optimal effectiveness in achieving goals, plays an important role to create vision, mission, strategy with members of the organization in achieving that vision. Motivation to work is an encouragement to impulse arising from outside a person (extrinsic) into a certain direction that preceded the birth of a need satisfying needs or achieving the desired objectives. Good leadership behavior-oriented employees to contribute one's motivation to work. Based on these exposures is thought to have a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on work motivation. Leadership Behavior on Decision Making. Leader is a figure of different individuals, so the leader in performing their duties badly affected by leadership behaviors. Factors influencing the leadership behavior of decision-making process, some of which affect only certain aspects of the process, while some others are affecting the entire process, each having an impact on organizational decision-making. This decision will be made continuously in organizing activities to achieve the goal, so that leadership behavior will affect the decisions taken. From the above it is suspected a positive direct influence on decision-making leadership behavior. Cultural Organisation Performance Against Principal's performance is characterized by the ability to act constructively to have a high level of confidence, responsibility, love of work, had the foresight, adaptive, have the power to realize potential, and make a positive contribution to the profession. A good organizational culture itself can give a good contribution to the principal performance. If the principal is responsible for the values which were developed in the organizational culture of schools, it can be said that the principal has an optimal performance. In conditions like these 206 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) principals to contribute positively, so the potential that exists within him can be developed, the better it will be the organizational culture of high performance. Thus there is supposed a positive direct effect of organizational culture on performance. Organizational Culture on Decision Making. Cultural organizations have a character associated with the behavior of employees, if the culture in schools is good, positive, values and norms are good, strong confidence of the public and of employees so that each member organization will strive to provide the best service in order to achieve organizational goals. It is strongly associated with decision-making to achieve these goals, because in order to provide the best means to make decisions effectively, efficiently through a clear procedure. Mature stages of the selection decision, so that cultural organizations related to the norms, values, rules, perception, memory, experience, confidence can affect how the decision making process. Organizational culture so that both are expected to have good decisionmaking to achieve goals. Exposure is thought to have a positive direct influence of organizational culture on decision making. Organizational Culture on Work Motivation. Organizational culture is the dominant values that exist in the organization is a philosophy that guides the organization's policies, mutual trust is jointly shared by the members of the organization, mutual cooperation is a fundamental value in the organization who can provide motivation for employees. Expectations arise because of the desire to achieve goals, work motivation is the driving device that drives a person to do the activities in meeting the needs. Work motivation is one of the critical success factors. Motivation can move a person's behavior, so the motivation will determine the size of the fast or slow a job can be completed. Therefore, an organization that has the values, norms, rules that create a positive impetus to finish the job better so that it can achieve the goals of the organization. From the above there is thought to positive direct effect organizational culture on work motivation. Work Motivation on Performance. According to James H. Donnelly, Gibson, and John M. Ivancevich (1987:328) relates the performance of contentment, the rate of return, good performance is affected by the skills, abilities, and traits of individuals in respect of individual performance, the resulting performance will further lead to intrinsic rewards and extrinsic rewards. Remuneration which is both positive and negative results depending on the level of individual performance, intrinsic and extrinsic rewards as compared to the expected return. Motivation is also a form of encouragement is the efforts to meet the requirements, compensation, and rewards for one's job, extrinsic motivation is motivation that arises due to be 207 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) controlled by some contingency which depends on the performance of duty. While intrinsic motivation is motivation that is felt when the performance of his duty to reward, motivation semanagat related works, high and low work effort, level of diligence, and working toward a clear, strong motivation to work so if this happens then the performance will also increase. From the above there are thought to positive direct effect work motivation on the principal performance Decision Making on Performance. Decision making is essential in the implementation of organizational activity wheels. In school organizations, each of the principal decisions taken positive or negative impact on their subordinates, so that good leaders must make decisions appropriate to their situation and condition in the school, if the decision making process is done properly it will enhance the achievement of the goals set together and will contribute also to all citizens of the school. In order to achieve mastery is influenced by the school principal as a leader in solving the problem to determine the set of decisions. The performance of the principal one of which is its ability to solve problems to make informed decisions. The explanation is thought to have a positive direct effect decision-making on the performance. Work Motivation on Decision Making. Motivation is an urge in a person to conduct activities or tasks with the best. There are six characteristics of people who have high motivation to work: 1) have high level of personal responsibility, 2) willing to take and bear the risk, 3) have a realistic goal, 4) has a comprehensive work plan and strive to realize the goals, 5) utilizing concrete feedback in all activities performed, and 6) seeking an opportunity to realize the plan that had been programmed. Decisionmaking process leading to increased problem solving solutions, choose alternative solutions. Have higher motivation to work in exploring the knowledge, skills, the more accurate results of his decision as the decisionmaking related to the setting of the problem, alternative solutions, and implementation of the decision. From the above, there are thought work motivation has positive direct effect on decision making. CONCLUSION First, a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on the performance of the principal. This means that the behavior will lead to improved performance leadership principals. Second, a positive direct effect of leadership behavior on work motivation. This means that an increase in leadership behavior will result an increase in the principal motivation. 208 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Third, a positive direct effect of leadership behavior of decisionmaking. This means that leadership behavior will result in an increase an effective decision making. Fourth, the organizational culture has positive direct effect on the performance of the principal. This means that a strong organizational culture will lead to improve principal performance. Fifth, a positive direct effect of organizational culture on decision making. This means that a strong organizational culture will lead to effective decision making. Sixth, a positive direct effect of organizational culture on work motivation. This means that a strong organizational culture will result an increase in the principal motivation. Seventh, the direct effect of positive motivation on the performance of the principal. Means to increase motivation to work will result an improved performance principals. Eighth, decision making positive direct effect on the performance of the principal. This means that effective decision-making will lead to improved performance of the principal. Ninth, the direct effect of positive motivation to the decisionmaking. Means to increase motivation to work will result in effective decision making. IMPLICATION Based on the conclusions of the study, that the principal's performance can be improved by enhancing the leadership behavior, organizational culture, motivation and decision making. Therefore, the implications of this study are as follows: First, to improve the performance of the principal, can be done by improving leadership behaviors through: control of good cooperation, give positive support to all citizens at school, being open to change, accept suggestions and criticism, giving consideration and ideas, providing a rational argument, improve the ability to influence subordinates. Second, to increase the principal's work motivation can be done by improving leadership behaviors through: getting the job done with deliberation, the value of innovative ideas, giving residents an opportunity to think critically, increasing the way communicate actively, maintaining family together citizens of the school. Third, to enhance the effectiveness of the principal decision-making can be done by improving leadership behaviors through: enhancing cooperation with relevant agencies, in cooperation with the school 209 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) committee, to supervise school activities, evaluate the performance of teachers and staff, to work effectively, giving residents the opportunity to actively engage school in the decision making process by establishing a quality control team. Fourth, to enhance the performance of principals can be done to improve the system of cultural values in school through: developing a system of values, rules, providing a positive work experience for the citizens at school, respect for religious freedom citizens at school, get used to the discipline of the work situation, get a sense of responsibility, setting a disciplinary order to ensure the citizens of schools, establishing a culture of mutual trust, open to each other, mutual respect, justice, equality, and established good cooperation. Fifth, to enhance the effectiveness of the principal decision-making can be done by improving the system of values in schools through organizational culture: creating a working system integrity and system default values, the value of equal rights and duties in a fair, sustainable increase surveillance systems, have the vision, mission, strategies, motto that are made with the citizens at school, implement technology-based education and information, fostering a culture of quality in every activity. Sixth, to increase the motivation to work can be done by improving the system of cultural values in school organization through: implementing educational training to improve school quality, innovative change the face of global competition, ensuring appropriate worship activities of the trust, maintain harmony among religious people, according to the order of punishment, define the non-smoking area, drugs and alcohol, warns of breach discipline by the rules consistently, making the school environment clean, healthy, beautiful, and comfortable habit of hard work, making a clear reward system. Seventh, to improve the performance of the principal, can be done by improving the motivation to work, through: improving morale by creating a comprehensive work plan, establish the relevant work and logically, have high work endurance, increase ability work through a variety of learning resources, the training motivation as an attempt to evaluate themselves in carrying out duties as a trustworthy leader, utilizing concrete feedback any activity undertaken as a direction for improvement. Eight, to enhance the performance of the principal, can be done to improve the decision making process, through: setting of the problem based on the participatory element of urgency and priority, receiving advice and criticism of the citizens in solving school problems, attention problems closely related to the internal and external environment, determine alternative 210 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) solutions to problems together, the use of facts and use accurate information to establish alternative solutions to problems, giving residents the opportunity to review the school alternative solutions, implementing the decision setting appropriate goals consistently, regularly evaluate the implementation of decisions, give feedback or feedback against decisions that have been conducted periodically, Ninth, to improve decision making, can be done by improving the motivation to work through: improving the professionalism of principals with implementing and following the training program, seminars, courses, cooperation with parents, teachers, and all citizens of the school in addressing the problems of education in schools, effective activities of the School Subject Teachers Council (MGMPS) in building cooperation and performance improvement. 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Jakarta: PT Gelora Akasa Pratama. Waite, Mitchell R. (2007). Five Service Leadership: Theories and Parctices. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Whitmore, John. (1997). Coaching For Performance, Seni Mengarahkan untuk Mendongkrak Kinerja. Terjemahan Dwi Helly Purnomo dan Louis Novianto. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Yuki, Gary. (2010). Leadership in Organization. Seventh Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. 216 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) UNDERSTANDING INTEGRATED-HOLISTIC SYSTEM: QUANTUM CHANGE IN TVET TEACHERS TRAINING IN MALAYSIA Muhammad Afzamiman Aripin1, Rohana Hamzah2 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Developing human capital especially in teachers’ training is really important nowadays. The teachers’ role as a medium of development has become the focal point in Malaysian education system. The quality of future generation who will be inherits the struggle for civilization depends on the teachers’ quality. Therefore, this article discuss about education approach especially to train Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) teachers. The TVET is one of the disciplines focusing on acquiring and application of technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge to prepare competence worker. However, the rapid change in knowledge, skill and technology has bring a real big challenge to the TVET education system in preparing competence teachers. The real big challenge is not only to produce teachers for TVET, but also to produce knowledgeable teachers who are creative and be able to integrate multi-discipline knowledge in education process (Rugarcia, Felder and Woods, 2000).Therefore, there is a need to transform education approach from the simple presentation of knowledge and skills to the concept of integrated knowledge. Therefore, this paper will discuss the current integration concept in Malaysian education system, the Islamic perspectives in the integration concept and TVET teachers’ training in Malaysia. At the end of the discussion, researcher come out with the conceptual model of holistic integration approach in TVET system based on the local needs. Hopefully, this approach will become one of the prototypes in developing excellent teachers’ training, not only in TVET system, but also in other related fields in education. Keywords: Teachers’ training, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), integrated, holistic, education approach; 217 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) INTRODUCTION In conjunction of producing well balanced personalities, Malaysian’s education system had emphasized on inculcating values across the curriculum, integration of disciplines (inter and intra), the concept of Godliness in the process of teaching and learning both inside and outside the classrooms. On top of that, it is very essential to highlight the focus of Malaysian education concept of integration and holism is first and foremost based on the concept of belief and devotion to God (Habsah, 2009). However, according to Maimun et al. (2009), the integration and holistic concept are always being understood and referred as a combination of science and non- science matters. Misunderstand the holistic concept in education also occur in Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) system. The curriculum designers think that by including several humanities courses in TVE curriculum is sufficient enough to produce balance, responsible and ethical workers. This practice unfortunately has produce dualist thinkers. They are very good in skill and technical knowledge however not really wise in decision making because lack of consideration on social, ethical and moral consequences. They believed that those attitudes and values are someone else’s responsibility (Rugarcia, Felder and Woods, 2000) Therefore, it is very crucial to revise and understand the basis concept of integration and holistic clearly before implement it into education process. This basic concept and the differentiation between multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and holistic approach could be recognize by identifying three categories such as in figure 1 Figure 1. Differences between multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and holistic approach (Miller, 2008) 218 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Multidisciplinary refer to separate subjects but sometimes establishes linkages between them. At the interdisciplinary level, two or three subjects are integrated around a theme. In transdiciplinary or holistic level, subjects are integrated around a broad theme. Therefore, when it comes to a holistic education concept, we need to identify the broad theme that need to be focus on. The following topic will discuss about the integration concept in Malaysia and how we define the theme. INTEGRATION CONCEPT IN MALAYSIA In Malaysia, the integration concept has been translated as very much similar to the holistic education concept. The Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Rendah or Malaysia Primary School Integrated Curriculum (IPSC) has been introduced since 1983 followed by Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah or Malaysian Secondary School Integrated Curriculum (ISSC) in 1989 (Habsah, 2009; Sufean, 2009). In the implementation process, the following themes have been used to clarify the holistic education concept in the IPSC and ISSC to the implementer such as educator and school administration. Integration of Knowledge, Skills, Values and Language in Learning Knowledge, skills, values and language are among the basic principals in a life-long learning. In this context, it is seen as a process of gaining and transferring knowledge, values and skills through the medium of Bahasa Melayu. The Bahasa Melayu language could become the symbol of unity between the multi-racial students. Integration of Learning Experiences in The School Subjects Meaningful learning occurred when teachers are capable to integrate multi disciplinary subject into a meaningful experience. However, it is very essential to understand that the integration must not neglect the main focus of IPSC and ISSC which is belief in God or Creator. Belief in God or Creator is the highest value of knowledge (revelation knowledge). This is the unity factor for the diversity of intellectual knowledge (knowledge by reasoning). These two groups of knowledge; revelation and intellectual knowledge should be integrate and complement each other in education process. The integration of these two groups of knowledgein education process is very essential for righteous life; to help mankind to understand their aims and fulfill their responsibilities. Therefore, the integration of knowledge must consider the following perspectives; 219 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) a. Knowledge of a man and his Creator; responsibility toward oneself and Creator b. Knowledge of a man in relation with his fellow beings; responsibility toward others c. Knowledge of a man and his interaction with his environment; responsibility toward environment Despite of that, the concept of believe in God or Creator could give a universal thought to the students. This concept of education also known as value based education. The value based education concentrates on the development of holistic personality with no compartmentalize between faith, intellectual knowledge, culture and technology (Anis Ahmad, 2009). The value based education tends to integrate whatever values that are considered beneficial, and it moves around the central value of unity which is God the ultimate cause of ecological balance and harmony. Therefore, various contextual factors will lead to the global dimensions in classroom. Integration of Theory And Practice in The Subject Taught This aspect is closely related to TVE which aims to prevent the students from being a passive receiver of knowledge. Moreover, the main corpus of moral laws consists of actual practices of living, of being and of doing (Anis Ahmad, 2009). Therefore, by integrate the theory and practice in the subject, students’ characters, potential and interest can be develops effectively through education process. Integration of Learning Experience Inside and Outside of Classroom This concept of integration could give a universal thought to the students by providing a meaningful learning inside and outside of classroom. The students will involve in co-curricular activities which aims to educate the students to be active leaner. Integration of Teaching and Learning Strategies The intention of this integration is to develop high order thinking skills and thus develop the cognitive aspects of individuals. The question is not students centered or teacher centered but both group should play a very significant role in two ways interaction. Teacher is not transfer the knowledge or skills but guidance to students’ knowledge discovery process and attitude development. Therefore, the development of cognitive or intellectual potential should not neglect the other potential such as spiritual, affective and psychomotor. All potential should develop together during teaching and learning activities (Habsah, 2009). 220 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) INTEGRATION CONCEPT IN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES From Islamic concept of education, integration has been defined as a combination of revealed knowledge and the acquired knowledge or intellectual knowledge. It is not merely combining a few types of knowledge into one set through secular education in class (Maimun et al. , 2009). This approach of knowledge development will has direct impact on the way in which human beings relates to God as the absolute reality (in the concept of existence), to other human beings and to the physical environment (Fazlur Rahman, 1999). The development of intellectual knowledge which is based on observation by the eyes and the ears is more significant if the knowledge finally is be able to strike the heart, understand his relationship and responsibilities toward society and physical world. This is the concept of education developed based on the principle balance of mind, spirit and physical. Every potential which is spiritual, cognitive, affective and psychomotor is combined and develop in the synergetic manner to the main aims of education which is to develop human being who “believe in God or Creator”. This is the universal theme, the highest values, the unity value that will produce high moral standard individual because other values such as honest, be fair, love, caring and etcetera are emerge from this unity value (Maimun et al., 2009; Syed Naquib al-Attas, 2001). Therefore, the integrated education approach will lead to the development of individual’s spiritual, cognitive, affective and psychomotor potential holistically as shown in the following figure. Revealed Knowledge Figure 2.Objectives of integrated curriculum (Maimun et.al, 2009) 221 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Moreover, Maimun et al. (2009), emphasized that the dualism concept in understanding the purpose of education must be avoided because it could lead towards the unbalance individual. Dualism concept in education resulted from the conflict between secular education system and the traditional Islamic education system (Isharaf Hossain, 2009). Unfortunately, the conflict has develop confusion about the original vision of education because more attention was given to secular education system which focus more on scientific evidence but the sublime and spiritual aspect of education has been neglected (Wahid Bakhsh Shaikh, 1999). However, all this while the development of spiritual, intellectual, affective and psychomotor potentials have been develop as separated entity in education process. In Malaysian context with multi races and ethnics, the importance of integrated education would bring the Malaysian society out from being individualistic, materialistic and pessimistic. This is the reason why the integrated education needs to be considered in Malaysian education system . Indeed, by integrating this concept, the education process will produce a pious person, practicing the life-long learning principle, able to optimize the spiritual, mind and physical potential, and realizing his responsibility as a khalifah (leader of changes) and a slave to God (Shaybaniy in Maimun et al. , 2009). Therefore, the moral, akhlak and other optimistic values will be developed (Abu Bakar, 1995). If education develop a leader of changes without self- concept as a slave to God will produce human being that will mischief this world. Figure 3. Objectives of Islamic integrated curriculum (Innovation from Maimun et al. , 2009) 222 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Therefore, in order to make sure that the integration of knowledge comes to reality in a holistic way, teachers are the first target that needs to be trained through the principle and thus implement the methods in schools. Teachers’ training module should start by developing one’s self internally especially in knowing his or her role as a slave to God. Allah SWT said in Al Quran as translated below: “I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me” (Adz-Dzariyat: 56) In addition, as a slave, he or she should also play the other role as the khalifah. This responsibility has been stated by Allah SWT in Al-Quran as translated below “Behold thy Lord said to the angels: "I will create a vicegerent on earth." (Al-Baqarah: 30) This responsibility should be hold and grasp with a big heart without hypocrisy and merely pretending. In this case, those who are not hypocrite will experience the phase of emotion stability. Hamdani (2008), states that the emotion stability will only being achieved when men in the state of knowing, understanding, familiar and feel his or her surrounding needs with a pious heart. With that, one could interact, adapt and when through his or her social life in abetter way. Besides of that, by knowing their roles as a slave and khalifah (leader of changes) on this earth, the attitude of fulfilling the self satisfaction, the feeling of perfection and other bad desires will be under control. Believe in God that create everything and has control on it will produce a beautiful akhlak, behavior, attitude and even the communication. The good values that come out from the akhlak will be translated into cognitive, affective and psychomotor. It is from these three domains that achievement could be measured (Maimun et al., 2009). The process of moving towards the achievement and realize the reality of existence is a continuous process in order to sustain the civilization process through education system. The more oneself struggle towards selfenlighten, the more he realizes the reality of his existence and thus become much more responsible in executing the tasks of a slave towards God and as a leader to all God’s creation. Teacher who had been trained through this process will indirectly be able to understand and integrate the central value of unity which is believe in God without neglecting the specialization in any fields or intellectual subjects. 