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Walking the Talk: Research as Praxis for Advancing Peace and Health
Nancy C. Doubleday
HOPE Chair in Peace and Health,
Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy,
McMaster University
[email protected]
Linkages – Excerpt from Abstract
By taking a complex systems approach to peace studies more generally, it is possible to build on the ‘McMaster approach’
to health sciences education, founded on the belief that the study of health encompasses not only the problems of illness, but also the impact of biological processes, environment and lifestyle on the individual, the community, and society. The community‐oriented, people‐centred, interdisciplinary and problem‐based approach familiar to health sciences and related fields at McMaster, resonates strongly with elements of current and previous research using action research and action learning strategies. Arctic examples provide helpful illustrations of ways to view research as pathways for transformation toward peace and health.
N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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The features of the research overview that I would like to share with you today include some basic ideas about:
• Integration of knowledge from complex and diverse systems across scales
• Inter‐subjectivity: working “with”, not “on”, in ethical relationships
• Connection of qualities of resilience, to adaptation, identity and culture
• Further connections to social justice, peace and health • The importance of context and assumptions
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Research and Social Change
• Can research effect social change? • Can research effect conditions of peace and health? For individuals? Groups? States? Beyond??? • Why “praxis”? Why integrate practice with theory in the research process? N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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Diversity and Communications
Communication matters, both in terms of sharing findings with the research community, and increasingly, in terms of communicating research to policy‐and decision‐makers, for example:
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Genetic engineering and food safety;
Climate change and human influences;
Complex ecological‐social systems transformation; and Public debates about science and faith, Metaphors sometimes offer “food for thought” at levels other than the “concrete” (more metaphors!) – diversity matters!
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The interface between society and research is permeable. Our understandings and our assumptions about the state of the world and about the nature of “life” condition our beliefs and expectations. The metaphors we choose also produce, in some sense, our shared future.
Context matters – and we need to perceive our role in creating it!
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Some Origins of Peace Theory: Galtung 1969
Galtung’s Typology of Violence:
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Violence and Peace
Galtung characterizes peace as the absence of violence, where violence can be understood to be:
“...present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations.”
• Galtung, J., “Violence, Peace and Peace Research”, Journal of Peace Research, 6(3) 1969, p. 168.
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What is Health?
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO):
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well‐being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
This has been the official position of the WHO since 1948.
Source: “Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International
Health Conference, New York, 19 June - 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of
61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on
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7 April 1948.” http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/
What is Peace?
For our purposes today, I would like to align with Galtung to paraphrase the World Health Organization’s definition of health, to say that:
“Peace” is also a “state of complete physical, mental and social well‐being and not merely the absence” of violence or conflict or war.
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2 questions: to advance peace and health
How can peace and health be understood in terms of systems?
What does “social justice” have to do with “it”?
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According to Mary Simon, President, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK), blogging on “World TB Day”:
“March 24th of each year has been designated World TB Day. It commemorates the day in 1882 when Dr Robert Koch announced the discovery of the cause of tuberculosis. It is a day to build public awareness regarding a disease that remains epidemic in much of the developing world and that results the death of several million people each year. The rate of TB for Inuit Nunangat is more than 150 times the rate of Canadian born non‐Aboriginal people. This is a rate that is comparable to, and in some cases exceeds, that found in some developing nations. At a time when the national rate of this disease is declining the rate among Inuit has doubled.
Tuberculosis it is a disease of poverty and the reason for the unacceptably high rate of infection in Inuit communities can be traced in very large part to the social determinants of health which include inadequate housing, food insecurity, and poor access to healthcare.” http://www.itk.ca/
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According to Sir Michael Marmot, International Centre for Health and Society, University College London:
“Inequalities in health between and within countries are avoidable. There is no necessary biological reason why life expectancy should be 48 years longer in Japan than in Sierra Leone or 20 years shorter in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples than in other Australians. Reducing these social inequalities in health, and thus meeting human needs, is an issue of social justice.”
Lancet 2005; 365: 1099–104
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Past research has tended to be sorted in a variety of ways:
• Methodologically
• Conceptually
• Philosophically
• Ethically
• Legally
• Others...
In the Arctic, the context challenges us to N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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Environmental Issues
Contaminants , Global Change, Impacts on Wildlife, Food Safety, Development Pressures
Social and Economic Issues
Autonomy, Self Governance, Health & Well Being, Livelihoods, Food Access
Cultural and Health Issues
Opportunities for Traditional Food Choice and Healing Practices
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Environmental Issues
Contaminants , Global Change, Impacts on Wildlife, Food Safety, Development Pressures
Social and Economic Issues
Autonomy, Self Governance, Health & Well Being, Livelihoods, Food Access
Cultural and Health Issues
Food Access, Opportunities for Traditional Food Choice and Healing Practices
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Theory Informs Research
Understanding Dynamic Social‐Cultural‐Ecological Change: The Adaptive Cycle as a Model
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Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocality
Pajares (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Retrieved 06/01/04
from http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.
