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9/15/15
SFPE Great Plains Chapter
Significant Changes to NFPA 72
Significant Changes to NFPA
72 – Impacting the Code
Official, Designer and
Contractor
Who am I?
Fire & Life Safety Interests…
 Inspector/Plans Examiner
 Deputy State Fire Marshal (MN)
 MN State Fire Chiefs Code
 Fire Alarm Systems
Committee
 NFPA 72 Technical Committee
 Instructor for National Fire Academy
technical fire prevention curriculum
 Appointed by MN Gov. Mark Dayton
to Board of Architecture &
Engineering (2013)
 School Fire Safety
 School Fire Safety
 Autism/Fire & Life Safety
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Introductions
Miscellaneous Information
 Restrooms
 Please introduce yourself:
 Current
position?
 Years of experience in your industry?
 Years of experience dealing with or
reviewing fire alarm systems?
 Breaks
 Roster
 Informal
 Participate
 Please ask
questions
ICC Preferred Provider
 This course has been approved by the
International Code Council’s Preferred
Provider Program for .6 continuing
education hours.
 Please sign roster
Agenda
Please….
 …turn off/silence cell phones and
pagers.
Learning Objectives/Goals
 Review the change in format from the
 Gain a better
2002/2007 and the 2010/2013
 Review what is coming in the 2016/2019 editions
 Review CO alarm/detection requirements (NFPA
72/720)
understanding of fire
alarm systems
 Scope and layout of NFPA
72, 2013 Edition
 What’s coming in future
editions
 That you learn something
2007
2010
2013
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Fire Alarm System Components
 Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU):
 Also
called Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP),
 Initiating Devices,
Signal Types
 Alarm – warning of fire danger:
 Activated
 Activates
by an initiating device,
the notification appliances.
 Notification Appliances,
 Supervisory Circuits,
 Alarm Transmission & Monitoring.
Alarm Signals
 Distinctive annunciation,
 Silencing accessible to authorized personnel
only,
 Zones to be individually annunciated,
 Types:
 Manual
pull stations,
and smoke detectors,
 Water flow.
 Heat
Signal Types
 Supervisory – action
needed for a fire
protection system:
 Activated
by a supervisory
device (tamper, low air,
low temperature, etc.),
 Audible and visual signal at
fire alarm control unit,
annunciators, &
monitoring station.
Supervisory Signals
 Indicates a problem with a system monitored
by the fire alarm system,
 Distinctive annunciation,
only,
Supervisory Signals
 Examples:
 Sprinkler
system valve supervisory switch,
pump running, phase reversal, etc.
 Duct smoke detectors,
 Elevator recall detectors,
 Stand-alone door hold-opens.
 Fire
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Supervisory Signals
 Visible and audible indication of
supervisory signals shall be automatically
indicated within 90 seconds at the
following locations:
Fire alarm control
panel
Fire command center (when provided)
Supervising station (when system is
monitored)
Signal Types
 Trouble – fault or abnormal condition that
could impair the fire alarm system:
Must
be audibly and visually distinct from
supervisory signals,
Notification at the fire alarm control unit,
annunciators, and monitoring station.
Trouble Signals
 Indicates a problem with the fire alarm
system itself,
only.
Trouble Signals
 Examples:
 Broken
wire,
 Detector missing,
 Blown fuse,
 Dirty smoke detector.
Terminology
What Changed???
 The term “alarm” refers to a single station
device:
 Not
part of a system,
to alert the occupant,
 Examples: smoke alarms, CO alarms,
 Intended
2002
2007
2010
2013
 The term “detector” refers to a device
connected to a fire alarm system.
A
detector does not alert the occupant
(horn/strobes do that)
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New Format
Applicable Codes & Standards
 NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm and
Signaling Code
2002/2007 editions had 11
chapters
2010/2013 editions have
29 chapters
 NFPA 70 – National Electrical Code
Applicable Codes & Standards
 Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility
Guideline (ADAAG).
Applicable Listings
 UL 217 – Single & Multi-Station Smoke
Alarms.
 UL 268 – System Smoke Detectors.
 UL 268a – Duct Smoke Detectors.
 UL 539 – Single & Multi-Station Heat Alarms.
 UL 521 – System Heat Detectors.
 UL 864 – Fire Alarm Control Units.
 Look
Applicable Listings
for this listing inside FACU
Applicable Listings
 UL 38 – Manual Signal Boxes.
 UL 1730 – Annunciation of Detectors.
 UL 464 – Audible Signal Appliances.
 UL 1971 – Hearing Impaired Signaling
 UL 985 – Household Fire Warning System
Devices.
 UL 827 – Central Station Alarm Services.
 UL 1981 – Central Station Automation.
 UL 2075 – Gas Detectors & Sensors.
Units.
 UL 1480 – Speakers & Amplifiers.
 UL 1481 – Power Supplies.
 UL 1638 – Visual Signals.
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Editorial Remarks
 Asterisk (*) indicates annex material
associated with the text
 Vertical line indicates new/changed material
in the section
 Bullet indicates material removed
 [XXX-XXX] indicates committee responsible
for definitions
Terminology Changes
 “FIRE” removed or changed to
“EMERGENCY” in most cases
 Example:
“manual fire alarm box” is now
“manual alarm box”.
 Where “FIRE” is integral to the meaning of
the text, it was not changed
 Example:
NFPA 72 Format
 NFPA 72 – 2010
National
Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
 Introduction
 Chapters 1-3 (Administrative)
 Chapters 10-19 (Support)
 Chapters 20-29 (Systems)
“fire department”
NFPA 72 – Format
 Chapters 1-2-3
 Administration
 Referenced Publications
 Definitions
 Chapters 4-9
 Reserved
 Chapter 10
 Fundamentals
NFPA 72 – Format
NFPA 72 – Format
 Chapter 11
 Reserved
 Chapters 15-16
 Chapter 12
 Circuits and Pathways
 Chapter 17
 Chapter 13
 Reserved
 Chapter 18
 Chapter 14
 Inspection, Testing & Maintenance
 Chapters 19-20
 Reserved
 Initiating
Devices
 Notification
Appliances
 Reserved
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NFPA 72 – Format
 Chapter 21
NFPA 72 – Format
 Chapter 25
 Emergency
Control Functions and Interfaces
(Previously Fire Safety Functions)
 Chapter 22
 Reserved
 Chapter 23
 Protected Premises Fire Alarm Systems
 Chapter 24
 Emergency Communication Systems - New
 Reserved
 Chapter 26
 Supervising
 Public
Emergency Alarm Reporting Systems
 Chapter 28
 Reserved
NFPA 72 – Format
 Chapter 29
 Single
– Multiple Station Alarms and Household Fire
Alarm Systems
 Annexes (Not enforceable language)
 A – Explanatory Material
 B – Engineering Guide for Automatic Fire Detector
Spacing
 C – System Performance and Design Guide
 D – Speech Intelligibility
Chapters 1-2-3
 Administration
 Chapter 2
 Chapter 3
 Definitions
NFPA 72 – Format
 Annexes (cont.)





E – NEMA SB30 – Fire Service Annunciator and
Interface
F – Sample Ordinance
G – Guide for Testing of Circuits
H – Informational References
I – Cross-Reference Table
Chapter 1 – Section 1.4
 Retroactivity
 Chapter 1
 Referenced
Stations Fire Alarm Systems
 Chapter 27
Publications
 Continues
language that the standard only
applies once adopted.
 Exception for conditions where the AHJ
determines a distinct hazard
 It is necessary for the AHJ to research previous
editions when applicable.
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Distinct Hazard
 Most codes/standards have a “distinct
hazard” clause.
 Gives the code official the authority to
mandate compliance with “new”
requirements.