223 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) TVET TEACHERS’ TRAINING IN MALAYSIA One of the challenges in embedding the quality in TVET teacher education is to increase the quality in skills training. Therefore, one of the main focuses in training TVET teachers in Malaysia is to prepare teachers that have current knowledge, industry oriented and the best is qualified and experience in real industry world (Yahya Emat, 2005). However, on the other hand, Logan (1964), states that PTV should not being seen as a narrow field especially in focusing certain skills or just concentrating on industrial development. Realizing this reality, Yahya Emat (2005) added that the process of reformation in education through empowering the TVET teachers is not only a big mission, but also an important agenda in order to achieve the mission of 2020. Therefore, full and serious attention needs to be focus on the component of dynamic teachers.Teachers should be trained with life-long learning education consist of learning, thinking, and problem solving skills, instilled with the national spirit, good moral and spiritual values, communication skills and specialize in the field of technology. Table 1. Addapted from dynamic TVET teachers component (Yahya Emat, 2005) Content in Dynamic Teacher Education Life-long learning Example of content Learning skills, thinking skills and problem solving through the subject of Information Technology and diversity in learning activities. Patriotism and passion in career Knowledge about history being thought through the history subject. Despite of that, teacher being exposed to the current issues and agenda in education and future needs. Good moral spiritual values and Islamic Civilization, Islamic Education and Moral Education subject being adopted in this component. Communication skills Subject like Bahasa and Mathematic give chances and benefits by training them in interpersonal skills, social skills and language ability. Specialization skills 224 Specialization in skills with several additional values will help in developing critical thinking ability, problem solving ability and develop creativity. The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) However, those components have been compartmentalized in certain subjects and thus induce difficulties for them to relate the subjects, values and moral development through the courses. According to Rohana (2010), the multiple branches of knowledge that had been developed separately including the science, technology and revealed knowledge had affect human intellectuality. The deterioration of human intellectuality effects the absorption of good values especially when a confuse mind are unable to make decision in fair and correct way. Besides of that, in the 10th Malaysian Plan (Unit PerancanganEkonomi JPM, 2010), the development of human capital had become one of the main concern that had been emphasized, aligned with the transformation towards high income country.This national gigantic plan has put a big effort into increasing teacher achievement in term of quality and professionalism especially in the field of TVET. However, according Ismail Abbas (2007), the development of human capital must be balance between material, spiritual and emotional to avoid the unbalance crisis. Maimun et al. (2009), stated that thinking skills, attitude and teacher’s behavior need to be developed as it will be duplicated by the students. She also stressed that teachers need to be trained in their field and specialization in order to attract the attention, being innovative and inspired by the students. These had been confirmed by Ismail Abbas (2007), where he stated that teachers need to be trained in delivering knowledge and developed them in becoming a person that can create and instill the humanity values, physically and internally. If the system in training the teachers is not well, the product will not be able to teach and gives the best training to the students, and of course in implementing the holistic integration system in schools curriculum. HOLISTIC INTEGRATION APPROACH IN TVE After discussing the elements of integration within the Malaysian context, integration in Islamic perspectives and several discussions about Technical and Vocational system, now we can see the pattern of the local current system, the aim and the real needs. By understanding the right concept of integration, researcher comes out with the integration model that is much more holistic. There are three elements that need to be considered based on the current system. They are the Creator, the self (the teacher), human (other people), and the environment. The previous system had touched these three elements separately in different subjects, while the real things that need to be emphasized was not only the skills but the human itself in a broad context. 225 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Figure 4. Holistic Integration Approach in TVET system and the effects towards industry and community By referring to figure 4, in order to train teachers in TVET especially in preparing them to implement the concept of holistic integration in education, we must view teacher as a human with a responsibility as a khalifah (leader of changes) and ‘abid (slave) to the Creator, the owner of this universe. According to Sidek Baba (2009), in order to uphold the responsibility as khalifah, TVET plays an important role in facing the globalization world. In a Muslim world, these can be seen as fardukifayyah where everyone needs to fulfill the needs of other people by focusing in certain specialization of field. Furthermore, the attributes of TVET system that consists of the power of knowledge and technology has made this system becoming one of the important fields to be emphasized especially in expanding the economic values, promoting civilize people and developing excellent citizens. However, TVET must be seen in a total different way as what had been seen by the Western country. Previously, the basic core of Malaysian education system is the concept of belief and devotion to God which is the fact that cannot be denied. Therefore the important aspect in the education system that need to 226 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) be focus is to educate people to develop them according to their fitrah(nature) without neglecting any of the three elements. By understanding this principle, teachers need to be trained in related to the horizontal relationship (physical) and the vertical relationship (spiritual). The vertical relationship becomes the balancing for the physical world. By considering the role of the Creator who have the upmost power upon everything, the ihsan attributes could be instill and thus developing the sense of being watching in any condition by the Creator. This sense will lead to the character of being honest and increase the quality not only the human itself, but also the production (BahagianPenyelidikanJabatan Agama Johor, 1998). This concept need to be master by every single teachers and thus being able to inculcate the values towards their students in the future. By referring to the physical relation as in figure 4, the relationship with other people also need to be focused. Since human lives in community, the needs, collaboration, support, respect and many other aspects that relate to the human relations need to be fulfilled.Besides of that, the relations with the environment are very important since it has been proved for centuries that by neglecting this relation, human will use the technology and development as a tool that ruin the civilization (Miller, 2008). This is also mentiondin the Quran as translated below; “Mischief has appeared on land and sea because of (the meed) that the hands of men have earned that (Allah) may give them a taste of some of their deeds: in order that they may turn back (from Evil).” (Ar-Rum : 41) The method of integrating ‘human and Creator’ and ‘environment and Creator’ is a method in education that produce a balance people as what had been mention previously. The skill integration which connects ‘human and environment’ was viewed as the practicality in the specialization area. These include the enforcement in values, emotion and skills in the field of work. This is where the ‘technical and vocational’ part laid on and also the part that had been focused by many people around the world. By considering the three elements, the approach in holistic integration could be implement in any strategy or method in teaching and learning process. The implementation of this approach also could affect the industries and society in a sustainable way since the focus in this approach is about developing the human capital itself rather than focusing the economic factors (Gustav Ranis. 2004). 227 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) CONCLUSION In general, the concept of holistic integration education is an approach to integrate the highest absolute values which is belief in God as a core value to develop self-responsibility as a leader of changes through intellectual knowledge in education process. This concept of education also known as value based education. According to Majid (1996), the absolute characteristic is different than the other aspects of this physical world which continuously going through the process of changing. Therefore, by educate educator to embedded this value through education process will produce new generation with self-empowerment and high moral standard quality. Up to this extend, this approach offers a practical way to align the aims of TVE system with the universal value until the value could be seen as a guidance to develops not only skilled and knowledgeable worker but also civilized generation who can lead the changes of this world to be a better world. Therefore, to achieve this objective, the best starting points that need to be considered is the teachers’ training itself. REFERENCES AbdMajid al-Najjar (1996). Cara Hidup Beragama. Pengertian dan Penerapannya.The International Institute of Islamic Thought. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Anis Ahmad (2009). Globalization, its impact on and challenge to education in the Muslim world: A cross cultural and Da’wah perspective. Paper presented at the 7-th world conference on Muslim Education, Shah Alam; 21-23 Disember 2009. FazlurRahman (1999). Major Themes of the Quran. Petaling Jaya; Islamic Book Trust. Gustav Ranis (2004). Human Development and Economic Growth.Yale University. New Heven. Retrieved at http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/28375/1/dp040887.pdf Habsah (2009).Holistic Education in Malaysia. Europeon Journal os Social Sciences. Journal 9, Number 2, ms 231-236. 228 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) HamdaniBakran Adz-Dzakiey (2002). Prophetic Intelligence (Kecerdasan Kenabian). Menumbuhkan Potensi Insan Melalui Pengembangan Kesihatan Rohani. Al-Manar. Indonesia Isharaf Hossain (2009). History of Islamization of Education Movement; An Analysis of Dr. Syed Ali Ashraf’s Contribution to Six World Conference on Muslim Education (1977-1996).Paper presented at the 7-th world conference on Muslim Education, Shah Alam; 21-23 Disember 2009. Maimun Aqsha Lubis, Ramlee Mustapha dan Abdullah AwangLampoh (2009). Integrated Islamic Education in Brunei Darussalam: Philosophical Issues and Challenges. Journal of Islamic and Arabic Education 1 (2) ms 51-60. Miller, J.P (2000). Education and the soul: toward a spiritual curriculum. Albany: State University of New York Press. Rohana Hamzah (2009). Development and evaluation of Holistic selfdevelopment modules; A study among Art and Design students (Doctoral dissertation, University Technology MARA, 2009). Rohana Hamzah. (2010). Mengenali Manusia Asas Pembangunan Pendidikan Berkualiti. Skudai Malaysia: Universiti Teknology Malaysia Rugarcia, A., Felder, R.M and Woods, D.R (2000). The future of engineering education: a vision for a new century. Journal of Chemical Engineering Education,3(4), 16-25. Sidek Baba (2009), Melayu Perkasa. Alaf 21 Sdn Bhd.Shah Alam Selangor. Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas (2001). Prolegomena to The Metaphysics of Islam; an exposition of the fundamental elements of the world view of Islam.Kuala Lumpur; ISTAC. William B. Logan (1964). Theory Into Practice. The New Look In vocational Education. Vol 3.No. 5. Ms 61-62 229 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Yahya Emat (2005). Pendidikan Teknik dan Vokasional di Malaysia. IBS BUKU. Selangor, Malaysia 230 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PENDIDIKAN MELALUI GURU PROFESIONAL Meiske Tumbel State University of Manado, Manado, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Professionalism of teachers who incidentally is the backbone of the nation's education that will produce the human resources and the next generation as well as reliable that can competence to be the nation in the era globalization. Increased professionalism is certainly not easy, a lot of energy, thought, time and cost required. Through the certification of teachers is expected to have increased the professionalism of teachers. Professional teachers are teachers who know about self. That is, the person who called in to assist learners to / in the study. Teacher charged with figuring out how it should be continuous learners learn. So, if there is a failure of students, teachers are discover the cause and find a way out with the students, not to do anything or even blame. Being a teacher is not a process that can only be passed, resolved and determined by competency testing and certification.Because a teacher is based on feelings, teaching is a profession the heart. Many hearts have contributed to or more than the mind. Therefore, treatment should be careful to get enough attention, namely the purification of the heart or the motivation to become teachers. Attitudes that have always fostered a willingness to get to know yourself and the will to purify teaching. A teacher who is not willing to learn, not be like and proud to be a teacher. The pride of teaching is a step to become a professional teacher. Therefore, the professionalism of teachers is a necessity that can not be indispensable in achieving a higher quality education. Keywords: professionalism, teachers, quality education 231 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENDAHULUAN Ada banyak hal yang menjadi perbincangan seputar peringatan Hari Guru ini. Misalnya, persoalan sertifikasi guru, profesionalisme guru pasca kepemilikan sertifikat, kesejahteraan guru, masalah penilaian portofolio dan kejujuran guru dalam usaha mencapai sertifikat, logika yang keliru dari penilaian portofolio, kecemburuan sosial antara guru senior dan junior dan sebagainya. Inti dari berbagai sorotan tersebut, tampaknya sangat dipengaruhi oleh adanya sertifikasi guru yang telah memperlihatkan berbagai keganjilannya. Peringatan Hari Guru Nasional tersebut, hendaknya dijadikan sebagai momentum oleh kita semua, khususnya orang-orang yang berkecimpung di dunia pendidikan atau kita yang terlibat langsung ikut mengurusi persoalan guru, untuk lebih arif dalam melihat persoalanpersoalan guru hari ini dan ke depan. Beberapa hal yang seharus nya menjadi perhatian serius bagi kita semua adalah persoalan sertifikasi guru dan hubungannya dengan profesionalisme, kejujuran dan dampak sosial dari adanya sertifikasi ini telah banyak menuai sorotan dan kritik dari berbagai pihak. Karena keterbatasan ruang, maka pada kesempatan ini kami hanya menguaraikan keterkaitan antara sertifikasi guru dan profesionalisme guru. PEMBAHASAN Profesionalisme Guru Profesi Menurut Tilaar (2002 : 86) profesi merupakan pekerjaan, dapat pula berwujud sebagai jabatan di dalam suatu hiearki birokrasi, yang menuntut keahlian tertentu serta memiliki etika khusus untuk jabatan tersebut serta pelayanan baku terhadap masyarakat. Inti dari profesi ialah seseorang harus memiliki keahlian tertentu. Didalam masyarakat sederhana, keahlian tersebut diperoleh dengan cara meniru atau diturunkan dari orang tua kepada anak atau dari kelompok masyarakat ke generasi penerusnya. Pada masyarakat modern, keahlian tersebut diperoleh melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan khusus. Sebagai lawan dari profesi adalah amatir. Suatu profesi adalah kegiatan seseorang untuk menghidupi kehidupannya (earning a living). Menurut Supriadi (1998) profesi merujuk pada suatu pekerjaan atau jabatan yang menuntut keahlian tinggi, tanggung jawab, dan kesetiaan terhadap profesi, maka tidak semua pekerjaan disebut profesi. Berdasarkan definisi tersebut dapat diberi simpulan bahwa inti dari profesi adalah seseorang harus memiliki keahlian tertentu yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan khusus, suatu profesi adalah kegiatan seseorang untuk menghidupi kehidupannya (earning a living). 232 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Prinsip-prinsip profesi Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen, pasal 7 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) menegaskan bahwa : a. Profesi guru dan profesi dosen merupakan bidang pekerjaan khusus yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsip sebagai berikut: 1) Memiliki bakat, minat, panggilan jiwa, dan idealism. 2) Memiliki komitmen untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan, keimanan, ketakwaan, dan akhlak mulia. 3) Memiliki kualifikasi akademik dan latar belakang pendidikan yang sesuai dengan bidang tugas. 4) Memiliki kompetensi yang diperlukan sesuai dengan bidang tugas. 5) Memiliki tanggung jawab atas pelaksanaan tugas keprofesionalan. 6) Memperoleh penghasilan yang ditentukan sesuai dengan prestasi kerja. 7) Memiliki kesempatan untuk mengembangkan ke-profesionalan serta berkelanjutan dengan belajar sepanjang hayat. 8) Memiliki jaminan terhadap perlindungan hukum dalam melaksanakan tugas keprofesionalan. 9) Memiliki organisasi profesi yang mempunyai kewenangan mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan tugas keprofesionalan guru. b. Pengembangan profesi guru atau pemberdayaan profesi dosen diselenggarakan melalui pengembangan diri yang dilakukan secara demokratis, berkeadilan, tidak diskriminatif, dan berkelanjutan dengan menjunjung tinggi hak asasi manusia, nilai keagamaan, nilai kultural, kemajemukan bangsa, dan kode etik profesi. Karakteristik profesi Deskripsi mengenai karaketeristik profesi, menurut Moore sebagaimana dikutip oleh Sutisna (1993) bahwa ciri-ciri profesi: a. Sebagian besar waktu yang dimilikinya dipergunakan untuk menjalankan pekerjaannya. b. Terikat suatu panggilan hidup dan memperlakukan pekerjaannya sebagai seperangkat norma kepatuhan dan perilaku. c. Mempunyai organisasi profesional yang formal. d. Menguasai pengetahuan yang berguna dan keterampilan atas dasar latihan spesialisasi atau pendidikan yang sangat khusus. e. Terikat oleh syarat-syarat kompetensi, kesadaran prestasi, dan pengabdian. f. Memperoleh ekonomi berdasarkan spesialisasi teknik yang sangat tinggi sekali. 233 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Pendapat lain mengenai karakteristik profesi dinyatakan oleh Hoy & Miskel (1985) bahwa enam karakteristik profesi adalah: a. Berdasarkan pada keahlian teknikal yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan. b. Memberikan pelayanan kepada klien. c. Adanya norma-norma hubungan antar tenaga profesional-klien. d. Orientasi acuan kelompok antar sejawat. e. Terdapat struktur kontrol terhadap kinerja. f. Memiliki kode etik yang memandu aktivitas-aktivitasnya. Berdasarkan pendapat diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakteristik profesi meliputi: memiliki keahlian khusus bersifat intelektual yang dipersiapkan melalui pendidikan khusus dan matang; membentuk karir seumur hidup dengan pertumbuhan dalam jabatan secara terus-menerus; mengutamakan layanan kepada klien; memiliki kode etik, standar kerja, dan kontrol kinerja yang kuat; dan memiliki organisasi profesional. Karakteristik profesi di atas apabila diaplikasi pada bidang pendidikan, khususnya dijadikan kriteria bagi tenaga kependidikan atau guru maka dapat dipastikan proses kegiatan pembelajaran dapat berjalan dengan efektif dan efisien, karena guru pada hakikatnya memiliki keahlian khusus yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan formal cukup lama secara sistematis dan terprogram dengan baik. Ciri guru profesional Salah satu peranan guru adalah “transfer of knowlwdge” dan “tranfer of values”. Ketika guru memindahkan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan serta nilainilai terjadi interaksi antara guru dan peserta didik. Namun demikian, tugas utama seorang guru adalah mengajar, dalam praktik pengajaran, guru melaksanakan kegiatan membimbing dan melatih siswa, sehingga terjadi perubahan ke arah yang lebih baik dari aspek kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotornya. Guru Sekolah Dasar sebagai guru kelas memiliki tugas yang lebih luas, yaitu selain mengajar juga melaksanakan kegiatan bimbingan dan konseling di kelas, melaksanakan tugas administrasi sekolah, dan juga dituntut untuk mampu melaksanakan hubungan dengan masyarakat terutama sekali orang tua / wali siswa. Oleh karena itu mengingat tugas guru Sekolah Dasar yang cukup berat, maka dalam melaksanakan tugas dan kewajibannya dituntut memiliki kemampuan profesional. Profesional menurut Jarvis (1983) adalah kata benda lawan dari amatir, sebagai aplikasi bagi seseorang yang menerima bayaran dari apa yang dilakukan dalam tugasnya. Dijelaskan lebih lanjut oleh Jarvis (1983) bahwa profesional dapat diartikan sebagai seseorang yang melakukan tugas profesi yang membutuhkan keahlian (ekspert) dan keahlian itu diperoleh melalui 234 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pendidikan. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen pasal 1 butir (1) menegaskan bahwa guru adalah pendidik profesional dengan tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada pendidikan anak usia dini jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah. Ciri-ciri guru dinyatakan profesional dalam jurnal Educational Leadership Edisi Maret 1993, sebagaimana dikutip oleh Supriadi (1998) adalah sebagai berikut : a.Guru memiliki komitmen pada siswa dan proses belajarnya. Ini berarti bahwa komitmen tertinggi guru adalah kepada kepentingan siswa. b.Guru menguasai secara mendalam bahan/mata pelajaran yang diajarkannya serta cara mengajarkannya kepada siswa. Bagi guru, hal ini merupakan dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. c.Guru bertanggung jawab memantau hasil belajar siswa melalui berbagai teknik evaluasi, mulai dari pengamatan dalam perilaku siswa sampai tes hasil belajar. d.Guru mampu berfikir sistematis tentang apa yang dilakukannya, dan belajar dari pengalamannya. Artinya ia harus belajar menyeduakan waktu untuk mengadakan refleksi dan koreksi terhadap apa yang telah dilakukannya. e. Guru seyogyakan merupakan bagian dari masyarakat belajar dalam lingkungan organisasi profesinya. Selain kelima ciri profesional di atas, guru juga dituntut memenuhi cakupan kompetensi berkaitan dengan profesionalisme guru, pasal 10 Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen kompetensi guru meliputi : (1) kompetensi paedagogik; (2) kompetensi kepribadian; (3) kompetensi sosial; dan (4) kompetensi profesional yang diperoleh melalui pendidikan profesi. Berdasarkan ciri-ciri sebagaimana diuraikan di atas, antara yang satu dengan yang lain sebenarnya saling melengkapi. Namun demikian terdapat rumusan kompetensi profesional lebih realistis untuk dilaksanakan guru dalam proses pembelajaran, hal ini didasarkan atas rumusan yang dikeluarkan oleh Proyek Pengembangan Pendidikan Guru (P3G) Depdikbud Tahun 1980 tentang 10 (sepuluh) kompetensi guru profesional merupakan kinerja guru ideal yang lebih antisipasif terhadap tantangan masa depan yang semakin kompleks. Kompetensi profesional guru, meliputi : (1) menguasai bahan pelajaran; (2) mengelola program belajar mengajar; (3) mengelola kelas; (4) menggunakan media/sumber; (5) menguasai landasan-landasan kependidikan; (6) mengelola interaksi belajar mengajar; (7) menilai prestasi siswa untuk kepentingan pengajaran; (8) mengenal fungsi dan program pelayanan bimbingan dan penyuluhan; (9) mengenal dan menyelenggarakan administrasi sekolah; dan (10) memahami prinsip-prinsip dan menafsirkan hasil-hasil penelitian pendidikan guna keperluan pengajaran. 235 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Profesionalisme Guru Profesionalisme, secara etimologi istilah profesi berasal dari bahasa Inggris “profession”, berakar dari bahasa Latin “profesus” yang berarti mampu atau ahli dalam satu bentuk pekerjaan (Sanusi, 1991). Menurut Tilaar (2002 : 86) profesi merupakan pekerjaan, dapat juga berwujud sebagai jabatan di dalam suatu hierarki birokrasi, yang menuntut keahlian tertentu serta memiliki etika khusus untuk jabatan tersebut serta pelayanan baku terhadap masyarakat. Seorang profesional menjalankan pekerjaannya sesuai dengan tuntutan profesi atau dengan kata lain memiliki kemampuan dan sikap. Sesuai dengan tuntutan profesinya. Seorang profesional menjalankan kegiatannya berdasarkan profesionalisme, dan bukan amatiran. Profesionalisme bertentangan dengan amatirisme. Seorang profesional akan terus-menerus meningkatkan mutu secara sadar, melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan. Aqib (2002 : 102) menyatakan bahwa kemampuan dasar profesional guru, meliputi : (1)menguasai bahan pelajaran; (2) mengelola program belajar mengajar; (3)mengelola kelas; (4)menggunakan media/sumber; (5)menguasai landasan-landasan kependidikan; (6)mengelola interaksi belajar mengajar; (7)menilai prestasi siswa untuk kepentingan pengajaran; (8)mengenal fungsi dan program pelayanan bimbingan dan penyuluhan; (9)mengenal dan menyelenggarakan administrasi sekolah; dan (10)memahami prinsip-prinsip dan menafsirkan hasil-hasil penelitian pendidikan guna keperluan pengajaran. Berkaitan dengan masalah profesionalisme guru, Dirjen Dikdasmen (1996) merumuskan profesionalisme guru dalam menjalankan tugas sebagai tenaga kependidikan harus memiliki kemampuan dan sikap: (1) menguasai kurikulum; (2) menguasai materi setiap mata pelajaran; (3) menguasai metode dan evaluasi belajar; (4) setia terhadap tugas; (5) dan disiplin dalam arti luas. Dengan demikian profesionalisme secara sederhana dapat disimpulkan adalah orang-orang yang melaksanakan tugas profesi, melaksanakan tugas secara profesional berdasarkan profesionalisme yang dituntut adanya keahlian, tanggung jawab, dan kesetiaan terhadap profesi yang diperolehnya melalui pendidikan dan pelatihan. Sertifikat Guru = Profesionalisme Guru Berdasarkan uraian di atas, maka pengertian pendidik yang tertuang di dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional, dalam pasal 39, yaitu: Pasal (1) Tenaga kependidikan bertugas melaksanakan administrasi, pengelolaan, 236 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pengembangan, pengawasan, dan pelayanan teknis untuk menunjang proses pendidikan pada satuan pendidikan. Pasal (2), Pendidik merupakan tenaga profesional yang bertugas merencanakan dan melaksanakan proses pembelajaran, menilai hasil pembelajaran, melakukan pembimbingan dan pelatihan, serta melakukan penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat, terutama bagi pendidik perguruan tinggi. Sebagai tenaga profesional, maka guru memang dikenal sebagai salah satu jenis dari sekian banyak pekerjaan (accupation) yang memerlukan bidang keahlian khusus, seperti dokter, insinyur, tentara, wartawan, dan bidang pekerjaan lain yang memerlukan bidang keahlian yang lebih spesifik. Dalam dunia yang semakin maju, semua bidang pekerjaan memerlukan adanya spesialisasi, yang ditandai dengan adanya standar kompetensi tertentu, termasuk guru sebagai profesi (Suparlan, 2006:73). Seorang guru yang telah memiliki sertifikat, maka secara langsung orang akan menyimpulkan bahwa ia adalah seorang guru yang profesional. Indikasinya, karena ia telah lulus penilaian portofolio. Namun, apakah ada jaminan jika seorang guru yang telah memiliki sertifikat maka ia secara otomatis sebagai guru profesional? Seharus nya memang demikian. Karena yang namanya profesionalisme itu adalah sebuah istilah yang diperoleh setelah melalui sebuah proses tahapan tertentu. Karena ia telah melewati tahapan tertentu itulah, maka itu ia disebut profesional. Artinya bahwa, seorang guru yang telah melalui penilaian portofolio itu sangat wajar bila gelar profesionalisme disandangnya. Berdasarkan ”gelar baru” itulah guru dapat bekerja secara profesional dan maksimal. Banyak hal yang dapat dilakukan profesi guru di sekolah dalam rangka mengembalikan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap guru. Pertama, jadilah seorang guru yang profesional yang sangat paham, mengerti akan ilmu yang diajarkannya sehingga peserta didik merasakan sebuah kenikmatan tersendiri selama dan pascamateri diberikan oleh guru. Materi yang diberikan tidak hanya berorientasi pada kognitif tapi juga afektik dan psikomotorik serta dapat dirasakan manfaatnya ketika berada di luar sekolah, semacam keterampilan life skill. Kedua, ciptakan suasana yang menarik, dan memiliki daya tarik dalam proses belajar mengajar dalam kelas sehingga siswa benarbenar dapat merasakan kenikmatan dan betah berlama-lama belajar dengan guru di sekolah, sehingga jika ada hari libur anak-anak justru kecewa, bukan malah sebaliknya seperti saat ini. Ciptakan dan gunakan berbagai model pembelajaran, strategi pembelajaran, metode pembelajaran yang tepat bagi siswa. Karena bisa jadi cocok bagi kita belum tentu baik untuk siswa, sehingga proses evaluasi menjadi penting 237 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) untuk menilai kemampuan kita dalam menyampaikan materi, dan menggunakan berbagai metode, model dan strategi tadi. Melalui tulisan ini, saya mengajak kepada diriku sendiri dan semua guru untuk memaknai sertifikasi sebagai suatu tuntutan profesionalisme. Profesionalisme Guru, Sebagai Strategi Peningkatan Kualitas Pendidikan Dedi Supriadi (alm) dalam bukunya bertajuk "Mengangkat Citra dan Martabat Guru" telah menjelaskan secara sederhana istilah profesi, profesional dan profesionalisme. Profesi menunjuk pda suatu pekerjaan atau jabatan yang menuntut keahlian, tanggung jawab, dan kesetiaan terhadap profesi. Lebih lanjut dinyatakan bahwa suatu profesi secara teori tidak bisa dilakukan oleh sembarang orang yang tidak dilatih atau disiapkan untuk itu. Sementara profesional menunjuk pada dua hal. Pertama, menunjuk pada penampilan atau performance atau kinerja seseorang yang sesuai dengan tuntutan profesinya. Misalnya, ”pekerjaan itu dilaksanakan secara profesional”. Kedua, menunjuk pada orang yang melakukan pekerjaan itu, misalnya ”dia seorang profesional”. Istilah profesionalisme menunjuk pada derajat penampilan atau performance seseorang dalam melaksanakan pekerjaan atau profesi. Ada yang profesionalismenya tinggi, sedang, dan ada pula yang rendah. Menurut Dedi Supriadi, profesionalisme menuntut tiga prinsip utama, yakni well educated, well trained, well paid (memperoleh pendidikan yang cukup, mendapatkan pelatihan yang memadai, dan menerima gaji yang memadai. Dengan kata lain profesionalisme menuntut pendidikan yang tinggi, kesempatan memperoleh pelatihan yang cukup, dan akhirnya memperoleh bayaran atau gaji yang memadai). Memperhatikan definisi tersebut, maka profesionalisme guru merupakan sebuah kebutuhan yang tidak dapat ditunda-tunda lagi, seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya persaingan yang semakin ketat dalam era globalisasi seperti sekarang ini. Diperlukan orangorang yang memang benar benar-benar ahli di bidangnya, sesuai dengan kapasitas yang dimilikinya agar setiap orang dapat berperan secara maksimal, termasuk guru sebagai sebuah profesi yang menuntut kecakapan dan keahlian tersendiri. Profesionalisme tidak hanya karena faktor tuntutan dari perkembangan jaman, tetapi pada dasarnya juga merupakan suatu keharus an bagi setiap individu dalam kerangka perbaikan kualitas hidup manusia. Profesionalisme menuntut keseriusan dan kompetensi yang memadai, sehingga seseorang dianggap layak untuk melaksanakan sebuah tugas. Ada beberapa langkah strategis yang harus dilakukan dalam upaya, meningkatkan profesionalisme guru, yaitu: 238 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Sertifikasi sebagai sebuah sarana Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme guru adalah melalui sertifikasi sebagai sebuah proses ilmiah yang memerlukan pertanggung jawaban moral dan akademis. Pelaksanaan ujian setifikasi diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia nomor 18 tahun 2007 tentang Sertifikasi Bagi Guru Dalam Jabatan seperti yang diatur dalam pasal 2. Penilaian dilakukan dalam bentuk penilaian portofolio yang terdiri dari bebapa komponen yaitu kualifikasi akademik, pendidikan dan pelatihan, pengalaman mengajar, perencanaan dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran, penilaian dari atasan dan pengawas, prestasi akademik, karya pengembangan profesi, keikutsertaan dalam forum ilmiah, pengalaman organisasi di bidang kependidikan dan sosial dan penghargaan yang relevan dengan bidang pendidikan. Dalam sertifikasi yang dilakukan dengan penilaian portofolio tersebut tercermin adanya suatu uji kelayakan dan kepatutan yang harus dijalani seseorang, terhadap kriteria-kriteria yang secara ideal telah ditetapkan. Sertifikasi bagi para Guru dan Dosen merupakan amanah dari UU Sistem Pendidikan Nasional kita (pasal 42) yang mewajibkan setiap tenaga pendidik harus memiliki kualifikasi minimum dan sertifikasi sesuai dengan jenjang kewenangan mengajar yang dimilikinya. Singkatnya adalah, sertifikasi dibutuhkan untuk mempertegas standar kompetensi yang harus dimiliki para guru dan dosen sesui dengan bidang ke ilmuannya masing-masing. Perlunya perubahan paradigma Faktor lain yang harus dilakukan dalam mencapai profesionalisme guru adalah, perlunya perubahan paradigma dalam proses belajar menajar. Anak didik tidak lagi ditempatkan sekedar sebagai obyek pembelajaran tetapi harus berperan dan diperankan sebagai obyek. Sang guru tidak lagi sebagai instruktur yang harus memposisikan dirinya lebih tingi dari anak didik, tetapi lebih berperan sebagai fasilitator atau konsultator yang bersifat saling melengkapi. Dalam konteks ini, guru di tuntut untuk mampu melaksanakan proses pembelajaran yang efektif, kreatif dan inovatif secara dinamis dalam suasana yang demokratis. Dengan demikian proses belajar mengajar akan dilihat sebagai proses pembebasan dan pemberdayaan, sehingga tidak terpaku pada aspek-aspek yang bersifat formal, ideal maupun verbal. Penyelesaian masalah yang aktual berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip ilmiah harus menjadi orientasi dalam proses belajar mengajar. Oleh sebab itu, out put dari pendidikan tidak hanya sekedar mencapai IQ (intelegensia Quotes), tetapi mencakup pula EQ (Emotional Quotes) dan SQ (Spiritual Quotes). Perubahan paradigma seperti tersebut 239 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) diatas dimaksudkan untuk menggeser paradigma peningkatan sumber daya manusia menjadi peningkatan manusia seutuhnya dengan maksud agar pendidikan di Indonesia mampu memberikan arah yang terencana dalam proses pembelajaran untuk kepentingan pengelolaan dan pengembangan masyarakat pendidikan. Sehingga, mereka dapat mengaktualisasikan dan mengekspresikan diri melalui perubahan sesuai jalur potensi yang dimilikinya. Selain itu, mendudukkan peserta didik sebagai subjek, bukan lagi sebagai objek. Sehingga, mereka dapat berperan aktif di masyarakat sesuai dengan kompetensi yang dimilikinya agar dapat memecahkan problem yang dihadapi di masa mendatang. Dengan digulirkannya paradigma baru, otomatis seluruh stakeholder pendidikan, dari mulai Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan hingga peserta didik harus menyambutnya dengan cara seksama demi kemajuan pendidikan di Indonesia. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memadukan pendekatan broad based dengan competency based curricullum yang diwujudkan dalam rancangan pengorganisasian materi pembelajaran secara berjenjang dan berkesinambungan dengan tujuan agar peserta didik dapat mengekspresikan kompetensi yang dikuasainya dalam bentuk unjuk kerja (performance), melaksanakan pekerjaan yang sesungguhnya (real job) serta alami (natural). Jenjang karir yang jelas Salah satu faktor yang dapat merangsang profesionalisme guru adalah, jenjang karir yang jelas. Dengan adanya jenjang karir yang jelas akan melahirkan kompetisi yang sehat, terukur dan terbuka, sehingga memacu setiap individu untuk berkarya dan berbuat lebih baik. Banyak profesi bergengsi seperti di bidang hukum, kedokteran, sains, rekayasa, dsb. menetapkan secara jelas transisi dari sejak mahasiswa lulus ke jabatan profesional. Untuk dapat melaksanakan tugas profesionalnya dilakukan secara berjenjang melalui seleksi yang cukup ketat dengan kriteria yang jelas. Ketika memulai bertugas pada tahap awal dimulai dengan magang kepada yang lebih seniror dan terus secara berjenjang sampai pada posisi tertinggi. Dalam jabatan guru hal itu tidak terjadi secara jelas dan terprogram. Begitu lulus dari Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan langsung terjun ke dunianya laksana anak itik yang langsung berenang. Dan seterusnya sejak mulai sampai akhir masa jabatan tidak pernah terjadi seleksi karir yang berjenjang. Dengan begitu guru pemula sama saja dengan guru yang sudah puluhan tahun bekerja, yang membedakannya hanyalah gaji yang diterima dan pangkat yang semakin tinggi. Memang ada ketentuan penjenjangan jabatan guru mulai dari guru pratama sampai ke guru utama dengan kriteria 240 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) perolehan angka kredit. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya lebih banyak berupa ketentuan administratif ketimbang penjenjangan profesional. Di Perguruan Tinggi para dosen cukup jelas ketentuan aturan penjenjangan dan pelaksanaannya. Misalnya seorang asisten ahli tidak diberi wewenang untuk mengajar secara mandiri dan membimbing skripsi. Dengan adanya sertifikasi guru yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan, maka pelaksanaan penjenjengan jabatan dapat dilaksanakan mengingat dalam pengisian portofolio banyak komponen yang sudah mengacu pada Keputusan Menteri Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara Nomor 84/1993 tentang Angka Kredit Bagi Jabatan Guru dalam Lingkungan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. Apabila peraturan tersebut sudah diikuti dan dilaksanakan sejak awal, maka untuk melakukan sertifikasi guru bukanlah hal yang sulit dan tidak menimbulkan suatu hal yang menghebohkan banyak kalangan. Dengan telah dilaksanakannya sertifikasi pendidik, maka program pengembangan untuk seluruh jenjang karir bagi guru dan kepala sekolah juga harus segera dimulai. Program tersebut harus meliputi persiapan pra-mengajar, kemudian penempatan mengajar dan terakhir pengembangan profesi yang berkelanjutan. Program ini dimaksudkan untuk menjamin kelangsungan karir guru. Peningkatan kesejahteraan yang nyata Kesejahteraan merupakan issu yang utama dalam konteks peran dan fungsi guru sebagai tenaga pendidik dan pengajar. Paradigma professional tidak akan tercapai apabila individu yang bersangkutan, tidak pernah dapat memfokuskan diri pada satu hal yang menjadi tanggungjawab dan tugas pokok dari yang bersangkutan. Oleh sebab itu, untuk mencapai profesionalisme, jaminan kesejahteraan bagi para guru merupakan suatu hal yang tidak dapat diabaikan dan dipisahkan. Realitas yang memukul dunia pendidikan Indonesia salah satunya adalah dari laporan dari UNDP (Human Development Report 2004) yang menyatakan bahwa angka buta huruf dewasa (adult illiteracy rate) di Indonesia mencapai 12,1%. Ini berarti, dari setiap 100 orang Indonesia dewasa yang berusia 15 tahun ke atas, ada 12 orang yang tidak bisa membaca. Pada tahun yang sama (2004), UNDP juga telah mengeluarkan laporannya tentang kondisi HDI (Human Development Indeks di Indonesia. Dalam laporan tersebut, HDI Indonesia berada pada urutan ke 111 dari 175 negara. Fenomena diatas telah memberi gambaran secara sekilas kepada kita, tentang kondisi dunia pendidikan saat ini di tanah air, dimana kualitas pendidikan di negera kita memang masih jauh dari yang kita harapkan. Perlu 241 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) sebuah upaya kerja keras tanpa henti dengan melibatkan seluruh stakeholders, agar dunia pendidikan kita benar-benar bangkit dari keterpurukan untuk mengejar ketertinggalannya sehingga mampu berkompetisi secara terhormat dalam era globalisasi yang semakin menguat. Oleh sebab itu reformasi pendidikan, dimana salah satu issu utamanya adalah peningkatan profesionalisme guru merupakan sebuah keniscayaan yang tidak dapat ditawar-tawar lagi dalam mencapai pendidikan yang lebih berkualitas. PENUTUP Dilihat dari perangkat yan dipersiapkan, tampaknya profesinal guru ini sudah dipersiapkan dengan sangat matang dan baik. Program profesi guru ini juga membutuhkan banyak pikiran, tenaga, waktu, dan biaya, Yang perlu dicermati adalah dengan segala pengorbananyang ada ini, mampukah program sertifikasi ini mencapai tujuan utama yang diharapkan yaitu meningkatkan profesionalitas guru dalam rangka meningkatkan mutu pendidikan nasional. Sebagai pendidik profesional guru mempunyai tugas utama mendidik, mengajar, membimbing, mengarahkan, melatih, menilai, dan mengevaluasi peserta didik pada pendidikan usia dini, jalur pendidikan formal, pendidikan dasar, dan pendidikan menengah. UU guru dan dosen menyatakan bahwa : Guru wajib memiliki kualifikasi akademik, kompetensi, sertifikat pendidik, sehat jasmani dan rohani, serta memiliki kemampuan untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional. Sertifikasi pendidikan akan dapat diperoleh bilamana guru telah memiliki kualifikasi akademis minimal S1/D-IV. Kemudian guru juga harus memiliki kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, sosial dan profesional, sebagaimana dipersyaratkan oleh UU. Setelah lulus uji kompetensi tersebut, barulah guru dan dosen memperoleh sertifikasi pendidik. Guru sebagai tenaga professional, bertugas mengajar, membimbing, dan melatih siswa-siswa dengan penuh perhatian serta memberi pembelajaran yang bermakna, menyenangkan, kreatif, dinamis dan dialogis agar semua siswa memperoleh hasil yang maksimal, pembelajaran harus dilaksanakan dengan sistematis dan terstruktur. Apabila hal tersebut dilaksakan dengan sepenuh hati, maka kualitas pendidikan yang baik akan dapat menjadi suatu kenyataan. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Depdiknas. (2002). Pengembangan Sistem Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan Abadke-21. Jakarta: Depdiknas 242 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Direktorat P2TK dan KPT, Ditjen Dikti, Depdiknas R. I. (2004). Standar Kompetensi Guru Pemula PGSMK. Jakarta. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan tinggi. (2007). Panduan Penyusunan Perangkat Portofolio Sertifikasi Guru Dalam Jabatan. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan tinggi, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan tinggi. (2007). Pedoman Sertifikasi bagi Guru Dalam Jabatan: untuk Guru. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan tinggi, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Hamalik, Oemar. (2002). Pendidikan Guru Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kompetensi. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara. _____________. (2003). Proses Belajar Mengajar . Jakarta : Bumi Aksara. Peraturan Pemerintah RI Nomor 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan. Suderadjat, Heri. (2004). Implementasi Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK). Bandung : Cipta Cekas Grafika. Samani, Muchlas, dkk. (2006). Mengenai Sertifikasi Guru di Indonesia. Surabaya: SIC. Sanjaya, Wina. (2005). Pembelajaran dalam Implementasi Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi. Jakarta: Prenada Media. Mukhtar, Majid Abdul. ( 2007). Perencanaan Pembelajaran, Mengembangkan Standar Kompetensi Guru. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya Radar Malang. (2008). Guru Diminta Tidak Ngoyo. Soal Sertifikasi, Tak lulus masihada PLPG Minggu 11 Mei 2004 halaman 36. Syafrudie Haris Anwar. (2004). Sertifikasi dan profesionalisasi lulusan LPTK dalam rangka peningkatan daya saing lulusan. Makalah disajikan pada Seminar Nasional Sinergi Pendidikan Tinggi yang diselenggarakan oleh FT UM pada tanggal 5 Juni 2004. 243 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Tim Sertifikasi Guru dan Lulusan. (2006). Bahan Sosialisasi Sertifikasi Guru. Jakarta: Direktorat Ketenagaan, Ditjen Pendidikan Tinggi. Undang – Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen. Yamin, Martinis. (2003). Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Kompetensi. Jakarta : Gaung Persada Press. 244 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PROFESIONALISME GURU Nurmansyah Madrasah Tsanawiyah Kutamakmur, North Aceh, Indonesia nmansyah40@yahoo. com ABSTRACT Madrasah as a place where formal teaching which aims to equip students with a broad range of knowledge, fostering mental attitude and trained with various skills. General purpose of the study is to reveal the teaching competence of teachers in the implementation of local content subject on Kutamakmur which are required to prepare a teaching program of local content subject based on the technical direction. The research method used in this paper is a qualitative research, while this research was descriptive which describe individual habit, circumstances, symptoms or certain groups. The results show the competence of local content subject teachers in Madrasah has been inadequate and has held teaching curriculum-based local content and local content technical directions which consists of local content subjects such as: Bahasa Aceh and Arabic writing, practice of praying, Calligraphy and Qira'ah. Although there are some things that have not been implemented. Keywords: teacher professionalism, mental attitude PENDAHULUAN Madrasah/sekolah merupakan salah satu tempat pembinaan dan pengembangan generasi muda yang akan mewarisi tanah air tercinta Indonesia. Melalui lembaga ini anak dididik dan dibekali dengan berbagai ilmu pengetahuan, dibina sikap mental dan dilatih dengan berbagai keterampilan, sehingga setelah tamat dapat menjadi manusia yang terpuji dan keterampilan yang dapat diandalkan, dan semua itu tercermin nilainilai budaya yang dimiliki oleh bangsa Indonesia. Dalam usaha mencapai tujuan tersebut pemerintahan memikirkan berbagai upaya terhadap anak-anak bangsa, salah satu usaha pemerintah dalam usaha ini adalah membiayai mereka dengan cara diberikannya kebebasan kepada setiap daerah atau provinsi untuk memikirkan dan 245 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) menerapkan mata pelajaran tambahan pada tingkat Sekolah Dasar, dalam hal ini juga ditingkatkan Sekolah Dasar dan di Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama atau Tingkat Madrasah Tsanawiyah, mata pelajaran tambahan itu disebut dengan “Muatan Lokal (Mulok)”. Muatan Lokal itu ditentukan atau disesuaikan dengan keadaan atau kebutuhan daerah tersebut. Islam juga mendorong dan menuntut kita untuk menjadi orang pandai dengan cara mencari ilmu pengetahuan. Rasulullah bersabda: Jadilah kamu orang pandai, pelajar, pendengar, pecinta dan janganlah kamu menjadi orang kelima sebab kamu akan binasa. Berdasarkan hasil musyawarah dan diperkuat dengan intruksi gubernur tersebut, maka ditetapkanlah mata pelajaran Muata Lokal untuk Provinsi Naggroe Aceh Darusslam, sebagaimana dicantumkan dalam kurikulum muata lokal pendidikan dasar adalah sebagai berikut : a. Bahasa Daerah Aceh b. Tulisan Arab c. Budi Pekerti / Akida Akhlak d. Keterampilan e. Bahasa Inggris Dalam pelaksanaan muata lokal tersebut dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua bagian. Bagian pertama diterapkannya sebagai mata pelajaran wajib dan bagian kedua diterapkan berbagai mata pelajaran tambahan. Dalam kurikulum tersebut dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut : a. Mata pelajaran wajib terdiri dari yaitu : Bahasa Daerah Aceh Tulisan Arab b. Mata pelajaran pilihan terdiri dari : Keterampilan dan Industri Kerajinan Daerah Budi pekerti / Akidah Akhlak Bahasa Inggris Berdasarkan uraian di atas jelaskan bahwa semua mata pelajaran muatan lokal tersebut sangatlah penting dan mendukung serta penunjang keistimewaan pendidikan. Dan apakah yang di klasifikasi sebagai muatan lokal wajib, ataukah sebagai mata pelajaran pilihan. Mata pelajaran muatan lokal, Bahasa Daerah dan tulisan Arab termasuk dalam kelompok mata pelajaran wajib, dapat memberikan konstribusinya yang tinggi terhadap kelestarian kerja bidang yang diistimewakan itu, dan ketiga mata pelajaran pilihan tersebut juga dapat membantu mempersiapkan generasi bangsa yang terampil, berakhlak mulia dan berwawasan yang luas. Oleh karena itu muatan lokal yang termasuk kategori mata pilihan juga mampu 246 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) memberikan andil yang penting terhadap pelestarian keistimewaan yang di sandangnya selama ini dan apalagi yang sekarang ini sudah menjadi daerah penegakan syariat Islam, maka sangatlah perlu dan mendukung pendidikan muatan lokal di sekolah-sekolah /madrasah-madrasah. Oleh karena demikian mata pelajaran muatan lokal tersebut sangatlah penting dan bearti bagi anak didik di sekolah/madrasah. Mata pelajaran ini mampu memberikan jawaban terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, baik pengetahuan umum maupun pengetahuan agama dan mampu mengikuti perkembangan zaman teknologi di era informasi saat ini. Perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi tersebut akan bisa memberikan dampak positif terhadap anak didik. Demi terciptanya generasi penerus bangsa yang lebih baik dan terciptanya cita-cita perjuangan masyarakat Indonesia seperti Aceh, sebagaimana yang telah dijanjikan oleh pemerintah Republik Indonesia bahwa suku Aceh adalah suku yang diistimewakan di antara semua suku bangsa yang ada di Indonesia. Kalau kita berbicara tentang masalah pelaksanaan pengajaran muatan lokal pada Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama atau pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah, berarti kita berbicara mengenai proses belajar mengajar terhadap mata pelajaran yang dilaksanakan oleh guru di dalam kelas. Apakah pelaksanaanya sudah sesuai dan cocok dengan tuntutan GBPP dan petunjuk teknis? Pelaksanaan pengajaran muatan lokal agar berhasil berdasarkan petunjuk teknis tersebut, dan pada guru mata pelajaran tersebut dituntut mampu menyusun program pengajaran, mengajukan program pengajaran yang telah di susun dan dievaluasikannya. Ketiga masalah tersebut dapat kita kemukakan sebagai berikut : 1. Menyusun program pengajaran, terdiri dari : a. Menyusun program tahunan b. Menyusun program catur wulan c. Menyusun analisis mata pelajaran d. Menyusun program satuan pelajaran e. Mengajukan rencana pengajaran. 2. Mengajukan program pengajaran, melaksanakan sesuai dengan program pengajaran yang telah ditetapkan. 3. Melaksanakan evaluasi program pengajaran yang telah dilaksanakan yang terdiri dari : a. Menyusun kisi-kisi soal b. Menyusun soal tersebut berdasarkan kisi-kisi c. Mengadakan evaluasi harian dan ulangan umum. d. Memeriksa dan menganalisi hasil tes. e. Menyusun program perbaikan dan pengayaan 247 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Berdasarkan uraian di atas bahwa apabila seorang guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal, melaksanakan sesuai dengan tuntutan, berarti pengajarannya sudah baik. Bila sebaliknya, apabila pelaksanaan pengajaran tersebut tidak direncanakan sebagaimana mestinya dan tidak dievaluasikan terhadap program yang dilaksanakan, berarti pengajaran muatan lokal mengalami hambatan, bahkan tidak tercapai sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan dalam kurikulum. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah diuraikan di atas, maka berikut ini ditentukan rumusan masalahnya yaitu : 1. Apakah guru dalam mengerjakan mata pelajaran muatan lokal mempersiapkan program pengajaran yang dituntut dalam petunjuk teknis mata pelajaran muatan lokal? 2. Apakah guru dalam melaksanakan pengajaran (proses belajar mengajar), mata pelajaran muatan lokal sesuai dengan program yang telah ditetapkan? 3. Bagaimana kompetensi guru dalam melaksanakan evaluasi pembelajaran muatan lokal sesuai dengan petunjuk teknis? METODE PENELITIAN Jenis penelitian yang penulis gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian kualitatif, sedangkan penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif yaitu menggambarkan sifat-sifat suatu individu, keadaan, gejala atau kelompok tertentu. Tujuan penelitian kualitatif adalah mempertegas hipotesishipotesis sehingga akhirnya membantu dalam membantu dalam pembentukan teori baru atau memperkuat teori lama. Penelitian semacam ini masalah sudah terang. Akan tetapi langkah yang terpenting adalah penegakan dari konsep-konsep yang relavan. Fakta yang penulis deskripsikan tersebut mengenai kompetensi guru dalam pelakasanaan pengajaran muatan lokal pada Madrasah/ sekolah antara lain MTs Negeri Kutamakmur, terlaksana dengan baik. Adapun metode penelitian dalam pengumpulan data ini adalah sebagai berikut : a. Library reaserch (penelitian perpustakaan), yaitu untuk memperoleh landasan teoretis tentang pembahasan skripsi ini, dengan cara menelaah kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengumpulkan literatur-literatur, buku-buku yang ada hubungannya atau berkaitan dengan masalah yang diteliti. b. Field Reaserch (penelitian lapangan), yaitu suatu metode yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data tentang masalah pelaksanaan muatan lokal di Madrasah dan hal-hal yang terkait. 248 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Adapun teknik yang penulis gunakan untuk memperoleh data tentang masalah tersebut adalah : a. Observasi. Yaitu suatu teknik yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data dengan terjun langsung ke lapangan tempat tujuan penelitian. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan observasi di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur. b. Wawancara. Yaitu suatu teknik yang digunakan dalam memperoleh data dengan jalan Tanya jawab secara langsung dengan orang yang hendak diwawancarai. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengadakan wawancara langsung dengan kepala Madrasah dan guru yang mengajar muatan lokal di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur. KOMPETENSI GURU Ruang Lingkup Muatan Lokal Setiap mata pelajaran yang akan diajarkan di Madrasah mempunyai ruang lingkup bahan atau materinya. Demikian juga halnya dengan mata pelajaran muatan lokal mempunyai ruang lingkup materi sendiri. Ruang lingkup materi itu merupakan tujuan pembelajaran dari materi pelajaran secara umum dijabarkan setiap semester. Semester perlu perumusan tujuan pembelajaran khusus diberikan kebebasan guru untuk merumuskan dan dinamakan tujuan pembelajaran khusus. Ruang lingkup masing-masing pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur akan penulis uraikan berikut ini. 1. Ruang lingkup materi muatan lokal Bahasa Daerah Aceh, sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Kanwil Depdikbud Prop. Daerah istimewa Aceh dalam GBPP Bahasa Daerah adaah sebagai berikut : Ruang lingkup materi mata pelajaran bahasa daerah meliputi : Kebebasan, pemahaman, penggunaan, kemampuan mengapresiasi serta dan kemampuan menggunakan Bahasa daerah dengan keterampilan mendengar, berbicara, membaca, menulis, dalam berbagai keperluan dalam setiap hari. Pengajaran kebahasaan materinya meliputi: Lafaz, ejaan, tanda baca, struktur, kosa kata, paragraf, dan wacana. Kemampuan memahami diambil dari mendengar dan membaca, yang meliputi kemampuan menyerap gagasan, pendapat, pengalaman, pesan dan perasaan yang dilisankan atau ditulis, sementara penggunaannya meliputi pengembangan kemampuan pengungkapan gagasan, pendapat, pengalaman, pesan dan perasaan. Kemampuan mengapresiasi manfaat membaca karya-karya sastra bahasa daerah sendiri khususnya Bahasa Aceh sebelum diajarkan ke siswa di dalam kelas. 249 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 2. Ruang lingkup materi muatan lokal Tulisan Arab sebagaimana dijelaskan kanwil Depdikbud Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh dalam GBPP Tulisan Arab adalah : a. Pengetahuan membaca dan menulis Tulisan Arab dan Al-Qur’an serta menentukan sikap yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Al-Qur’an itu sendiri. b. Kemampuan dan keterampilan membaca dan menulis tulisan AlQur’an menurut tajwid dan qira’at yang tepat. c. Kemampuan memahami arti dari ayat-ayat yang terdapat dalam surat penting pada Al-Qur’an serta pengalaman di dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. d. Pengetahuan kemampuan dan keterampilan menulis kaligrafi AlQur’an dalam bermacam-macam jenisnya. Berdasarkan uraian mengenai ruang lingkup materi tulisan Arab di atas jelaskan bahwa pengajaran Tulisan Arab pada siswa diharapkan mereka memiliki kemampuan membaca dan menulis Tulisan Arab, membaca tajwid dan menerjemahkan surat-surat pendek. Di samping itu juga mempunyai kemampuan seni membaca Al-Qur’an dan memiliki keterampilan menulis kaligrafi. 3. Ruang Lingkup materi mata pelajaran muatan lokal Akhlak dijelaskan oleh Depdikbud Prop. Daerah Istimewa Aceh dalam GBPP sebagai berikut : a. Mengembangkan kebiasaan-kebiasaan adat istiadat yang berakar pada budaya masyarakat dan bangsa, berorientasi pada normanorma moral serta nilai spiritual dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang beragama Islam. b. Nilai-nilai tradisi yang selaras ndengan budi pekerti dan akhlak perlu ditumbuh kembangkan dalam wujud pengalaman nyata serta dilaksanakan secara berkesinambungan, sehingga benar-benar menjadi suatu konsep yang dihayati dan diamalkan oleh siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. c. Menghayati maksud dan tujuan serta hubungan budi pekerti/akhlak dengan tuntutan perilaku siswa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, serta mampu menjabarkan nilai-nilai moral dan akhlak yang berlandaskan kepada ajaran agama dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (Iptek) dan menjadi satu filter dalam menghadapi kebudayaan asing yang tidak sesuai dengan budaya masyarakat islami. d. Memperkenalkan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang bertentangan dengan norma-norma agama, sosial dan kesopanan, serta cara pencegahan 250 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) dari akhlak tercela dan budi pekerti yang buruk, yaitu yang bertentangan dengan adat budaya masyarakat dan ajaran agama. Berdasarkan uraian di atas mengenai ruang lingkup materi akhlak atau budi pekerti tersebut diatas jelaslah bahwa pengajarannya yang diberikan guru di kelas diharapkan siswa mampu memahami dan menghayati tentang perilaku yang baik sesuai dengan nilai-nilai yang berkembang dalam masyarakat atas dasar moral dan akhlak. Selanjutnya diharapkan siswa mampu mengkaji dan menyadari Akhlak atau Budi Pekerti yang baik sesuai dengan tatanan kehidupan masyarakat yang islami, berakar pada budaya yang berkembang serta dijunjung tinggi dilingkungannya. Akhirnya diharapkan dapat menyadari pentingnya budi pekerti, sikap mental dan akhlak yang sesuai dengan nilai moral dan adat istiadat yang baik berdasarkan norma-norma yang berlaku dan dijunjung tinggi oleh para siswa dalam masyarakat. Apabila siswa telah memahami sopan santun dan berbudi bahasa dan terpuji dalam masyarakat dapat menunjukkan akhlak yang mulia dan mempraktekkannya. Setelah itu sanggup menunjukkan konsep-konsep tuntunan tingkah laku atau akhlak yang terpuji dalam kehidupan seharihari, baik dalam keluarga, disekolah maupun di dalam masyarakat. Oleh karena itu pengajaran muatan lokal aAkhlak/budi pekerti sangat penting bagi kehidupan kita dan perlu bagi kita dalam memberikan arahan dan pengajaran bagi anak-anak kita baik di rumah maupun di sekolah atau Madrasah. Akhirnya dalam rangka pembentukan sikap dan tingkah laku siswa ke arah yang baik dan mulia, guru dan orang tua harus saling kerja sama serta saling menukar informasi tentang keadaan, kemunduran dan kemajuan siswa dalam peningkatan akhlak dan perilaku yang baik sebagaimana yang kita harapkan bersama. Peran Muatan Lokal terhadap Perkembangan Pendidikan Daerah Mencermati kebutuhan keadaan dan lingkungan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan dewasa ini pengajaran muatan lokal sangat berperan. Demikian halnya degan perkembangan pengetahuan yang begitu cepat, jelas akan mempengaruhi watak perilaku, tingkah laku, nilai-nilai, dan pola pikir generasi penerus. Pengaruh tersebut berdampak positif dan negatif pada mereka. Dampak positif kita terima dengan baik, akan tetapi dampak yang bersifat negatif harus kita pikirkan cara pengenalannya sejak dini. Apabila perkembangan pendidikan pada suatu daerah nampak terpuruk akan sulit dalam mengatasi dan memecahkan masalah tersebut, karena kesiapan siswa dalam memahami apa itu budaya, bagaimana pengaruh budaya, dan pengaruh gejolak sosial. Siswa akan sulit memahami hal itu 251 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) disebabkan mereka tidak diajarkan di Madrasah/Sekolah, sehingga akan mempengaruhi kepada watak dan perilaku sehari-hari. Salah satu usaha pangkalan yang paling ampuh adalah dengan mempersiapkan siswa kita untuk mampu menjaring yang positif terhadap dampak perkembangan Iptek. Supaya mereka mampu menyeleksi dan mengambil yang positif, maka pengajaran muatan lokal dapat membantu membinanya kearah yang kita harapkan. Hal ini didasarkan pada tujuan pengajaran muatan lokal sebagaimana dicantumkan dalam petunjuk teknis masing-masing mata pelajaran yang diajarkan pada madrasah yang penulis teliti. Dan telah dijelaskan begitu banyak manfaat mempelajari mata pelajaran muatan lokal di Madrasah/sekolah. Salah satunya siswa dapat mengerti dan memahami arti kehidupan serta pengaruh pada dirinya. Contohnya dengan memiliki keterampilan maka siswa akan mempunyai kehidupan yang baik dan dapat membawa dirinya kehidupan yang dapat menentang liku-liku kehidupan yang n serba sulit dan berkembang. Berikut ini penulis uraikan peranan muatan lokal masing-masing mata pelajaran adalah sebagai berikut : a. Peranan muatan lokal uraikan bahasa Daerah Aceh, dijelaskan oleh Kanwil Depdikbud Prov. Daerah istimewa Aceh dalam GBPP sebagai berikut: Menghargai dan mengembangkan Bahasa Daerah Aceh sebagai budaya dan pengembangan kesenian daerah. b. Memahami Bahasa Aceh dari segi bentuk, maka dan mampu menggunakan dengan tepat untuk berbagai keperluan, tujuan dan keadaan. c. Memiliki kemampuan menggunakan Bahasa Daerah Aceh untuk meningkatkan kemampuan intelektual, menggunakan akal sehat, menerapkan pengetahuan yang berguna serta memecahkan masalah dengan kematangan emosional dan sosial. d. Mampu menikmati dan memanfaatkan karya sastra untuk mengembangkan kepribadian, memperluaskan wawasan kehidupan, serta meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemampuan berbahasa. Berdasarkan kutipan diatas jelas bahwa peranan muatan lokal bahasa Aceh terhadap perkembangan pendidikan Daerah Aceh sangat penting. Karena dengan diterapkannya mata pelajaran muatan lokal Bahasa Aceh di Madrasah/sekolah, maka siswa akan lebih mengerti dan memahami Bahasa Aceh yang sebenarnya serta dapat lebih cinta dengan Bahasa daerah Aceh itu sendiri. Dengan dipelajarinya mata pelajaran Bahasa Aceh di Madrasah/sekolah, maka siswa akan lebih memahami kebudayaan Daerah Aceh. Sehingga siswa tidak mudah terpengaruh dengan budaya yang datang dari dunia barat. Dan apalagi dewasa ini 252 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pengaruh global yang selalu dipertontonkan di Televisi sangat terpengaruh pada budaya luar. Jadi dengan adanya memperdalam makna kebudayaan Daerah Aceh itu dan sesuai dengan norma-norma agama Islam, sehingga sulit bagi siswa itu dipengaruhi oleh budaya lain dan apalagi tidak sesuai dengan akidah yang diyakininya yaitu agama Islam. Perkembangan tersebut tampak pada usaha peningkatan kemampuan intelektual, menerapkan pengetahuan, memecahkan masalah, mengembangkan kepribadian, memperluas wawasan dan meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa. Di samping itu Bahasa Aceh tersebut dapat menjadi sarana untuk belajar bahasa Indonesia, terutama pada tingkat Sekolah Dasar atau Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dari kelas satu sampai kelas empat. a. Peranan muatan lkal Bahasa Arab, dijelaskan oleh Depdikbud Prov. Daerah Intimewa Aceh dalam GBPP sebagai berikut : Membentuk sikap rasional terhadap pemakaian Bahasa Arab. b. Memasyarakatkan kemampuan menulis dan membaca Bahasa Arab dan Al-Qur’an serta kemampuan memahami arti yang terkandung di dalam nya. Sebagai upaya menanamkan daya tahan terhadap pengaruh budaya asing yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai agama yang dianutkannya. c. Meningkatkan aspirasi dan kreasi seni membaca Al-Qur’an dan menulis kaligrafinya. Yang akhirnya dapat meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan peserta didik. Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat dikatakan peranan muatan lokal Bahasa Arab terhadap perkembangan pendidikan daerah sangat bensar dan penting. Pengajaran Bahasa Arab tersebut dapat mengembangkan pengetahuan, kemampuan dan keterampilan membaca dan menulis Bahasa Arab dan Al-Qur’an dan mampu menerjemahkan surat-surat pendek yang terdapat di dalam nya dan terampil menulis kaligrafi. Semua itu menjadi bekal bagi anak didik atau siswa dalam meningkatkan kualitas dirinya untuk hidup dalam masyarakat, melanjutkan pendidikan serta sekaligus berperan dalam mengembangkan pendidikan Daerah dewasa ini. a. Peranan muatan lokal Akhlak atau Budi Pekerti, dijelaskan oleh Depdibud Prov. Daerah Istimewa Aceh dalam GBPP sebagai berikut : Mengembangkan pengertian tentang adat istiadat dari kebiasaankebiasaan yang tumbuh dan berkembang serta dijunjung tinggi dalam tatanan kehidupan masyarakat. b. Mengembangkan tatanan sikap dan tingkah laku yang sesuai dengan nilai adat istiadat/akhlak yang sesuai dengan kehidupan masyarakat. 253 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) c. Menumbuhkan kesadaran kepada siswa akan pentingnya menjaga kelestarian adat dan akhlak dalam kehidupan masyarakat. d. Menenamkan sikap dan budi pekerti/akhlak yang baik sesuai dengan apa yang telah tumbuh dan berkembang sepanjang sejarah yang telah memberikan sumbangan terhadap kelangsungan hidup masyarakat yang pencasilais serta islami. Memberikan bekal pengalaman dasar kepada siswa untuk dapat membedakan mana yang baik dan buruk atau benar dan salah, mulia dan tercela dalam kehidupan masyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara sesuai dengan perkembangan peserta didik pada satuan pendidikan yang bersangkutan. Berdasarkan uraian di atas jelaskan bahwa peranan muatan lokal Akhlak atau Budi Pekerti terhadap perkembangan pendidikan sangat penting. Dengan pengajaran muatan lokal ini yang tujuannya adalah mengembangan dan meningkatkan kemampuan siswa untuk dimengerti, menguasai konsep-konsepnya dalam menghadapi berbagai tantangan dalam kehidupanya ditengah masyarakat. Penjelmaan dari budi Pekerti atau Akhlak itu tampak dalam kehidupannya, misalya di Madrasah dan lingkungan. Kendala-kendala yang Dihadapi dalam Pelaksanaan Pengajaran Muatan Lokal Pengajaran muatan lokal yang dilaksanakan pada suatu madrasah pasti ditemukan kendala, meskipun kendala tersebut sebagian dapat diatasi oleh madrasah yang bersangkutan, namun juga ditemukan kendalakendala yang tidak mampu diatasinya untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut memerlukan bantuan pemerintahan dalam hal ini Kanwil Depdikbud Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan guru mata pelajaran muatan lokal antara lain pada MTs Negeri Kutamakmur di peroleh data tentang kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan pengajaran muatan lokal adalah seperti belum adanya buku paket, wawasan guru itu sendiri dalam mengenai materi sesuai dengan GBPP masih kurang. Untuk lebih jelasnya kendala tersebut penulis uraikan berikut ini : a. Kendala tidak adanya buku paket Buku paket merupakan peranan penting dalam pengajaran. Didalam nya berisi materi pembelajaran sesuai dengan tuntutan dalam GBPP yang tersusun secara sistematis. Buku tersebut dapat dipergunakan sebagai standar pendidikan, karena berdasarkan materi di dalam nya dapat disusun tes yang dapat dipergunakan untuk menentukan keberhasilan 254 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) b. c. d. e. pembelajaran. Di samping itu dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan/materi ajar untuk meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam penyajian materi pada siswa. Guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal di lapangan belum mampu menyusun materi pelajaran. Usaha mengatasi kendala selama ini mereka ambil bahan dari buku lain yang dianggapnya dapat mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Bahan yang diambilnya itu belum tentu memenuhi persyaratan. Persyaratan materi pelajaran adalah sebagaimana dijelaskan oleh Hanry Taringan sebagai berikut: Temanya menarik, baru dan muncul dalam kehidupan. Ruang lingkup bahan tidak terlalu luas dan mudah dipahami, serta dapat menambah pengalaman dan pemahaman. Bahan tersebut dapat mendorong siwa untuk mempelajarinya. Bahan yang memenuhi syarat-syarat tersebut di atas tidak mungkin mampu disusun bahkan ditemukan di buku lain. Oleh karena itu pihak pemerintah perlu mengatasi kendala pengajaran muatan lokal yang dihadapi oleh guru di madrasah agar pengajaran dapat berjalan lancar. Kendala Tentang Wawasan Guru terhadap Guru terhadap Materi yang Masih Kurang. Dalam pembelajaran salah satu factor penunjang keberhasilan adalah kompetensi guru yang harus ditingkatkan dalam menguasai materi pelajaran. Sementara materi pelajaran yang dicantumkan dalam GBPP masing-masing mata pelajaran muatan lokal masih bersifat umum, guru dituntut mampu menjabarkannya dalam bentuk tujuan pembelajaran khsuus. Tujuan inilah yang dapat diajarkan pada siswa dalam pembelajaran. Pembelajaran disusun dalam bentuk Analisis Materi pelajaran. Selanjutnya dituang di dalam program Satuan Pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh guru untuk disusun Rencana pembelajaran, yang dibuat untuk digunakan dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar tiap pertemuan. Apabila guru tidak mampu menjabarkan sebagaimana disebutkan di atas, tidak mungkin dapat melaksanakan pembelajaran di kelas. Untuk mengatasi ketidak mampuan itu pemerintah harus dan perlu menata mereka agar memiliki kemampuan dalam menyusun program pengajaran dan sekaligus pendalam an materi pembelajaran sesuai dengan tuntutan dalam GBPP masing-masing mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Pengajaran Muatan Lokal pada Sekolah/Madrasah Hasil wawancara dengan kepala Madrasah diperoleh data bahwa mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan di madrasah ini terdiri dari 255 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Bahasa Aceh dan Tulisan Arab, Praktek Ibadah, Kaligrafi dan Qira’ah. Pengajaran masing-masing mata pelajaran tersebut tiap kelas mempunyai dua jam pelajaran setiap minggunya, baik kelas I, kelas II maupun kelas III. Dengan demikian pelaksanaanya telah sesuai dengan kurikulum Muatan Lokal. Untuk mata pelajaran Bahasa Aceh ditugaskan guru mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia, untuk mata pelajaran kaligrafi ditugaskan guru mata pelajaran Bahasa Arab dan untuk mata pelajaran Praktek Ibadah dan Qiraah ditugaskan guru mata pelajaran Agama. Dengan demikian penugasan guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal sudah tepat, karena antara pendidikan yang dialami dengan mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan atau ditugaskan itu berhubungan erat. Oleh karena itu pengajaran muatan lokal tidak banyak mengalami hambatan. Sebagaimana hasil wawancara yang telah disampaikan oleh dewan guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Guru dalam menyusun rencana pengajaran sudah berpedoman pada ketentuannya yaitu GBPP dan petunjuk tehnik. Dalam GBPP terdapat tujuan pembelajaran tiap-tiap semester dan jatah waktu yang tersedia. Dalam petunjuk Tehnis dijelaskan dalam nya tentang cara menyusun dan contoh dari program yang harus disusun oleh guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran tersebut. Program-program yang harus mereka persiapkan adalah program tahunan, program semester, rincian minggu efektif, analisis materi pelajaran/ silabus, program satuan pelajaran dan rencama pembelajaran. Berdasarkan petunjuk tehnis masing-masing mata pelajaran muatan lokal, jelas bahwa program yang dikemukakan leh guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada madrasah ini adalah sesuai dengan ketentuan petunjuk tehnisnya. Mereka masing-masing menyusunnya. Dengan demikian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru yang mengajarkan muatan lokal pada madrasah ini telah memahami macammacam program yang harus dipersiapkan dan telah menyusunnya. Dalam rencana pembelajaran tercantum tujuan umum, tujuan khusus, metode, kegiatan pembelajaran, sumber materi dan soal untuk test/evaluasi setelah selesai pembelajaran. Rencana pembelajaran itu ditandatangani oleh kepala madrasah. Dengan demikian guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada madrasah ini dalam proses belajar mengajar menggunakan rencana pembelajaran dan itu sesuai dengan petunjuk tehnis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal di madrasah ini kegiatannya menggunakan pedoman yang benar dalam menyusun soal test. Dalam satu semester 256 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) ulangan harian dilaksanakan minimal dua kali dan maksimal tiga kali tes/evaluasi. Ujian yaitu petunjuk tehnisnya. Dengan demikain berarti guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada madrasah ini telah melaksanakan ulangan sesuai dengan petunjuk tehnis. Kepada siswa yang mendapatkan nilai belum tuntas diberikan perbaikan dan kepada sisa yang mendapatkan nilai belum tuntas kategori tuntas diberikan pengayaan. Selanjutnya mereka memberikan jawaban bahwa menganalisi hasil ulangan harian, kemudian menyusun program perbaikan dan pengayaan. Jawaban tersebut sudah sesuai dengan tuntutan petunjuk tehnis mata pelajaran tersebut. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal di madrasah ini sudah sesuai atau memadai karena mereka menyusun program perbaikan dan pengayaan. Dan data yang diperoleh penulis pada bagian pengaharan Madrasah tersebut bahwa mata pelajaran yang ditetapkan sebagai muatan lokal pada madrasah tersebut adalah : Bahasa Aceh dan Tulisan Arab, praktek ibadah, kaligrafi dan Qira’ah. Menurut data di atas penulis dapat menguraikan satu persatu mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang dilaksanakan di Sekolah/Madrasah sebagai berikut : Mata pelajaran muatan lokal Bahasa Aceh dilaksanakan 1 jam pelajaran dalam 40 menit perminggu di kelas III. Mata pelajaran muatan lokal Kaligrafi dan Tulisan Arab dilaksanakan 1 jam pelajaran dalam 40 menit perminggu di kelas I. Dan mata pelajaran muatan lokal praktek Ibadah dan Qira’ah dilaksanakan 1 jam pelajaran dalam 40 menit perminggu di kelas II. Guru-guru yang mengajarkan mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada Sekolah/Madrasah dalam setiap kelasnya diajarkan oleh satu orang guru masing-masing dan sesuai dengan bidang yang diajarkannya. Kemudian guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal secara umum sudah mampu menyusun program, melaksanakan program dan mengevaluasikan. Dalam melakukan ketiga hal itu umumnya guru sudah mengikuti petunjuknya. Namun dalam hal-hal tertentu masih terdapat guru yang belum memahami atau mengerti dalam mengikuti teknis dengan baik. Misalnya dalam penyusunan soal test, dan tindakan selanjutnya setelah test ulangan harian dilasanakan serta mendapatkan hasil evaluasi sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Dan apabila tidak tercapai sebagaimana petunjuk tehnis yang tersedia, hal ini wajar karena belum banyak pengalaman dan pembinaan secara lebih insentif dengan mengikuti penataran mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diadakan oleh pihak madrasah atau pihak pemerintah yang berdasarkan petunjuk dan kurikulum yang berlaku. 257 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kompetensi Guru Pengajaran Muatan Lokal di Sekolah/Madrasah Pelajaran muatan lokal yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kepala MTs Negeri Kutamakmur dalam dalam Kurikulum Muatan Lokal yang terdiri dari mata pelajaran ”Bahasa Aceh, Tulisan Arab, praktek ibadah, Kaligrafi dan Qira’ah. Semua mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan seperti di MTs NEGERI Kutamakmur merupakan suatu usaha demi tercapainya sumber daya manusia yang baik dan mampu bersaing dengan daerah-daerah lain yang ada di Aceh, dan meningkatkan pengetahuan keterampilan yang terjadi asset menghadapi tantangan budaya yang datang dari dalam daerah itu sendiri maupun dari luar daerah. Di samping itu sebelum tantangan itu datang maka guru harus lebih siap dalam menghadapi gejolak budaya tersebut yang akan menyerang anak bangsa kita. Gejolak budaya tersebut seperti model pakaian yang dapat merusak akidah agama kita yaitu agam Islam yang dewasa ini sudah menjadi goyang dikalangan kita saat ini, karena begitu banyak anak muda yang terlena dengan penampilan yang tidak sesuai dengan akidah agama Islam. Untuk itu guru merupakan bagian yang sangat penting dalam usaha menghadapi tantangan besar yang akan menyerang bangsa kita terutama para anakanak tingkat sekolahan. Dengan demikian guru harus meningkatkan kemampuannya dan berbuat suatu perencanaan sebelum mengajar di kelas. Artinya sebelum guru memberikan materi pelajaran mauatn lokal ke kelas guru harus sudah mampu menguasai materi semua mata pelajaran muatan lokal tersebut. Dan mempunyai pandangan-pandangan atau wawasan yang luas demi terciptanya proses belajar mengajar yang baik sebagaimana diharapkan. Dengan bertambahnya mata pelajaran di Madrasah atau sekolah, maka guru harus secara optimal dapat belajar dan mengikuti pelatihanpelatihan mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah atau mengikuti MGMP mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Diketahui bahwa begitu banyak upaya pemerntah telah melakukan kegiatan peningkatan mutu guru, dan hal ini sudah terlaksana dengan baik dalam beberapa periode ini. Salah satunya lomba buat karya ilmiah bidang studi yang dilaksanakan oleh Dinas P dan K dan begitu juga dengan lomba buat buku yang diadakan oleh P dan K pusat. Hal ini berarti banyak kepedulian pemerintah dalam meningkatkan mutu guru. Dengan adanya peningkatan mutu guru. Maka dapat dibayang kan bahwa suatu saat masyarakat Indonesia akan lebih baik di kemudian hari dan memiliki guru-guru yang berkualitas. Oleh karena itu dengan terlaksananya penngkatan mutu guru, maka bertambahlah pengalaman, wawasan, pengetahuan, sikap dan 258 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) keterampilan guru itu sendiri. Pengetahuan dan keterampilan tersebut sebagian besar akan dapat diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, baik diterapkan untuk siswa di Madrasah, dalam keluarga maupun dalam masyarakat sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu, di samping meningkatkan kompetensi guru dalam pembelajaran muatan lokal di kelas, maka dapat diketahui bahwa betapa pentingnya pengajaran muatan lokal kepada siswa. Karena dengan adanya mata pelajaran muatan lokal, maka siswa dapat merasakan dan mengetahui manfaat atau kegunaan mata pelajaran muatan lokal itu sendiri. Setiap mata pelajaran muatan lokal mempunyai fingsi dan makna tersendiri dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Setiap mata pelajaran muatan lokal, berikut ini akan penulis jelaskan satu persatuan tiap mata pelajaran yang telah disebutkan di atas adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Pentingnya pengajaran Bahasa Aceh karena bahasa tersebut menjadi sarana bernalar untuk memecahkan berbagai masalah, untuk meraih dan mengembangkan pengetahuannya, untuk pelestarian dan pengembangan budaya dan untuk mengembangkan Bahasa Aceh yang baik da benar. Dengan demikian jelas apabia seorang siswa memperoleh pengajaran Bahasa Aceh di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur dapat menjadi modal yang berharga baginya. Ilmu yang sudah diperoleh di Madrasah/sekolah dapat mereka kembangkan atau komunikasikan kepada masyarakat dengan menggunakan sarana Bahasa Aceh sebagai pengantar sehari-hari. Selain itu dapat memberikan berbagai masukan kepada orang lain dalam usaha mencegah berbagai kesulitan ditengah-tengah masyarakat. Secara tidak langsung mereka telah menjaga dan melestarikan sebagai warisan yang bernilai tinggi. Diketahui bahwa Bahasa Aceh mempunyai unsur budaya yang sangat tinggi, dan apabila masyarakat Aceh telah mampu menjaga dan melestarikan Bahasa Aceh maka mereka sudah tahu serta mampu menafsirkan makna yang terkandung dalam bahasa Aceh. Karena bahasa Aceh memiliki khas tersendiri dan memiliki unsur budaya yang tinggi sehingga di kenal oleh dunia Internasional. Oleh karena demikian pemerintah memberi kesempatan kepada semua daerah untuk mengembangkan bahasa darahnya masing-masing. Karena dengan terlaksananya program ini, maka budaya suatu daerah tidak hilang begitu saja. Kemudia apabila ini, maka bahasa daerah tidak diterapkan di Madrasah/sekolah-sekolah, maka bahasa daerah akan hilang dan malahan kebudayaan suatu daerah akan hilang begitu saja serta akan terpengaruh kepada hancurnya kebudayaan Negara Indonesia pada umumnya. Prestasi-prestasi yang mereka capai di 259 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 2. 3. 4. 5. madrasah atau sekolah sungguh sangat berharga apabila dapat diaplikasikan kepada masyarakat dengan bahasa yang mudah di mengerti oleh mereka. Bukanlah hal demikian merupakan suatu prestasi yang sangat penting kita dukung. Apabila setiap siswa kita mampu mengerjemahkan pengetahuan yang diperoleh kepada masyarakat. Dan kita optimis bahwa dalam waktu yang tidak lama masyarakat lebih banyak menyerap pengetahuan dari mereka. Dengan seringnya mengaplikasikan ilmu yang dimiliki kepada orang lain, siswa sendiri pasti menjadi orang yang berprestasi baik di madrasah maupun dalam masyarakat pada lingkungannya. Pentingnya pengajaran Tulisan Arab adalah untuk membentuk sikap rasional terhadap pemaikaian Bahasa Arab, memahami arti yang terkandung di dalam nya sebagai upaya menamkan daya tahan terhadap pengaruh budaya asing yang bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai agama yang dianut oleh siswa. Pentingya pengajaran kaligrafi adalah untuk mengenal dan memiliki pengetahuan tentang cara menulis atau melukis tulisan Arab. Di samping itu memiliki pengetahuan tentang cara pembuatan beberapa jenis lukisan bahasa arab dalam usaha peningkatan kebutuhan hidup dan memperluas pemasarannya. Apabila siswa memiliki pengetahuan dan mampu membuat berbagai jenis lukisan bahasa Arab pada satu sisi dan dapat meningkatkan pendapatnya, pada sisi yang lain dapat mengembangkan industri lukisan bahasa Arab kepada lingkungan. Oleh karena itu mata pelajaran siswa baik untuk kepentingan pendidikan di madrasah maupun dalam usaha pengembangan kualitas hidup dalam masyarakat untuk masa sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Pentingnya Qira’ah/membaca Al-Qur’an untuk kepentingan belajar AlQur’an maupun untuk belajar Agama Islam secara umum. Selain itu dengan memadainya pengetahuan siswa tentang Al-Qur’an dan Agama Islam akan menjadi benteng yang kokoh terhadap pengaruh negatif yang datang dari luar ke daerah Aceh. Pengruh tersebut perlu dicegah bukan hanya terhadap diri sendiri, akan tetapi juga terhadap keluarga dan masyarakat disekelilingnya. Dengan memiliki ketahanan terhadap pengaruh negatif tersebut mereka akan dapat elajar dengan baik. Oleh karen itu kemampuan memilih dan memilah faktor yang menghambat pencapaian prestasi belajar dan prestasi hidup dalam masyarakat akan teratasi. Pentingnya pengajaran praktek ibadah adalah untuk mengembangkan dan meningkatkan siswa dalam tatanan kehidupan beragama yang benar. Di samping itu juga berperan untuk mengembangkan sikap 260 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) siswa yang sesuai dengan ajaran agama Islam dengan kehidupan masyarakat. Pada siswa perlu ditumbuhkan kesadaran akan pentingnya ibadah dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Anak didik perlu ditanamkan cara melaksanakan ibadah secara benar yang sesuai dengan yang telah dimiliki dan berkembang dalam masyarakat selama ini yang sesuai dengan ajaran agama. Pengajaran ini dapat memberikan dasar-dasar pengalaman agar mampu membedakan antara yang benar dan salah dalam melaksanakan ibadah. Dengan demikian pengajaran muatan lokal ini dalam melaksanakan ibadah. Dengan demikian pengajaran muatan lokal ini memberikan dampak positif dalam usaha pembinaan siswa kearah melaksanakan ibadah secara kaffah. Semua pembinaan yang telah diterapkan dan diberikan guru kepada siswa madrasah atau sekolah merupakan modal utama bagi siswa disaat mereka terjun ke lingkungan sehari-hari, baik lingkungan rumah tangga maupun lingkungan masyarakat pada umumnya. Kemudian dengan pembinaan praktek ibadah yang telah diberikan tersebut. Maka siswa itu sendiri dapat mempilah disaat terjun ke lingkungan sekitarnya, dan dapat menghindari dari pengaruh global yang tidak baik. Oleh karena itu perlu sekali pembinaan praktek ibadah bagi siswa di madrasah atau sekolah demi tercapainya manusia yang bertaqwa dalam melaksanakan ajaran-ajaran agama islam dan manusia yang disayangi dan dikasihi Allah. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan Letak geografis MTs Negeri Negeri Kutamakmur sangat strategis yaitu 300 Meter sebelah utara Jalan Buloh Blang Ara – Lhokseumawe, pusat Ibukota Kecamatan Kutamakmur, Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Madrasah ini merupakan madrassah favorit bagi siswa dan masyarakat dalam kecamatan kutamakmur. Sarana dan prasana yang dimiliki MTs Negeri Kutamakmur sudah memadai, sehingga proses belaajr mengajar bertambah lancar, termasuk mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur adalah mata pelajaran muatan lokal Bahasa Aceh dilaksanakan 1 jam pelajaran dalam 40 menit perminggu di kelas III. Mata pelajaran muatan lokal Kaligrafi dan Tulisan Arab dilasanakan 1 jam pelajaran 40 menit perminggu di kelas I. Dan mata pelajaran muatan lokal Praktek Ibadah dan Qira’ah dilaksanakan 1 jam pelajaran dalam 40 menit perminggu di kelas II. 261 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kompetensi guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada MTs Negeri Kutamakmur dan melaksanakan pengajaran muatan lokal sesuai dengan tuntutan kurikulum, GBPP, dan petunjuk tehnis masingmasing mata pelajaran tersebut, namun masih terdapat beberapa hal yang belum sesuai tetapi masih dalam kategori wajar, karena guru tersebut belum pernah mendapat pelatihan dan penataran khussus tentang penyusunan program pembelajaran atau pengalaman materi pada pelajaran muatan lokal. Ruang lingkup mata pelajaran muatan lokal berisikan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan tata cara beribadah. Semua materi itu sangat berguna bagi anak didik, baik sebagai pengetahuan pengembangan potensi diri maupun sebagai bekal untuk hidup di dalam masyarakat. Bahkan sebagai alat untuk menghalau pengaruh negatif yang datang dari luar maupun dari dalam negeri sendiri. Kompetensi guru mata pelajaran muatan lokal pada MTs Negeri Kutamakmur terhadap perkembangan pendidikan daerah sangat penting. Hal ini dibuktikn oleh perannya masing-masing mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Mata pelajaran muatan lokal Bahasa Daerah yang diajarkan guru sangat mendukung dalam peningkatkan intelektual mengembangkan kepribadian, memperluas wawasan dan meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa serta sekaligus menjadi sarana bahasa dalam kehidupan seharihari. Dan begitu juga mata pelajaran muatan lokal Tulisan Arab adalah dapat mengembangkan pengetahuan. Kemampuan dan keterampilan membaca dan menulis tulisan arab dan Al-Qur’an, serta mampu menterjemahkan surat-surat pendek dan kaligrafi. Semua mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang diajarkan guru dapat menjadi bekal bagi siswa dalam meningkatkan kualitas diri dan memiliki pengetahuan dalam menguasai konsep ibadah yang tahun agama dan bertaqwa kepada Allah. Kendala yang dihadapi guru muatan lokal adalah belum memiliki buku paket atau buku penunjang, wawasan guru tentang materi yang dicantumkan dalam GBPP masih terbatas. Dan guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal bukan jurusan khusus mata pelajaran yang diajarkannya akan tetapi diperbantukan dan disesuaikan dengan guru mata pelajaran yang relavan dengan bidangnya. Hal ini dapat diatasi yaitu perintah dalam hal ini Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam dapat mengusahakan buku paket atau buku penunjang. Supaya guru dapat menguasai materi yang dituntut oleh GBPP pihak terkait perlu mengadakan pelatihan khusus atau penataran yang materinya menyangkut atau program pengajaran muatan lokal. 262 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Saran Berdasarkan kesimpulan di atas, disini penulis menyampaikan saran-saran. Dan saran-saran tersebut dapat bermanfaat demi tercapainya kompetensi guru muatan lokal di MTs Negeri Kutamakmur. Saran penulis dalam hal ini adalah sebagai berikut : a. Guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal yang mendapatkan pendidikan khusus. Oleh karena itu mereka mengalami hambatanhambatan dalam mengajar dalam menyajikan dan mengevaluasinya. Hambatan ini dapat diatasi apabila guru tersebut ditatar atau diadakan pelatihan khusus atau berupa MGMP. Di samping itu juga perlu ditatar mengenai materi muatan lokal yang dituntun dalam kurikulum. b. Buku paket merupakan buku materi dan harus dimiliki oleh guru dan siswa dalam pembelajaran mata pelajaran muatan lokal. Oleh karena itu pihak pemerintahan diharapkan dapat menyediakan sarana buku paket muatan lokal di madrasah-madrasah/sekolah-sekolah khususnya pada MTs Negeri Kutamakmur. Guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran muatan lokal belum mampu menyusun sendiri materi pelajaran yang memenuhi syarat dan mempercepat proses pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran yang dituntut oleh GBPP. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Arikunto, Suharsimi. (1986). Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Al-Baihaqi. Sunan Kubr, Jilid 1. Mesir : Darul Fikri, n. d. Depdikbud, (1988). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta:Balai Pustaka, Jakarta. ________. (2002). Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Fakultas Tarbiyah, IAIN Ar-Raniry Darussalam Banda Aceh. Muhammad, Ali. (1984). Guru Dalam Proses Belajar Mengajar. Bandung: Angkasa. Kanwil Depdikbud, prov. D. I. Aceh. (1993). Kurikulum Muatan Lokal. Banda Aceh : Proyek Peningkatan SLTP. Kanwil Depdikbud Provinsi D. I. Aceh. (1993). Petunjuk Teknis Muatan Lokal Bahasa Aceh. Banda Aceh. 263 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Kanwil Depdikbud Prop. D. I. Aceh. (1993). GPBPP Muatan Lokal Bahasa Daerah Aceh. Banda Aceh. Koentjaraningrat. (1991) Metode Penelitian Masyarakat. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Hanry Guntur Taringan. (1987) Menyimak Semangat Suatu Keterampilan Berbahasa. Bandung: Angkasa. 