Chapter 18 - Coastal South Maps
Transcription
Chapter 18 - Coastal South Maps
Chapter 18. Coastal (South) Area 18.1 The coastal area centred on Skegness has seen considerable growth in terms of houses built over the past ten years. This has been accompanied by further recent allocations of land for new housing in the 1990 Alteration No. 1 to the 1985 Skegness Local Plan and reviews of the informal Village Plans for Burgh le Marsh and Chapel St. Leonards. Therefore, there is a large stock of as yet unimplemented housing allocations. The main reason for growth seems to have been the attraction to the area of people of retirement age encouraged by markedly lower land and property prices compared to most other parts of the country. Also, it has long been a favourite place to retire from the traditional catchment areas of Skegness as a resort i.e. the East Midlands and South Yorkshire. 18.2 Generally, the area already has a far higher allocation of housing land relative to others in the District and the Council does not wish to add to this particularly when the amount of housing land left to allocate from the Structure Plan figure is so restricted. Neither does it wish to see the present District allocation largely taken up by speculative retirement housing when the local and wider community would benefit more from a structured and balanced growth. 18.3 The Council will not attempt to revoke existing planning permissions in the Skegness area but realises that such a high building rate of the boom period 1987 to 1989 cannot continue annually through the Plan period. It assumes that much of the larger areas already allocated for housing will not be completed by 2001. Therefore, the Plan introduces a broad level of phasing on larger sites to allow other sites to be allocated for housing elsewhere in the District where the need is greater and the likelihood of early development is higher. 18.4 Whilst the Plan recognises and provides for the dominant holiday role of the coastal area, the disadvantages of the seasonal or part-time nature of employment in tourism, such as low wages, cannot be underestimated. Therefore the Plan also aims to encourage local job opportunities and additional community facilities particularly in the main villages so as to maintain balanced and sustainable communities. At the same time, provision is made in the smaller villages and other settlements for a limited amount of housing development to cater for immediate local needs. 18.5 If services and facilities are to be provided effectively and economically, it is important to reinforce a service centre policy with one of preventing new, scattered development. Dispersed patterns of development incur higher distribution costs of services, both public and private, and can inhibit new investment and enterprise. Therefore, Policy DC1 will need to be applied quite rigorously in this area. Skegness (Inset Maps 40, 40.1, 40.2) 18.6 Since the Skegness and Ingoldmells Local Plan 1985 was first prepared in 1985, many changes at both national and local level, have occurred in, for example, holiday preferences, attitudes to environmental issues, population migration, economic priorities and the role and function of various agencies (including Local Planning Authorities). Some of these changes have resulted in development on the ground such as the Hildreds Shopping Centre, further spread of touring caravan sites, expanding bungalow estates and an extended coastal SSSI. Nevertheless, reconciling development pressures stemming from the town's dual role, as the District's premier holiday resort and one of its two primary service centres, is a continuing major issue. Housing 18.7 Land for housing in Skegness was recently reviewed in response to the building boom years of 1987/88 and resulted in further allocations being made through Alteration No. 1, adopted in 1990 to the Skegness and Ingoldmells Local Plan 1985. Inadequate drainage infrastructure in the town was found to be inhibiting further housing development. Therefore, a very large area at Beacon Park was allocated to enable the necessary major improvement works to be economically viable. Alteration No. 1 stated that outline planning permission would therefore only be granted on the whole site. However, it is evident from the cyclical rise and fall in demand and house building rates, that the whole of this allocation will not be constructed within the Plan period. Therefore, the development brief for the down a phasing plan. area lays Development will progress in a general east to west direction to consolidate existing development and road infrastructure in particular and to avoid isolated or ribbon development in the open countryside. Only Phases 1 and 2 are identified (Site A) on the proposals inset map as likely to be developed in the Plan period. The rest will likely be developed after 2001, or if necessary, brought forward only after a review of the Plan. Detailed permission will be granted in accordance with the phasing and the agreed, co-ordinated plan for the development of the whole site. Other Sites (B,C,D and E) are allocated which largely represent existing planning permissions. 