 Use caution
 Use
 Be
good judgment
consistent
Chapter 1 – Section 1.5
 Equivalency Section 1.5
 Nothing
in the standard shall
prevent the use of systems,
methods, devices, or appliances of
equivalent or superior quality,
strength, fire resistance,
effectiveness, durability and safety
over those prescribed in the
standard
 Fire
alarm technology changes rapidly!
Chapters 1-2-3
 Chapter 1 (continued)
 1.6.5 The values presented for measurements in
this Code are expressed with a degree of
precision appropriate for practical application
and enforcement. It is not intended that the
application or enforcement of these values be
more precise than the precision expressed.
Chapters 1-2-3
 John’s Interpretation
Use
some common
sense when measuring.
There is no exact science
regarding many of the
dimensions listed in the
standard (examples to
come).
Important New Definitions
 Acoustically Distinguishable Spaces
 Applicable
to emergency communication
systems
 Several new definitions for emergency
New Definitions
 Managed Facilities-Based Voice Network
 Added
to allow the continued use of DACTs
with certain conditions
 Risk Analysis
communication systems and the different
types (one-way, in-building, wide area, etc.)
 Dedicated Function Fire Alarm Control Unit
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Chapter 7 – Documentation
 Chapter 7 – Documentation
 NEW Chapter
 Minimum
requirements for plan
submittals
 Design documentation
 Shop drawings
 Completion documentation
 Inspection, testing and maintenance
documentation
 Records retention documentation
 Section 7.7.2–A copy of the Record of
Completion and other required final
documentation is required to be
maintained at the fire alarm control panel
or other approved location.
 If not at the control panel, location is to be
indicated at the main control panel.
 Material relocated from chapter 10 Fundamentals
 Document Storage Cabinet
Fire Alarm Plan Symbols
 Section 7.2.3-Requires all symbols on fire
alarm drawing plan submittals to comply
with NFPA 170, Standard for Fire Safety and
Emergency Symbols
 If the documents required to be stored at
the FACP are in a separate cabinet or
enclosure the cabinet shall be marked “FIRE
ALARM DOCUMENTS”
Chapter 10 - Fundamentals
 Protection of Fire Alarm Systems
 Primary/Secondary Power Supplies
 Annunciation and Annunciation Zoning
 Monitoring Integrity
 Documentation
 Impairments
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Chapter 10 – Fundamentals
 Chapter contains requirements applicable
to all fire alarm systems
 Exception-Household
systems must comply
with chapter 29
Section - 10.3 - Equipment
 10.3.1 Equipment shall be listed for the
purpose for which it is used.
 10.3.2 Components shall be installed, tested
and maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer’s published instructions and
this Code.
 10.3.3 Devices receiving power from IDC or
SLC shall be listed for use with control unit.
 Section 10.4.2-Devices and appliances shall be
located and mounted so that accidental
operation or failure is not caused by vibration
or jarring.
 Section 10.4.3-Equipment shall be installed in
locations where conditions do not exceed the
voltage, temperature, and humidity limits
specified in the manufacturer’s instructions.
 10.4.5.1 Initiating Devices
(manual and automatic) shall
be selected and installed so as
to minimize the possibility of
nuisance alarms.
 Pay
close attention to where
initiating devices are being
placed on plans.
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Chapter 10 - Qualifications
 10.5 Personnel Qualifications
 Revised and
added requirements for personnel
qualifications for:
• System designers
• System installers
• Inspection/Testing/Maintenance Personnel
• Supervising Station operators (added in 2010)
• Inspectors/Plans Examiners – 2016 Edition
 System Designer Qualifications:
 The
system designer must provide evidence of
their qualifications/certifications when
requested by the AHJ
 The system designer shall be identified on the
design documents.
 System Designer Qualifications:
 Qualified
•
•
•
personnel include:
People registered, licensed or certified by a state or
local authority
Personnel who are certified by a nationally
recognized certification organization acceptable to
the AHJ (NICET)
Personnel who are factory trained and certified for
fire alarm system design & acceptable to the AHJ.
 System Installer Qualifications:
• People registered, licensed or certified by a state or
local authority
• Personnel who are certified by a nationally
the AHJ (NICET)
• Personnel who are factory trained and certified for
fire alarm system design & acceptable to the AHJ.
 Installers shall provide evidence of their qualifications
when requested by the AHJ.
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 Inspection, Testing, & Maintenance Personnel
 Qualified
•
•
personnel include:
Those who are factory trained and certified for
the specific type and brand of system
Personnel who are certified by a nationally
the AHJ (NICET)
 Supervising Station Operators
 Operators
in supervising station shall demonstrate
competence in all tasks as required by chapter 26.
Including…
• Certified by the manufacturer of the receiving
system or equipment or the alarm monitoring
automation system.
Chapter 10 -Fundamentals
 Language for 2016 Edition of NFPA 72
 Establish a minimum standard for
inspectors and plans examiners that
inspect and review fire alarm/ECS systems
 Inspection, Testing, & Maintenance Personnel
 Qualified
•
•
personnel include:
Personnel who are registered, licensed, or certified
by the state or local authority
Personnel who are employed and qualified by an
organization listed by a nationally recognized testing
lab for the servicing of systems.
 Supervising Station Operators (Cont.)
 Operators
in supervising station shall demonstrate
competency in all tasks as required by chapter 26.
Including…
• Certified by an organization acceptable to the AHJ
o Ex. Central Station Alarm Association
• Licensed or certified by the state or local AHJ
• Other training or certification approved by the AHJ
AHJ/Plans Examiner Qualifications
 2016 Edition
 Section 10.5.4.3-Code officials who perform plan
review services shall meet one or more of the
following:
(1) Personnel who are registered, licensed, or certified by
a state or local authority
(2) Personnel who meet the requirements of NFPA 1031,
Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Inspector
and Plan Examiner
(3) Personnel who are assigned to perform plan reviews
and inspections by the authority having jurisdiction
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Chapter 10 – Power Supplies
 Two separate power supplies required:
 Primary:
Usually normal building power,
• Can also be a generator.
 Secondary:
• Usually storage batteries,
• Can also be a generator (auto start).
•
Chapter 10 – Secondary Power
 Must include all loads,
 Must automatically provide power
within 10 seconds:
 Loss
 Low
of power,
voltage conditions.
 Maximum loss of signal: 10 seconds.
 Both power supplies must be reliable.
Chapter 10 – Secondary Power Supply
 Must be capable of operating the fire alarm
system:
 24
hours in “normal” (non-alarm) condition,
 Then for 5 minutes in alarm condition.
 Additional power supply requirements for
Chapter 10 – Dedicated Branch Circuit
 A dedicated branch circuit
shall be provided
 Location of dedicated circuit
shall be permanently
identified
voice evacuation and monitoring stations.
Chapter 10 - Changes
Chapter 10 – Dedicated Branch Circuit
 System circuits shall be
identified as follows:
 “FIRE ALARM”
“EMERGENCY
COMMUNICATIONS”
“FIRE ALARM/ECS” for
combination systems
 2010 Edition
 10.6 Signal Priority
 Signals need to be prioritized as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Emergency Communication System
Fire
Supervisory
Trouble
 Note
that ECS is not prioritized all the time,
but based on a risk analysis
•
See definition of Risk Analysis in Chapter 3
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Chapter 10 – 2013 Edition
 10.7 Signal Priority
Signals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
need to be prioritized as follows:
Emergency Communication System
Fire
Pre-Alarm/Carbon Monoxide Alarm
Supervisory
Trouble
Chapter 10 – 2013 Edition
 Section 10.7.5-Carbon monoxide signals
are permitted to take precedence over
supervisory and trouble signals
 Section 10.7.6-Pre-alarm signals are
permitted to take precedence over
supervisory and trouble signals
 New Pre-Alarm signal language
 Pre-Alarm Condition-”An abnormal condition
that poses an immediate threat to life, property
or mission”.