264 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENINGKATAN EFEKTIVITAS PENDIDIKAN MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN PROFESIONAL GURU Rita F. Sumantri Faculty of Technic, State University of Manado, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Teacher is the most of important variable at school effectivity. To preserve an effectivity teaching ability, a good teacher must develop and improve their skill in pedagogic and technically, reguraly through quality proffesional improvement programme. During this time professional development for teacher is only for inservice training usually consisting of short-term workshop or training. But appearently the result of training is usually less associated with his work, so it is not always as expected. Professional teacher development can be done invarious ways, bot formally and informally. It is needed for the formulation of nature n the professional development of teachers, so that these activities can be efficient and effective to increase the effectiveness of education. Keywords: effectiveness of education, professional development. PENDAHULUAN Mewujudkan pendidikan bermutu tidak semudah membalik telapak tangan, karena hal ini ditentukan oleh sejumlah komponen, dan salah satunya menyang kut komponen guru. Harus diakui bahwa yang penting dalam membangun pendidikan bermutu harus dimulai dari membangun guru. Guru merupakan inti dari pendidikan itu sendiri. Dengan kurikulum serta sarana dan prasarana yang baik, tidak mungkin bisa diwujudkan pendidikan yang bermutu tanpa ditunjang oleh guru yang bermutu. Oleh karena itu, dalam membangun pendidikan yang berkualitas dan kompetitif, keberadaan guru yang profesional memiliki peran yang sangat strategis, sehingga setiap guru harus secara terus menerus meningkatkan profesionalismenya. 265 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Dalam memasuki milenuim baru, Guru dituntut untuk meningkatkan profesionalismenya. Tapi banyak guru-guru baru tidak cukup siap untuk memenuhi kebutuhan siswa mereka, dan bahkan guru-guru yang telah berpengalaman, banyak yang belum beradaptasi dengan standar kompetensi yang ditetapkan. Sama seperti praktisi di profesi lain, guru perlu memperdalam pengetahuan dan meningkatkan keterampilan mereka selama karir mereka. Namun sayang nya, kebutuhan untuk pengembangan profesional yang berkualitas bagi guru-guru dalam mengajar profesi masih belum terpenuhi. Menurut Goodlad (1983), guru adalah salah satu variabel yang paling penting dalam efektifitas sekolah. Untuk mempertahankan kemampuan mengajar yang efektif, maka seorang guru yang bermutu secara reguler harus senantiasa mengembangkan dan memperbaiki ketrampilan mereka, baik secara pedagogis maupun teknis, melalui program pengembangan profesional yang berkualitas. Jika semua siswa memiliki kesempatan untuk berhasil, mereka harus memiliki guru yang mengetahui bagaimana mengajar setiap siswa sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan. Namun, banyak guru yang tidak memiliki ketrampilan untuk melaksanakan tugasnya, dan juga tidak dilengkapi untuk menghadapi tantangan dan kondisi yang merugikan yang mungkin dihadapi. Pengembangan profesional guru adalah salah satu elemen kunci dalam pembaharuan pendidikan. Disadari bahwa guru bukan hanya merupakan variabel yang memerlukan perubahan dalam memperbaiki sistem pendidikan, tetapi guru juga merupakan agen perubahan yang paling signifikan dalam pembaharuan ini. Peran ganda guru dalam pembaharuan pendidikan, baik sebagai subjek maupun objek perubahan, menjadikan pengembangan profesional guru mendapat perhatian yang serius dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini (Eleonora Villegas-Reimers, 2003). Dalam PP No. 19 tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan pasal 28 ayat 3, dinyatakan bahwa kompetensi guru meliputi: kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi sosial, kompetensi kepribadian, dan kompetensi profesional. Kompetensi-kompetensi tersebut harus dikuasai guru dalam menjalankan tugas dan tanggung jawabnya di satuan pendidikan, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan proses pembelajaran. Tetapi ternyata tidak semua aspek kemampuan dapat diperoleh ketika menuntut pendidikan formal di lembaga profesi keguruan, bahkan beberapa di antaranya belum diajarkan di lembaga pendidikan formal tersebut. Ada kalanya kompetensi yang telah diperoleh itu, tidak sesuai lagi dengan perkembangan atau kebutuhan yang ada setelah menjadi guru. Oleh karena itu, upaya pengembangan perofesional guru secara berkesinambungan menjadi amat 266 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) penting dan menjadi kebutuhan untuk menuju ke arah pelaksanaan tugas dan tanggung jawab keguruan secara profesional. PENGEMBANGAN PROFESIONAL GURU Hakikat Pengembangan profesional Pengembangan profesional, secara umum, mengacu pada pengembangan seseorang dalam perannya secara profesional. Secara lebih spesifik, pengembangan profesional adalah pertumbuhan profesional yang dicapai oleh seorang guru sebagai hasil dari memperoleh peningkatan pengalaman dan melakukan pengujian pengajarannya secara sistimatik (Glatthon, 1995). Menurut The thesaurus of the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) database (diakses 25 April 2012), pengembangan profesional mengacu kepada aktivitas untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan karir profesional (professional career growth). Kegiataan ini dapat mencakup pengembangan individu, pendidikan lanjutan, pendidikan dalam jabatan, dan juga penyusunan kurikulum, kerjasama teman sejawat, kelompok studi, dan pelatihan teman sejawat. Fullan (2007) memperluas definisi pengembangan profesional mencakup totalitas pengalaman belajar disepanjang karir seseorang, dari masih sebagai guru muda sampai memasuki masa pensiun. Grant (1996) mengusulkan definisi pengembangan profesional yang lebih luas, yakni yang mencakup penggunaan teknologi untuk mendorong pertumbuhan guru. Pengembangan profesional. . . . melampaui istilah “training” dengan implikasinya terhadap ketrampilan belajar, dan meliputi definisi yang mencakup arti formal dan informal dalam membantu guru, tidak hanya ketrampilan yang baru tetapi juga mengembangkan pandanganpandangan baru ke dalam pedagogik dan praktek mereka sendiri, dan mengeksplorasi pemahaman baru dan lanjutan dari konten dan sumber daya. Definisi ini mencakup dukungan bagi guru ketika mereka menghadapi tantangan yang muncul dalam praktek mengembangkan pemahaman tentang penggunaan teknologi untuk mendukung inquiry-based learning. Teknologi masa kini yang menawarkan sumber daya untuk mengatasi tantangan, dan menyediakan guru-guru segugus bantuan yang membantu mereka terus bertumbuh dalam ketrampilan profesional, pemahaman, dan minat. Dari definisi di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan profesional lebih luas dari pengembangan karir (career development), yakni yang merujuk pada pertumbuhan yang terjadi ketika guru meningkatkan karirnya melalui siklus karir profesional. Dan juga lebih luas dari pengembangan staf (staff development), yang merujuk pada penyediaan inservice programmes yang dirancang untuk mendorong pertumbuhan 267 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) kelompok guru; pengembangan staf hanya merupakan salah satu intervensi sistimatis yang dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan guru. Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa perlu dilakukan reformulasi terhadap pengembangan profesional guru. Selama ini pengembangan profesional yang tersedia bagi guru hanyalah pengembangan staf atau in-service training, biasanya terdiri dari workshop atau pelatihan jangka pendek yang menyediakan kepada guru informasi baru menyang kut aspek tertentu dari pekerjaan mereka. Hal ini sering hanya berupa pelatihan yang diterima oleh guru dan biasanya kurang berkaitan dengan pekerjaannya. Namun ternyata hasil pelatihan tidak selalu sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Hal ini penyebabnya antara lain adalah: Pertama,pelatihan pada umumnya tidak berdasarkan pada permasalahan nyata yang dihadapi guru di dalam kelas. Materi pelatihan yang sama disampaikan kepada semua guru tanpa mengenal daerah asal, padahal kondisi daerah satu dengan yang lainnya belum tentu sama. Kedua,hasil pelatihan hanya sebatas pengetahuan saja, tidak diterapkan di kelas kalaupun diterapkan hanya beberapa kali, untuk selanjutnya kembali mengajar seperti semula. Ini disebabkan tidak adanya monitoring dan tindak lanjut setelah pelatihan selesai. Selain itu, kadang-kadang kepala sekolah kurang memfasilitasi untuk guru-guru mengadakan sharing pengalaman. Pengembangan profesional adalah kegiatan-kegiatan yang mengembangkan berbagai ketrampilan individu, pengetahuan, keahlian dan karakteristik lainnya sebagai seorang guru. Dengan demikian pengembangan profesional dapat dilakukan dalam berbagai cara, baik secara formal maupun informal. Kegiatan ini dapat dilakukan melalui keahlian external dalam bentuk kursus, workshop atau program peningkatan mutu secara formal, melalui kolaborasi antara sekolah-sekolah atau guru-guru lintas sekolahsekolah (misalnya kunjungan observasi ke sekolah lain atau jaringan kerja guru). Kegiatan ini dapat dilakukan juga dalam sekolah di mana guru bekerja, yakni melalui kegiatan coaching/monitoring, perencanaan dan pengajaran secara bersama-sama, dan tukar menukar pengalaman yang baik (the sharing of good practices). Model Pengembangan Profesional Guru Menurut Eleonora Villegas-Reimers (2003) prespektif baru pengembangan profesional guru memiliki beberapa karakterisaitik yakni: a. Pengembangan profesional di dasarkan pada konstruktivisme bukan pada model yang berorientasi pada penyampaian (transmission-oriented model). b. Pengembangan profesional dilakukan sebagai proses jangka panjang sebagai pengakuan bahwa guru belajar sepanjang waktu. 268 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) c. Pengembangan profesional dirasakan sebagai suatu proses yang dilakukan dalam suatu konteks khusus. Berbeda dengan pengembangan profesional yang dilakukan secara tradisional yang kurang mengaitkan pelatihan dengan pengalaman kelas secara aktual, bentuk pengembangan profesional yang paling efektif adalah di dasarkan pada sekolah dan berkaitan dengan aktivitas guru dan siswa sehari-hari. d. Banyak yang menyamakan pengembangan profesional dengan sesuatu yang berkaitan erat dengan pembaharuan sekolah. Pengembangan profesional adalah suatu proses pembangunan budaya dan bukan sekedar pelatihan ketrampilan yang dipengaruhi oleh program sekolah. e. Seorang guru dipahami sebagai cerminan seorang praktisi, seseorang yang memasuki profesi dengan dasar pengetahuan tertentu, dan yang akan mendapatkan pengalaman dan pengetahuan baru yang di dasarkan pada pada pengetahuan sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, peran dari pengembangan profesional adalah membantu guru-guru dalam membangun teori pedagogik yang baru dan prakteknya, dan membantu mereka untuk mengembangkan keahliannya sesuai bidangnya. f. Pengembangan profesional dipahami sebagai proses kolaborasi. Walaupun ada beberapa peluang untuk pekerjaan terisolasi, pengembangan profesional yang paling efektif terjadi ketika ada interaksi yang berarti, tidak hanya hanya di antara guru-guru, tetapi di antara guru-guru, administrator, orang tua, dan anggota masyarakat lainnya. g. Pengembangan profesional dapat dilihat dan menjadi sangat berbeda dalam berbagai bentuk penyelenggaraan, bahkan dalam satu bentuk penyelenggaraan. Tidak ada satu bentuk atau model pengembangan profesional yang lebih baik dari pada bentuk atau model lainnya, dan yang dapat diimplemtasikan dalam berbagai institusi, bidang atau konteks. Sekolah atau pendidik harus mengevaluasi kebutuhan mereka, kepercayaan dan praktek budaya sehingga dapat memutuskan model pengembangan profesional yang paling menguntungkan sesuai dengan situasi mereka. Menurut Gaible and Burns (2005) pengembangan profesional guru (Teacher Professional Development) dapat dibagi secara luas dalam tiga kategori yakni: Standardized TPD Pendekatan yang paling terpusat, sangat baik digunakan untuk menyebarkan informasi dan ketrampilan di antara populasi guru-guru dalam jumlah yang besar. Standardized TPD mencakup workshop dan sesi pelatihan. Standarisasi model cenderung dilakukan melalui pendekatan berbasis 269 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pelatihan (training-based approaches), di mana penyaji membagi ketrampilan dan pengetahuan pada kolompok-kelompok pendidik dalam jumlah yang banyak melalui tatap muka, penyiaran, atau peralatan online. Model berbasis ketrampilan umumnya dilakukan untuk mengembangkan ketrampilan Teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, dan kadang-kadang memperkenalkan integrasi komputer ke dalam kurikulum. Namun, sering, workshop dilaksanakan tepat waktu dan di lokasi tertentu tanpa tindak lanjut, dan tidak membantu guru membangun jangkauan ketrampilan dan kemampuan yang dibutuhkan untuk menggunakan teknik baru ketika mereka kembali ke sekolahnya. Site-based TPD Pembelajaran secara intensif oleh kelompok guru di sekolah, kabupaten/kota, mempromosikan perubahan dalam metode pengajaran secara luas dan berjangka panjang. Site-based TPD sering dilaksanakan di sekolah, pusat sumberdaya atau lembaga pelatihan guru. Guru bekerja dengan fasilitator lokal (“in house”) atau guru senior yang terlibat dalam proses belajar secara bertahap, dan membangun penguasaan pedagogik, isi dan ketrampilan teknologi. Site-based TPD sering berfokus pada masalah khusus dan situasiuonal yang dihadapi oleh guru-guru ketika mereka memcoba mengimplementasikan teknik-teknik baru. Self-directed TPD Belajar secara mandiri, kadang-kadang diawali keleluasaan guru, menggunakan sumber daya yang tersedia yang dapat mencakup komputer dan internet. Dalam self-directed TPD, guru diminta untuk menentukan tujuan pengembangan profesional yang mereka inginkan, dan menyeleksi kegiatan-kegiatan yang akan membantu mereka untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Self-directed TPD dapat mencakup menonton contoh video ruang kelas, membaca buku-buku pendidikan atau bidang studi, kursus online, atau mengobservasi kegiatan mengajar yang dilakukan oleh teman sejawat. Selfdirected TPD membebankan seluruh tanggung jawab pada guru dan tanggung jawab sekolah hanya sedikit. Self-directed TPD akan sangat efektif pada guruguru yang memiliki motivasi, dan yang sudah mengembangkan ketrampilan mengajar dan penguasaan bahan ajar. Oleh karena itu, self-directed TPD cukup bermanfaan bagi guru-guru yang memiliki ketrampilan dasar atau menengah, dan kurang bermanfaat bagi guru yang ketrampilannya kurang. Komputer dan internet dapat membuat kegiatan ini lebih bermanfaat, tetapi walaupun dengan akses dan hubungan yang luas, self-directed TPD akan lebih 270 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) bermanfaat bagi guru-guru yang telah memiliki ketrampilan tinggi, yang ingin meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan mereka. OECD (2009) dalam Teaching and Learning International Survey membagi pengembangan profesional dalam beberapa tipe yakni: dialog informal untuk perbaikan pengajaran (Informal dialogue to improve teaching), kursus dan workshop (Courses and workshops), membaca literatur profesional (Reading professional literature), konferensi dan seminar pendidikan (Education conferences and seminars), jaringan kerja pengembangan profesional (Professional development network), penelitian individual dan kolaborasi (Individual and collaborative research), latihan dan observasi teman sejawat (Mentoring and peer observation), kunjungan observasi ke sekolah lain (Observation visits to other schools), program kulifikasi (Qualification programmes). Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam upaya mengembangkan profesionalisme guru, dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa strategi atau model. Pengembangan tenaga kependidikan (guru) “dapat dilakukan secara formal dengan cara on the job training dan in service training. ” Pengembangan profesiolal guru, bisa juga dilakukan melalui cara informal lainnya, seperti melalui media massa televisi, radio, koran, dan majalah. Dalam ruang lingkup yang lebih luas lagi, pengembangan profesionalisme guru, dapat dikembangkan melalui berbagai alternatif seperti program peningkatan kualifikasi, program penyetaraan dan sertifikasi, program pelatihan terintegrasi berbasis kompetensi, program pemberdayaan MGMP (Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran), membaca dan menulis jurnal atau karya ilmiah, menikuti dalam pertemuan ilmiah, melakukan penelitian (khususnya Penelitian Tindakan Kelas), magang, berpartisipasi dan aktif dalam organisasi profesi, menggalang kerjasama dengan teman sejawat, dan lain-lain model pengembangan. Pengembangan profesional akan sangat berdaya guna atau berhasil guna apabila dilaksanakan terkait langsung dengan tugas dan tanggung jawab utamanya. Pelaksanaan pengembangan profesional dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, penyelenggara satuan pendidikan, asosiasi guru, guru secara pribadi, dan lain-lain. ” Di samping itu, dapat juga dilakukan oleh Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan (LPTK) dan pengguna jasa guru. Dari kesemua itu, yang paling berperan penting dalam pelaksanaan pengembangan tersebut adalah guru itu sendiri (guru sebagai pribadi). Tuntutan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru bila tidak dibarengi dengan kemauan, tekad dan kreativitas yang tumbuh dari diri sendiri, maka akan siasia, tidak bermanfaat. 271 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Hambatan-Hambatan dalam Pengembangan Profesional Guru Menurut Anna Craft (2000), kelemahan pengembangan profesional yang dilakukan secara tradisional selama ini adalah mencakup: a. Didominasi oleh kursus-kursus di luar sekolah, ditujukan kepada individu bukan pada kelompok staf b. Tidak berkaitan dengan program studi atau sekolah c. Dilaksanakan berdasarkan sukarela dan, oleh karena itu, tidak perlu dilakukan oleh mereka yang paling membutuhkannya d. Pesertanya diacak dan isinya hanya berkaitan dengan kebutuhan sekolah secara individu e. Hanya memiliki dampak yang terbatas terhadap praktek, dengan sedikit atau tanpa diseminasi atau tindak lanjut f. Kegiatan kursus sering dilakukan selama masa sekolah sehingga mengganggu proses belajar mengajar g. Terbuka peluang terjadinya konflik antara guru sebagai partisipan dan pengajar teori sebagai instruktur h. Berusaha memenuhi peserta dari titik berangkat yang berbeda (different starting points) dan, oleh karena itu tidak dapat memberikan kepuasan yang sama bagi peserta. Menurut Gabriel Diaz-Maggioli (2004), terdapat beberapa kendala yang menghambat praktek pengembangan profesional saat ini yakni: a. Top-down decision making. Pengaturan pengembangan profesional umumnya dibuat oleh administrator atau konsultan bukan oleh guru-guru. Dengan mengabaikan suara guru dan menempatkan kebutuhan administrator sebagai prioritas, program ini menjadi suatu beban terhadap profesional, bukan menjadi solusi terhadap masalah di kelas. b. The idea that teachers need to be “fixed.” Terlalu sering, pengembangan profesional dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran yang salah bahwa jika siswa tidak belajar, hal itu disebabkan oleh guru mereka yang tidak mengetahui bagaimana cara mengajar. Namun, jika didengar suara guru kelas, cerita tentang kasih sayang dan komitmen guru, keberhasilan dan dedikasi guru, maka mudah untuk bertanya apa yang menjadi kebutuhan guru-guru tersebut. c. Lack of ownership of the professional development process and its results. Didasarkan pada kenyataan bahwa suara mereka umumnya diabaikan selama pengambangan profesional, guru-guru sudah sepantasnya mempertanyakan investasi mereka dalam program 272 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) d. e. f. g. h. yang jalani, yang bertujuan melakukan perubahan terhadap cara mereka melakukan sesuatu. The technocratic nature of professional development content. Lebih sering, guru-guru dalam program pengembangan profesional diajarkan teknik-teknik yang diharapkan dapat diterapkan di kelas. Kebanyakan dari metode-metode ini cukup efektif, dibakukan untuk tujuan komunikasi dan melayani keperluan guru dan siswa. Dalam mencoba mentrasfer praktek ini di dalam ruang kelas, guru memerlukan investasi yang sangat besar melebihi upaya yang dilakukan oleh perencana pengembangan profesional. Universal application of classroom practices regardless of subject, studennt age, or level of cognitive development. Penerapan praktek-praktek dalam ruang kelas secara universal dengan mengabaikan bahan ajar, usia siswa, atau tingkat perkembangan kognitif. Sangat jarang terdengar sekolah-sekolah yang menjalankan program pengembangan profesional yang sama pada semua tingkatan kelas. Sementara praktek pengajaran tertentu dan prinsip pembelajaran mungkin bisa sama, suatu pendekatan yang cocok untuk semua, walaupun ekonomis, tetapi telah terbukti tidak efektif. Lack of varierty in the delivery modes of provessional development. Setelah sebuah keputusan dibuat untuk berinvestasi dalam pengembangan profesional, format yang termurah sering dipilih untuk tujuan ini, biasanya ceramah, workshop, atau seminar. Sangat ironis bahwa demikian banyak tulisan yang mengangkat tentang pentingnya pengajaran yang berbeda dalam ruang kelas, namun pendekatan yang tidak berbeda biasanya dilakukan. Inaccessibility of professional development opportunities. Peluang pengembangan profesional jarang diperoleh guru-guru ketika mereka benar-benar memerlukannya. Ketika guru-guru tidak membantu rencana dan program pengembangan profesional, kebutuhan mereka tidak akan terpenuhi. sHal ini dapat membantu menjelaskan mengapa hanya sedikit persentase guru-guru yang nampaknya dapat mentransfer isi yang tercakup dalam workshop kepada anak didiknya. Little or no support in transferring professional development ideas to the classroom. Transfer ide baru kepada anak didik mungkin merupakan salah satu tugas yang paling sulit yang dihadapi oleh guru-guru. Banyak usaha untuk membantu guru-guru muda menjembatani gap antara teori dan praktek; kita dapat bertanya 273 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) mengapa sistem pendukung yang sama tidak tersedia pada guru dalam jabatan. i. Standardized approaches to professional development that disregard the varied needs and experiences of teachers. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru-guru melewati tahap perkembangan tertentu ketika mereka memperoleh kemajuan dalam karir mereka, setiap tahapan memicu kebutuhan khusus dan krisis yang harus diatasi oleh mereka. j. Lack of systematic evaluation of professional development. Mengingat sifat kompetensi guru yang kompleks, penilaian kemajuan sering kelihatannya tidak mungkin. Akibatnya, banyak program pengembangan profesional tidak dievaluasi, demikian juga hasilnya tidak dikomunikasikan kepada masyarakat lainnya. Wajarlah jika guru merasa diabaikan dalam hal ini. Sebuah organisasi pembelajaran harus menghasilkan pengetahuan yang memperkaya tidak hanya masyarakat langsung, tetapi profesi secara keseluruhan. k. Little or no acknowledgment of the learning characteristics of teachers among professuional development planners. Banyak model pengembangan profesional bagi guru mengabaikan fakta bahwa guru memiliki karakter pembelajaran yang unik yang harus diperhitungkan jika program diharapkan berhasil. SIMPULAN 1. Pengembangan profesional lebih luas dari pengembangan karir (career development, dan juga lebih luas dari pengembangan staf (staff development) yang hanya merujuk pada penyediaan in-service programmes yang dirancang untuk mendorong pertumbuhan kelompok guru. 2. Untuk lebih mengoptimalkan pengembangan profesional guru, diperlukan redefinisi terhadap hakekat pengembangan profesional guru, sehingga tidak terjebak pada pengembangan profesional dalam bentuk in-service tranning saja. 3. Prakarsa pelaksanaan pengembangan profesional dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, penyelenggara satuan pendidikan, asosiasi guru, guru secara pribadi, dan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan (LPTK) dan pengguna jasa guru. Dari kesemua itu, yang paling berperan penting dalam pelaksanaan pengembangan tersebut adalah guru itu sendiri (guru sebagai pribadi). 274 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 4. Dalam meningkatkan kemampuan profesional guru, perlu dilakukan sertifikasi dan uji kompetensi secara berkala agar kinerja guru terus meningkat dan tetap memenuhi syarat profesional. 5. Untuk mendukung upaya sekolah sebagai ujung tombak dalam pelaksanaan pengembangan profesional guru, maka pemerintah tidak hanya mengalokasikan anggaran untuk kegiatan in-service tranning saja, tetapi wajib mengalokasikan anggaran untuk mendukung berbagai kegiatan yang dilaksanakan atas prakarsa sekolah dan guru. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Craft Anna. (2000). Continuing Professional Development: A Practical Guide for Teachers and Schools. London: Routledge. Eleonora Villegas-Reimers. (2003). Teacher Professional Development: an International Review of Literature. Unesco: International Institute for Educational Planning. Gabriel Diaz-Maggioli. (2004). Teacher-Centered Professional Development. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Glatthon, R. (1995). Teacher Development. In: Anderson, L. (Ed. ), International Encyclopedia of Teaching and Teacher Education. London: Pergamon Press. Goodland, J. (1983). A place called school. New York: McGraw-Hill. Grant, C. M. (n. d. ). Professional development in a technological age: New definitions, old challenges, new resources [Online]. Available: http://ra. terc. edu/publications/TERC_pubs/techinfusion/ prof_dev/ prof_dev_frame. html Fullan, M. (2007). The New Meaning of Educational Change. Fourth Edition. New York: Teachers College Press. OECD. (2009). Creating Effective Teaching and Learning Environments. http://www. oecd. org/ dataoecd/17/51/43023606. pdf (diakses 29 April 2012). 275 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Suderadjat, Heri. (2004). Implementasi Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK). Bandung : Cipta Cekas Grafika. 276 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT WITH FIRST CLASS MENTALITY AMONG FACULTY OF EDUCATION STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA Zainudin Bin Hassan1, Mohd.Najib Bin Abdul Ghaffar2, Abdul Rahim Bin Hamdan,3, Mahani Bt. Mokhtar4 Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia1 [email protected] ABSTRACT Malaysia requires human capital who can contribute to national development. To achieve this, the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) has launched the National Higher Education Strategic Plan (PSPTN) focused to create a First Class Mentality of Human Capital through Institutions of Higher Learning (IPTA). This paper aims to examine the development of Human Capital with First Class Mentality among students of Faculty of Education based on the characteristics of knowledge, skills and personal interaction. This study used quantitative method and the entire population of this study was 560 students of Facultyof Education. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows Version 13. The result showed that the development of Human Capital with First Class Mentality in relation to the characteristics of interaction skills (mean=4.24) was the dominant influence on students of Faculty of Education as compared to the characteristics of knowledge (mean = 3.91) and personal characteristics (mean= 4.08). Based on this study, it is suggested that the aspects of social change in relation to the characteristics of knowledge and personal should be enhanced among the students of Faculty of Educational the university. Keywords:first class mentality of human capital, knowledge, skills, interaction, personal INTRODUCTION Vision 2020 has a very important influence towards education in Malaysia. Education's role is to create united Malaysians who are psychologically minded, sustainable, democratic, ethical, wise and tolerant, possess scientific mentality, caring, fairness and equity (Ahman, 1994). This is 277 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) because, to live and function in this modern world, education is a necessity that cannot be denied, it is a human rights (Wan Abdul, 1994). Therefore, the Malaysian government's intention is to produce graduates who are versatile in various fields at par with the graduates from abroad in order to compete globally (Salleh Amat, et.al, 2008). Human Capital Development with The First Class Mentality University as an institution of higher education is mandated by the government and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) to realize the aspirations of the nation's Human Capital Development with First Class Mentality among students. Student developments are factors that lead to quality public education (Hill, et.al, 2003). Study Burns (2002) found that formal institutions (school / university) and informal institutions (family) are the most influential factors for the formation of youth identity and their behavior patterns. Other studies such as Aldemir and Dulcan (2004) and Mohd Yusup, et.al (2008) found that higher education institutions have a major role in providing human capital, job opportunities and talent to the country. Strategic Plan for Higher Education of Malaysia (PSPTN) provides a strong idea and the necessary infrastructure for the development of Human Capital with First Class Mentality-friendly environment through science, quality and performance-based pro intellectual (Zaini, 2009). Therefore, MOHE has taken some actions to strengthen the capacity of universities and higher education system to produce human capital with first class mentality (Pelan Induk Pendidikan 2006-2010). Based on this, MOHE categorizes First Class Mentality of Human Capital based on three main features namely knowledge, interaction skills and personal. Scope of Study The focus of this paper is to study the development of Human Capital with First Class Mentality among students of Faculty of Education based on the characteristics of knowledge, interaction skills and personal. The first research question is to what extent the Faculty of Education students master the knowledge characteristics of Human Capital with First Class Mentality? Knowledge Characteristics The analysis of the characteristics of knowledge in Human Capital with First Class Mentality is shown in Table 1 below: 278 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Table 1. Mean Score of Knowledge Characteristics in Human Capital with First Class Mentality Knowledge Characteristics 1. Able to fully capture all core subjects 2.Knowledge learned at university is useful for career purposes. 