Sustainable Tourism in South Africa Level 2 Student`s Book

Sustainable Tourism
in SA
Student’s Book
FET FIRST
NQF Level 2
TECHNISA
FET FIRST Sustainable Tourism NQF Level 2 Student’s Book
FET First
© TECHNISA, 2006
© Illustrations and design Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions
of the Copyright Act, 1978 (as amended).
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable for criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
First published 2006
08 10 09
3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Published by
Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd
Private Bag x19
2116 Northlands
Gauteng
South Africa
Typeset in DIN and Palatino 11/13
Design by Brandtalk, a subsidiary of African Access
Cover design by BrandTalk, a subsidiary of African Access
Illustrations by Blake Moorhouse and Anastasia Calitz
HISBN
ISBN-13: 978 085320 519 7
WIP: 1801.000
The photos are courtesy of:
Franco Esposito, Dreamstime, Yotophoto, Getty and the Sunday Times.
The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright materials, but if they have inadvertently
overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
It is illegal to photocopy any page of this book
without written permission from the publishers.
Contents
Topic 1
Tourism in South Africa
Module 1: Getting to know maps
Module 2: Using maps to explore South Africa
as a tourist destination
Module 3: Tourist destinations, attractions
and events
Module 4: Matching destinations, attractions
and events to tourist profiles
Topic 2
Topic 3
Sustainability of tourism in South Africa
1
3
23
50
58
65
Module 1: How tourism affects the natural,
cultural and social environment
Module 2: Roles, responsibilities and
expectations
Module 3: How can we take care of our
environment?
Module 4: How the demands of tourism affect
us
Module 5: Various approaches to tourism
Module 6: Types of tourism resources
Module 7: Issues that affect sustainability
Module 8: What is sustainability?
92
97
106
113
120
Conservation and heritage
125
Module 1: Respecting other people and the
environment
Module 2: Different cultural interests and
values with regard to the
environment
Module 3: Achieving a successful environment
Module 4: Processes and agents that shape our
heritage
Module 5: Types of heritage
Module 6: South African heritage
Module 7: Possible alternative elements for a
tourism experience
Appendix:Portfolio of Evidence Guideline
67
77
86
127
130
139
145
154
158
161
163
Topic 1:
Tourism in
South Africa
1
Topic 1
Tourism in South Africa
Overview
In order to have a knowledge and understanding of South Africa as a
tourist destination, it is important to have a background of the
geography of South Africa and to know how to read information on
maps in order to guide tourists to their destinations and to tourist
attractions in South Africa.
On completion of this topic, you should be able to:
● Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of South Africa as
a tourist destination
● Use a range of maps effectively to facilitate tourism activities
● Identify and describe tourist destinations, attractions and events
● Match destinations, attractions and events with a tourist profile.
2
Topic 1
Module 1
Getting to know maps
At the end of this module you will be able to:
● Describe the different types of maps
● Demonstrate the use of a grid for reference on a street map
● Use a street finder or a simple map of a tourist area and draw up a
pamphlet, giving clear directions by using standard phrases
● Use map keys and symbols
● Identify a suitable area of accommodation when presented with a
tourist profile
● Select a type of map appropriate for a specific purpose.
1.1 The use of a map
Before you start with the tourist destinations and attractions in South
Africa, let’s explore what a map is and what the purposes of a map
are.
Maps are a very useful way of presenting information in a clear and
easy-to-read form.
Definition of a map
A map is a graphic portrayal of a part of, or all of, the earth. Maps
have lines, words, symbols and colours that show the distribution and
arrangement of features upon the earth’s surface. Each feature is
drawn to a reduced size so it can be shown on paper or on a globe. A
map is a kind of picture of an area as seen from above.
Population density in South Africa.
Module 1: Getting to know maps
3
Think about it
A map is a picture that enables us to obtain different kinds of
information depending on what the map shows, e.g.:
● A map of Durban showing all the streets and important buildings
● A map of Cape Town harbour or a map of Johannesburg’s airport
● A map to show where the most people live
● A map to show where gold or coal can be mined
● A map to show where surfing beaches can be found.