• Ex: Heat detector sending a signal to the
panel when ceiling temperature reaches
130°F
 Intent is to give building owner/staff additional
time to investigate possible issue before
initiating devices reach alarm condition.
 New Pre-Alarm signal language
 Newer technology panels have pre-alarm
capability
• This is in addition to alarm, supervisory and
trouble
• This is different from alarm verification (will
discuss later)
 Panel will notify building owner by text/email of
condition about to happen
Fire Alarm Signals
Coded Alarm Signals
 Section 10.10.2-Fire alarm signals
shall be distinctive in sound from
other signals, shall comply with
section 18.4.2.1 (T3 pattern), and
shall not be used for other purposes.
 Section 10.12.1-Actuation of an alarm
notification device shall occur within
10 seconds of activation of an
initiating device.
 Section 10.12.2-Each round of a coded alarm
signal shall consist of not less than three
impulses.
 Coded
alarms are typically used in
areas/buildings where private notification is
desired (hospitals, nursing homes, etc.)
 Ex. “Paging Dr. Firestone, Dr. Firestone, Building
4 West Wing”
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Trouble Signals
 Trouble signals and
their restoration to
normal shall be
indicated within 200
seconds.
 The trouble signal shall
be located in an area
where it is likely to be
heard.
Trouble Signals
 Visible and audible trouble signals and
visible indication of their restoration to
normal shall be indicated at the following
locations:
 Fire
alarm control panel
 Fire command center (when provided)
 Central, proprietary, or remote station service
(when system is monitored)
Trouble Signals
 Section 10.15.10.7-An audible trouble signal
that has been silenced at the protected
premises shall comply with the following:
 Signal shall automatically re-sound every 24
hours or less until fault condition is restored.
 The signal shall sound until it is manually
silenced or acknowledged.
 The trouble signal shall be automatically
retransmitted to the supervising station when
provided
Chapter 10 -Fundamentals
 10.13.2 Alarm Signal
Deactivation
Requirement to
deactivate
both audible and visible
signaling when silencing a
fire alarm system.
Silencing just the horns is a
violation of ADA
regulations.
Trouble Signals
 Section 10.6.9.3 (13) Unless prohibited by
the AHJ, supervising station alarm systems
shall be arranged to delay transmission of
primary power failure (trouble signals) for
a period ranging from 60 minutes to 180
minutes.
 Protection of Control Equipment
 Automatic
smoke detection is required at all
fire alarm control panels, NAC power panels
and supervising station transmission
equipment if they are in a normally unoccupied
location.
 Exception for fully sprinklered buildings has
gone away
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Initiating Devices
 FAQ: Can a heat detector be used when
ambient conditions prohibit a smoke
detector?
Initiating Devices
 FAQ: Can a heat detector be used when
ambient conditions prohibit a smoke
detector?
ANSWER:
Yes; however, if ambient
conditions are not suitable for a smoke
detector, it often is not suitable for control
equipment.
Chapter 10 - Changes
 10.18.3.2 Annunciators
 Annunciator
location to be
determined by the AHJ to
facilitate efficient response by
first responders.
• Relocated from the notification
appliance chapter (18) in the
2010 edition.
Annunciator
Annunciator
 Provides status information about a circuit,
condition, or location:
 Lights,
lamps,
 Alphanumeric displays.
LED Annunciator
 Annunciators are available in three different
variations:
 LED-Device will
indicate what zone is in alarm,
AC power, trouble condition and possibly some
control features (Silence, System Reset, etc.)
 LCD-Text display indicating status of the fire
alarm. Most have common control functions
and limited programming capabilities
 Graphic-Large boards with a footprint of the
building often using LEDs indicating devices
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LED Annunciator
First Floor
Rear Exit
First Floor
Corridor
2nd Floor
Rear Exit
2nd Floor
Corridor
First Floor
Mech Room
First Floor
Room 105
2nd Floor
Electric Rm
2nd Floor
Classroom
Basement
Rear Exit
Basement
Storage
Basement
AHU
Basement
Laundry
LCD Annunciator
ELEVATOR MACHINE ROOM - PENTHOUSE - R-44
DUCT SMOKE DETECTOR
FIRE
PRIORITY 2
ALARM
ALARM
ALARM
ACK
ALARM
ACK
SYSTEM
SUPERVISORY
SUPV
ACK
SUPERVISORY ALARM
SYSTEM
ALARM
POWER
TROUBLE
SILENCED
ON
TRB
ACK
ALARM
SILENCE
SYSTEM
RESET
ACKNOWLEDGE
Graphic Annunciator
Fire Alarm Impairments
 Section 10.21.1-The system owner shall be
notified when a fire alarm system (or portion
of a system) is down for maintenance.
 Where required by the fire official, other
measures acceptable to the fire code official
shall also be implemented.
 The owner shall be notified when an
impairment is completed or discontinued.
Chapter 12 – Circuits and Pathways
Section 12.2 - General
 Application
 Chapter 12 is a NEW chapter in 2010
 General
 Chapter 12 has no requirements
 Pathway Class Designation
 Chapter 12 describes pathway
 Pathway Survivability
classifications and pathway survivability
levels
 Other chapters refer to Chapter 12 for
reference.
 Terminology
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Chapter 14 – Inspection, Testing and
Maintenance
Chapter 14 – Inspection, Testing & Maintenance
 Application
 General
 Inspection
 Testing
 Maintenance
 Records
For a fire alarm
system to be
reliable, it must be:
Properly Designed
Properly Installed
Properly Maintained
Inspection, Testing and Maintenance
 Chapter 14 is the only
chapter in the standard
that applies to new and
existing fire alarm system
installations.
 It is the owner’s
responsibility to ensure
ITM is provided for the
system.
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Inspection, Testing & Maintenance
 Section 14.4.4.3.1-Sensitivity
Testing: Smoke detector sensitivity
shall be checked within one year
after installation and every
alternate year thereafter.
 If device is within marked range
after 2nd test, calibration may be
extended to not exceed every 5
years
 Section 14.4.4.3.7-Testing- Prohibits an
unmeasured concentration of smoke or other
aerosol into the detector.
 Sensitivity
testing must be done in accordance
with the manufacturer’s specifications
 Some detector manufacturers do not permit
testing with aerosol products
 Testing a device with aerosol products when not
approved by the manufacture can affect detector
performance.
 Section 14.2.4.1
Notification-Before any
ITM begins, the
supervising station (when
provided) and all building
occupants shall be
notified of the testing.
 Section 14.4.4.3.4-Approved options for
sensitivity testing include:
A
calibrated test method
manufacturer’s calibrated sensitivity test
instrument
 Listed control equipment
 A smoke detector/control unit arrangement
where the detector cause a signal at the panel
 Another calibrated sensitivity test method
acceptable to the fire code official
A
 Impairments related to ITM shall also follow
the requirements in 10.21.
 System defects or malfunctions shall be
corrected.
 If defects or malfunctions are not corrected
at the conclusion of the ITM, the owner
must be informed of the issue(s) in writing
within 24 hours.
 Test methods-Fire
alarm systems and
associated equipment
shall be tested in
accordance with Table
14.4.3.2.
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 Section 14.6.1.2.1-Site
Specific Software-Many of
the new fire alarm systems
have specific software
applications that must be
provided by the installing
contractor.
Acceptance Test and Completion
 FAQ-Can a magnet be used to test a smoke
 A copy of this software must be
provided to the owner and
stored on-site.
 The owner of the building is
responsible for maintaining the
records.