18.8 For a town of its size and population structure, Skegness would be expected to generate demand for a range of housing types including low cost, family houses or flats. However, if large speculative developments serve only the retirement market, local needs will not be met. Therefore, new schemes will be required to show how the range of local housing needs can be provided for (Policy H1). Town Centre 18.9 previousplicies have beeen fairly successful in regulating the competiung demands of permanent and holiday uses in town centre premises. However with a resident population of nearly 17,000 now ands policies aimed at continued population growth, the town centre is no longer dependant on the holiday trade to function as one of the District's two primary local service centres (although individual businesses may rely on visitors' custom). The Local Plan recognises that both sectors need to evolve further without imposing further constraints on the other. Therefore, a separate area has been allocated for amusement centres (Policy T5) and holiday facilities and attractions will be directed to the foreshore (Policy T4). 18.10 Given the Council's growth oriented policies, expansion of the town centre in terms of area, shopping floor space and range of services, will be essential. The Plan proposes several measures to maintain and enhance the shopping and service role. 18.11 Within an extended town centre area, the Plan calls for improved traffic management including an extended pedestrian priority scheme along the west end of High Street. Pedestrian priority and environmental improvements will need to be carried out under an agreed partnership scheme between the County Council as Highway Authority, the District Council as Local Planning Authority and local businesses fronting High Street. 18.12 In addition to protecting the key shopping frontages (Policy S4), the Plan identifies opportunities for additional floorspace. As Skegness is not a historic centre, there is far greater opportunity for refurbishment or redevelopment to provide a variety of additional town centre services and facilities. Sites J,K and L are indicated in and adjacent to the town centre on Inset Maps 40.1 and 40.2. 18.13 More detailed Development Briefs will be prepared by the Council's Planning Policy team so that any access difficulties can be properly resolved and uses coordinated, to be compatible to other Local Plan Policies. In particular, redevelopment proposals may be required to contribute to shoppers car parking provision (Policy TR6). 18.14 Whilst the population of Skegness has grown to nearly 17,000 permanent residents in 1990, unemployment is still exceptionally high and continues to show a heavy seasonal bias, being wll over twice the national average rate in winter. 18.15 Narrow tourism policies would only serve to maintain dependency on this employment sector and entrench the seasonal problem. For this reason, the Local Plan tourism policies of Chapter 7 look to encourage and protect a very wide range and type of holiday uses and support an extended season. 18.16 Development on the industrial estate has continued steadily but slowly, despite completion of the new access road. Therefore, the Plan aims to concentrate less on the traditional 'industrial estate' approach and also allocates land (Site G) for the more modern concept of a business park (Policy EMP4). The area is located on a main approach road to the town and a Development Brief will be prepared to encourage and guide potential investors. A mix of uses will be preferred and may include light industry, offices, non-food retail, other commercial/business uses, research establishments, high tech units, sport and recreation facilities or hotel, all within an integrated landscaping scheme. Tourism 18.17 In allocating areas for major holiday uses and visitor attractions (Policies T2 and T7), the Plan recognises the value of a broad zoning approach which, not only capitalises on the established holiday infrastructure, but also ensures a degree of protection to local amenities and the environmentally sensitive Coastal Conservation Areas. The main new area identified on the proposals map is to the north of the town (Policy T7) and is shown on inset maps 40 and 43. However, other areas essential to protect local amenities and prevent loss of identity of neighbouring settlements through visual coalescence, will be protected from development under Policy ENV20. A Development Brief will be prepared to guide development so that new roads and other infrastructure, landscaping and open space can be properly integrated and co-ordinated. 18.18 Whilst the trend is towards more holiday accommodation linked with leisure parks, the Council does not wish to see the broad base of traditional holiday accommodation types diminish (Policy T10). The Plan identifies the established guest house/bed and breakfast streets and 'urban' holiday caravan parks (Policies T9 and T13), as hallmarks of this premier resort, the loss of which would reduce its overall attractiveness and economic vitality. 18.19 The Plan identifies the Skegness Foreshore as a prime site with unique opportunity for modernisation, redevelopment or refurbishments. Parts of the area are under-utilised and have potential for enhancing the public image and attractiveness of the resort. A comprehensive management plan will be prepared for the area to ensure that uses complement the town centre and that pedestrian and vehicular access and car parking is properly co-ordinated (Policy T4). Car Parking 18.20 Recent surveys of shopper's car parks show them to be operating close to capacity at peak times. Continued population growth and an expanding town centre will necessitate increased shopper's car parking provision. The demands of holiday or day visitors makes estimating local need difficult. A more stringent approach to visitor/shopper car parking segregation, by siting, signing and pricing, is needed to clarify the picture and reduce congestion. 