Resiliency: adaptive capacity*
Adaptive cycle
Nature evolving
Social evolving
conserving
ability to adapt
responsiveness
creativity
surprise
uncertainty
maintaining
options
continuity
change
*Modified after Gunderson and Holling, 2002, at pp.31-32
Source: Doubleday, Cape Dorset Report 2005
Early Lessons from the Arctic: Beginning Cooperative Research Methodology and Co‐management Practices
Tagak
Curley,
Jean
Chretien
, Sam
Raddi
Photo by
Harry
Palmer
Used with
permission
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Strategies for Healthy Lives and Sustainable Livelihoods: Adaptive Co‐management
• Having choices
• Sharing power and resources
• Making the decisions for ourselves
• Lifelong learning
• Resiliency • Citizenship and good governance
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Combustion drives 90% of global industrial processes: anthropogenic environmental change is a reality...but at what scale, and where are the effects greatest?
Doubleday & Smol, 2005
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Contemporary Research: Practice and Theory Inform Research: Across Difference of Time, Scale, Culture...
The Arctic becomes visibly personal
here in Cape Dorset, Nunavut. History
informs the present...but so does the
global....
Working with theoretical frameworks for change, for example, Gibson‐Graham “ethics of contingency”
“self‐believers in our economic capacity, responsible to our political abilities, conscious of our potential to become something other than what we have heretofore chosen to be”
“...cultivation of ourselves as
subjects of freedom...”
“...as choosers...”
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Locating Circumpolar Treeline for Purposes of PPS Arctic
Source: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/arctic_vegetation_zones
UNEP/GRID-Arendal) Source N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
data supplied by CAFF member countries
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Canadian PPS Arctic Sites in Photos and Plants Through Time in Relation to the Treeline
Cape Dorset X
Sanikiluaq Y
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These examples (and those that follow) come from research related to climate and environmental change, emissions and pollutants, adaptive co‐
management, and also research done on food choice related to environment, health and well‐
being, with Dr. Shawn Donaldson and Dr. Jay van Oostdam of Health Canada, Dr. Laurie Consaul of the Canadian Museum of Nature, community members in Cape Dorset and Sanikiluaq; and our research team members. These acknowledgements can only begin to recognize the contributions involved...
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Sanikilauq Plant Plots
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Photos and Plants Through Time
Specific Objectives:
To understand the
relationship between a
changing treeline and
people’s lives in the
tundra-treeline transition
zone of Northern Canada
during a period of climate
change, using
photographs and plants
as evidence of changes
and as keys to memories
and stories of past
conditions.
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Photos through Time: recalling the past and understanding the present in order to adapt to the future...
Notes on photos:
Upper left : Cape Dorset, Nunavut ca. 1970; repeat photo at upper right in 2008
Lower left photo: scanning landscape image/photograph; in the background
community participants review and witness consent/release forms.
Lower right photo: Discussing images
with community participants;.
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Community Involvement: The Process

Christopher Kittosuk and Sarah Kudluarok Collecting
Plant specimens, Sanikiluaq, August 2008 – Photo by
Morgan Ip

Introduction to the community (Radio, Community Open House)
Meet with local groups (Hamlet, HTA, Elders, Healing Team, Teachers)
Build trust and cooperation
Participate in community events
Hire local coordinators, translators
Involve community members in research, decision making
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Platanthera aquilonis
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Some results can be immediately identified and reporte
“Native Orchids as Bioindicators in the Southern Arctic”
Consaul, Laurie L.1, Ip, Morgan A.2, Catling, Paul M.3, Kudluarok, Sarah4, Tookalook, Lucy Mary4, and Doubleday, Nancy C.,2,5
1 Canadian Museum of Nature, Research Division, PO. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON, K1P 6P4, Canada; 2 Carleton University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada; 3 Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada; 4 Sanikiluaq, Belcher Islands, NU, K0A 0W0, Canada; 5 McMaster University, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
“The Importance of a Community‐Based Approach to Health Research in the Arctic”
D. Charette1, S.G. Donaldson, PhD1, A. Manning, B.ES (Hons.) 1, T. Leech, MSc1, T. Nancarrow, MSc1, B. Adlard, BSc (Hons.) 1, and J. Van Oostdam, DVM1
1Safe Environments Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON
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From Observations to Databases: Combining expertise, combining knowledges
For each community plot,
plant specimens are
collected, described and
identified locally.
Then the plants are shared
with taxonomists and
botanists from the
Canadian Museum of
Nature, for purposes of
verification and
assessment of status and
significance.
On the left is a portion of a
sample database page
from Sanikiluaq, Nunavut.