 If
contractors do not have this
information it can cause delays to
any repairs that may be
necessary.
Acceptance Test and Completion
 ANSWER: A magnet cannot be used to test the
detector?
smoke detector itself. Chapter 14 requires smoke
to enter the detector’s chamber. A magnet can be
used on a smoke detector to test the fire alarm
system; including activating notification,
capturing elevator/recall, close fire rated doors,
etc.
Commissioning vs. Acceptance Testing
 Commissioning vs. Acceptance Testing
 What is the difference?
 Commissioning is a systematic process that
provides documented confirmation to the
building owner or company representative that
the installed system meets the original plan
submittal and complies with all applicable
laws, codes and standards
 Refer to NFPA 3 for details
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Chapter 17 – Initiating Devices
 Acceptance testing is the procedure where
tests are performed on the installation
typically involving the authority having
jurisdiction where the entire system is tested
and reviewed to ensure compliance with
laws, codes, and standards.
 Application
 Smoke-Sensing Fire Detectors
 Purpose
 Radiant-Energy Sensing Fire Detectors
 Performance-Based Design
 Combination, Multi-Criteria and Multi-
 General Requirements
Sensor Detectors
 Gas Detection
 Other Fire Detectors
 Requirements for Smoke and Heat
Detectors
 Heat-Sensing Fire Detectors
 Sprinkler Water-flow Alarm Initiating Devices
 Covers the installation criteria for all sensors
 Detection of the operation of Other Automatic
or devices that are used to provide
recognition of a fire
 Chapter covers any device that provides an
incoming signal to the fire alarm control
panel
 Installation criteria for single & multiple
station smoke alarms are found in chapter
29.
Extinguishing Systems
 Manually Actuated Alarm-Initiating Devices
 Fire Extinguisher Electronic Monitoring Devices
 Supervisory Signal Initiating Devices
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 It is important for the designer to
understand basic fire chemistry when
utilizing chapter 17.
 Fire and the products of combustion
behave differently based on the size of the
room, the ceiling layout, and the amount
of combustible materials in the space.
Fire Plume
 Gases and
combustion
products rise to
ceiling.
 Flames expand
vertically.
Fire Plume Influences
Ceiling Jet
 Horizontal
obstructions
 Form as fire plumes
 Fire size
spread outward
 Expand the fire
horizontally
 Fire area
 Interior finishes
 Distance of fire from
walls
 Ceiling height
Detector Coverage
 Total Coverage-When required by laws, codes,
or standards, …includes all rooms, hallways,
storage areas, basements, attics, spaces above
suspended ceilings
 Rare
to require total coverage
 Partial/Selective-Where laws, codes, or
standards require selected areas be covered
 Nonrequired-Devices installed to achieve a
specific fire safety objective but not mandated
by laws, codes or standards
NFPA 72 (10) Section 17.5.3
 Frequently asked question:
Where in Chapter 17 will I find requirements
for where devices are required to be
installed?
ANSWER:
Chapter 17 does not require a
building owner to install detectors or any
other initiating device. The model codes will
mandate when and what type of initiating
device is necessary.
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 Performance-Based Design
 There
are three areas in NFPA 72 where the designer is
permitted to use a performance-based design.
• Initiation
• Notification
• Maintenance
 Initiation and notification are most common
 The authority having jurisdiction shall ultimately
determine if the PBD is appropriate.
 Section 17.4.3-Initiating devices shall be
supported independently of their
attachment to the circuit conductor.
Initiating Device Locations – 2013 Edition
 17.4.5 Initiating devices shall be installed in
all areas, compartments, or locations
where required by other governing laws,
codes, or standards.
 Section 17.4.2-When
subject to mechanical
damage, an initiating
device shall be
protected.
 Guard
shall be listed
for use with that
detector.
Initiating Device Locations – 02/07 Edition
 5.4.6 Initiating devices shall be installed in
all areas, compartments, or locations
where required by other NFPA codes and
standards or as required by the authority
having jurisdiction.
Heat Detectors
 Two types of heat detectors:
Spot-type
Line-type
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 17.6.2.2.2 Heat Detector Markings
 All
heat detectors need to be marked with operating
temperature.
 Spot heat detectors also need to be marked with
their Response Time Index (RTI).
• RTI measures the sensitivity of the device.
• Typically have an RTI less than 100, with 10
indicating a more rapid response.
Heat Detectors
 Heat detectors are not considered life safety
equipment.
 Heat detectors should be installed where
conditions are not favorable for smoke
detectors such as kitchens, garages, boiler
rooms, etc.
 The maximum ceiling temperature in the area
where the heat detector is installed must be 20
degrees or more below the operating
temperature of the heat detector.
Heat Detectors
Heat Detectors & High Ceilings
Environmental Factors on Smoke Detectors
 Section 17.7.1.8-Unless specifically
approved and listed for specific
environmental conditions, smoke detectors
shall not be installed in the following
locations:
 Where
temperature is below 32°F
 Where temperature is above 100°F
 Where relative humidity is above 93%
 Air velocity > 300 ft./min.
Environmental Conditions that Influence Detector Response
Detection
Air Velocity Humidity
Temp.
>300’/min >93% RH <32F >100F
Ion
X
X
X
Photo
O
X
X
Beam
O
X
X
Air Sampling
O
X
X
X=May affect detector response
O=Generally does not affect detector response
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 Factors to consider that may affect smoke
detector response:
 Moisture
 Combustion
Products and Fumes
 Atmospheric Contaminants
 Engine Exhaust
 Heating Elements and Abnormal Conditions
detector response:
Combustion Products and Fumes
fumes
 Cleaning fluids
 Cooking equipment
 Cutting/welding
 Fireplaces
 Ovens
detector response:
Moisture
 Live
steam
 Steam tables
 Showers
 Humidifiers
 Slop sink
 Humid outside air
 Water spray
detector response:
Engine Exhaust
engines
 Gas engines
 Gasoline forklifts
 Chemical
 Diesel
detector response:
detector response:
Heating Elements with Abnormal Conditions
 Dust accumulation
 Improper exhaust
 Incomplete Combustion
Electrical Noise and Mechanical Influences
 Vibration
 Radiation
 Intense light
 Electrostatic discharge
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Chapter 17 – Changes
detector response:
Airflow
 Gusts
 Excessive
velocity
 17.7.1.11 Protection During
Construction
 When
smoke detectors are
installed during construction,
they need to be tested and
calibrated or replaced.
 When detectors are not
required during construction,
they shall not be installed until
after all the other construction
trades have completed
cleanup.
 17.7.1.11 Protection During
Construction
 When
smoke detectors are
installed during construction,
they need to be tested and
calibrated or replaced.
 When detectors are not
required during construction,
they shall not be installed until
after all the other construction
trades have completed
cleanup.
 Section 17.4.10*-If the intent is to initiate
action when smoke/fire threatens a
specific object or space, the detector shall
be permitted to be installed in close
proximity to that object or space.
 There are some applications that do not
require full area protection where there are
ceilings in excess of 15 feet:
 Elevator landings
 Protection of fire alarm control units
 Detection should be placed on the wall above
and within 60 in. from the top of the elevator
door(s) or FACU
 See A.17.4.10
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 17.7.3.2.1 Smoke detector
(or alarm) installation
 Wall
mounting permitted
within 12” of ceiling
 4” dead space no longer in
the code for smoke
detectors
• Exc. for sloped/peaked
ceilings
Wall-Mounted Smoke Alarms/Detectors
Peaked Ceilings
Sloped Ceilings
 17.7.3.2.3.1 Smoke Detector Spacing
Code
language modified to clarify nominal
spacing of smoke detectors
NFPA 72 (13) – “In the absence of specific
performance-based design criteria, smooth
ceiling smoke detector spacing shall be a
nominal 30 feet.” OR
Use the “0.7 Rule”
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Detector Spacing - “The 0.7 Rule”
 The distance to the
30 ft.