18.21 Tourist parking which, by its nature, is long stay will be mainly concentrated to the peripheral areas of the Foreshore (Policy T3). Town centre car parks will be located and managed to meet the needs of shoppers in particular. Therefore, public car parking provision will be an essential feature of the identified redevelopment site L. Environment 18.22 As Skegness' urban area continues to spread, accessibility to recreation and amenity open space becomes more important, to help take pressure off the more environmentally sensitive parts of the coast and surrounding agricultural land. Key urban sites and walks are therefore protected. The quality and landscaping of any development permitted along the town's main approach roads in particular, is additionally important as these form the 'gateways' into the town and good first impressions are essential in attracting both visitors and investors. Burgh le Marsh (Inset Map 41) 18.23 Burgh le Marsh's popularity and rapid development has largely been determined by the village's proximity to the coast. The greatest influence on the village form has been the A158 (former trunk road) holiday and lorry route which runs on a tortuous alignment through the heart of the village. As a result, new housing has concentrated to the south and as extensive ribbon development westward. Consequently, the further out new development is from the services and facilities within the village centre, the less convenient it is for pedestrians, and pressure for village centre parking is increased. 18.24 At this stage, the housing land which has been allocated on Sites A,B,C and D and that already with planning permission are considered sufficient to meet the needs of Burgh until 2001. The location of further land allocations will be considered later, possibly at the Plan review stage, when opportunities offered by the construction of the bypass can be more fully assessed.18.25 Provision of a bypass at Burgh le Marsh is considered a District priority because: • • • • The existing route is a severe constraint on the future development of the village.The existing route causes conflict between extraneous traffic and local shopping and community activities. Extraneous traffic causes damage to the fabric of the Conservation Area.90° bends and close-to-road properties impede the passage of larger, modern transport haulage vehicles.- 18.26 A route north of the village presents the better opportunity for implementation, being shorter and, in the longer term, possibly able to contribute to an improved coastal network. Three alternative routes, all on the northern side of Burgh were the subject of a consultation exercise carried out by Lincolnshire County Council in November, 1992.18.27 Protection of open space within the village is also an important issue, given the Conservation Area status and pressure for development (Policy ENV20). Chapel St. Leonards (Inset Maps 42 and 42.1) 18.28 With a permanent population of nearly 3,000 people, Chapel is a main village in its own right. The continued spread of high density development often in the form of bungalows, is evidence of the village's popularity as a retirement settlement. However, it does play a dual role in that it is also a coastal resort, albeit catering for holidays or day trips of a more quiet nature than Skegness, for example. A policy of segregation of holiday and residential uses is considered appropriate to the village (Policy T2). This is not only to minimise impact on residential amenity but also to promote the concentrationof permanent uses to allow services to be retained for the needs of the resident population as distinct from seasonal or traditional holiday uses, which constantly adapt to changing tourism trends. 18.29 The dual role is reflected in the function of the village centre, where holiday facilities and amusements compete with all year round shops for the most accessible central premises. As a consequence, village shops have established outside the village centre such as along Sea Road and St. Leonards Drive to serve the housing estates. Therefore a more self contained area is identified specifically for amusements (Policy T5) which will not be allowed elsewhere, to enable all year round, local services and facilities to benefit from a central location and public parking provision. 18.30 The open countryside and the Coastal Conservation Area abutting the northern and southern ends of the village are vulnerable to the effects of new or intensified development. Therefore, encroachment of intensive holiday uses into the open countryside is not considered appropriate under Policy DC1. However, because of the Council's promotional tourism policies and increasing demand for touring pitches, the Council is prepared to make a small concession in allocating a further site for touring caravans only on Trunch Lane in the Coastal Conservation Area as shown on the inset Map 43. 18.31 There are few obvious employment opportunities outside the tourism sector. Therefore only the need for rural workshops may justify development (Policy EMP1) of greenfield sites, possibly on Skegness Road or Hogsthorpe Road (Sites D and E), depending on the details of any proposals submitted, which will be expected to contribute to the enhancement of these approaches to the village. 