3. Master Bahasa Malaysia very well at university 4. Master English very well at university 5.Keen to gain knowledge through the concept of Lifelong Education 6.Exposed to a lot of general knowledge during university studies 7.Keeping themselves abreast of current affairs at the university 8.University education inculcates interest towards appreciation of arts 9.University education inculcates interest towards appreciation of culture 10.University education inculcates interest towards appreciation of sports 11.Using analytical skills while at university 12.Exposed to problem-solving skills during lectures 13.Exposed to business principles at university 14.Exposure using technology (ICT, equipment, etc.) at university Total Mean Score Mean Score 3.54 4.36 4.37 3.59 4.20 4.23 3.64 3.47 3.73 3.61 3.84 4.15 3.43 4.46 3.91 The results showed that the students of Faculty of Education gave a high mean score for characteristics of the knowledge gained in the university. A study Najmah and Moh Yussoff (2007) conducted in UTM found that suitability of content and diversity of co-curricular subjects recorded an increase in graduate satisfaction. This result is supported by other studies (Simadi, 2006), (Yahya and Adib, 2008), (Abdullah, et.al, 2008), and (Kamarudin, et.al, 2008) which also found that the domains of problem solving, continuous learning, and technology are at students’ satisfactory level. 279 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Interaction Skills Analysis of features of interaction skills in Human Capital with First Class Mentality is shown in Table2 below: Table 2. Mean Score of Interaction Skills features in Human Capital with First Class Mentality Interaction Skills features 15. University moulds students to easily communicatewith everyone 16. Ability toadaptwhile atuniversity 17. Easy toget alongwith friendsof all ages 18. Confidenceto move forwardin their career after studying at the university 19 University moulds high level of self identity among students 20. Evolved into a more professional individual 21. Possess high qualityleadership 22. Able to work inteams Total Mean Score Mean Score 4.35 4.33 4.27 4.38 4.21 4.22 3.85 4.28 4.24 The study also showed that the characteristics of interaction skills in Human Capital with First Class Mentality indicated higher mean than the mean of the university. It is represented by a mean of 4:24 which includes features such as easy to communicate with all people (4.35), ability to adapt while at university (4.33), easy to get along with friends of all ages (4.27), confidence to move forward in their career after studying at the university (4.38) and ability to work in teams (4.28). Thus, Human Capital with First Class Mentality requires universities to produce graduates who can communicate with members in the Faculty of Education, adaptable, sociable, confident and able to work in groups. This study shows that students who possess interaction skills feel that they have the First Class Human Capital Mentality. Personal Analysis of personal characteristics of Human Capital with First Class Mentality is shown in Table3 below: 280 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Table 3. Mean Score of Personal Characteristics on Human Capital First Class Mentality Personal Characteristics 23.University able to produce proactive graduates 24.University able to mould graduates who possess high level of self resilience 25.University able to produce graduates who are disciplined 26.University able to produce graduates who have confidence 27.University able to produce motivated graduates 28.University able to produce graduates who have the confidence to compete globally 29.The courses offered at university make students more knowledgeable 30.The teaching at university produce creative students 31.University students are innovative 32.University graduates are fast learners 33.University grooms graduates to be able to adapt themselves in any situations 34.After graduation, graduates become very flexible 35.Graduates are exposed to entrepreneurial principles while at university 36.Graduates possess high ethical level while at university 37.Graduates possess good moral while at university 38.University able to mould graduates with strong spiritual background 39. University able to mould graduates who are caring 40.University graduates are sensitive towards other people’s plight (through service learning and voluntary work) Total Mean Score Mean Score 4.07 4.26 4.13 4.26 4.22 4.00 4.36 4.07 3.94 3.92 4.04 4.04 3.60 3.90 4.20 4.05 4.15 4.22 4.08 The analysis also showed that personal characteristics of the Human Capital of the First Class Mentality have an overall mean value of 4.08. Generally the results showed that the perception of interaction skill in the development of Human Capital with First Class Mentality had the highest mean of 4.24 as compared to personal characteristics, 4.08 and the mean for characteristics of knowledge among students, 3.91. These data showed that 281 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) students felt that there were more changes in the characteristics of interaction skills at university as compared to other features. However, the high levels of mean scores for these features showed that the students had high perceptions in the development of human capital with First Class Mentality. CONCLUSION The results of the questionnaire distributed to the students of Faculty of Education in Malaysia indicated that the characteristics for interaction skills had the highest mean as compared to the characteristics of personal and knowledge. This finding suggests that students are able to communicate at university and opportunities should be given for them to do so. Therefore, the university should improve this aspect since students in the Faculty of Education felt that the skills were very important and necessary, especially for future teachers. In addition, the university also needs to see that the characteristics of knowledge have to be planned so that students can gain more knowledge while at university. Furthermore, the move can strengthen the quality of courses offered in the university courses so that they are aligned with market needs and the needs of students. REFERENCES Abdullah Sudin Abd Rahman et al. (2008). Sistem Pembangunan Pelajar Seimbang di Kolej Teknologi Darulnaim. Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2008. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 22‐23 Oktober 2008. Ahmad Adam (1994). Persoalan Pendidikan Dan Pembentukan Bangsa. Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi-Higher Education. Vol.1. Aldemir, Ceyhan dan Dulcan, Yaprak (2004). Student Satisfaction In Higher Education : A Turkish Case. Higher Education Management And Policy. Vol 16.No. 2. Burns. Robin Joan (2002). Education And Social Change : A Proactive or Reactive Role?. International Review of Education. 48 (1/2): 21-43. Brown, A.D. (1998). Organizational Culture, second edition. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited. 282 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Hill, Yvonne. Lomas, Laurie dan MacGregor, Janet. (2003). Students’ Perceptions Of Quality In Higher Education. Quality Assurance in Education . Vol 11. Number 1. 2003.pp.15-20. Kamarudin Md Tahir, Ruhizan Md Yassin dan Ramlee Mustapha (2008). Faktor Penyumbang Kepada Tahap Kemahiran Generik Di Kalangan Pelajar Kolej Komuniti Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2008. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 22-23 Oktober. Mohd Yusup Ab Hadiet al. (2008). Sumbangan Kurikulum Dan Kokurikulum Bagi Penguasaan Kemahiran Generik Terhadap Pelajar Tahun Akhir UTHM. Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2008. Najmah Shamsuddin dan Mohamad Yussoff b. Mohamed Rashid (2007).Indek Kepuasan Graduat: Kajian Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Tahun 2006 dan 2007.Kertas Kerja Simposium Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran UTM, Johor Bahru. Pelan Induk Pendidikan 2006-2010. Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia. Pelan Tindakan Pengajian Tinggi Negara 2007 – 2010, (2007).Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia. Salleh Amat, Zuria Mahmud, M.MokhtarTahar (2008). Persepsi Pelajar IPTA Terhadap Konsep Dan Penekanan Aspek Kemahiran Insaniah. Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2008.UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, 22-23 Oktober 2008. Simadi. Fayez.A. (2006).The United Arab Emirates Youths (UAEU) Between Modernity and Traditionalism. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.Vol 26. N0. ¾. pp.173-184. Wan Abdul Manan Wan Muda (1994). Metamorfosis Akademia Malaysia dalam Jurnal Pendidikan Tinggi-Higher Education.Vol. 1. Yahya Buntat dan Mohd Adib Haron (2008). Peranan Kegiatan Kokurikulum Dalam Menerapkan Kemahiran Generik Dalam Kalangan Jawatan kuasa Kolej Mahasiswa Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Persidangan Pembangunan Pelajar Peringkat Kebangsaan 2008. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 22-23 Oktober 2008. 283 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Zaini Ujang (2009). Mengangkasa Pengajian Tinggi. Skudai: Penerbit UTM Press. 284 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENERAPAN PENDEKATAN BALANCED SCORECARD DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU DAN LAYANAN PRIMA DI PERGURUAN TINGGI James J. R. Sumayku State University of Manado, Manado, Indonesia ABSTRACT In order to anticipate the changes that are innovative, reorientation, reorganisai, reformsto the development of education, that all of these changes should lead to the creation and satisfaction of stakeholders. Satisfaction is achieved when the organizers of Education is able to produce graduates who are to wards with national and international standards even. To achieve that will require changes in educational paradigm with consequences. Consequence of the correction was necessary to have rules that bind to the dimensions of college, in volves a minimum quality standards which need to be formulated together. Scorecard balanced view of performance through four perspectives, namely financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business perspective, and learning and growth perspective. Through these four perspectives, objectives and the Balanced Scorecard measures derived from the organization's vision and strategy. Increased efficiency and effectiveness of the encourages innovation rahear equireef fort swell-planned and ensuredits continuation to sharpen and enhance the feasibility of activities, programs, and policiesin the perspective of strategic management (Strategic Management). It is important to carry out the arrangement of higher education institutions based on performance management so that quality and excellent service created in college. Keywords: approach balanced, scorecard, quality, prima service PENDAHULUAN Pendidikan merupakan bidang yang sangat urgen dan memiliki peluang karena setiap orang perlu akan pendidikan. Salah satu factor penunjang pendidikan adalah manusia dalam hal ini SDM, suatu lembaga 285 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pendidikan akan berhasil jika memiliki SDM yang berkualitas dan professional. Kinerja pada dasarnya merupakan hasil kerja secara kualitas dan kuantitas yang dicapai seorang pegawai dalam melaksanakan tugasnya sesuai tanggung jawab yang diberikan kepadanya. Dalam hal ini, pegawai bisa belajar seberapa besar kinerja mereka melalui sarana informasi seperti komentar baik dari mitra kerja. Namun demikian penilaian kinerja yang mengacu kepada suatu sistem formal dan terstruktur yang mengukur, menilai dan mempengaruhi sifat-sifat yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan perilaku dan hasil termasuk tingkat ketidak hadiran. Fokus penilaian kinerja adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa produktif seorang karyawan dan apakah ia bisa berkinerja sama atau lebih efektif di masa yang akan datang. Begitu pentingnya masalah kinerja pegawai ini, sehingga tidak salah bila inti pengelolaan sumber daya manusia adalah bagaimana mengelola kinerja SDM. Mengelola manusia dalam konteks organisasi berarti mengelola manusia agar dapat menghasilkan kinerja yang optimal bagi organisasi. Oleh karenanya kinerja pegawai ini perlu dikelola secara baik untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi, sehingga menjadi suatu konsep manajemen kinerja (performance management). Menurut definisinya, manajemen kinerja adalah suatu proses strategis dan terpadu yang menunjang keberhasilan organisasi melalui pengembangan performansi SDM. Dalam manajemen kinerja kemampuan SDM sebagai kontributor individu dan bagian dari kelompok dikembangkan melalui proses bersama antara manajer dan individu yang lebih berdasarkan kesepakatan daripada instruksi. Kesepakatan ini meliputi tujuan (objectives), persyaratan pengetahuan, keterampilan dan kemampuan, serta pengembangan kinerja dan perencanaan pengembangan pribadi. Manajemen kinerja bertujuan untuk dapat memperkuat budaya yang berorientasi pada kinerja melalui pengembangan keterampilan, kemampuan dan potensi-potensi yang dimiliki oleh SDM. Sifatnya yang interaktif ini akan meningkatkan motivasi dan memberdayakan SDM dan membentuk suatu kerangka kerja dalam pengembangan kinerja. Manajemen kinerja juga dapat menggalang partisipasi aktif setiap anggota organisasi untuk mencapai sasaran organisasi melalui penjabaran sasaran individu maupun kelompok sekaligus mengembangkan protensinya agar dapat mencapai sasarannya itu. Berdasarkan tugasnya ini, manajemen kinerja dapat dijadikan landasan bagi promosi, mutasi dan evaluasi, sekaligus penentuan kompensasi dan penyusunan program pelatihan. Manajemen kinerja juga dapat dijadikan umpan balik untuk pengembangan karier dan pengembangan pribadi SDM. 286 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Persoalan ketenagakerjaan merupakan persoalan ketersediaan (supply) tenagakerja dan persoalan kebutuhan (demand) tenaga kerja oleh pelaku ekonomi. Oleh karena itu untuk mengatasi masalah ketenagakerjaan, atau lebih spesifik lagi pengangguran, kebijakan yang harus dilakukan adalah bagaimana menangani sisi demand dan supply tenaga kerja. Pada sisi demand, pembenahan persoalan ketenagakerjaan diarahkan pada pengembangan kebijakan ekonomi yang mampu menyerap tenaga kerja yang ada semaksimal mungkin. Kebijakan ekonomi tidak saja berarti memacu pertumbuhan ekonomi setinggi mungkin namun pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut harus semaksimal mungkin menyerap tenaga kerja. Pendidikan tinggi, selaras dengan karakteristik dan fungsi, dalam beberapa waktu terakhir ini telah mentasdikan diri sebagai usaha jasa pendidikan. Sebagai usaha jasa, pendidikan tinggi mempunyai kelompok pelanggan yang harus dilayani dengan pelayanan jasa yang bermutu. Perhatian terhadap mutu harus tergambar dalam tiga wilayah utama (three main areas) pendidikan, yakni: pengajaran(teaching), penelitian (research), dan pendidikan berkelanjutan (continuing education). Terdapat dua faktor lainnya, selain factor kualitas, yang perlu mendapat sorotan dalam pengembangan manajemen kinerjaPT pada ketiga wilayah utama pendidikan tersebut yakni, faktor proses dan faktor sumber daya manusia. Faktor proses berkaitan dengan perancangan proses, sistem (termasuk teknologi informasi), budaya kerja struktur, system pengendalian, proses penyusunan perencanaan, penganggaran dan produktivitas. Sedang faktor sumber daya manusia mencakup permasalahan yang memuat dimensi sosial dan psikologi, interaksi dan interelasi, motivasi, keterampilan, gaya, penghargaan, dan imbalan. KAJIAN TEORITIK Dalam menghadapi perubahan-perubahan yang sangat cepat tersebut, MSDM sebagimana dikemukakan oleh Dave Ulrich (1977) dihadapkan pada 8 (delapan) tantangan (Challenges) sebagai berikut: 1. Tantangan Globalisasi, 2. Tantangan persaingan jaringan bisnis dan pelayanan SDM, 3. Tantangan upaya menciptakan keuntungan melalui pertumbuhan dan efisiensi biaya, 4. Tantangan konsentrasi ke kapabilitas, 5. Tantangan perubahan, perubahan, dan beberapa perubahan, 6. Tantangan teknologi, 7. Tantangan ketahanan, daya tarik, pengukuran, dan kompetensi serta intelektual capital, 8. Tantangan perubahan bukan transformasi. Untuk dapat menerapkan manajemen kinerja dalam suatu organisasi, diperlukan adanya prasyarat dasar yang harus dipenuhi dalam suatu organisasi, yaitu : 287 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 1. Adanya suatu indikator kinerja (key performance indicator) yang terukur secara kuantitatif dan jelas batas waktunya. Ukuran ini harus dapat menjawab berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh organisasi tersebut. Jika perusahaan yang berorientasi pada profit, maka ukurannya adalah ukuran finansial seperti omset penjualan, laba bersih, pertumbuhan penjualan dan lain-lain. Sedangkan pada organisasi nirlaba seperti organisasi pemerintahan maka ukuran kinerjanya adalah berbagai bentuk pelayanan kepada masyarakat. Semua harus terukur secara kuantitatif dan dapat dimengerti oleh berbagai pihak yang terkait, sehingga bila nanti dievaluasi dapat diketahui apakah kinerja sudah dapat mencapai target atau belum. Michael Porter, profesor dari Harvard Business of School menyatakan bahwa kita tidak bisa memanajemeni sesuatu yang tidak dapat kita ukur. Organisasi yang tidak memiliki indikator kinerja biasanya tidak bisa diharapkan untuk mampu mencapai kinerja yang memuaskan pihak yang berkepentingan (stakeholders). 2. Semua ukuran kinerja tersebut biasanya dituangkan dalam suatu bentuk kesepakatan antara atasan dan bawahan yang sering disebut sebagai suatu kontrak kinerja (performance contract). Dengan adanya kontrak kinerja, maka atasan bisa menilai apakah si bawahan sudah mencapai kinerja yang diinginkan atau belum. Kontrak kinerja ini berisikan suatu kesepakatan antara atasan dan bawahan mengenai indikator kinerja yang ingin dicapai, baik mengenai sasaran pencapaiannya maupun jangka waktu pencapaiannya. Ada dua hal yang perlu dicantumkan dalam kontrak kinerja yaitu sasaran akhir yang ingin dicapai (lag) serta program kerja untuk mencapainya (lead). Keduanya perlu dicantumkan supaya pada saat evaluasi nanti berbagai pihak bersikap secara fair, dan tidak melihat hasil akhir semata, namun juga proses kerjanya. Bisa saja seorang bawahan belum mencapai semua hasil kerja yang ditargetkan, tetapi dia sudah melaksanakan semua program kerja yang sudah digariskan. Tentu saja atasan tetap harus memberikan reward untuk dedikasinya, walaupun sasaran akhir belum tercapai. Hal ini juga bisa menjadi dasar untuk perbaikan di masa mendatang (continuous improvement). 3. Terdapat suatu proses siklus manajemen kinerja yang baku dan dipatuhi untuk dikerjakan bersama, yaitu: Perencanaan kinerja, berupa penetapan indikator kinerja lengkap dengan berbagai strategi dan program kerja yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kinerja yang diinginkan. Pelaksanaan, di mana organisasi bergerak sesuai dengan rencana yang telah dibuat, jika ada perubahan akibat adanya perkembangan baru maka lakukan perubahan tersebut. 288 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 4. 5. 6. 7. Evaluasi kinerja, yaitu menganalisis apakah realisasi kinerja sesuai dengan rencana yang sudah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Semuanya ini harus serba kuantitatif. Adanya suatu sistem reward and punishment yang bersifat konstruktif dan konsisten dijalankan. Konsep reward ini tidak selalu harus bersifat finansial, tetapi bisa juga berupa bentuk lain seperti promosi, kesempatan pendidikan dan lain-lain. Reward and punishment diberikan setelah melihat hasil realisasi kinerja, apakah sesuai dengan indikator kinerja yang telah direncanakan atau belum. Tentu saja harus ada suatu performance appraisal atau penilaian kinerja lebih dahulu sebelum reward and punishment. Penerapan punishment ini harus hati-hati, karena dalam banyak hal pembinaan jauh lebih bermanfaat. Terdapat suatu mekanisme performance appraisal atau penilaian kinerja yang relatif obyektif yaitu dengan melibatkan berbagai pihak. Konsep yang sangat terkenal adalah penilaian 360 derajat, di mana penilaian kinerja dilakukan oleh atasan, bawahan, rekan sekerja, dan pengguna jasa, karena pada prinsipnya manusia itu berpikir secara subyektif, namun dengan berpikir bersama mampu untuk mengubah sikap subyektif itu menjadi mendekati obyektif, atau berpikir bersama jauh lebih obyektif daripada berpikir sendiri-sendiri. Ini adalah semangat dalam konsep penilaian 360 derajat. Terdapat suatu gaya kepemimpinan (leadership style) yang mengarah kepada pembentukan organisasi berkinerja tinggi. Inti dari kepemimpinan seperti ini adalah adanya suatu proses coaching, counseling, dan empowerment kepada para bawahan atau sumber daya manusia di dalam manusia. Suatu aspek lain yang sangat penting dalam gaya kepemimpinan adalah sikap followership atau menjadi pengikut. Bagaimana jadinya bila semua orang menjadi komandan dalam organisasi? Bukan kinerja tinggi yang tercapai, namun kekacauan yang ada. Pada dasarnya seseorang itu harus memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan, tetapi dalam situasi yang lain dia juga harus memahami bahwa dia merupakan bagian dari sebuah sistem organisasi yang lebih besar yang harus diikuti. Menerapkan konsep manajemen SDM berbasis kompetensi. Umumnya organisasi yang berkinerja tinggi memiliki kamus kompetensi dan menerapkan kompetensi itu tersebut kepada hal-hal yang penting, seperti manajemen kinerja, rekruitmen, seleksi, pendidikan, pengembangan pegawai, dan promosi. Kompetensi ini meliputi kompetensi inti organisasi, kompetensi perilaku, dan kompetensi teknis yang spesifik dalam pekerjaan. Jika kompetensi ini sudah dibakukan dalam organisasi, maka kegiatan manajemen SDM akan menjadi lebih transparan, dan pimpinan 289 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) organisasi juga dengan mudah mengetahui kompetensi apa saja yang perlu diperbaiki untuk membawa organisasi menjadi berkinerja tinggi. Manajemen adalah Seni dalam menyelesaikan sesuatu melalui oranglain (Follet,1997). Sebuah proses yang dilakukan untuk mewujudkan tujuan organisasi melaluirangkaian kegiatan berupa perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pengarahan,dan pengendalian orang-orang serta sumber daya organisasi lainnya(Nickels, McHugh and McHugh ,1997). Manajemen adalah Seni atau prosesdalam menyelesaikan sesuatu yang terkait dengan pencapaian tujuan. (Ernie&Kurniawan, 2005). Manajemen kinerja adalah proses dimana eksekutif, manajer, dan supervisor bekerja untuk mengaitkan/mensejajarkan tujuan karyawandengan tujuan perusahaan (Dessler,2005). Arti dari manajemen kinerja meliputi: performance management dan managing employee performance. Selanjutnya definisiprogram manajemen kinerja meliputi: (1) merencanakan, (2) proses manajemen, dan (3) produktivitas. Manajemen kinerja meliputi pengelolaan semua elemen proses organisasi yang mempengaruhi prestasimeliputi penetapan tujuan, seleksi & penempatan pekerja, penilaian, kompensasi, pelatihan, dan manajemen karir. Ruang Lingkup Program Manajeman Kinerja terdiri dari beberapa elemen: Teknologi (Peralatan, metode kerja) Kualitas dari input (termasuk material) Kualitas lingkup fisik (keselamatan, kesehatankerja), Iklim dan budaya organisasi (termasuk supervisi dan kepemimpinan), Sistem kompensasi dan imbalan di dalam organisasi penting untuk menentapkan program manajemen kinerja, dimana program manajemen kinerja merupakan sebuah proses. Memberikan umpan balik kepada karyawan yang dinilai tentang seluruh asilpenilaian yang dilakukan. Selanjutnya program manajemen kinerjamemliki tujuan/manfaat antara lain: Meningkatkan prestasi kerja karyawanPeningkatan yang terjadi pada prestasi karyawan Merangsang minat dalam pengembangan pribadi Membantu perusahaan untuk dapatmenyusun progam pengembangan danpelatihan karyawan yang lebih tepatguna. Menyediakan alat atau sarana untuk membandingkan prestasi kerja pegawai Memberikan kesempatan pada pegawaiuntuk mengeluarkan perasaanya tentang pekerjaan. 290 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Sejumlah penyebab umum yang seringmenimbulkan kegagalan dan harus dihindarkan dalam menerapkanmanajemen kinerja disebutkan oleh Oliver(1985) yang dikutip oleh Dessler (2005)sebagai berikut: Tidak adanya standar. Standar yang relevan dan bersifatsubyektif. Standar yang tidak realistis. Ukuran prestasi yang tidak tepat Kesalahan penilai. Pemberian umpan balik secara buruk. Komunikasi yang negatif. Kegagalan untuk memanfaatkan datahasil penilaian. Disebutkan oleh Mathis (2005) bahwa sistem manajemen kinerja yang efektif meliputi: Relevance Sensitivity Reliability Acceptability Practicality Aplikasi Manajemen Kinerja Implemetasi fungsi operasional manajemen SDM pada perguran tinggi adalah sebagai berikut: Perencanaan Pengorganisasian Pengarahan Pengendalian Pengadaan Pengembangan Kompensasi Pengintegrasian Pemeliharaan Kedisiplinan Pemberhentian Implementasi manajemen kinerja dalam organisasi memiliki sifat karakteristik. Manajemen kinerja senantiasa berfokus pada hasil dan cara, yakni hasil akhir dan perilaku yang ditunjukkan dalam mencapai hasil akhir. Dalam proses ini, Komunikasi dan partisipasi dua arah mutlak diperlukan untuk membangun kesepakatan bersama dalam hal kinerja maksimal yang diharapkan. Sasaran dan prilaku pribadi dalam organisasi senantiasa terfokus 291 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pada sasaran organisasi. Leader dengan cerdas mengenali dan menyingkirkan halangan untuk menuju sukses, serta berupaya menghidupkan motivasi kerja anggota tim. Tahap-tahap dalam manajemen kinerja meliputi tahap penentuan objectives, penentuan sasaran yang berorientasi pada perilaku, menyiapkan dukungan yang diperlukan, evaluasi dan pengembangan serta memberi penghargaan. Proses manajemen kinerja melibatkan perencanaan, coaching dan review. Dalam perencanaan diidentifikasi dan ditentukan tingkat kinerja, apa sasarannya serta bagaimana perilaku untuk mencapai sasaran, Dalam coaching dilakukan evaluasi, dukungan dan pengarahan secara berkesinambungan melalui diskusi dua arah. Dalam proses review dilakukan evaluasi terhadap pencapaian dan terhadap sasaran yang ditentukan dan hasilnya dijadikan sebagai umpan balik. Pengukuran kinerja merupakan salah satu hal yang mendasar dalam manajemen kinerja. manfaatnya sebagai landasan untuk memberikan umpan balik, mengidentifikasi butir-butir kekuatan untuk mengembangkan kinerja di masa mendatang, serta mengidentifikasi butir-butir kelemahan sebagai sarana koreksi dan pengembangan. Langkah ini sebagai jawaban terhadap dua persoalan utama yaitu apakah kita sudah mengerjakan hal yang benar dan apakah sudah mengerjakannya dengan baik. Persoalan utama dalam pengukuran kinerja adalah kita telah mengukur hal yang strategis dan memberi nilai tambah terhadap strategi organisasi secara keseluruhan. Masalah lain yang perlu diwaspadai adalah terlalu berorientasi pada hasil dan mengabaikan proses, sistem remunerasi yang tidak mendukung kinerja, dan pengukuran yang tidak berdasarkan pada team business structure. Evaluasi kinerja memiliki fokus yang berbeda tergantung kepada jenjang manajemennya. Bagi manajemen senior fokus evaluasi pada sasaran organisasi dan kemampuannya untuk meraih hasil yang utama. Untuk jenjang manajer madya memiliki fokus yang seimbang antara pencapaian sasaran perusahaan, kemampuan dan tugas-tugas baku. Bagi karyawan administrasi fokus evaluasi pada kemampuan mengerjakan tugas-tugas baku dan keluaran, sedangkan untuk jenjang operator terutama berfokus pada keluaran. Dalam pelaksanaan manajemen kinerja terdapat lima komponen pokok, yaitu: 1. Perencanaan kinerja, di mana atasan dana bawahan berupaya merumuskan, memahami dan menyepakati target kinerja bawahan dalam rangka mengoptimalkan kontribusinya terhadap pencapaian tujuan-tujuan organisasi. Pada saat perencanaan kinerja ini atasan membantu bawahan 292 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 2. 3. 4. 