Labs

Transcription

Labs

Department of Civil Engineering
Laboratories Report January 2016
Department of Civil Engineering lab report Jan 2016@KPRIT, www.kpritech.ac.in
1. Introduction
The department of civil engineering is fully equipped with state-of-the-art equipment in
its various laboratories in the undergraduate level program.
2. Description of Civil Engineering Laboratories
Table 1: List of Laboratories of the Department of Civil Engineering.
S.no
Laboratory name
Odd/Even
semester
Teaching/Research
Odd (II/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
1
Surveying lab - I
2
Strength of material lab
3
Surveying Lab-II
Even (II/II-CIVIL)
Teaching
4
Cad/Cam Lab
Even (II/II-CIVIL)
Teaching
5
FM and HM Lab
Odd (III/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
6
Engineering Geology Lab
Odd (III/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
7
Geotechnical Engineering
Lab
Even (III/II-CIVIL)
8
Concrete Technology Lab
Odd (IV/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
9
Environmental
Engineering Lab
Odd (IV/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
Odd (II/I-CIVIL)
Teaching
Teaching
3. Teaching Laboratories
Teaching laboratories provide under graduate students with first-hand experience with
Civil Engineering course concepts and with the in order to explore methods used by engineers and
researchers in their discipline.
1. Geo-Technology Lab:
The main objectives of developing the soil mechanics and foundation engineering virtual lab
will be:
1. Students should be able to carry out all soil mechanics fundamental experiments
according to standards
2. To analyze and interpret experimental data.
3. To understand the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice In this proposal, different laboratory tests can be developed for
conducting the following important experiments to estimate the mechanical and
engineering properties of soils.
After going through this Geo- Technology - I course(A) the students (III B.Tech II semester –
CIVIL) gets a thorough knowledge on Soil .
Table 2: lists the teaching equipment that's used for instructing the course.
S.No
Equipment
Application
Image
To determine the liquid
limit of soil.
1
Atterberg’s
limits
(i) Liquid Limit
Apparatus
Liquid limit is the water
content expressed in
percentage at which the
soil passes from zero
strength
to
an
infinitesimal strength.
To determine the
plastic limit of the soil.
2
Atterberg’s
limits
(ii)Plastic Limit
Apparatus
The moisture content
expressed in
percentage at which the
soil has the smallest
plasticity is called the
plastic limit.
3
Set of Sieves
with Sieve
Shaker
Used to distribute the
soils in different grain
sizes for engineering
classification of soils.
To conduct Hydrometer
analysis of soil to study
4
Grain size
analysis
(ii)Hydrometer
the
grain
size
distribution of the fine
grained soil.
Used to determine the
5
Core Cutter with
dolly and
rammer
6
Sand pouring
cylinder with
calibrating can
and metal tray
fields density of soil.
It is useful in estimating
the bearing capacity
and settlement of
foundations.
field density of soil at a
given location.
Particularly for Sandy
Soils.
coefficient
of
permeability of the soil.
Permeability
7
apparatus
with
By conducting constant
head
method
and
Variable head method.
accessories
The rate of settlement
of foundation depends
on the permeability
properties
of
the
foundation soil.
Used to determine
Optimum Moisture
Content and Maximum
dry density for a soil.
By conducting standard
8
Cylindrical
Moulds with
Rammers
and Modified proctor
compaction test.
Compaction of soil
increases its dry
density, shear strength
and bearing capacity of
Soil.
The CBR test is one of
the most commonly
used methods
9
CBR Testing
Apparatus
To evaluate the
strength of a sub grade
soil, sub base, and
base course material
for design of
thickness for
highways and airfield
pavement.
coefficient of
consolidation of a clay
soil.
10
11
Consolidometer
Unconfined
Compression
Testing Machine
Consolidation
properties are required
in estimating the
settlement of a
foundation.
Unconfined
Compressive Strength
of Cohesive Soil.
To determine the Shear
parameters of Cohesive
Soil.
12
Triaxial
Compression
Testing Machine
Unconsolidated,
Undrained, and
Compressive Strength
of soils in an
undisturbed Condition.
This is most widely
used and is suitable for
all types of soils.
Shearing Strength of
the soil.
13
Direct Shear box
Apparatus
Direct shear test is
used to predict the
value of internal
friction and cohesion of
the soil and is used for
the design of
Foundations, Retaining
Walls etc.,
Used to find the shear
strength of a soil
Specimen.