18.32 The quality of built development and the "suburban" environment is also important. Large areas for housing have been allocated in the past on an incremental basis to the south of Sea Road (Site C). Such a large area will require a Development Brief to enable properly co-ordinated provision of roads and access, footpath links and amenity open space (which compared to modern expectations is lacking in previous housing areas). All amendments or renewals of planning permission will be expected to conform to the Development Brief. 18.33 The car park, amenity open space and foreshore at Chapel Point presents a poor image to the visitor and recent efforts around The Green should be complemented by further investment in environmental improvement (Policy ENV14). Ingoldmells (Inset Maps 43 and 43.1) 18.34 Whilst Ingoldmells has been taken together with Skegness for the purposes of the Structure Plan in defining towns in the District settlement hierarchy, the Local Plan regards Ingoldmells as a separate community with its own character and identity and particular land use and planning problems and opportunities (Policy A2). 18.35 Its major role in the tourism economy is illustrated by the fact that 56% of all coastal holiday caravans are located within the parish. Although holidaymakers outnumber permanent residents by about 40 to 1 at the height of the season, it is a relatively large village, with just under 2000 population and with local services and facilities of sufficient scale for it to be a main village in its own right. The rate and type of recent house building indicates its popularity as a place of retirement. The Local Plan needs to provide certainty for local residential amenities, services and facilities for the permanent population, whilst also catering for the ever changing needs and fluctuating trends in the holiday industry. The Council considers the best means of achieving this is by ensuring a degree of segregation through general area zoning policies, as shown on the inset map (Policy T2). 18.36 To protect residential amenities and all year round services to the village, holiday facilities and attractions will be directed, in accordance with Policy T3, to Ingoldmells Point, Skegness Road (the former A52) and Sea Lane. Sea Lane fulfils the role of "promenade" because coastal conditions and sea defences make it difficult to have "sea front" facilities. Therefore, to promote the holiday character towards a more continental atmosphere, development along its frontage (east of its junction with Hurdman Way) will only be permitted where such factors as siting, elevation and hard and soft landscaping, contribute to and enhance the "boulevard" street scene. 18.37 To reinforce the individual identities of coastal settlements engulfed by holiday caravans and other tourism uses, it is particularly important to identify areas protected from development to prevent coalescence. The minimum open space considered necessary to achieve this between Chapel St. Leonards and Ingoldmells and Ingoldmells to Skegness is shown on Inset Map 43. This does not necessarily prevent development altogether as many open air uses, involving few buildings, could be acceptable in principle. An aerodrome is a good example of a use which is compatible with the principle of Policy ENV20. 18.38 It is particularly necessary to reappraise the residential allocation in Ingoldmells if it is to retain a village character and community identity, and in view of the overall Structure Plan allocation and relative needs of other settlements throughout the district. The areas are shown on the Inset Map 43.1 (Sites A, B and C). It is not anticipated that the whole area as shown South of Anchor Lane, will be developed within the Plan period. To ensure a continuous supply of land, development will have to accord with a Development Brief for the area which will, in particular, require a strong element of phasing. The identification of a large area should make it more feasible for developers to ensure that a percentage of the site is dedicated to the first time buyer or rented sector of the housing market (Policy H1). Broad evidence of need for such accommodation is reflected in the fact that 30% of permanent households in Ingoldmells is in residential mobile homes (according to the 1981 Census). 18.39 The area of land to the north-east of Ingoldmells bounded by Anchor Lane, Chapel Road and Housing Site A, has potential for sensitive development under Policy ENV13 to replace a discontinued industrial use and former allocation for housing. The Council will generally support proposals here which would add to the range of facilities for both local residents and visitors. Potential uses which could include recreational facilities, visitor attractions, local employment opportunities, farm diversification projects, leisure uses and housing, including low cost housing for local needs. Housing proposals on this site would need to be very carefully assessed in relation to their position alongside other uses on the site and, in particular, to the open aspect of the site and its surroundings. For instance, proposals for housing set in an otherwise open or undeveloped landscape are unlikely to win approval. Because of the large size and presently exposed nature of this site, the Council would exercise great care in making sure that the environmental and amenity criteria, in particular, of all pertinent policies are met. This will mean that any proposals here must be of an appropriate scale, relate sympathetically to adjoining uses and to their countryside setting and not create any unreasonable amenity risk for local residents. 