Functions of a map
Maps have many functions, but some of the important functions are:
● To indicate the height of the land above sea level
● To indicate figures, e.g. rainfall
● To indicate different temperatures of areas/countries/cities
● To indicate the distribution of products
● To indicate infrastructure, e.g. railway lines, roads, accommodation
or medical help
● To help travellers decide which direction to take, or how to plan
their route
● To indicate distances between destinations.
Characteristics of a good map
No matter what kind of map you use, they all have a common
language of their own. All good maps should show the following
features:
● A view from above – all maps show an area as if it is being seen
from above.
● Location – the map shows you exactly where places are positioned
in relation to one another.
● Direction – maps always have a north arrow or lines of latitude and
longitude marked on them. North is usually at the top of the map,
south at the bottom, east to the right and west to the left.
● Scale – maps are smaller representations of the real world. The
scale is indicated on a map to assist in the calculating of
distances.
● Signs and symbols – this is the language of maps. They indicate
objects such as churches, schools, botanical gardens, monuments,
etc.
● A key – all the information related to the signs and symbols used
on a map is explained next to the map in the key.
1.2 The features of a map
Let’s look at a few examples of maps, which will help us to locate our
exact position in the world and on the African continent, and see who
our neighbouring countries are.
Location
South Africa is located on the southernmost tip of Africa, a large and
very old continent. But before we continue with our discussion, let’s
first see where Africa is situated on a world map.
4
Topic 1, Module 1
If there were no maps
available, what would a tourist
be able to do to make use of
the tourism activity in a certain
country?
World map highlighting Africa’s position.
Now that we know where
Africa is situated, let’s
look at an enlargement of
Africa to establish where
the southernmost tip of
Africa is.
The shaded section indicates
South Africa.
Module 1: Getting to know maps
5
Learning activity 1.1
On your own, look at the map of Africa. In your workbook name all of South Africa’s neighbouring
countries. Also try to give a description of the location of the neighbouring country in relation to
South Africa, e.g. Mozambique is situated to the north-east of South Africa with its southern part
extending right to the east of South Africa (next to the Kruger National Park).
Draw the following table and complete the information regarding South Africa’s neighbouring
countries on your own:
Neighbouring country
Its location in terms of South Africa
Further description of its location
If you had trouble doing the second part of Learning activity 1, the
following section of work will help you a lot. You might want to go
back to that question and try it again after working through this
section.
What is direction?
Direction is where a place or object is situated in relation to something
else. For example, below is a picture of a compass, which is a simple
instrument used to determine direction. The words ‘at the bottom of
the page’ tell you about the direction of the sketch. But in geography
we need to be more accurate about direction and talk about south,
north, east, west, etc.
We use a compass as an instrument to find direction. It has a magnetic
needle which will always point in the same direction, namely to
magnetic north. The magnetic north is usually at an angle from the
direction of true (geographic) north (N).
A compass has eight main directions as shown in the following sketch:
North (N)
North West (NW)
North East (NE)
West (W)
East (E)
South West (SW)
South East (SE)
South (S)
6
Topic 1, Module 1
Words &
Terms
magneti
c
directio north: the north
n of the
erly
earth's
field
magneti
c
Learning activity 1.2: Possible assessment task
This is an individual activity.
1. In this activity, the directions of the compass are compared to the positions of soccer players on a
field. The position of one player is determined by comparing it to the position of another player.
Study the graphic below and then answer the following questions in your workbook by referring
to the directions of the compass on the previous page.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
What is the name of the player who is north-east of Clyde?
Who plays east of Thomas?
What is the name of the player south of Xoliswa?
Vusi plays ____________ of Thomas.
Rachid's position is ________________ of Jabu.
Peter's position is south-west of ______________.
2. Study the street map of Cape Town on the next page. If your client is located on the corner of
Buitengracht and Strand Streets and he needs to reach the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, how
would you direct him to his destination? Look carefully at the map and work out how you
would explain to a tourist how to reach this location. Remember to stay on the roads and to use
phrases like ‘… turn left/right at the stop/intersection, go straight down two streets, etc.’ Write
your directions down in the form of a pamphlet which can be used for other tourists who also
want to visit this attraction.