15 ft.
Does anyone know where the 30 foot
spacing for corridor smoke detectors
came from?
120 ft.
30 ft.
15 ft.
10 ft.
corner is more than
15 ft.
 a2 + b2 = c2
 152 = 225
 225 + 225 = 450
 √ 450 = 21.2 ft.
 30 ft. x 0.7 = 21 ft.
Corridor Spacing
15’
Corridor Spacing
30’
30’
30’
15’
Corridor Spacing
10 ft.
120 ft.
10 ft.
120 ft.
15’
30’
30’
30’
15’
Conventional spacing method would require four (4)
detectors.
Detectors in Concealed Locations
 Section 17.4.7-When smoke detectors are
required/installed in concealed locations, a
remote alarm must be provided in a
location acceptable to the AHJ.
20’
40’
40’
20’
Using the 0.7 method, only three (3) detectors are
needed.
Duct Detectors
 Section 17.7.4.3-
Detectors placed in air
ducts or plenums shall
not be used as a
substitute for open
area detection.
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Smoke Detectors for Door Release
 NFPA 72 outlines two methods for controlling
doors:
 Door
and shutter release mechanisms that are
integral to the door hold-open release
mechanism (see section 21.8)
 Area smoke detectors
 Section 17.7.5.6 (cont.)
depth of wall section ≤ 24 in.,
one ceiling mounted smoke
detector is required (on either
side)
 If the depth of wall section is >
24 in. on both sides, two ceiling
mounted smoke detectors are
required
Smoke Detectors for Door Release Service
 Section 17.7.5.6
 If
corridor is protected with
smoke detection, no need for
detection within 5 feet of door
 Specific installation
requirements depend on the
depth of wall section (see
section 17.7.5.6.5)
Smoke Detectors for Door Release-Scenario
New Construction
125-unit Assisted Living
Mixed use I-1/R-2
Smoke detectors
 If
 Section 17.7.5.6.1-Smoke detectors that
are part of an open area protection system
covering the room, corridor, or enclosed
space on each side of the smoke door and
that are located and spaced as required by
17.7.3 shall be permitted to accomplish
smoke door release service.
Fire-rated corridor
Fire door
Kitchen
Dwelling unit
 Section 17.7.5.6.1-Smoke detectors that
are part of an open area protection system
covering the room, corridor, or enclosed
space on each side of the smoke door and
that are located and spaced as required by
17.7.3 shall be permitted to accomplish
smoke door release service.
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New Construction
125-unit Assisted Living
Mixed use I-1/R-2
Smoke detectors
Fire-rated corridor
Smoke Detectors for Door Release Service
 If separation between (multiple
doorways is > 24 in., each doorway shall
be treated separately
Fire door
Kitchen
Dwelling unit
Smoke Detectors in High Air Movement Areas
 Section 17.7.6.3.2-Smoke detectors shall
Smoke Detectors in High Air Movement Areas
Supply Air
Smoke Detector
not be located directly in the airstream of
supply registers.
Smoke Alarms/Detectors & Ceiling Fans
 Does
NFPA 72 regulate the
placement of smoke
detectors in the proximity of
ceiling fans?
Smoke Alarms/Detectors & Ceiling Fans
 ANSWER:
Yes and No; 72
regulates placement of smoke
alarms/detectors in residential
occupancies in section
29.8.3.4 #8.
• 36” from ceiling fans
 Language does not apply to
commercial (detector)
installations.
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Manual Alarm Boxes
 17.14 Manual Alarm Boxes
 17.14.1.2
Manual alarm boxes used for purposes
other than fire need appropriate signage and the
color needs to be other than red.
 17.14.1.3 Background needs to be contrasting
color for manual fire alarm box locations.
 17.14.1.4 Mounting height changed to correlate
with ADA for operable part 42: - 48: above
finished floor.
Chapter 18 – Notification Appliances
 Application
 General
 Audible Characteristics
 Visible Characteristics – public mode
 Visible Characteristics –private mode
 Graphic Visible Signaling Method
Notification Signal
 The type of notification signal must match
the evacuation scheme for the facility:
 Total
evacuation,
 Zoned evacuation,
 Occupant relocation,
 Defend in place strategies.
 Notification zones shall be consistent with
the emergency response or evacuation plan
for the protected premises.
 The use of the T3 pattern
shall only be used where
evacuation of the building
or relocation inside the
building is desired.
 The T3 signal shall not be
used where occupants are
practicing defend-in-place.
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Notification Signals - Types
 Public Mode (most common):
 General
evacuation signal,
 Private Mode:
 Attendant
•
•
signal:
No evacuation signal,
Usually a coded voice message or chimes.
 18.3.3 Physical Construction
 18.3.3.2
Notification appliances used for other
purposes than fire cannot say “FIRE” on them.
 18.3.4.1-Audible or visual appliances
subject to mechanical damage shall be
protected against damage
 Covers must be listed for use with the
appliance.
Notification Appliances – Where Required
 NFPA 72 does not
address where devices
should be installed.
 It addresses how
devices should be
installed.
Indoor/Outdoor Applications
 Section 18.3.3.1-Notification appliances
must be listed for outdoor vs. indoor,
high/low temperatures, high humidity,
hazardous locations, etc.
Audible Alarm Synchronization
 Section 18.4.2.4-The three-pulse temporal
pattern must be synchronized throughout
the evacuation zone.
 Separate
patterns (lack of synchronization) is
necessary to preserve the temporal pattern.
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 Section 18.4.2.3-The signal shall be
repeated for a period appropriate for
complete evacuation of the building (when
required), but for not less than 180
seconds.
Sound Levels – Public Mode
 15 dBA above average ambient sound; or,
 5 dBA above average ambient sound level
lasting 60 seconds
 If ambient sound level is greater than 105
dBA, visual notification appliance is required,
Sound Levels – Public Mode
 110 dBA is maximum allowed
Protective Covers
 Protective covers used with notification
appliances must be listed for the particular
device.
 Unlisted
equipment can degrade the
effectiveness of the audible signal or visible
strobe.
The Distance Effect on Sound Pressure Level
Distance from Appliance
10 ft.
Sound Pressure Level
nameplate value
20 ft.
- 6 dBA
40 ft.
- 12 dBA
80 ft.
- 18 dBA
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• Rule of Thumb is the output of an audible appliance
is reduced by 6 dB if the distance between the
appliance and the listener is doubled.
Speaker Rated at 84 dBA at 10 feet
Open Door
Avg. Loss
8 dBA
Typical Range
4-12 dBA
Closed Door
17 dBA
10-24 dBA
Sealed Door
28 dBA
22-34 dBA
Stud Wall
39 dBA
32-42 dBA
Source: NIST Handbook 119 “Quieting: A Practical Guide to Noise Control”: D.A. Robinson,
Univ. of MA, “Sound Transmission Loss From Corridors to Rooms: Implications for Locating
Fire Alarm Sounders”
Sound Levels – Sleeping Areas
84 dBA
20 ft.
78 dBA
40 ft.
72 dBA
80 ft.
66 dBA
Sound Levels – Private Mode
The Walls and Doors Effect on Sound
The Effect of Walls and Doors on Sound Transmission
10 ft.
 Section 18.4.4.2
 10
dBA above average ambient sound,
 5 dBA above maximum sound level having a
duration of at least 60 seconds
 Section 18.4.4.2
 When
approved by the AHJ, audible signaling
may be reduced or eliminated when visible
signaling is provided.