5. dan menterjemahkan tujuan-tujuan organisasi ke dalam target kinerja individual dalam batasan anggaran yang tersedia. Komunikasi berkelanjutan antara atasan dan bawahan guna memastikan bahwa apa yang telah, sedang dan akan dilakukan bawahan mengarah pada target kinerjanya sesuai dengan kesepakatan kedua belah pihak, hal ini juga berguna untuk mengantisipasi segala persoalan yang timbul. Pengumpulan data dan informasi oleh masing-masing pihak sebagai bukti pendukung realisasi kinerja bawahan. Pengumpulan dapat dilakukan melalui formulir penilaian kinerja, observasi langsung maupun tanya jawab dengan pihak-pihak terkait. Pertemuan tatap muka antara atasan dan bawahan selama periode berjalan. Pada saat inilah bukti-bukti otentik kinerja bawahan diklarifikasi, didiskusikan, dan disimpulkan bersama sebagai kinerja bawahan pada periode tersebut. Diagnosis berbagai hambatan efektivitas kinerja bawahan dan tindak lanjut bimbingan yang dapat dilakukan atasan guna menyingkirkan hambatan-hambatan tersebut guna meningkatkan kinerja bawahan. Dengan adanya diagnosis dan bimbingan ini, bawahan tidak merasa “dipersalahkan” atas kegagalan mencapai target kinerja yang telah disepakati dan sekaligus menunjukkan niatan bahwa persoalan kinerja bawahan adalah persoalan atasan juga. PEMBAHASAN Model pengelolaan lembaga perguruan tinggi dapat disetarakan dengan model bisnis jasa. Kepuasan stakeholder (mahasiswa, dosen, staf, pengelola) juga menjadi ukuran keberhasilannya. Manajemen perguruan tinggi harus lah dikelola secara profesional seperti layaknya lembaga bisnis lainnya, tetapi dengan tetap mengutamakan mutu akademik sebagai “produk jasa” yang harus dicapainya. Perguruan tinggi mempunyai stakeholder internal, yaitu Mahasiswa, Dosen, Karyawan, pemilik (swasta maupun pemerintah), supplier, serta lembaga pendidikan lain sebagai kompetitornya. Sedangkan stakeholder eksternal perguruan tinggi antara lain adalah pemerintah, organisasi profesi, dan kelompok lain dalam masyarakat. Dalam pendidikan global, sangatlah diperlukan untuk mengatur kerangka kerja dengan batasan ideologi dan norma sosial yang jelas untuk rancangan kurikulum sehingga semua aktivitas edukasional dapat memiliki fokus lokal yang jelas ketika mendapat keuntungan dari keterbukaan akan masukan dan ilmu pengetahuan global yang luas. Jelasnya, loyalitas dan perhatian lokal seharus nya menjadi bagian inti dari pendidikan. Hasil edukasional yang diharapkan adalah untuk pengembangan seseorang lokal 293 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) dengan pandangan global yang terbatas, yang dapat bertindak secara lokal dengan ilmu-pengetahuan yang telah disaring. Teori ini dapat membantu untuk menjamin relevansi lokal dalam pendidikan global dan menghindari hilangnya identitas dan perhatian lokal selama globalisasi atau keterbukaan internasional. Khususnya kerangka kerja lokal melindungi kepentingan lokal dari terglobalisasi berlebih. Tetapi dalam prakteknya, seringkali sangat sulit untuk membangun batasan budaya atau sosial yang cocok untuk menyaring dampak global dan menjamin relevansi lokal karena batasan yang terlalu ketat dan dekat untuk menghentikan segala interaksi yang diperlukan dan berarti dengan dunia luar dan membatasi pertumbuhan ilmu pengetahuan lokal atau karena batasan terlalu longgar dan kehilangan fungsinya sebagai penyaring dan pelindung. Pendekatan Balanced Scorecard dalam Pengukuran Manajemen Kinerja Perusahaan Kelemahan-kelemahan pada pengukuran tradisional terhadap kinerja perusahaan telah memunculkan kebutuhan akan pengukuran yang lebih luas dan tidak semata-mata didasarkan pada sudut pandang finansial. Ukuran finansial lebih banyak bercerita tentang masa lalu dan tidak dapat membimbing organisasi untuk menciptakan nilai melalui investasi pada pelanggan, pemasok, karyawan, proses, teknologi, dan inovasi. Hadirnya Balanced Scorecard sebagai pendekatan baru dalam sistem pengukuran kinerja diklaim mampu mengatasi kelemahankelemahan tersebut. Keunggulan-keunggulan system pengukuran kinerja perusahaan dengan mempergunakan Balanced Scorecard adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Balanced Scorecard tidak hanya memperhatikan kinerja untuk tujuan jangka pendek, tetapi juga memperhatkan tujuan jangka panjang perusahaan. 2. Balanced Scorecard juga mencakup ukuran-ukuran finansial dan non finansial yang mencerminkan keterkaitan dalam suatu hubungan sebab akibat, dan bukan semata-mata kumpulan ukuran-ukuran yang kompleks. 3. Dengan tetap mempertahankan penekanan pada tujuan financial (leading indicator), Balanced Scorecard juga menyertakan penggerak (lagging indicator) untuk mencapai tujuanfinansial tadi. Jadi, perusahaan tetapberada di jalur hasil finansial sambil memperhatikan kemajuan dalam membangun kapabilitas dan intangible asset yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan di masa datang. 4. Balanced Scorecard memandang kinerja tidak hanya dari perspektif internal seperti proses bisnis internal, tetapi jUga perspektif eksternal perusahaan seperti perspektif pelanggan. 294 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) 5. Balanced Scorecard lebih dari sekedar sistem pengukuran kinerja, karena Balanced Scorecard dapat digunakan sebagai kerangka bagi proses manajemen strategik, artinya Balanced Scorecard dapat digunakan untuk mengklarifikasi, mengkomunikasikan, dan mengelola strategi perusahaan. Balanced Scorecard merupakan system pengukuran m anajemen kinerja perusahaan secara komprehensif yang meliputi aspek finansial dan nonfinansial. Dalam balanced Scorecard ukuran finansial yang menunjukkan kinerja masa lalu dilengkapi dengan ukuran-ukuran nonfinansial yang menunjukkan penggerak (drivers) bagi kinerja masa yang akan datang (Kaplandan Norton, 1996:8). Balanced Scorecard memandang kinerja melalui empat perspektif yaitu perspektif keuangan, perspektif pelanggan, perspektif bisnis internal, dan perspektif pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan. Melalui keempat perspektif ini, sasaran dan ukuran Balanced Scorecard diturunkan dari visi dan strategi organisasi. Citra dan reputasi perguruan tinggi, mencerminkan faktor-faktor intangible yang menarik pelanggan pada perusahaan yang bersangkutan. Dengan dimensi image dan reputasi memungkinkan PT mendefinisikan dirinya pada pelanggannya. Pelanggan dan pemegang saham Perusahaan biasanya menetapkan ukuran-ukuran dalam perspektif ini setelah menetapkan sasaran dalam perspektif pemegang saham dan pelanggan. Kebanyakan sistem pengukuran yang ada hanya memfokuskan pada perbaikan proses yang telah ada. Untuk mengimplementasikan Balanced Scorecard, ada dua hal yang harus dilakukan organisasi/perusahaan, yaitu (1) menetapkan sasaran dan membuat ukuran-ukuran scorecard itu sendiri, kemudian (2) menggunakan dan mengintegrasikannya ke dalam sistem manajemen. Cakupan aktivitas organisasi PT dalam mengimplementasikan Balanced Scorecard meliputi : 1.Penjelasan dan penerjemahan strategi. 2.Pengkomunikasian strategi ke seluruh anggota organisasi. 3.Penyesuaian tujuan masing-masing unit atau program studi dengan tujuan organisasi. 4.Pengidentifikasian dan penyesuaian inisiatif strategis. 5.Penerjemahan sasaran strategis menjadi sasaran jangka pendek dan anggaran tahunan. 6.Revisi dan review hal-hal strategis dan operasional untuk mendapatkan umpan balik dan perbaikan strategi Perguruan Tinggi. 295 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENUTUP Keberadaan manusia sebagai sumber daya manusia adalah sangat penting dalam perguruan tinggi karena sumber daya manusia menunjang melalui karya, bakat, kreatifitas, dorongan dan peran nyata. Tanpa ada unsur manusia dalam perguruan tinggi, tidak mungkin perguruan tinggi tersebut dapat bergerak dan menuju yang diinginkan. Keberhasilan dalam mencapai tujuan perguruan tinggi sangat ditentukan oleh kinerja karyawan. Seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Veithzal Rivai (2005:305) bahwa: “Kinerja karyawan merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting dalam upaya perusahan untuk mencapai tujuannya”. Pengukuran kinerja MSDM penting dilakukan dalam perguruan tinggi, hal ini bisa dilakukan salah satunya dengan menggunakan Balanced Score Card (BSC), BSC yaitu merupakan pendekatan yang sistematik untuk menilai kinerja organisasi (Perguruan Tinggi) menjadi kerangka kerja yang terpadu. Keberhasilan suatu institusi perguruan tinggi bukan hanya tergantung pada bagaimana organisasi tersebut melaksanakan proses dan aktivitas kesehariannya semata, akan tetapi bagaimana kegiatan dan aktivitas rutin maupun kondisional diintegrasikan dalam seluruh komponen organisasi yang rawan konflik. Peningkatan efisiensi dan efektivitas yang mendorong ke arahinovasi memerlukan usaha-usaha yang terencana dengan baik dan terjaminkeberlanjutannya untuk mempertajam arah dan meningkatkan kelayakan kegiatan, program, maupun kebijaksanaan dalam perspektif satu manajemen strategis (Strategic Management). Untuk itu penting melaksanakan penataan institusi perguruan tinggi berdasarkan manajemen kinerja sehingga mutu dan layanan prima tercipta di perguruan tinggi. Dalam pengukuran manajemen kinerja dapat menggunakan salah satu pendekatan yaitu Balanced Scorecard, karena melalui pendekatan ini akan diketahui kepuasan karyawan, pelanggan dan produktivitas yang merupakan hal utama dalam pencapaian tujuan perusahaan (organisasi). DAFTAR PUSTAKA Best, Roger J. (2000). Market-Based Management: Strategies For Growing Customer Value and Profitability. Second Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. -Upper Saddle River. Dessler, Gary. (2005). Human Resource Management. 10th Edition. Florida : Pearson Prentice-Hall, Inc. . 296 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Djohan Syarif. (2003). Strategi Pembinaan dan Pengembangan SDM Perguruan Tinggi Dalam meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Tinggi (Studi Kasus di Perguruan Tinggi di Ja-karta). Jurnal Ekonomi STEI, No-mor 1, Tahun XII, Januari-Maret. Foster, Bill & Karen R. Seeker. (2001). Pembinaan Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan. (terjemahan). Lembaga Manajemen PPM dan Penerbit PPM. Jong, Abede; Gispert, Carles, Kabir, Rezaul, Renneboog, Luc. (2002) International Journal of Good Corporate Governance and Firm Performance. Kaplan, Robert S. , Norton, David P. (1996). The Balanced Score Card. Washington, USA. Kertajaya, Hermawan. (2001). Marketing Plus 2000: Siasat Memenangkan Persaingan Global. Jakarta:,] PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Leithwood, K. , & Riehl, C. (2003). What do we already know about successful school leadership? American Educational Research Association Division: A task force on developing research in educational leadership. March 2003. Mathis, Robert L. , & John H. Jackson. (2005). Human Resource Management. International Student Edition. South-Western: a division of Mello Jeffrey A. (2002). Strategic Human Resource Management, South Western. Ohio: Cincinnati. Thomson Learning. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license, In Singapore. Unmer Malang. (1998). "Menuju Manajemen PTS yang Efisien". Laporan Hasil Seminar. 297 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Leithwood, K. , & Riehl, C. (2003). What do we already know about successful school leadership? American Educational Research Association Division: A task force on developing research in educational leadership. March 2003. 298 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND UNTUK MENENTUKAN EVALUASI SISTEM PENDIDIKAN Theresia Dyah Sulistyorini Sekolah HighScope, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Education as a terminology in academic field, aims to create the learning activities which formulated in a learning process framework. According to KBBI, it explained that education is a process of behavior and attitude of a group in terms of the maturity through teaching and learning: process; methods, educated; the education which related to the field of study, e. g. language, social studies, science. Education in a process has a function to make a human mature through learning and teaching activity which will be put on the learning evaluation. Learning evaluation is a part of the evaluation system in education framework which related to the learning process. It means that along the way students do the learning process, it becomes an accurate data for teachers in determining the level of student’s ability. So that, the learning process has to be describe the improvement of student’s thinking pattern; their stages in understanding the materials by using their ability in analyzing to formulate the problem until they come up with the solution of the problem which showing his/her knowledge level through each learning activity in the classroom. So that, evaluation of education has to be seen as a continuing system; learning stages which going through by the students until they able to formulate or produce as a form of student’s comprehension of the materials. Thus, the learning goals is being a main focus which has to be determined first to achieve the learning effectiveness. In relation with those issues, this written will discuss: (1) the backward design as a form of teaching structure; (2) the gradual release of responsibility as a instructional strategy in teaching; (3)the types of assessment. Keywords: learning evaluation, learning process, learning goals 299 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENDAHULUAN Pendidikan sebagai sebuah sistem pembelajaran seharusnya berlangsung secara dinamis; menunjukkan keterlibatan secara aktif antara pembelajar dan pengajar dalam sebuah interaksi pembelajaran yang efektif. Satu hal yang harus ditekankan adalah pembelajaran yang berlangsung hendaknya berangkat dari apa yang diketahui oleh siswa sebagai background knowledge mereka tanpa mengabaikan dan/atau menghilangkan pemahaman atau pengetahuan dasar yang mereka miliki; yang telah mereka peroleh sebelumnya sebagai sebuah prior knowledge/pengetahuan awal. Pembelajaran di sekolah seharus nya berfungsi sebagai penambah dari pengetahuan dasar yang telah mereka peroleh sebelumnya. Berangkat dari konsep dasar perkembangan belajar anak, pemerolehan pemahaman atas materi ajar akan lebih efektif bila dalam proses belajar mengajar, guru mampu mengaktifkan pengetahuan yang telah mereka peroleh sebelumnya dengan melibatkan berbagai peristiwa yang terdekat dan/atau terjadi dalam kehidupan mereka. Penyampaian materi ajar kepada siswa harus menjadi sebuah pengalaman atau peristiwa yang menarik dalam kehidupan mereka akan proses terbentuknya sebuah konsep suatu materi ajar; from simple to complex dengan aktivitas belajar yang terpusat pada siswa/student centered. Seperti pembelajaran yang berlangsung di kelas ilmu pengetahuan sosial kelas 5 sekolah dasar dengan bahasan mengenai tanggungjawab sebagai tema pelajaran. Untuk dapat merumuskan konsep tanggungjawab, guru memberikan ilustrasi sebuah aktivitas seorang siswa yang memiliki kesadaran tinggi sebagai pelajar; belajar di rumah dan mengerjakan PR tanpa diingatkan oleh orang tua menjadi karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh siswa tersebut. Konsep tanggungjawab terbentuk berdasarkan sudut pandang yang mereka miliki atas pemaknaan mereka terhadap gambaran riil/nyata peristiwa tersebut. Kemampuan guru dalam merancang pengajaran menjadi perhatian utama yang dapat kita lihat secara tersirat dari deskripsi di atas. Rencana pengajaran merupakan langkah awal yang disusun oleh guru untuk dapat memberikan penggambaran secara jelas mengenai aktivitas pembelajaran yang akan berlangsung dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa dan memperhatikan tujuan pembelajaran sehingga tercapai suatu pembelajaran yang efektif. Keefektifan yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah kemampuan guru dalam melangsungkan aktivitas pembelajaran dengan menitikberatkan pada kedalam an pemahaman siswa akan materi yang diberikan; bagaimana guru mampu melakukan strategi-strategi pengajaran yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan atau tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa sehingga siswa menikmati setiap aktivitas belajar yang dilakukannya. 300 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Hal tersebut tentunya sangat terkait dengan kompetensi pedagogik yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang guru untuk mengelola program pembelajaran yang mencakup kemampuan mengelaborasi kemampuan peserta didik; merencanakan, melaksanakan dan mengevaluasi program pembelajaran. Kompetensi mengelaborasi kemampuan peserta didik melalui hasil pemetaan/mapping guru atas tes akademik siswa di awal pertemuan/pra tes. Setelah mengetahui tingkat kemampuan peserta didik, guru merancang program pengajaran yang komprehensif; menentukan tujuan pembelajaran, langkah-langkah pembelajaran yang akan dilakukan oleh guru dengan mempertimbangkan keragaman tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa. Hal ini akan sangat terlihat dalam aktivitas belajar di kelas dalam sebuah kerangka tes formatif; proses siswa memahami materi ajar yang diberikan dengan melalui latihan-latihan serta adanya bimbingan yang diberikan oleh guru sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa (kecerdasan jamak yang dimiliki oleh siswa). Pemberian tes sumatif merupakan langkah akhir yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk dapat mengetahui tingkat pemahaman yang dimiliki oleh siswa sebagai evaluasi akhir atas proses belajar yang telah dilaluinya. Berdasarkan kompetensi pedagogik tersbut secara tersirat tergambarkan bahwa pembelajaran berlangsung bukan semata-mata pencapaian pada hasil akhir sebagai sistem evaluasi pendidikan yang akan menjadi penentu apakah seorang anak memahami atau tidak materi ajar yang diberikan. Akan tetapi lebih penting daripada itu adalah penggambaran utuh atas kemampuan akademik seorang anak yang dilihat secara menyeluruh dengan menitikberatkan pada proses belajar yang dialami oleh siswa. Proses belajar yang dilalui oleh siswa mengacu pada tujuan pembelajaran sebagai hasil akhir yang akan dicapai oleh siswa dan merupakan target pembelajaran bagi mereka dalam satu term/semester. Karena pada dasarnya evaluasi adalah proses mengukur dan menilai suatu objek dengan menampilkan hubungan sebab akibat di antara faktor yang mempengaruhi objek tersebut. STRUKTUR PENGAJARAN SEBAGAI DESKRIPSI KEEFEKTIFAN PEMBELAJARAN Pembelajaran adalah sebuah rangkaian aktivitas belajar; melibatkan proses berpikir dengan mengaktifkan pengetahuan sebelumnya dan/atau pengalaman yang terkait dengan materi yang dipelajarinya. Untuk itu, dalam penyusunan sebuah rencana pengajaran hendaknya aktivitas yang diberikan oleh guru lebih bersifat komunikatif dengan menitikberatkan pada siswa sebagai pemeran aktif dalam pembelajaran. 301 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) A great deal of your effectiveness as a teacher has to do with your ability to design and implement instruction that promotes learning. A lesson plan, which is a (more or less) detailed plan of the goals and activities for a particular class, is an important part of this process. Creating a lesson plan is when you consider how to organize and achieve some of the goals and objectives you outlined as you planned the course. (http://cet. usc. edu/resources/teaching _learning/) Sumber di atas menjelaskan bahwa keefektifan pembelajaran yang akan berlangsung di kelas tergambarkan dalam rencana pengajaran yang disusun oleh guru dengan berlandaskan pada tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Semakin efektif guru menciptakan sebuah pembelajaran di kelas, semakin aktif siswa terlibat dalam aktivitas belajar; mampu mengungkapkan atau menjelaskan sudut pandang yang dimiliki oleh mereka. (Fisher ,2008) Gambar 1. Pergeseran Proses Dalam Merencanakan Pembelajaran Gambar 1 memberikan ilustrasi pembelajaran konvensional/old view learning terlihat adanya keajegan langkah-langkah pengajaran dan alokasi waktu yang menghasilkan keragaman tujuan pembelajaran. Bila ditilik berdasarkan prosesnya tergambarkan bahwa tujuan pembelajaran tidak menjadi hal utama dalam rancangan pembelajaran. Hal ini mengakibatkan tidak tergambarkannya secara jelas kemampuan akademik siswa selama proses belajar berlangsung karena guru tidak memfasilitasi keragaman tingkat kemampuan berpikir siswa. Guru hanya berpikir secara ‘take it for granted’ dalam memberikan aktivitas belajar di kelas kepada siswa sehingga 302 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) hasilnya tujuan pembelajaran tidak tercapai yang mengakibatkan adanya perbedaan tujuan pembelajaran antara satu siswa dengan siswa lainnya. Sementara itu, pada ilustrasi pembelajaran modern/new view learning menyiratkan bahwa keragaman langkah-langkah pengajaran dan alokasi waktu dari setiap aktivitas pembelajaran yang berlangsung merupakan strategi yang dilakukan oleh guru guna mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Dalam hal ini guru diharapkan untuk dapat memiliki kreativitas dalam merancang aktivitas belajar siswa di kelas dengan memperhatikan beberapa aspek perkembangan belajar siswa. Oleh karena itu terdapat keragaman atau perbedaan instruksi pengajaran/langkahlangkah pengajaran antara satu siswa dengan siswa lainnya berdasarkan beberapa aspek: kesiapan/readiness, minat/interest, profil pembelajaran/ learning profile, isi/content, proses/process, produk/product guna tercapainya tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan. Hal ini karena adanya perbedaan tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa dalam memahami materi ajar sehingga teknik atau strategi yang tepat diberikan kepada siswa menjadi tuntutan yang harus dipenuhi oleh guru dalam merancang pembelajaran di kelas sehingga pada akhirnya tercapailah tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditetapkan di awal. Menanggapi hal tersebut di atas maka perlu adanya pemikiran yang mendalam atas penyusunan sebuah struktur pengajaran yang mampu memberikan hasil yang efektif dalam melangsungkan pembelajaran di kelas. Penetapan Tujuan Pembelajaran sebagai Langkah Awal Efektivitas Pembelajaran Keefektifan pembelajaran yang berlangsung di kelas sangat ditentukan dari ketajaman guru dalam menyusun dan mengembangkan rencana pengajaran. Aktivitas belajar mengajar yang berlangsung di kelas tertuang secara sistematis di dalam sebuah rencana pengajaran yang merupakan hasil penjabaran dari tujuan pembelajaran. Pada hakikatnya tujuan pembelajaran merupakan gambaran umum atas target pencapaian hasil belajar yang harus ditempuh oleh siswa. Untuk dapat mencapai target pembelajaran, guru harus dapat menjelaskan lebih detil melalui berbagai aktivitas belajar mengajar di kelas dengan berbagai strategi pembelajaran sesuai dengan tingkat kemampuan akademik serta gaya belajar yang dimiliki oleh siswa. Douglas Fisher dan Nancy Frey dalam bukunya Enhancing RTI menjelaskan bahwa: Armed with information about their student’s strengths and needs, teachers should plan instruction and interventions based on 303 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) expectations for the grade level as expressed in the content and performance standards and on student’s current performance profiles. (Douglas, 2008: 21) Hal tersebut menjelaskan bahwa untuk dapat merancang atau merencanakan suatu aktivitas pengajaran di kelas, guru harus mendasarkan pada harapan pencapaian performa belajar siswa sesuai dengan standar isi rancangan pengajaran dan mempertimbangkan keragaman tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa. Oleh karena itu guru harus memiliki terlebih dahulu gambaran atau pun pengetahuan akan kekuatan dan kebutuhan yang dimiliki oleh siswa dalam belajar. Untuk itulah mengapa guru harus dapat menentukan terlebih dulu tujuan pembelajaran/learning goals yang harus dicapai oleh siswa selama term berjalan dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai proses aktivitas belajar siswa mulai dari tahap pre-assessment → formative assessment → summative assessment. Backward Design sebagai Konsep Pengembangan Tahapan Pembelajaran Pencapaian maksimal dari hasil belajar siswa di kelas adalah ketika pihak sekolah, khususnya dalam hal ini guru, mampu mengintegrasikan antara aktivitas pembelajaran yang berlangsung di kelas dengan tujuan pembelajaran yang menjadi target pencapaian siswa belajar. Namun berdasarkan pengalaman yang terjadi di lapangan, terkadang terjadi ketidak sesuaian antara aktivitas pembelajaran yang berlangsung di kelas dengan tujuan pembelajaran yang telah disusun sehingga hasil evaluasi belajar siswa tidak mampu memberikan gambaran atas progress atau kemajuan siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Aktivitas pembelajaran hanya diartikan sebagai sejumlah pekerjaan siswa yang harus diselesaikan selama pembelajaran berlangsung tanpa melihat keterkaitan antara tujuan pembelajaran yang harus dicapai dan strategi belajar siswa yang efektif untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran tersebut. Oleh karena itu, untuk dapat menciptakan suatu pembelajaran yang efektif, harus dimulai dari strategi penyusunan rencana pengajaran. Selama ini dalam menyusun rencana pengajaran guru hanya terpaku pada aktivitas belajar dan tahapannya tanpa mempertimbangkan terlebih dulu apa tujuan pembelajaran yang ingin dicapai atau apakah aktivitas belajar tersebut mampu membantu siswa mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang telah ditentukan. Fakta di lapangan menjelaskan bahwa aktivitas belajar di kelas merupakan aspek terpenting yang harus guru pikirkan untuk dapat menciptakan pembelajaran yang efektif. Saat ini cobalah untuk berpikir mulai dari akhir “Begin with The End in Mind”. Jay Mc. Tighe menjelaskan bahwa terdapat beberapa aspek yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam rangkaian proses mengembangkan rencana 304 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) pengajaran; diawali dari langkah menentukan tujuan pembelajaran atau pencapaian hasil belajar yang diinginkan. Setelah mengetahui tujuan pembelajaran yang ingin dicapai, guru mulai dapat merancang dan menentukan aktivitas belajar yang tepat dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa sebagai sebuah proses menilai tingkat pemahaman siswa atas materi yang sedang dipelajari. Untuk dapat terlaksananya rancangan aktivitas belajar tersebut secara efektif maka guru menyusun rencana pengajaran yang tersusun secara sistematis. Konsep tersebut dikenal dengan istilah Backward Design yang disimpulkan dalam gambar berikut ini: Gambar 2. Backward Design Stage 1. Identify Desired Results; consider the goals. What should students know, understand, and be able to do? What big ideas are worthy of understanding and implied in established goals (e. g. content standards, curriculum objectives)? What enduring understandings are desired? What provocative questions are worth pursuing to guide student inquiry into this big ideas? What specific knowledge and skills are targeted in the goals and needed for effective performance? Stage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence; consider evidence of learning. How will we know if students have achieved the desired results and met the content standards? How will we know that students really understand the identified big ideas? What will we accept as evidence of proficiency? Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction. What will need to be taught and coached? How should it best be taught in light of the performance goals? What sequence of activity best suits the desired results. In planning the learning activities, we consider the WHERETO elements as guidelines: How will we make learning both engaging and effective, given the goals and needed evidence? (McTighe, 2004) 305 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Penjelasan di atas menyiratkan bahwa kebutuhan siswa akan pemerolehan pemahaman atas materi ajar menjadi aspek utama dalam proses menyusun rancangan pengajaran dengan menentukan big ideas sebagai konsep yang akan mengintegrasikan satu mata pelajaran dengan mata pelajaran lainnya; menghubungkan berbagai fakta, keterampilan, dan tindakan penting yang akan menunjang tercapainya konsep tersebut. Big ideas yang terpilih disesuaikan dengan standar isi dan tujuan kurikulum sehingga dapatlah kita tentukan tujuan pembelajaran yang terukur yang akan dicapai oleh siswa. Ketika siswa memiliki pemahaman yang mendalam atas materi ajar tersebut maka tujuan pembelajaran telah tercapai. Terdapat beberapa hal yang harus dipertimbangkan untuk dapat menilai ketercapaian tujuan pembelajaran siswa, yaitu melalui beberapa assessment evidence: 1. Performance Task: complex challenges that mirror the issues and problems faced by the adults. Ranging in length from short-term tasks to long-term, multistaged projects. 2. Academic Prompts: open-ended questions or problems that require the student to think critically, not just recall knowledge, and to prepare a specific academic response, product, or performance. 3. Quiz and Test Items: assess for factual information, concepts, and discrete skill; use selected response (e. g. multiple-choice, true-false, matching) or short answer formats; convergent, typically having a single best answer 4. Informal Check for Understanding: ongoing assessment used as part of the instructional process (e. g. teacher questioning, observations, examining students work, and think alouds). They are not typically scored or graded. (McTighe, 2004:12) Dengan adanya beberapa hasil assessment yang dimiliki oleh guru semakin membuat penilaian guru akan hasil belajar siswa menjadi valid tidak hanya dari sejumlah assessment evidence (min 3) yang harus digunakan sebagai salah satu tools/alat penilaian siswa tetapi juga dituntut kecermatan guru untuk membuat assessment yang memiliki kompleksitas berpikir/complex thinking. Untuk dapat melangsungkan aktivitas-aktivitas pembelajaran tersebut dengan efektif maka disusunlah sebuah rencana pembelajaran yang sistematis dengan penjelasan detil atas instruksi pembelajaran yang disesuaikan dengan keragaman tingkat akademik siswa. Konsep WHERE TO menjadi bahan pertimbangan guru dalam mengembangkan rencana pengajaran. W → Where are we going? Why? What is expected? H → How will we hook and hold student interest? 