Module 1: Getting to know maps
7
Your lecturer or a fellow student will assess your answers using the following grid:
The student can …
indicate and recognise position
using the eight main directions
give clear directions
8
Topic 1, Module 1
Excellent
Good
Average
Needs improvement
Reason
Scale
Remember that maps reduce the size of the area they show. The scale
tells you how much an area has been reduced on the map. In other
words, it is the ratio between the size of something real and that of the
representation of it.
Cartographers had to find a way to describe the size relationship
between the map and the area being mapped so they let a small
length on the map represent a large one on the ground. This
relationship is called scale.
The scale must be shown so that the map-reader can use the distances
and areas shown on the map to measure or figure out the real
distances and areas on the earth’s surface. For example, a scale of
1:500 means that the area represented on the map is 500 times smaller
than in reality. A 1:1 map is the same size as the object in reality. This
type of scale is used in detailed engineering drawings and for small
objects rather than for maps.
When a small region needs to be covered to show all the details, a
large-scale map would be advised, for example, 1:1 000. But, when
details can be left out, and you need to cover a big area, like the
world, a small-scale map would be advised, such as, 1:5 000 000.
The scale of a map can be shown in different ways, namely:
Linear scale
Expressions of scales can be written in several ways. The most
common type of scale is the linear (graphic/bar) scale. This is a line
that is subdivided to show distance between two objects, e.g. cities in
the area, being mapped.
Word scale
A verbal/word/statement scale gives the relationship between the
map and the ground in simple English. It might read: 1 centimetre
(cm) on the map equals 100 kilometres (km) on the ground.
Representative fraction
Another scale often used on flat maps is a representative fraction
(RF). Thus, 1:10 000 means that 1 cm or any other unit on the map
Module 1: Getting to know maps
9
represents 10 000 centimetres or other units on the ground. With the
RF scale it does not matter what system of measurement is being
used, for example:
RF
1:10 000 000
1: 2 000 000
1: 1 000 000
1:
50 000
1:
40 000
1:
20 000
1:
10 000
Learning activity 1.3
1. In pairs, copy and complete the following sentences into your workbooks:
a) The purpose of scales is to tell you _____________________________________.
b) When the area around a shopping centre is mapped a ______________scale map will be used
because ___________________.
c) The _____________scale is used for working out distances on maps with a ruler.
d) The RF scale tells the reader that ______________________________________.
e) A ____________________ scale is written out in words.
f) Map scale indicates _________________ and relative size.
2. Explain the following in your workbook:
a) What is meant by a scale of 1:50 000?
b) What is meant by small scale maps?
3. Identify the following scales:
a)
0
1
2
km
b)
c)
1:100 000
one centimetre on the map represents 10 centimetres on the ground
Map key, symbols and signs
Each map contains a vast amount of detail which can only be
conveyed clearly and accurately by the use of symbols. These are
called conventional map symbols. The meaning of conventional map
symbols will always be indicated at the bottom of the map or on the
right or left side of the map, under the heading ‘key’. If you look at a
few atlases you will see that some maps have the key on the righthand side and others have it at the bottom of the page.
Let’s look at a few map symbols that are used on maps:
Boundaries
International boundaries are shown as a thick red line and provincial
boundaries are shown as a thin grey line.
10
Topic 1, Module 1
Words &
Terms
key: giv
es
symbols an explanation
of
used on
a map
Rivers
A thin blue line usually indicates a river. The name of the river is
written alongside the line. To indicate a waterfall, two parallel blue
lines are drawn across the river line. To indicate a dam, one parallel
blue line or a bundle of water is drawn across the river line.
Mountains
There are generally no symbols for mountains. Mountains are
normally indicated by colour, or the name of the mountain or
mountain range, is printed where the mountain is located. On a relief
map or physical map, green normally means low, flat country and
white means the very highest mountains. The different heights of land
are indicated by different colours in a key, e.g. green, yellow, brown
and purple. Height is usually measured in metres above sea level.
Mountain peaks are normally indicated by a black triangle –
indicating the peak to the top.
E.g.
Coastline
The coastline is the area where the sea meets the land. The coastline is
a darker blue line where the sea is a lighter blue and the land green.
Forest
Because trees have green leaves, forests are shown in green, but a
different shade of green to the green that indicates low-lying land.
Cities and towns
There are a number of ways of indicating a city or town on a map,
e.g.:
● Names are written out – names of capital cities are written in bold
capital letters and the names of towns are written in smaller print.