14
Vane Shear
Apparatus
Vane shear test is a
useful method of
measuring the shear
strength of Clay.
It is cheaper and quiker
method.
1. Concrete Technology and Highway Materials Lab.
This lab is of utmost importance for a Civil Engineering student as it deals with the testing of
various construction materials such as cement, aggregates, and concrete (both fresh and hardened)
tiles and bricks. The various apparatus set up in the Concrete lab are Air Permeability apparatus,
Vicat apparatus, Le Chatliers apparatus, Slump cone, Compaction Factor Apparatus, Length Gauge,
Thickness Gauge, IS sieves for sieve analysis of cement and aggregates etc. After going through this
Concrete Technology- I course(A) the students (IV B.Tech I semester –CIVIL) gets a thorough
knowledge on Concrete and Bitumen .
S.No
Equipment
Application
Image
Used to determine
crushing value of
aggregate.
1
Aggregate
Crushing
value
Apparatus
It provides a relative
measure
of
resistance to crushing
under
compressive
load applied gradually
and thus to decide its
suitability for use in
concrete.
Used to determine
the aggregate impact
value
of
given
aggregates.
2
Aggregate
Impact testing
Machine
To
evaluate
the
toughness of stone or
the
resistance
of
aggregates to fracture
under
repeated
impacts.
Used to determine
the Specific gravity
and Water absorption
of aggregates.
To
measure
the
strength or quality of
the material.
3
Wire Basket
Specific gravity test
helps
in
the
identification of stone.
Water
absorption
gives an idea of
strength of aggregate.
4
5
Deval
Abrasion
testing
machine
Los Angeles
Abrasion
Testing
machine
Abrasions tests are
carried out to test the
hardness property of
stones and to decide
whether they are
suitable
for
the
different
road
construction works.
Abrasions tests are
carried out to test the
hardness property of
stones and to decide
whether they are
suitable
for
the
different
road
construction works.
Los Angeles abrasion
test is preferred as
the test results have
been correlated with
pavement
performance.
6
Shape testing
Apparatus
Used to determine
the Flakiness Index
and Elongation Index
of a given aggregate
Sample.
The particle shape of
aggregate mass is to
determine by the
percentages of Flaky
and
Elongated
particles.
7
8
Penetrometer
Ductility
Machine
Used to determine
the
hardness
or
softness of bitumen.
It is used to carry
the ductility test
bitumen to test
ductility property
binder.
out
on
the
of
This test is believed
to
measure
the
adhesive property of
bitumen and its ability
to stretch.
9
Ring and Ball
Apparatus
It
is
used
to
determine
the
softening point of
bitumen.
10
Pensky
Martens
closed cup
Apparatus
It
is
determine
and Fire
given
material.
used
to
the Flash
point of a
bituminous
11
Bitumen
Extractor
It
is
used
to
determine
the
Bitumen Content.
It is used for Marshal
Mix
Design
of
Bitumen.
12
Marshal
Stability
testing
machine
The objective of the
design of bituminous
mix is to determine
an economical blend
through several trial
mixes.
13
14
Vicat
Apparatus
Specific
Gravity
bottles
It
is
used
to
determine
the
Consistency
of
Cement
(water
required to produce a
cement paste).
It is also used to
determine the initial
and final setting time
of given sample of
cement.
It
is
used
to
determine
the
Specific Gravity of
given
sample
of
hydraulic cement.
It
is
used
to
determine
the
soundness of given
sample of Cement.
15
Lee Chatlier
Apparatus
with Water
bath
The
testing
of
soundness of cement,
to ensure that the
cement does not
show any appreciable
subsequent
expansion is of prime
importance.
16
17
Slump Cone
Apparatus
Compacting
Factor
Apparatus
It is used to measure
the Workability or
Consistency
of
Concrete Mix of given
proportion by Slump
test.
It is also used to
measure
the
Workability
of
concrete.
It is more precise and
sensitive than the
slump test and is
particularly useful for
concrete mixes of
very low workability.
It is also used to
measure
the
Workability
of
Concrete.
18
Vee Bee
Consistometer This
19
Blaine Air
Permeability
Apparatus
the
Fineness
of
cement.
Schmidt’s
Rebound
Hammer
It is developed in
1948 is one of the
commonly
adopted
equipments
for
measuring
Surface
hardness.