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Changing Conditions and Changing Practices: Using Photos as Keys to Recalling the Past, Assessing the Present and Envisioning the Future
Camping at Kataapik, Belcher Islands, July 1963
Photo Contribution by Noah Meeko
Kataapik, Belcher Islands, July 2008
Photo Retake by Sarah Kudluarok
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Outcomes: Short Term and Immediate
Provide for long‐term monitoring and experimental plots to create a baseline from which future changes in the vegetation can be tracked.
Create plant and photo archive collections to provide community resources for long‐term monitoring and deposit copies for wider scientific use.
Outcomes: Mid‐ to Long‐term
Through collaboration, empower our northern partners, and contribute to social‐cultural‐ecological resilience by sharing knowledge and resources to better understand the nature of change in the Arctic and so enhance our collective adaptive capacity.
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The “guiding ethical principles” of the Tri‐
Council Policy Statement are:
“Respect” (in this context, means respect) for:
– human dignity
– free and informed consent
– vulnerable persons
– privacy and confidentiality
– justice and inclusiveness
– balancing harms and benefits
– maximizing benefit
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Research can be seen as a social process: creating shared understandings among world views and operationalizing the values associated with “respect” in the Tri‐Council sense
To build trust, common vocabulary, and shared experience FOR
just, equitable and sustainable outcomes N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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Keys to Building Resilience relevant to Peace and Health: Findings from Other Studies
• Learning to live with (accept) change and uncertainty
• Nurturing diversity = greater options for renewal/reorganization
• Combining knowledge types to enhance learning
• Creating conditions/opportunity for self‐
organization (After Berkes, Colding and Folke (eds.) 2003)
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Research and Social Change
• Can research effect social change? Can research effect peace and health? For individuals? Groups? States? Beyond??? • when it is situated within adaptive frameworks and is part of the co‐production of knowledge.
• Why “praxis”? Why integrate practice with theory in the research process? • She will lead a discussion to explore strategies for engaged praxis – a synthesis of theory and practice –
for advancing peace and health. • The need for such a synthesis is motivated by the complexity of relationships and processes (social, cultural, ecological, and economic) conducive to N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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healing and leading to peace and health. Eve Kosofsky Sedgewick (2003) Touching Feeling
“...reconsider the ‘paranoid critical stance’ so prevalent among social scientists, which tends to confirm what we already know‐that the world is full of devastation and oppression, and that transformation is an unlikely if not hopeless project...instead an open reparative stance that refuses to know too much, that makes space for hope and expands possibility....”
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Contributors: Knowledge Holders
• Kudluajuk Ashoona, Mangitak Kellypalik, Oquta Mikkigak, Annie Manning Pitseolak, Martha Manning, Ottokie Padluq, Mary Parr, Leah Parr, Ainia Pingwartuk, Ateetu Toonoo, Nurluapik Adla, Seema Adla, Aputi Koperqualuk, Eliyah Mangitak, Oquta Mikkigaq, Qupa Namonai, Maata Pudlat, Niviaqsi Qiatsuk, Qiatsuk Qiatsuk, Meesah Qinnuayuaq, Annie Cookie, Noah Meeko, Mina Meeko, Moses Meeko, Joe Arragutainaq, Elizabeth Novalinga, Peter Attachie, Oleesia Wortman, Josey Emikotailak, Simoeonie Eyaituq, Silas Mannuk, Johnny Meeko Jr., Louisa Ippak, Lucy Mary Tookalook, Ronnie Tookalook
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In addition to community research partners recognized earlier in this talk, I would like to acknowledge our research team with sincere thanks.
For important support at Health Canada: Dr. Shawn Donaldson, Dr. Jay van Oostdam, Mr. Morgan Ip, M. Arch., Ms. Tara Leach; Mr. Bryan Adlard, and also formerly of Health Canada: Mr. Don Charette, M.Sc. (Cand.), Biology, University of Ottawa; Ms. Tanya Nancarrow, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK), Ms. Ashley Manning , B.A., (Hon.), and Bryan Grimwood, Ph.D. (cand.), Carleton University;
and
Dr. Laurie Consaul, Canadian Museum of Nature.
Thank you!
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the support of and extend our sincere thanks to:
the People of the North: especially Cape Dorset, Sanikiluaq, Baker Lake, Kimmirut and Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada; and also of Northern Russia; the Nunavut Research Institute, Carleton University, Health Canada, McMaster University;
the Canadian Polar Year Office, The Government of Canada International Polar Year Program, PPS‐ Arctic: Annika Hofgaard, (P.I.),Gareth Rees (Co‐I.), Karen Harper, (Canadian P.I.), Luise Hermanutz , Greg Henry, Jay Van Oostdam, David Hik, Tatiana Vlasova (Russia) and all of our PPS Arctic Colleagues; the International Polar Year Office, NSERC and SSHRC,
and the International Geographical Union Commission on Cold Region Environments (IGU‐CRE). N.C, Doubleday CHEPA 2011
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With support from:
Nunavut Research Institute
Northern Scientific
Training Grants,
DIAND,
Government of
Canada
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Thank you!
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