● Capital cities are indicated by a red rectangle.
● Provincial cities are indicated by a black rectangle.
● Major cities are indicated by a black dot within a circle.
● Small towns are indicated by a black circle.
Roads
Roads are indicated by red lines – the thicker the line, the more
important the road.
● National roads – two parallel red lines running close together.
● Principal trunk road – a single darker red line.
● Other roads – a light red line.
Module 1: Getting to know maps
11
Railway lines
These lines are shown as thin black lines on the routes that the train
operates. We find these lines all over the map. Stations coincide with
towns and cities so no special symbol is used to indicate a station.
Airports
The symbol for an airport is an aeroplane. Sometimes the aeroplane is
inside a circle. The bigger the aeroplane, the bigger and more
important the airport.
Places of interest, public buildings
The symbol for a hospital is a cross within a circle. A cross on the top
of a building usually indicates churches, synagogues and cathedrals.
The key on each map will show you what all the other symbols on the
map indicate, e.g. botanical gardens.
Information centres
The international symbol for an information centre is an ‘I’; sometimes
this letter appears inside a circle.
Here are a few more examples:
Some of the symbols used on 1:50 000 topographical maps.
12
Topic 1, Module 1
Learning activity 1.4
Divide into groups for this activity. Refer to any street map you can find or the one on page 17.
1. Identify the following map keys/icons used in the map:
a) P (indicated in a square block)
b) ● (with number below it)
c) N12, N8
d) i (indicated in a square block)
e) *
f) + (Indicated in a circle)
2. Do some research and indicate the appropriate map keys/symbols that will indicate the
following:
a) Restaurants
b) Museums
c) Taxi ranks
d) Railway stations
e) Cathedrals
f) Information bureaus
1.3 Types of maps
There are numerous types of maps of the world and other areas. The
globe is the most accurate map to be found. People use globes to see a
truer reflection of the shape of the earth and the positions of the
countries and continents.
Flat maps are the kind of map we are most familiar with. The
Mercator projection is the most commonly used.
Words &
Terms
The Mercator projection.
Mercato
r
projecti projection: a m
on for w
ap
hic
longitud
e and th h the lines of
e lines
are dra
of latitu
wn
de
distortio uniformly at 9
0º. The
n of lan
d
increas
masses
es
from th as on moves fu
e equato
r
r (for th ther
projecti
is
on)
Module 1: Getting to know maps
13
This projection shows the shapes of the continents accurately but
distorts the area of certain landmasses, e.g. areas close to the poles
appear much larger than they really are. They are valuable teaching
maps.
Mental map
This represents the way you picture a destination/city/country in
your mind. The cover pages of travel magazines often represent the
mental image a visitor/reader has of a place.
Here are some examples of flat maps:
Route maps
These are useful reference tools, e.g. airlines
often provide maps showing all the routes that
they fly. Clients use these route maps to find
out which airlines fly to which destinations.
SAA route map.
14
Topic 1, Module 1
A bus route map.
Topographical map
This is a special type of map giving a detailed description of a
particular area/place. It usually portrays a small area. It is a
representation of local features on a map, e.g. streets, places of
interest, houses, rivers, dams, mountains, swamps and railway lines,
among other features. A street map is a good example of a
topographical map.
Module 1: Getting to know maps
15
1:50 000 topographical map.
Locator/Street maps
These are often found in travel industry reference books. They usually
represent small areas, like a city. They help clients to find the locations
of attractions and hotels. Locator maps indicate places through grid
numbers and letters rather than with the degrees of a conventional
map.
Physical map
These maps are also called relief maps. They are maps that emphasise
the contours of the earth’s surface. They show the natural features
such as mountains, oceans, rivers, islands, hills and valleys of an area.
These features are among the hardest things to show on a map. This is
because they must be shown from above. Sometimes colour indicates
elevation above sea level. Shading is often used to suggest mountains
and hills, as they would appear from an aeroplane. Colours may also
be used to show differences in rainfall or temperature. Frequently, a
darker colour indicates a heavier concentration of the subject, e.g.
darker blue may mean a higher rainfall; darker green may mean
denser vegetation; darker brown may mean a more mountainous area.
16
Topic 1, Module 1