20
is a good
laboratory test to
measure indirectly the
workability
of
concrete.
1. Surveying Laboratory
This laboratory helps the students to gain basic knowledge on the various surveying and
leveling instruments and their working. The available instruments include Transit Theodolite ,Dumpy
level, Automatic Level, Leveling Staff, Plane Table and its accessories, Prismatic Compass, Subtense
Bar, Cross Staff, Chains, Ranging Rods, Offset Rods ,Total station etc.
After going through this Surveying lab - I course (A) the students (II B.Tech I & II semester –
CIVIL) gets a thorough knowledge on Surveying in Ist Semester Measurements and in IInd Semester
leveling with different equipments .
S.No
Equipment
Application
Image
the horizontal distances
only.
1
Metric Chains
Made with galvanized
mild steel and available
in different lengths.
It is also
measuring
distances.
2
used for
horizontal
Tapes
Available in different
materials, lengths and
weights.
3
Arrows
Known as chaining pins
and used to mark the
end of each chain
during the chaining
process.
Also known as Flag
poles or Lining Rods.
4
Ranging Rods
5
Cross Staff
These are used for
marking a point in such
a way that the position
of the point can be
clearly and
exactly
seen
from
some
distance away.
It is used for setting out
right angles.
6
7
8
9
Plumb bobs
It is used to locate the
centre point of the
instruments.
Optical Square
This is compact hand
instrument.
It is used to set out right
angles and is superior
than cross staff.
Box sextant
A sextant is a doubly
reflecting
navigation
instrument used to
measure the angle
between
any
two
visible objects.
Prismatic
Compass with
tripod
It
is
used
for
determining directions
and for calculating
bearings of survey
lines and included
angles between them.
It is Light, Compact
and handy.
10
Surveyor
Compass with
tripod
Similar to prismatic
compass and few
differences
in
construction.
This is most widely
used direct leveling
instrument.
11
Dumpy level
Tripod
To determine relative
height and distance
among
different
locations
of
a
surveying land.
It
is
very
advantageous when
survey
observations
are made to be with
one
setup
of
instrument.
12
Auto level
It is an
instrument
leveling.
advanced
used for
The result it give more
accurate.
13
Leveling Staff
A leveling staff is a
straight, rectangular,
wooden or aluminum
rod graduated into
meters and smaller
divisions.
It cannot be used
without
a
leveling
instrument.
14
Plane Table
with Tripod and
all accessories
The plane table is an
instrument used for
surveying by graphical
method in which the
field work and plotting
are
done
simultaneously
The main advantage
of the plane tabling is
that the topographic
features to be mapped
are in full view.
A theodolite is a
precision instrument
for
measuring angles in
the horizontal and
vertical planes.
15
16
Teodolite with
Tripod
Total Station
Theodolites are used
mainly for
surveying applications,
and have been
adapted for
specialized purposes
in fields
like meteorology and
rocket
launch technology.
A total station is an
optical instrument
used as primary
contrivance for
modern surveying.
It is a combination of
an of an electronic
theodolite ,an
electronic distance me
1. Environmental Engineering
The Laboratory has sophisticated equipments to analyze pollution parameters in water and
waste water. The facilities include pH meter, Desiccators, Hot Air Oven, Muffle Furnace, BOD
Incubator, COD Digestor, Conductivity Meter, Naphelometer, Analytical Balance, Electronic Balance,
Jar Test Apparatus, Hot Plate, Muffle Furnace, Magnetic Stirrer etc. It is being planned to have stateof-the-art instruments so as to cater to the needs of the Post Graduate Students and Faculty
Members for carrying out Advanced Research and Consultancy Work in the area of Environmental
Engineering. After going through this Environmental Engineering - I course (A) the students (II
B.Tech I semester –CIVIL) gets a thorough knowledge to analyze pollution parameters in water and
waste water..
S.n
o
1
Equipment
Application
pH meter
It is used to determine the
pH value of given sample of
water
2
NepheloTurbidity meter
turbidity of given sample
of water
Image
3
Digital
Conductivity
meter
Conductivity of
an electrolyte solution is a
measure of its ability
to conduct electricity.
Conductivity measurements
are used routinely in many
industrial and environmental
applications as a fast,
inexpensive and reliable way
of measuring the ionic
content in a solution
4
Evaporating
Dishes
Evaporating dishes are used
to evaporate excess solvents
- most commonly water - to
produce a concentrated
solution or a solid precipitate
of the dissolved substance.