Sound Levels – Sleeping Areas
 Section 18.4.5
 15 dBA above ambient average sound level,
 5 dBA above maximum sound level (lasting 60
 Section 18.4.5
 15 dBA above ambient average sound level,
 5 dBA above maximum sound level (lasting 60
 75 dBA minimum measured at pillow level
 Whichever is greater.
 This will usually require an
 75 dBA minimum measured at pillow level
 Whichever is greater.
 This will usually require an
seconds), or
appliance in the dwelling
unit.
seconds), or
appliance in the dwelling
unit.
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Alert Tones in Sleeping Areas
Alert Tones in Sleeping Areas-INCORRECT
• Same for public and
private operating mode
• 70 dBA min. 1999
• 75 dBA since 2002
• Remember, NFPA 72 is not
a retroactive document
Apartment
Fire Door
Fire-rated corridor
• It is necessary to
research the standard in
effect at the time
New Requirement for Frequency
of Alert Tone for Awakening
Alert Tones in Sleeping Areas-CORRECT
Apartment
 520 Hz Square Wave
 Systems
75 dBA
(Chapter 18) – effective January 1, 2014
(Chapter 29) – effective on adoption
 Household
Fire Door
Fire-rated corridor
520 Hz Sq. Wave
New Requirement for Frequency
of Alert Tone for Awakening
New requirement effective 1/1/14:
• Where audible appliances are
provided in sleeping areas, they shall
produce a low frequency signal that
meets the following:
• Alarm signal shall be square wave
• Must have a frequency of 520 Hz
• Installation issues?
3000 Hz
Waking Effectiveness: High Risk Groups
-School aged children: Thirteen
percent of civilian fire fatalities in
residential buildings were under the
age of 10 1
-Alcohol/drug impaired: It’s
suspected that over 27% of civilian
fatalities in residential buildings are
linked to alcohol, drug or chemical
influence 1
-People with hearing loss: More
than 34.5 million people in the US
are hard of hearing 2
Sources:
1.
2.
USFA, Civilian Fire Fatalities in Residential buildings 2008-2010
Report
Working Effectiveness of alarms for adults who are hard of
hearing, NFPA Dorothy Bruck; Ian Thomas, June 2007
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Why the change?
 Background:
 Study done by Victoria (Australia) University
 Study tried to determine why people were not
waking to the fire alarm signal
 Nearly 50% of the participants with mild to
severe hearing loss slept through the 3000 Hz
smoke alarm signal
 The higher 3000 Hz signal also was not as
effective at waking children
Why the change?
 Background:
 In the 1970s and early 1980s standard
horns were replaced with low-current
and more efficient high frequency
horns.
 When this happened some stated they
couldn’t hear the newer alarms as well.
 Both devices measured 85 decibels at
10 feet;
 The issue was the frequency, not the
sound output.
Why the change?
 People with hearing loss have
trouble hearing high frequencies
than low.
 The 520 Hz square wave signal
awoke nearly 100% of the
participants in the test.
 Low frequency signal is 6-10
times more effective than the
high frequency devices
Why the change?
 Due to the results from the
Victoria University study, in
2006, the Fire Protection
Research Foundation (FPRF)
funded two additional research
studies on the issue
 Focus was on the effectiveness
of the 3000 Hz tone on high risk
groups


Waking effectiveness of alarms and
adults who are hard of hearing
Waking effectiveness of alarms for
the alcohol impaired
FPRF Study
 The studies tested six signals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
400 Hz Square wave signal
520 Hz Square wave signal
3000 Hz pure tone (standard)
Bed shaker (under mattress)
Pillow shaker
Strobe light in T-3 pulse
FPRF Conclusions
 The low frequency signal with a
fundamental frequency of 520 Hz is the
most effective signal for waking people.
 Low
frequency signal woke 92% between 55
dBA and 75 dBA
 3000 Hz signal woke 56% between 55 dBA and
75 dBA
 The low frequency signal is superior to
bed/pillow shakers and strobe lights.
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Low Frequency Appliances
Sounder Base Activation
In what occupancies will this apply?
Notification Appliances-Audible
 Low frequency sounders will be required for new
fire alarm system installations in:
 Hotel/motels
 Assisted living
 Dormitories
 Apartments
 Not required in:
 Hospitals*
 Nursing homes
 Prisons
 Child Care Centers
Notification Appliance-Sleeping Area
 Section 18.4.8-If ceiling heights allow, wall-
mounted audible appliances shall be not
less than 90 inches above the floor, but not
less than 6 inches below the finished
ceiling.
Notification Appliances-Visible
 Section 18.5.4-Wall mounted visible appliances
shall be not less than 80 inches and not greater
than 96 inches above the finished floor
 Performance-based design option for spacing
and location
 Must
be designed by a licensed engineer
 Number and placement depends on the room
size and light output of the strobe
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Visible Appliances-Wall Mounted
Visible Appliances-Ceiling Mounted
Visible Appliances-Sleeping Areas
Visible Strobes
 Visible appliances are installed in one of
two orientations:
 Wall
mounted
mounted
 Ceiling
 Strobes are listed for a certain orientation
and cannot be used interchangeably.
 Wall
mounted strobes cannot be mounted on
the ceiling or vice versa.
Incorrect Installations
FAQ-Visible Strobes
 Why do some strobes have two separate
candela ratings? What is the intensity of a
strobe listed at “15/75” candela?
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FAQ-Visible Strobes
 Why do some strobes have two separate
candela ratings? What is the intensity of a
strobe listed at “15/75” candela?
 ANSWER: The “15” candela indicates the
rating when looking at the device from a
90 degree angle. The “75” candela
indicates the rating when looking straight
at the device.
Visible Strobes-Other Considerations
 If there are interruptions in the corridor
(fire doors, changes in elevation, etc.),
these must be viewed as separate areas.
 Where more than two strobes are in the
field of vision, devices must be
synchronized so they flash simultaneously.
Visible Alarm-Other
 Visible appliances must be provided in
corridors.
 Corridors
> 20 feet wide: Use room spacing
requirements
 Corridors < 20 feet wide
 Minimum candela rating in corridors must
be 15 cd and cannot exceed 100 feet apart.
 Why “more than two” and not “two or
more?
 NFPA 72 Handbook:
 In 1996, the Code was modified to reduce the chances that visible notification
appliances would induce seizures in persons with photosensitive epilepsy. The flash
rate was adjusted so that two appliances (or groups of synchronized appliances) not
flashing in unison cannot produce a flash rate that is considered dangerous. If more
than two appliances or groups of synchronized appliances can be viewed at the
same time, they must be synchronized. The option of spacing more than two
appliances a minimum of 55 ft. (16.8) apart in large rooms in lieu of synchronization
is no longer permitted by the Code. In 2007, the intent was clarified by noting that
groups or zones of visible notification appliances may be synchronized and that it is
the perceived composite flash rate that is important.
 18.4.10 Voice Intelligibility
 18.4.10.1 Acoustically
distinguishable spaces (ADS) are
to be determined during design
of a voice notification system.
 18.4.10.2 ADS shall be identified
by the system designer as
needing or not needing voice
intelligibility.
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Audibility vs. Intelligibility
 Audibility – Can you hear the signal?
 Intelligibility – Can you understand the signal?
Voice Alarm Messages
 Voice messages shall not be required to
meet the audibility requirements for public
mode signaling, but shall meet intelligibility
requirements.
 Chapter
14 does not require voice signals to be
measured for audibility.
 Sound produced from a voice system is
modulated and a meaningful measurement
cannot be determine.