18.40 All development in Ingoldmells is dependent on the Winthorpe Drain which requires improvement prior to further development. Wainfleet All Saints (Inset Map 44) 18.40 The Local Plan recognises that Wainfleet All Saints and Wainfleet St. Mary are two individual settlements in their own right, having separate Parish Councils and very different characteristics in terms of village form and environment and land use problems and opportunities.18.41 The older part of Wainfleet All Saints, centred on the Market Place and having Conservation Area status, is fairly compact but because of the presence of the railway and the Wainfleet Haven/Steeping river, later development has spread mainly northwards creating ribbon development along the village's several approach roads. Current planning permission and land allocated (Sites A,B,C,D,E and F) is considered sufficient to meet demand for housing within the plan period (Policy H1). Therefore, new, major inroads into the open countryside or further extension to ribbon development cannot be justified, particularly in terms of the district wide Structure Plan allocation. Therefore, Policies DC1 and H10 will be rigorously applied. 18.42 The tortuous route of the main A52 road through the heart of the village has, in the past, contributed to parking and access problems, reduced the attractiveness of the shoppers environment and inhibited reinvestment and improvements to the built fabric of the village centre. Now that the bypass, opened in 1991, has diverted extraneous traffic, such improvements and enhancements, particularly to the Conservation Area, could prove most beneficial and indeed, may be essential if the village is not to be "bypassed" by business too, of either a commercial or tourist nature. Therefore, environmental improvements to the village centre should be a priority and opportunities for improvement, are identified on Inset Map 44 (Policy ENV14). This will be helped considerably by initiatives of the Wainfleet Conservation Area Partnership Scheme, started in 1994. 18.43 Suitable land for industry or rural workshops in or near the village has been lacking but the bypass has opened an opportunity at New England, as identified as Site J on the Inset Map where English Estates had constructed new units in 1992 (Policy EMP1). 18.44 Although Wainfleet is a large main village, it still maintains a close visual relationship with its rural hinterland because of the green wedge, as shown on the Inset Map which approaches close to the village centre on its north eastern side. It forms an essential part of the Conservation Area, encompasses archaeological features and a definitive footpath affords public access. The area will therefore be safeguarded from inappropriate development (Policy ENV20). Any possibility for small scale development in this general area - but still retaining the major open space wedge feature - will be assessed at the Plan's first review stage. 18.45 For a village of this size and where growth is promoted, a formal community recreation ground is essential to serve it and the smaller surrounding settlements. An area off Magdalen Road close to the village centre and other services is therefore identified on Inset Map 44 where development will not be permitted unless within the terms of Policy REC2. If community sport facilities are to be developed to full potential, a means of providing suitable vehicular access will need to be actively pursued and safeguarded. Croft (Inset Map 45) 18.46 Croft is a large, predominantly agricultural parish, adjoining Skegness, with a relatively large total but scattered population of about 650. Agricultural buildings and farmsteads are scattered throughout. 18.47 Croft village, which includes the Church, is the main group of buildings, with a semblance of village form and character. It is therefore identified as a medium sized village under Policy A2, where small scale housing development is appropriate (Site A). Other development in the area however, constitutes ribbon development such as Croft Bank where Policy H3 applies and scattered, linear development such as along Lymn Bank where Policy H4 applies. New development has a high visual impact in this typical fen landscape and should be judged against Policy C19. Allowing scattered new development to continue unabated could increase the costs of provision of infrastructure and essential services and cumulatively lead to over provision of housing here, to the detriment of other areas with greater need. 18.48 Local employment-generating uses light industry, workshops, involving warehouse, storage or other commercial activity could be accommodated by redevelopment, refurbishment or consolidation of the existing, readily serviced site well outside the village (the former Sandersons site). Hogsthorpe (Inset Map 46) 18.49 Hogsthorpe is one of the larger villages within the medium category of Policy A2, with a good range of local services and facilities, including a primary school. However, it is located just inland from Chapel St. Leonards and is therefore, under pressure for "retirement overspill". It is on the A52 holiday route which, with a severe bend and road junction almost at the village centre, causes conflict between holiday traffic and village access and parking needs. 