5
Oven
Process applications for
ovens can be for annealing,
die-bond curing,
drying, Polyimide baking, ste
rilizing.
6
Desiccator
It is used for
preserving moisturesensitive items such
as cobalt chloride paper for
another use
. A common use for
desiccators is to protect
chemicals which
are hygroscopic or which
react with water
from humidity.
7
Whatman Filter
paper
Filter paper is a semipermeable paper barrier
placed perpendicular to a
liquid or air flow.
It is used to separate fine
substances from liquids or
air.
8
Burette
A burette is used
in analytical chemistry for the
dispensing of variable,
measured amounts of a
chemical solution.
A volumetric burette
delivers measured volumes
of liquid.
9
Conical Flask
It is a glass vessel and it
has a wide flat bottom that
tapers up into a narrow
cylindrical neck.
They're usually used for
mixing liquids.
10
Glazed tile
Not to reflect any colour on
the solution
11
BOD bottles
These BOD bottles are used
to determine the amount of
oxygen required during
stabilization of decomposing
organic matter by aerobic
action .
12
Fermentation
tubes
It help in fermentation
process
13
Petri dishes
Used to mix the solutions
14
Autoclave
Autoclaving, sometimes
called steam sterilization, is
the use of pressurized steam
to kill infectious agents and
denature proteins
15
Incubators
It is used to an apparatus for
maintaining optimal
conditions for growth and
development such as
temperature and humidity
16
Test tubes
It is used chemist in the lab
to heat, hold and mix small
quantities of liquid or
chemicals during
experiments
17
Pipettes
It is a glass hallow rod used
to suck the solution
18
Stirrer
It is used to mix the
chemicals
19
Spectrophotom
eter (420)
Nitrate present in given
sample of water
1. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LAB.
A well-equipped materials testing laboratory is available for developing design criteria and
evaluating various types of building materials. The laboratory includes facilities for performing all
kinds of tests on concrete and bituminous mixes. A 400 kN capacity universal testing machine,
smaller testing machines, environmentally controlled curing rooms, automatic freeze-thaw durability
testing, and other equipment are available. Most of the test results can be recorded and analyzed
automatically by use of a computer controlled data acquisition system. After going through this
STRENGTH OF MATERIALSlab - I course(A) the students (II B.Tech I semester –CIVIL) gets a thorough
knowledge on Strength of materials.
The lab capacity is up to 15 students per session.
S.No
1.
Equipment
Universal testing
machine
Application
Image
To study the various
component parts of the
universal
testing
machine
&
test
procedures of various
practical have to be
performed.
2.
3.
Tension Test
To conduct a tensile
test on a mild steel
specimen
and
determine elastic limit
,yield strength,ultimate
strength
and
%of
elongation.
Hardness test
To conduct hardness
test on mild steel
,corbon steel,brass and
aluminium specimens.
4.
Torsion test
To conduct torsion test
on mild steel or cast
iron specimens to find
out modules of rigidity.
5.
Izod & charpy
test
To
determine
impact strength
steel
Shear test
apparatus
The
specimen
is
inserted in shear test
attachment &lift the
lower table and then
apply the load .if the
specimen breaks in two
pieces then it will be
single shear if three
pieces then it will be
double shear.
6.
the
of
7.
8.
9.
Electrical strain
gauge
Measure the linear
deformation over a
given gauge length,
occurring
in
the
material of a structure
during the loading of
structures.
Maxwell
Reciprocal
theorm
It states that deflection
of any point A of any
elastic structure due to
load P at any point B is
the same deflection of
beam due to same load
applied at A
Continuous
beam setup
Contineous
beam
carried on rigid beam
supports and findout
the deflections.
10.
Compressive
testing machine
To find out the strength
of brick (or) material)
11.
Spring testing
machine
To
determine
the
stiffness of the spring
and modulus of rigidity
of the spring wire
1. Engineering geology Lab
After going through this Surveying lab - I course(A) the students (II B.Tech I semester –
CIVIL) gets a thorough knowledge on Strength of materials.
The lab capacity is up to 15 students per session.
S.No
Equipment
Application
1
Study of Physical
Properties and
Identification of
Minerals
referred Under
Theory
physical properties of a
Minerals.
Form,colour,Lusture,
Fracture,Cleavage,
Hardness,Specific
gravity.