306 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) E → How will we equip students for expected performances? R → How will we help students rethink and revise? E → How will students self-evaluate and reflect on their learning? T → How will we tailor learning to varied needs, interests, styles? O → How will we organize and sequence the learning? (McTighe, 2004:214) Bila ditelusuri makna dari tiap-tiap konsep tersebut merupakan sebuah kesatuan aktivitas yang saling terkait untuk menciptakan pembelajaran yang efektif. ‘W’ dari akronim WHERETO menjelaskan tujuan dan sasaran/target pembelajaran yang di dalam nya mencakup beberapa unsur, yaitu: tujuan,harapan, relevansi dan nilai serta diagnosis. Hal ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan profil belajar siswa/student’slearning profile yang akan dijadikan sebagai pedoman guru dalam menentukan unsur-unsur yang terdapat di dalam tujuan pembelajaran tersebut. ‘H’ dari akronim tersebut memberikan arti bahwa menjadi aspek penting ketika guru mampu mengembangkan kreativitas dalam menentukan cara atau strategi yang tepat sesuai dengan ketertarikan/minat siswa pada saat pembelajaran berlangsung sehingga memudahkan siswa untuk memahami materi yang sedang dipelajarinya. Misalnya penggunaan media peraga/hands on materials dan/atau ilustrasi melalui tayang an video yang mampu menarik perhatian siswa terhadap materi yang sedang dipelajarinya. ‘E’ menekankan pada dua aspek penting: (1) ways they will help students to explore the big ideas and questions, (2) how they will equip students for their final performances. (McTighe, 2004;218) Hal ini menitikberatkan pada kemampuan guru dalam mengembangkan dan/atau mengasah kemampuan siswa untuk memiliki kemampuan berpikir analisis melalui pembelajaran yang bersifat induktif dan kontekstual melalui pembelajaran yang bersifat problem-based learning, compare-contrast. ‘R’ mengacu pada rethink dan revise yang melibatkan kemampuan guru dalam mengembangkan kemampuan siswa berpikir kritis atas suatu permasalahan (tidak menerima informasi begitu saja/take it for granted) dengan melakukan beberapa langkah-langkah penelitian, seperti melakukan wawancara kepada narasumber terpercaya untuk dibandingkan dengan teori-teori yang telah mereka peroleh. Setelah itu guru akan memfasilitasi kebutuhan siswa untuk dapat melakukan revisi atas hasil kerjanya melalui kegiatan peer response groups, peer critiques, dll. ‘E’ kedua sebagai evaluasi atas aktivitas belajar siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Hal ini merupakan bagian dari refleksi siswa dan guru guna mencapai suatu pembelajaran yang efektif untuk ke depan nanti. Bagi siswa tahap ini merupakan penilaian pribadi atas pemahaman yang telah 307 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) mereka peroleh dari suatu materi ajar yang akan mampu membentuk enduring understanding mereka atas materi ajar tersebut. Bagi guru, hasil yang diperoleh dari siswa akan menjadi tolak ukur untuk dapat mengetahui tingkat pemahaman siswa atas materi ajar dan penilaian pribadi/self assessment atas keefektifan dari penggunaan strategi yang mereka terapkan pada siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung. ‘T’ mengarah pada kemampuan guru dalam merancang dan mengembangkan aktivitas belajar siswa di kelas dengan memperhatikan keragaman latar belakang pengetahuan yang membentuk pengetahuan dasar/background knowledge dan pengalaman, tingkatan kemampuan akademik, ketertarikan/minat, talenta, dan gaya belajar mereka. Untuk itu, saat pembelajaran berlangsung guru diharapkan dapat memberikan instruksi yang berbeda/differentiated instruction berupa isi/content, process, dan product. ‘O’ merujuk pada kemampuan guru dalam mengorganisasikan dan menyusun rancangan pengajaran secara bertahap dengan mempertimbangkan beberapa hal: Bagaimana aktivitas belajar siswa dapat berlangsung secara teratur agar memudahkan siswa untuk mencapai hasil belajar yang diinginkan? Berangkat dari hasil pencapaian siswa belajar, tahapan pembelajaran apa yang tepat untuk dapat mengefektifkan pembelajaran? Gradual Release of Responsibility Rancangan Efektif Pembelajaran yang Berlangsung di Kelas Ketika rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) telah disusun oleh guru menjadi langkah awal untuk dapat menciptakan suatu pembelajaran yang efektif dengan didukung oleh kreativitas guru dalam menciptkan dan/atau mengembangkan berbagai strategi atau metode pada saat pembelajaran berlangsung. Pembelajaran adalah sebuah proses terpadu yang terjadi dalam sebuah interaksi komunikatif antara guru dan siswa. Dalam hal ini siswa bukanlah sebagai objek pasif yang hanya menjadi penerima informasi lalu mengerjakan tugas-tugas yang diberikan oleh guru. Melainkan siswa adalah titik sentral bagi berlangsungnya pembelajaran di kelas; sasaran guru dalam mengembangkan metode/cara/strategi dengan memperhatikan keragaman minat/interest, tingkat kemampuan akademik, dan latar belakang pengetahuan/background knowledge yang berbeda antara satu siswa dengan siswa lainnya yang secara otomatis akan menjadi satu pemenuhan kebutuhan siswa untuk guru dapat memenuhinya selama pembelajaran 308 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) berlangsung dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang terpusat pada siswa/student centered guna menciptakan pembelajaran yang bersifat aktif. Dalam menciptakan pembelajaran yang bersifat aktif dengan menitikberatkan pada kebutuhan siswa perlu digarisbawahi bahwasannya tingkatan kesiapan/readiness siswalah yang harus menjadi perhatian guru dalam melangsungkan aktivitas belajar di kelas. Karena pada dasarnya yang ingin dilihat dari hasil belajar siswa adalah kompleksitas proses belajar yang telah mereka lalui dari hal yang sederhanasampai kepada yang kompleks. Penjelasan di atas menyiratkan bahwa adanya tanggungjawab penuh yang tidak hanya dimiliki oleh guru tetapi juga oleh siswa dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran. Hal ini seperti yang diungkapkan dalam sebuah model pembelajaran berikut ini: The gradual release of responsibility model of instruction suggest that the cognitive load should shift slowly and purposefully from teacher as model, to joint responsibility, to independent practice and application by the learner (Pearson & Gallagher, 1983). (Fisher, 2008;12) Gradual release of responsibility memiliki konsep bahwa beban kognitif/mental proses berpikir siswa harus dilakukan secara sadar dan bertahap dari guru sebagai model, berkembang kepada pelaksanaan tugas sebagai tanggungjawab bersama lalu meningkat pada latihan yang bersifat mandiri yang dilakukan oleh pembelajar. Secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa tahapan yang terbentuk dari model pembelajaran tersebut adalah I do it → we do it → you do it. Gambar 3: Model Pembelajaran Gradual release of responsibility 309 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Berdasarkan gambar 3 semakin jelas tergambarkan bahwa terdapat keseimbangan hubungan yang terbentuk dari peran guru dan siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Sebelum guru memberikan tanggung jawab kepada siswa untuk mengerjakan tugas, guru mempersiapkan mereka dengan pemahaman atas konsep dari materi yang sedang dipelajari dengan memberikan arahan atau modeling sehingga pada akhirnya nanti mereka dapat mengerjakan tugas secara mandiri. Focus Lesson Di dalam gradual release of responsibility, focus lesson merupakan tahap awal dari aktivitas pembelajaran yang berlangsung di kelas. Pada tahap ini, guru menyampaikan penjelasan (5-15 menit) secara garis besar mengenai konsep, keterampilan, dan strategi yang akan siswa pelajari. Untuk dapat melangsungkan tahapan tersebut secara efektif, maka guru harus dapat menentukan terlebih dulu tujuan yang ingin dicapai secara jelas dan memodelkan atau mencontohkan cara berpikir yang dimiliki oleh guru. Dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat tiga metode yang sering digunakan oleh guru guna mengefektifkan pembelajaran yang berlangsung: modeling, metacognitive awareness, dan think alouds. Terdapat beberapa hal penting yang menjadi sebuah pola pada saat guru melakukan modeling: (1) Name the strategy, skill, or task, (2) State the purpose of the strategy, skill or task, (3) Explain when the strategy or skill is used, (4) Use analogies to link prior knowledge to new learning, (5) Demonstrate how the skill, strategy, or task is completed, (6) Alert learners about errors to avoid, (7) Assess the use of the skill. (Fisher, 2008:23-24) Metacognitive awareness: (1) “What am I trying to accomplish?”, (2) “What strategies am I using?”, (3) “How well am I using the strategies?”, (4) “What else could I do?”. (Fisher, 2008:28-29) Think alouds: (1) Keep the focus of the think-aloud tight and brief, (2) Pay attention to your own thinking processes as you design your think-aloud, (3) Find your authentic voice when you think aloud, (4) Think like the expert you are, (5) Name your cognitive and metacognitive processes. (Fisher, 2008:3133) Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada dasarnya ketiga metode tersebut merupakan pedoman guru untuk dapat mengarahkan siswa pada aktivitas pembelajaran yang efektif. Hal yang membedakan adalah tujuan dari masingmasing metode tersebut. Modeling menitikberatkan pada kognisi mengenai bagaimana keterampilan, latihan atau strategi tercapai. Metakognisi mengacu pada kognisi melalui pengawasan atas penggunaan isi materi yang sedang dipelajari. Pendekatan terakhir, think-alouds, mengkombinasikan 310 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) kognisi dan metakognisi seperti guru menjelaskan bagaimana dia menggunakan keduanya, pemahaman dan isi. Guided Instruction Setelah melakukan focus lesson di awal pertemuan dengan menjelaskan materi ajar yang akan diperoleh siswa dan berbagai tugas atau latihan yang akan mereka lakukan serta beberapa teknik yang ditunjukkan oleh guru saat menjelaskan materi ajar yang secara efektif memudahkan siswa untuk memperoleh konsep materi tersebut, langkah pembelajaran berikutnya adalah guided instruction adalah instruksi yang terpimpin saat melakukan aktivitas belajar/workshop; the teacher’s role changes as he or she follows the lead of the learner, who is attempting to apply the skill or strategy to a new situation. (Fisher, 2008:39) Pada tahap ini terdapat beberapa strategi yang dilakukan oleh guru dalam memberikan aktivitas belajar. Keragaman aktivitas belajar yang disediakan oleh guru disesuaikan dengan tingkat kesiapan akademik siswa sehingga dalam prosesnya waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh masing-masing siswa untuk dapat memahami suatu materi ajar akan memiliki perbedaan satu dengan lainnya. Hal ini secara konsep dijelaskan bahwa: Guided instruction means that each group may be working at a slightly different pace or with variations in content. At this time, differentiating instruction takes center stage. (Fisher, 2008:41) Berbagai tahapan dalam melangsungkan aktivitas pembelajaran merupakan proses belajar yang harus dilalui oleh siswa sampai pada tahap di mana mereka mampu bekerja secara mandiri. Dalam prosesnya, aktivitas belajar yang diberikan kepada siswa disesuaikan dengan tingkat kesiapan/pencapaian akademik siswa. Hal ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan differentiated instruction. Collaborative Setelah guru melakukan tahapan “I do it” dan “We do it”, siswa melakukan collaborativelearning sebagai wujud dari pemahaman mereka atas materi ajar yang telah diperolehnya saat guru melakukan focus lesson dan guided instruction yang diterapkan dalam sebuah aktivitas belajar dalam bentuk kelompok. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa pelaksanaan collaborative learning bukan untuk membentuk kelompok berdasarkan kemampuan siswa yang memiliki tingkat atau level akademik yang sama. Akan tetapi, menitikberatkan pada kemampuan memaksimalkan kesuksesan yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing individu yang memiliki perbedaan ide, ketertarikan/minat, dan keterampilan. 311 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Independent Independent task/learning merupakan tahap pembelajaran yang menuntut adanya kemandirian dalam diri siswa untuk bekerja secara mandiri dengan mampu menerapkan berbagai informasi, ide, konsep, keterampilan, dan strategi yang telah mereka pelajari sebelumnya. Sebagai sebuah pembelajaran yang bersifat mandiri, terdapat beberapa prinsip dalam pelaksanaan independent learning yang dikemukakan oleh Carl Rogers (1969): (1) human beings have a natural potential for learning (2) significant learning takes place when the subject matter is perceived by the students as having relevance for his/her own purposes (3) learning which involves a change in self-organization –in the perception of oneself- is threatening and tends to be resisted (4) those learning which are threatening to the self are more easily perceived and assimilated when external threats are at a minimum (5) when the threat to the self is low, experience can be perceived in differentiated fashion and learning can proceed (6) much significant learning is acquired through doing (7) learning is facilitated when the student participates responsibly in the learning process (8) self-initiated learning which involves the whole person of the learnerfeelings as well as intellect (9) independence, creativity, and self-reliance are all facilitated when selfcriticism and self-evaluation are basic and evaluation by others is of secondary importance (10)the most socially useful learning in the modern world is the learning of the process of learning, a continuing openness to experience and to incorporating into oneself the process of change. (Fisher, 2008:90) Secara garis besar dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesepuluh prinsip independent learning dalam pelaksanaannya harus bernilai, berpengalaman, dan berkaitan. Types of Assessment sebagai Deskripsi atas Proses Pencapaian Belajar/Evaluasi Siswa Pembelajaran merupakan sebuah proses belajar mengajar; dari tidak tahu menjadi tahu; tidak paham menjadi paham. Proses tersebut berlangsung secara sadar dan terukur melalui aktivitas belajar. Sadar terkait dengan kebutuhan siswa akan konten materi-materi ajar yang diperlukan sesuai dengan tingkatan akademiknya. Terukur terkait dengan tujuan pembelajaran yang harus dicapai oleh siswa dan berbagai aktivitas belajar 312 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) yang dilakukan oleh siswa. Berbagai aktivitas belajar yang dikembangkan oleh guru (baik itu individu maupun kelompok) hendaknya mampu menjadi tahapan atau langkah-langkah pencapaian akademik siswa (mempertimbangkan tingkat kesiapan akademik siswa) guna mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran diperoleh karena aktivitas belajar dilakukan secara komprehensif; antara satu aktivitas belajar dengan aktivitas belajar lainnya memiliki keterkaitan dan bahkan menggambarkan tingkatan berdasarkan kesiapan dan/atau kemampuan akademik siswa. Dalam pelaksanannya, setiap aktivitas belajar yang berlangsung tidak dapat dilepaskan dari adanya penilaian/assessment di dalam nya; terdiri dari: preassessment, formative assessment, sumative assessment. Rick Wormeli menjelaskan bahwa assessments are based on the essential understandings/questions. Once summative assessments are identified, we can determine our pre-assessments. They are smaller pieces and versions of the summative assessments. If the summative assessment is a complex project, of course, we cull the basics from the project and ask students to do sample tasks that reveal their readiness levels regarding mastery. (Wormeli, 2006:27) Artinya bahwa penilaian dirancang berdasarkan pada esensi dari sebuah pemahaman konsep. Ketika seseorang memahami sebuah konsep berarti di dalam proses berpikirnya, ia telah mampu mengaitkan konsep tersebut dengan fakta di lapangan; menganalisisnya hingga sampailah ia pada sebuah simpulan sebagai hasil analisis yang telah dilakukannya. Di sinilah letak ‘end in mind’ dalam merancang sebuah pembelajaran efektif yaitu dengan menentukan terlebih dulu summative assessment kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pre assessment. Dengan demikian guru akan dapat menyusun latihan atau aktivitas belajar di kelas secara bertahap mulai dari hal yang sederhana kepada hal yang rumit/kompleks (simple to complex). Pre-Assessment Pre-assessment merupakan langkah awal guru untuk dapat melakukan pemetaan atas tingkat kemampuan akademik siswa. Bila dilihat berdasarkan tujuannya, Rick Wormeli menjelaskan bahwa: These assessments are used to indicate student’s readiness for content and skill development, and to guide instructionl decisions. (Fisher, 2008:90) Secara jelas disampaikan bahwa pre-assessment digunakan oleh guru untuk menunjukkan kesiapan siswa terhadap materi ajar dan pengembangan keterampilan serta untuk pedoman dalam menentukan program pengajaran. 313 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Hal ini nantinya akan berpengaruh pada pemberian latihan atau workshop yang tepat dan sesuai dengan karakteristik belajar anak. Formative Assessment Sebagai tindak lanjut dari hasil pre-assessment adalah kemampuan guru untuk dapat mengembangkan berbagai aktivitas belajar/latihan/ workshop di kelassesuai dengan tingkat kesiapan/kemampuan akademik siswa. Hal tersebut merupakan kerangka kerja dari perwujudan formative assessment bahwa: These assessments are en route checkpoints, done frequently. They provide ongoing and helpful feedback, informing instructions, and reflecting subsets of the essential and enduring knowledge. (Fisher, 2008:90) Sumber lain menjelaskan bahwa: Formative assessment means information gathered and reported for use in the development of knowledge and skills, and summative assessment means information gathered and reported for use in judging the outcome of that development. (Morzano,2010) Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa formative assessments bukanlah suatu bentuk kegiatan belajar yang harus dinilai untuk menentukan tingkat pemahaman siswa atas suatu materi yang sedang dipelajari. Melainkan sebagai suatu rangkaian proses belajar siswa yang bertujuan untuk membiasakan siswa mengembangkan pengetahuan dan keterampilannya melalui latihan-latihan dengan feedback yang diberikan secara langsung oleh guru. Sumative Assessment Seperti yang telah disebutkan di atas bahwa summative assessments merupakan hal utama yang harus dilakukan terlebih dulu untuk menciptakan pembelajaran yang efektif, sesuai dengan konsep “end in mind”. Dengan demikian dalam pemberian aktivitas belajar di kelas, summative assessments menjadi learning goals/tujuan pembelajaran tertinggi yang diharapkan siswa mampu mencapai tingkatan akademik tersebut. These assessments are given to students at the end of the learning. They match objectives and experiences, and their formats are negotiable if the product is not the literal standard and would prevent students from revealing what they know about a topic. They reflect most, if not all, of the essential and enduring knowledge. (Fisher, 2008:27) 314 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dapat kita simpulkan bahwa summative assessment dilakukan di akhir pembelajaran dengan memperhatikan pengalaman belajar (background knowledge) siswa yang telah diperoleh pada saat formative assessment berlangsung. KESIMPULAN Pembelajaran yang akan dirancang atau disusun hendaknya menitikberatkan pada konsep “Beginning with the End in Mind”. Konsep ini telah memberikan paradigm yang berbeda dari sebelumnya bahwa untuk dapat menciptakan sebuah pembelajaran yang kontinu dan bermakna, penetapan tujuan pembelajaran/learning goals menjadi hal utama yang harus dilakukan terlebih dulu. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar setiap peserta didik/siswa memiliki pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran yang sama. Hal yang membedakan adalah intervention/bimbingan yang diberikan oleh guru kepada siswa selama pembelajaran berlangsung. Perbedaan bimbingan yang diberikan tergantung dari tingkat kesiapan siswa dalam menyelesaikan latihan-latihan/workshop di kelas sehingga dalam hal ini waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh masing-masing siswa akan berbeda. Gambaran di atas menjelaskan bahwa evaluasi pendidikan harus lah bersifat holistic; proses belajar anak hingga mencapai hasil akhir yang maksimal merupakan sebuah sistem evaluasi pendidikan. Artinya pengevaluasian hasil belajar siswa tidak hanya diukur dari nilai akhir/summative assessment saja melainkan harus dapat dilihat secara menyeluruh dari setiap proses belajar yang telah dilalui oleh siswa. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Fisher, Douglas. (2008). Better Learning Through Sturctured Teaching. Virginia USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. ---------------. and Nancy Frey. (2008). Enhancing RTI How to Ensure Success with Effective Classroom Instruction & Intervention. Fogarty, Robin. (2009). How to Integrate the Curricula. Amerika: Corwin Press. Marzano, J. Robert. (2007). Designing and Assessing Educational Objectives. Corwin Press. 315 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Mc. Tighe and Wiggins. (2004). Understanding by Design. Virginia USA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Wahidmurni. (2005). Evaluasi Pembelajaran dan Praktik. Wormelli, Rick. (2006). Fair Isn’t Always Equal. Westerville, Ohio: National Middle School Association. 316 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) PENGARUH KECERDASAN ENTREPRENEURIAL TERHADAP KINERJA GURU SMK DI KOTA MANADO Deysie Lumowa Headmaster of Vocational High School IV, Manado, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT The title of this research is the influence of the entrepreneurial intelligence to the performance of the vocational high schools in Manado. The samples of this research are 80 teachers which taken randomly and proportionally in each school by the research method: ex post facto. The results of the research are there is a positive and significant influence of the entrepreneurial intelligence to the performance of the teachers, The conclusion of this research is that the influence of the entrepreneurial intelligence and means of education are very important variables due to the effort to improve the performance of the vocational high school teachers in the city of Manado. Keywords:entrepreneurial intelligence, performance of the teachers PENDAHULUAN Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 mengatakan seorang guru dituntut harus profesional dibidangnya masing-masing.Untuk itu dalam menjalankan keprofesionalannya tidak mudah seperti yang diperkirakan banyak orang, bukan hanya sekedar menguasai materi pelajaran tetapi juga harus mempunyai pengetahuan tentang didaktik metodik dan memiliki kemampuan/keterampilan mengajar. Undang-undang ini, menekankan bahwa seorang guru harus profesional, berarti mereka dituntut harus memiliki pengetahuan yang luas tentang didaktik/ metodik pembelajaran, keterampilan atau kemampuan mengajar, serta memiliki dedikasi yang dapat dipertanggung jawabkan sehingga proses pembelajaran dapat berjalan dengan baik. Hal ini akan tergambar pada kinerja guru dalam menjalankan tugas sebagai pendidik yang bermartabat. Kinerja yang dimaksud adalah unjuk kerja yang dapat dicapai oleh seseorang guru dalam menjalankan profesinya, sesuai dengan tanggung jawab dalam rangka upaya mencapai tujuan pendidikan secara legal, tidak melanggar hukum dan sesuai dengan 317 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) moral maupun etika. Selain tugas mengajar, guru juga sebagai motivator bagi siswa untuk mempelajari pelajaran agar materi yang disajikan dapat dikuasai dengan baik. Sehingga timbul pertanyaan, apa yang akan terjadi bila motivasi mengajar guru bermasalah? Guru yang tidak memiliki motivasi mengajar, merupakan salah satu indikasi bahwa kinerjanya kurang baik.Sehingga dapat dikatakan kinerja guru yang kurang baik dapat mempengaruhi kualitas lulusan. Rahayu dan Nuryata (2011:2) menjelaskan bahwa pemerintah menempatkan SMK sebagai sub sistem pendidikan dalam sistem pendidikan nasional, antara lain mempersiapkan lulusannya untuk memasuki dunia kerja. Hal ini tampak jelas dalam Visi Direktorat Pendidikan SMK yang dituangkan dalam Renstra Tahun 2010-2014, sebagai berikut: Terwujudnya SMK yang dapat menghasilkan tamatan berjiwa wirausaha (entrepreneur) yang siap kerja, cerdas, kompetitif, dan memiliki jati diri bangsa, serta mampu mengembangkan keunggulan lokal dan dapat bersaing di pasar global nasional. Visi tersebut juga sejalan dengan pidato presiden yaitu peningkatan akses pendidikan yang berkualitas, terjangkau, relevan, dan efisien menuju terangkatnya kesejahteraan hidup rakyat, kemandirian, keluhuran budi pekerti, dan karekter bangsa yang kuat. Pembangunan bidang pendidikan diarahkan demi tercapainya pertumbuhan ekonomi yang didukung keselarasan antara ketersediaan tenaga terdidik dengan kemampuan: 1)menciptakan lapangan kerja atau kewirausahaan dan 2)menjawab tantangan kebutuhan tenaga kerja. Para pakar yang lebih menitikberatkan pengertian entrepreneurial atau kewirausahaan kepada karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh seorang entrepreneurial antara lain seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Scumpeter (Marbun, 1995:16) mengatakan bahwa entrepreneurial adalah suatu tipe individu yang memiliki kepemimpinan ekonomis jenis tertentu. Motifnya bukan hedonis, tetapi berlebih-lebihan adalah dorongan untuk memperoleh kekuasaan, kehendak untuk mengalahkan, dorongan untuk menciptakan dan mengerjakan sesuatu hal. Kemudian seorang entrepreneurial sering dianggap sebagai seseorang yang independen, mencukupi sendiri, memotivasi sendiri, dan mengatur sendiri dalam rangka memperjuangkan sesuatu pembaharuan, perubahan pengembangan atau bentuk prestasi lainnya. Meredith (1995:6), mengatakan bahwa seorang entrepreneurial adalah para individu-individu yang berorientasi kepada tindakan dan bermotivasi tinggi yang mengambil resiko dalam mengejar tujuan, dengan ciri-ciri percaya diri, berorientasi pada masa depan. Karakteristik lain seorang entrepreneurial meliputi keinginan berprestasi, keberhasilan atas diri sendiri, pengambilan resiko yang penuh 318 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) perhitungan, keinginan mandiri, devians (toleransi terhadap kemerdekaan), dan memiliki perilaku inovatif. Kecerdasan entrepreneurial merupakan dorongan dan kemampuan seseorang untuk memanfaatkan kreativitas dan kekuatan pribadinya menjadi usaha yang memberi nilai tambah bagi dirinya yang bercirikan; berorientasi pada tugas dan hasil, memiliki rasa percaya diri, keberanian pengambilan resiko dalam setiap tindakan, memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan, memiliki keorsinilan ide atau pemikiran, dan berorientasi ke masa depan dalam setiap tindakan. Kinerja mengajar guru sekolah menengah kejuruan (SMK) di Kota Manado belum maksimal. Indikasinya guru tidak menjalankan tugas mengajar sebagaimana yang diharapkan, yaitu sering datang terlambat datang ke sekolah dan masuk kelas tidak sesuai dengan waktu yang sudah dijadwalkan untuk melaksanakan tugas pokok mengajar. Dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran seringkali tidak konsisten dengan silabus dan tidak relevan dengan program pendidikan, tidak adanya persiapan mengajar, guru seringkali meninggalkan ruangan kelas, jam pelajaran belajar belum selesai peserta didik diperintah pulang, mengajar tidak sesuai dengan RPP, dan sebagainya. Berdasarkan uraian di atas, tujuan penelitian in adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kecerdasan entrepreneurial terhadap kinerja guru SMK di Kota Manado secata empiris METODOLOGI PENELITIAN Metode penelitian adalah ex post facto, yaitu penelitian yang dilaksanakan untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang objek yang diteliti dan menguji tentang pengaruh langsung variabel-variabel yang diteliti, yaitu pengaruh variabel independen terhadap variabel dependen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah guru SMK yang ada di Kota Manado yang berjumlah 317 orang.Sampel penelitian 80 responden.Teknik yang digunakan untuk mengambil sampel dilakukan secara proporsional yaitu berdasarkan jumlah guru setiap sekolah kemudian menggunakan metode Simple Random Sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa angket untuk menilai kinerja guru dan kecerdasan entrepreneurial. Skala yang digunakan untuk instrumen memiliki lima kategori pilihan jawaban. Untuk kategori pernyataan positif diberi bobot nilai 5 (lima) sampai dengan 1 (satu), sedangkan untuk pernyataan negatif diberi bobot nilai sebaliknya yaitu 1 (satu) sampai 5 (lima). Sebelum instrumen digunakan untuk pengumpulan data penelitian, terlebih dahulu diuji coba 319 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) validitasnya (keabsahan) dan reliabilitas (keandalan) sebagai alat ukur.Dari hasil pengujian validitas dengan menggunakan point biserial tersebut diperoleh butir-butir yang tidak valid. Instrumen butir yang tidak valid dibuang atau tidak tidak digunakan dalam penelitian, kemudian butir yang valid ditinjau reliabilitasnya (keandalannya) untuk digunakan dalam pengumpulan data. Untuk menghitung reliabilitas instrument yang valid digunakan teknik Alpha Crombach. Untuk analisis data penelitian digunakan teknik analisis regresi dan korelasi.Sebelum pengujian hipotesis, dilakukan uji persyaratan menggunakan analisis statistika inferensial. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan pengujian pada taraf signifikansi α = 0,05. HASIL PENELITIAN Sebelum data dianalisis, terlebih dahulu diuji persyaratan analisis. Syaratsyarat yang dipenuhi dalam menganalisis data, yaitu galat taksiran berasal dari populasi yang berdistribusi normal dan hubungan antara variabelvariabel dalam model harus linear dan signifikan. Setelah dilakukan pengujian, menunjukkan bahwa persyaratan analisis telah terpenuhi. Dari analisis data diperoleh nilai t hitung adalah 3.05. Dalam Tabel “t” pada α = 0.01 diperoleh nilai ttabel adalah 2.39, sehingga menjelaskan bahwa thitung ˃ ttabel yaitu 3.05 ˃ 2.39.Dari hasil analisis tersebut, menunjukkan bahwa hipotesis Ho ditolak dan H1 diterima.Dengan demikian dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif kecerdasan entrepreneurial terhadap kinerja guru. KESIMPULAN Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian membuktikan bahwa teoriteori yang dikemukakan memiliki kesesuaian dengan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, sehingga hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa, terdapat pengaruh positif sarana pendidikan terhadap kinerja guru SMK di Kota Manado. Dengan demikian, ternyata bahwa variasi yang terjadi pada kinerja guru SMK di Kota Manado dipengaruhi oleh kecerdasaran entrepreneurial. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Aribowo dan Bawono.(2009). Kecerdasan enstrepreneurial. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Hamdani, M. (2010).Entrepreneurship.Yogyakarta: Starbooks. 320 The 1st International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE – 2012) Marbun, B. N. (1995). Entrepreneurship: The Japannese Experience. Jakarta: Pustaka Binaman Pressindo. Meredith, G. G. (1995). Kewirausahaan Teory dan Praktek.Jakarta: PPM. Rahayu, Endang Sadbudhy dan I Made Nuryata.(2011). Kewirausahaan Di SMK (1).Jakarta: Sekarmita. Paculz.Inovatif dan Kreatif.Retrieved from http://paculz.wordpress.com/ 2008/10/20/inovatif-dan-kreatif-2, May 2nd 2011. Usman, Husaini. (2009). Manajemen: Teori, Praktik, dan Riset Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. 321