Voice Alarm Systems
Voice Alarm Systems-Office Building
 Areas that may not require voice
Private
office
intelligibility (18.4.10.2.1):
 Private
office
bathrooms;
 Mechanical/elevator equipment rooms or
similar areas;
 Elevator cars
 Kitchen/storage rooms/closets
 Private
Private
office
Private
office
Intelligibility Required Here
Private
office
Bathroom
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
All areas (common area, private office, and
bathrooms are considered an “acoustically
distinguishable space” or ADS.
Private
office
Bathroom
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Bathroom
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Bathroom
Bathroom
Common work area/cubicles
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Not necessarily required in
Private Offices or bathrooms
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Private
office
Bathroom
40
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Voice Alarm – Nightclub Example
 18.5.2 Light Color and Pulse Characteristics
 18.5.2.4 Strobes for FIRE are to be clear or nominally
white
 18.5.2.5 Strobes for other than fire, or combination
use strobes, are to be clear, white or other color
Chapter 21-Emergency Control
Functions/Interfaces
Chapter 21
 Emergency Control Functions & Interfaces
 Previously titled “Fire Safety Functions”
 New Chapter-Relocated from Protected
Premises Fire Alarm Systems
 Application
 General
 Elevator Recall for Firefighters’ Service
 Elevator Shutdown
 First Responders Use of Elevators
Chapter 21
 Elevators for Occupant-
Controlled Evacuation
 HVAC Systems
 Door Release Service
 Electrically/Magnetically
Locked Doors
 Exit Marking Audible
Notification Systems
 21.5 First Responders Use of Elevators
 All
elevator conditions are to be continuously
monitored and displayed at fire service interface
 21.6 Elevators for Occupant-Controlled
Evacuation
 All
elevator conditions are to be continuously
monitored
 Status indicators to indicate availability
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Chapter 23
Chapter 23 (cont.)
 Protected Premises FA Systems
 In-Building Fire Emergency Voice/Alarm
 Application
Communications
 Prerecorded (Digital) Voice and Tone Fire Alarm
 General
 System
Features
 System Performance & Integrity
 Performance for Initiating Device Circuits
 Performance for Signaling Line Circuits
 Performance for Notification Appliance Circuits
 System Requirements
Chapter 23 (cont.)
 Suppression System Actuation
 Off-Premises Signals
 Guard’s Tour Supervisory Service
 Suppressed Signal Systems
 Protected Premises Fire Safety
Functions
 Special Requirements for Low-
Power Radio (Wireless) Systems
Protected Premises Fire Alarm Systems
 Dedicated Function Fire Alarm Systems
 New term in the 2007 Edition
 “A protected premises fire alarm system
installed specifically to perform fire safety
function(s) where a building fire alarm system is
not required”
 Intended to address “systems” where
notification appliances and/or detectors are not
required by model codes
Systems
 Two-Way Communication Service
 Signal Annunciation
 23.3.2 Features of non-required systems
shall be established by the system designer
based on the goals and objectives of the
system owner.
 23.3.2.1-Non-required protected premises
systems and components shall meet the
requirements of this Code.
 Dedicated Function Fire Alarm Systems
 Where
codes, standards, or AHJs require
monitoring of specific functions, but do not require
a building fire alarm system, a dedicated function
fire alarm system is appropriate.
• Elevator recall
• Sprinkler system
• HVAC detectors
 Other functions of the fire alarm system are not
required.
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 Section 23.8.1.2-Systems may have a pre-signal
feature when approved by the authority having
jurisdiction.
A
pre-signal feature must meet the following
criteria:
• FA sounds only in offices, control rooms, fire
brigade stations or other constantly attended
location (no general evacuation throughout)
• Transmission to supervising station (when
required) shall commence upon activation from
the initial fire alarm signal
 Section 23.8.1.3-Fire alarm systems
may utilize positive alarm sequencing
(PAS) when approved by the AHJ
 PAS must comply with the following:
FA
signal must be acknowledged within 15
seconds of when the signal is received
If signal is not acknowledged within 15
seconds, notification signal and general
evacuation shall commence.
 Pre-signal features (cont.):
• Requires human action to activate the
general fire alarm (manual pull)
• Pre-signal should only be considered in
limited cases when approved by the AHJ
 PAS must comply with the following
(cont.):
If
signal is acknowledged, a delay of the
evacuation signal of up to 180 seconds
begins for staff to investigate the source of
the alarm signal.
If FA system is not reset after 180 seconds
ends, notification appliances commence
and general evacuation shall begin.
 PAS must comply with the following (cont.):
 If a second automatic fire detector is actuated
during the investigation (180 second) phase,
notification appliances and general evacuation
shall be activated.
 If any other FA initiating device is actuated
(manual pull), notification signals and evacuation
shall be activated
 The FA system shall provided a means for
bypassing the PAS
 Pull Station-Section 23.8.5.1.2*-New Language
 Where connected to
a supervising station, FA
systems employing automatic detection or
water-flow monitoring shall include a manual
alarm box to initiate a signal at the supervising
station.
•
Not required for elevator recall control and
supervisory control (duct detectors) dedicated
function fire alarm systems.
43
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 Annex Material-23.8.5.1.2
 Pull station is intended to provide a backup
means of communication with supervising
station when system is out of service.
 Because system is out of service, pull station
should be placed on a separate circuit that will
not be placed on test with the main FA system.
 Should be located around FACP or sprinkler
riser.
 Alarm verification (cont.)
 Only
applicable to smoke detectors
 The feature may be a part of individual smoke
detectors or part of the fire alarm control panel.
 See additional requirements in section
23.8.5.4.1
 Section 23.8.5.4-Fire alarm systems equipped
with alarm verification features shall be
permitted.
 Alarm
verification feature-A feature of automatic
smoke detection and alarm systems to reduce
unwanted alarms where smoke detectors report
alarm conditions for a minimum period of time, or
confirm alarm conditions within a given period of
time period after being reset in order to be
accepted as a valid alarm signal.
 Valve Supervisory
 Where
codes, standards or AHJs
require monitoring of sprinkler
water-flow and valve supervisory
switches, these functions can be
accomplished by one of the
following:
•
•
 23.8.6.2 Notification Appliances
 This
section exempts visible signals and
evacuation signaling in the following
locations:
•
•
•
Exit stairwells
Exit passageways
Elevator cars
Dedicated Function Fire Alarm
System -ORBuilding Fire Alarm System
Low-Power Fire Alarm Systems
 Low-power (wireless) fire alarm
systems:
 Special
requirements found in
section 23.18 (10) or 23.16 (13)
 Numerous applications:
• Historic buildings
• Industrial (corrosives)
• Remote/Non-continuous
properties
• FA alterations in existing
buildings
44
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Combination Wireless System
Wireless Applications
•
•
•
•
•
Chapter 24-Emergency Communication
Systems
Industrial
Hotels
Historic
Multi-family Housing
Colleges & Universities
Chapter 24
 Emergency Communication Systems (ECS)
 Application
 Purpose
 General
 One-Way
Emergency Communication Systems
 Two-Way In-Building Emergency
Communication Systems
 Chapter was new in 2010 edition
 Air Force Civil Engineering
 Chapter contains materials related to:
Emergency Voice Alarm Communication
Systems
Mass Notification Systems
came to NFPA looking for
guidance on mass notification
systems (MNS)
 Project was
 Technical
assigned to NFPA 72
committee developed
 At the time there were no
national standards/guidelines
that addressed installation of
these systems.
45
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 Section 24.3.1-Emergency communication
systems shall be capable of reproduction of
prerecorded, synthesized, or live messages
with voice intelligibility
Microphone Use
 Section 24.3.2.1*-All users of systems that
are equipped with a microphone for live
voice announcements shall be provided
with posted instructions
 Can
require alternate or additional languages
is recommended speakers be distributed
around the building rather than high power
output of a few speakers.