Image
2
Megascopic and
Microscopic
Description and
Identification of
Rocks referred
under Theory
3
Used o determine the
Megasopic and
Megasopic
and
Microscopic
Microscopic
Identification of
Identification
of
Rocks & Minerals physical Propertys of a
minerals.
4
Geological modeling
or Geomodelling is the
applied science of
creating computerized
representation
of
portion of the Earth
crust
based
on
Geophysical
and
Geological
observations made on
and below the Earth
surface.
Models of
Structural
Geology Folds,
Faults, Joints
Megascopic
Identification of Rocks
referred under Igneous
rocks,Sedimentory
rocks,Metamorphic
rocks.
5
Interpretation
and Drawing of
Sections For
Geological Maps
showing Tilted
Beds,
Faults,Uniformiti
es etc….
6
Simple Structural
Geology
Problems
Geological
Maps
showing Tilted Beds,
Faults,Uniformities
etc….
1. Fluid Mechanics &Hydraulic Machinery lab Lab
The Fluid Mechanics Laboratory is a facility for the study of fluid flow phenomena. All
experimental setups are devised as bench system i.e. an individual setup works as a complete unit of
fluid input in system as well as storage of fluid. Some models are also displayed to equip the
students with better understandings of theory and practical problems. After going through this Fluid
Mechanics & Hydraulic machinery lab – I course(A) the students (II B.Tech I semester –CIVIL) gets
a thorough knowledge on study of fluid flow phenomena and its applications in the field of Civil
Engineering.
Table 2: lists the teaching equipment that’s used for instructing the course.
S.No
1
Equipment
Impact jet of
vanes
Application
Image
To determine the
actual
force
and
compare
it
with
theoretical force for
stationary vanes.
2.
3.
Reciprocating
pump
To find the overall
efficiency
of
a
Reciprocating pump
and
plot
the
characteristics
Single stage
centrifugal pump
To find out the overall
efficiency
of
a
centrifugal pump and
plot
the
characteristics.
4.
5.
6.
Multi stage
centrifugal pump
To find the overall
efficiency
of
a
centrifugal pump and
plot
the
characteristics.
Venturimeter
To find the coefficient
of Discharge for the
given
venturimeter
and hence calibrate it.
Orifice meter
To find coefficient of
discharge and hence
calibrate orifice meter
7.
8.
9.
10.
Determination of
coefficient of
contraction
To determine the
coefficient
of
contraction
for a
sudden enlargement
of given pipes.
Frictional Factor
To determine the
coefficient of friction
for different pipes
Pelton Wheel
turbine
To determine the
performance
characteristics
of
pelton wheel turbine
under constant head
and constant speed.
Francis Turbine
To
study
the
constructional details
of the francis turbine
and draw its fluid flow
circuit.
11.
Kaplan Turbine
To
study
the
constructional details
of the Kaplan turbine
and draw its fluid flow
circuit.
12.
Notches
(Rectangular &
Triangular
notches)
To determine the
coefficient
of
discharge of notch (
V,Rectangular
and
Trapezoidal notches).
13.
Bernoulli’s
Theorem
It states that there is a
continuous connection
between the partials
of
flowing
mass,
liquid, the total energy
of any sector of flow
will remain same.
14.
Mouthpiece &
orifice meter
To find the value of
coefficient
of
discharge for the given
mouth piece.
15.
Hydraulic Jump
Hydraulic
Jump
phenomenon and to
compare
measured
flow depths with
theoretical
results
based
on
the
application.
1. Auto cad Lab.
After going through this Auto cad- I course(A) the students (II B.Tech II semester –CIVIL)
gets a thorough knowledge on commands used in cad.
S.No
1
2
Equipment
Introduction to
computer aided
drafting
Software for
CAD &
Introduction to
different
software’s
Application
Image
CAD is the use of
computer system to aid
in
the
creation,
modification,
optimization
of
a
design.
There are two types of
softwares Auto cad
2D&3D.
3
Practice
exercises on
cad software’s
4
Drawing of
plans of
buildings using
software’s
a)single
storeyed
buildings
b)multi
storeyed
buildings
5
Developing
sections and
elevations for
a)single
storeyed
buildings
b)multi
storeyed
buildings
6
Detailing of
building
components
like doors,
windows, roof
trusses,
etc..using cad
software’s
7
Exercises on
development of
working of
buildings

Labs

Transcription

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