18.50 Therefore, traffic measures, rea bypass should be routing or investigated. In view of the traffic problems, the number of planning permissions outstanding for housing, the need to protect the open countryside and to avoid ribbon development, only sites A, B and C are allocated for housing development within the Plan period. The emphasis will be on enabling development of these sites to be brought forward and for investigating the need, under Policies H5 and H10, for particular local needs housing. Orby (Inset Map 47) 18.51 Orby is primarily a residential, rural village with only the basic services and facilities necessary for every day living available locally. It is linear in form with isolated development continuing some distance along its approach roads. Being within easy reach of the coast, pressure for more development, especially retirement homes, continues. However, to permit almost unrestricted frontage development would create problems which accompany ribbon development such as the risks to safety of a multiplicity of individual accesses onto which is, in summer, a busy holiday route between Gunby and Ingoldmells; expensive provision of services and facilities; the visual intrusion into the open countryside of suburban forms, harming the rural character of the locality. 18.52 Therefore, infill or development of short sections of frontage within the body of the village or off the main road (Site A and B) is considered more appropriate (Policy H2), to satisfy any localised demand for housing. Development on any greater scale, given the need and provision for housing elsewhere cannot be justified in such a village as Orby. 18.53 The church, moat (a Scheduled Ancient Monument) and open space at the bend in the village are local landmarks and features which give Orby its sense of place and contributes greatly to its form and character and will be protected under Policy ENV20 and through a Development Brief for Site B. Wainfleet St. Mary (Inset Map 48) 18.54 Although the total parish population is only slightly less than Wainfleet All Saints, the village form and character is completely different. On the whole, development is fairly widely scattered and there is no easily recognisable village form or centre. The main groups of development are located at Low Road and both ends of St. Michaels Lane linked by development along its southern frontage. The northern aspect of the village is greatly influenced by the adjoining "parkland" appearance which will therefore be protected from inappropriate development (Policy ENV20). 18.55 Urban estate type development for housing will not be permitted in Wainfleet St. Mary. Individual frontage plots or small groups of dwellings on allocated sites A, B, C and D only will be permitted (Policy H2). Where appropriate, proposals will include improvement to St. Michaels Lane, attention to the rural scale and character, landscaping and the sensitive treatment of public rights of way. 18.56 The area locally known as Wainfleet Bank is subject to development pressure for housing. However, existing development is scattered and it is not a recognised settlement for the purposes of the development strategy and therefore does not appear on an Inset Map. Several farmsteads dominate and are an integral part of the rural scene. Further general housing permissions therefore would be inappropriate in that it would consolidate scattered buildings to create ribbon development in the open countryside. Policy H4 would apply here. Also, its attractive fen character would appear to warrant its consideration as a Conservation Area. 18.57 The site of the medieval village of Wainfleet adjoins Wainfleet Bank to the south and, although not a scheduled ancient monument, is of local archeological heritage interest and should be safeguarded under Policy C6. Welton le Marsh (Inset Map 49) 18.58 Welton le Marsh is a small settlement, most of which is within the Lincolnshire Wolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and partly in the Area of Great Landscape Value. It is essentially a linear village where the original cottages and farmsteads have been consolidated more recently with frontage development. Local services and community facilities, such as the village shop and community hall, still prevail. To help support these, a small frontage site has been allocated for housing (Site A). Nevertheless, any proposals would still need to show how satisfactory provision of infrastructure can be achieved and that scale, design and materials used are appropriate to a rural community and its setting (Policy C13). Addlethorpe (Inset Map 50) 18.59 This is a small village, very close to Ingoldmells, which is under great pressure for both tourist and residential development. However, it is set within a flat, expansive, rural landscape in which the historic Church of St. Nicholas is a dominant local feature. Proposals are designed (Policy ENV20) to protect it from development which would detract from both its setting and role as a local landmark. 18.60 There are existing touring caravan sites in and near the village which dominate the locality during the summer months. Therefore, further sites are considered inappropriate as, cumulatively, they would harm the amenities of this small residential village. The road through the village forms part of an alternative holiday route to the coast (from Gunby via Orby) which also adds to the tourism impact on the village and itself restricts further development in the village because of access requirements. Anderby Creek (Inset Map 51) 18.61 Anderby Creek is primarily a "holiday village" set within the heart of Coastal Conservation Area 2. Its existence enables an alternative coastal access point and choice of holiday type and location. Therefore, retention and enhancement of its holiday role is considered appropriate, provided it can be achieved without expansion or intensification of holiday uses within this vulnerable coastal environment.