 It
 24.3.4 Ancillary Functions
 Emergency
Communication Systems may be used
for ancillary functions such as:
• General paging
• Background music
• Non-emergency functions
 Primary function (emergency notification) must
take precedence and cannot be compromised
 24.3.5 Survivability
 Systems for relocation or partial evacuation require
Level 2 or Level 3
 Systems not used for relocation or partial
evacuation can use any Level (0-3)
 Two-Way In-Building Wired Emergency
Communication Systems require Level 2 or Level 3
 Area of Refuge Emergency Communication Systems
require Level 2 or Level 3
 Combining fire/emergency communication
systems with other systems is permitted.
 A fire alarm interface must be provided to
ensure the fire/emergency signal takes
precedence.
 24.4.1.2.1-Voice evacuation
messages shall be preceded
and followed by a minimum
of two cycles of the
emergency evacuation signal
specified in section 18.4.2 (T3
pattern).
 Goal
is to get people’s attention
with the T3 pattern and then
move into the voice
instructions.
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Voice Alarm in Sleeping Areas
 In occupancies where sleeping accommodations are
provided, a low-frequency tone shall be provided in
the sleeping areas that complies with chapter 18.
 In areas where sleeping accommodations are
provided, but message is communicated to those
awake (public, common areas, etc.), low frequency is
not required.
 24.4 One Way Emergency Communication Systems
 24.4.1
In Building Fire Emergency Voice Alarm
 24.4.2 In-Building Mass Notification Systems
 24.4.3 Wide Area Mass Notification Systems
 24.4.4 Distributed Recipient Mass Notification
Systems
 24.5 Two-way In Building Emergency
 24.5.1 Two-Way In Building Wired ECS
 24.5.2 Two Way Radio ECS
 24.5.3 Area of Refuge/Area of Rescue
Assistance ECS
 24.5.4 Elevator ECS
Two-Way ECS
 Two-way ECS systems are divided into two
categories:
 Systems
intended to be used by building
occupants; and,
 Systems that are intended to be used by
firefighters, police, and other emergency
services personnel
Chapter 26-Supervising Station FA Systems
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Chapter 26
Chapter 26 Layout
 Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems
Application
General
Alarm Systems for Central Station Service
Proprietary Supervising Station Systems
Remote Supervising Station Systems
Communication Methods for Supervising
Station Alarm Systems
Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems
 Three options for monitoring a fire alarm
system
 Central
Station
 Proprietary Supervising Station
 Remote Supervising Station
•
Remote Station represents roughly 85-90% of all
monitored fire alarm systems (Source: AFAA)
Supervising Station FA Systems
 Remote Supervising Station Fire Alarm Systems
 Monitored
off premises
• Fire or police station or public safety
communications center
• Other location acceptable to the AHJ
 Must monitor alarm and supervisory signals
 No requirement to monitor trouble signals
 Central Station Service Fire Alarm Systems
 All alarm functions under a single contract
• Installation, monitoring, retransmission,
testing and inspection, runner service
 Defined responses to all three signals
• Section 26.3.4
 Complex requirements for monitoring facilities
 Requirement for system documentation
 Proprietary Supervising Station Fire Alarm
Systems
 Contiguous
or Non-Contiguous
entity and protected premises under
the same ownership
 Must monitor all three signals
 Defined responses to all three signals
 Monitoring
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Fire Alarm Signal (Pre)Verification
 2010 Edition-Allows monitoring companies
to verify alarm signals for Remote Station
Service only before dispatching when
approved by the AHJ
 IAFC introduced proposal to NFPA 72 to
require verification on all fire alarm signals.
 IAFC
proposal was modified
was allowed only for remote station when
approved by AHJ but verification cannot be
more than 90 seconds.
 It
 2013 Edition-Alarm signal verification
was expanded to allow for all three
types of supervising stations (when
approved by the AHJ).
 Language changed from “Alarm Signal
Verification” to “Alarm Signal
Preverification”
 2016 Edition-All language dealing
with preverification of alarm
signals was removed from NFPA
72.
 Rationale:
•
•
Requirements are too confusing for
code officials
911 call centers are not equipped to
handle “possible calls”
Confusing ?
 Caution: Do not confuse (smoke) alarm
verification (chapter 23) with alarm signal
pre-verification by the supervising station.
 Smoke
Alarm Verification involves smoke
detectors and/or fire alarm control panels and
their response to alarm signals
 Alarm Signal Pre-Verification is referring to the
supervising station’s role in responding to fire
alarm signals from the protected premises.
Confusing ?
 2010/2013/2016 Editions
Signals (Chapter 10)
alarm verification (Chapter 23)
Pre-verification of fire alarm signals
(Chapter 26)
Confusing ?
 2010/2013/2016 Editions
Pre-Alarm
Pre-Alarm
Smoke
Smoke
Signals (Chapter 10)
alarm verification (Chapter 23)
Pre-verification of fire alarm signals
(Chapter 26)
•
Pre-verification of alarm signals will be
going away in the 2016 edition.
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Supervising Station Alarm Systems
 26.2.1 Alarm Signal Disposition
All
alarms are required to be immediately
transmitted to the communication center
• Exception for pre-arranged test signals
and alarm signal pre-verification
This is not a new requirement but needs to
be reiterated due to widespread noncompliance.
 Section 26.3.7.1.2-The central station shall
 26.2.4 Alarm Signal Content-When
required by the AHJ, alarm signals
transmitted to a supervising station
shall be by addressable device or zone
identification (“Point ID”)
 Section 26.3.7.1.2-The central station shall
perform the following actions upon receipt of
an alarm signal:
perform the following actions upon receipt of
an alarm signal:
 Immediately retransmit the alarm
 Immediately retransmit the alarm
to the
communications center
 Dispatch a runner/technician to the protected
premises to arrive within 2 hours
 Immediately notify the subscriber
 Provide notice to the subscriber or AHJ, when
required
 Section 26.2.5.2-Any signal received at the
supervising station not repaired to normal
condition within 24 hours shall be
redisplayed to the supervising station
 Supervising station must then notify the
subscriber
 Exception:
to the
communications center…
• The term “immediately” in this context is
intended to mean without unreasonable delay.
• Routine handling should not take longer than 90
seconds to transmit to the supervising station.
Section 26.2.7.4-The supervising
station shall notify the AHJ prior to
terminating service.
Scheduled impairments
50
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Communication Methods
 Requirements found in section 26.6 (both
2010 and 2013)
 Section contains approved methods for
transmitting the fire alarm signal from the
protected premises to the supervising
station
2007 Communication Methods:
 Active Multiplex
 1-Way Radio
 DACTs
 Direct Connect
 McCulloh
 Private Microwave
 2-Way Radio
 Other Technologies
2010 Communication Methods
 Active Multiplex
 1-Way Radio
 DACTs
 Direct Connect
 McCulloh
 Private Microwave
 2-Way Radio
Chapter 26 – Supervising Station
 26.6.2 Communication Methods
26.6.2
General
26.6.3.2.1 DACTs
26.6.3.3 Radio
• 26.6.3.3.2 One-Way Radio
• 26.6.3.3.1 Two-Way Radio
2010 Communication Methods
 DACTs
 1-Way Radio
 2-Way Radio
 2010 Edition
 Section 26.6.3.1.4.1-Where only one
communications technology is used, any
failure of the communication path shall be
annunciated at the supervising station
within 5 minutes of the failure.
 The transmission path
shall be monitored
51
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 2010 Edition
 Section 26.6.3.1.4.2-Where two or more
transmission methods are used (DACTs), the
following requirements shall be met:
 Both
transmission methods shall be monitored.
 Failure of any of the communications path shall
be annunciated at the supervising station and the
protected premises at intervals of not more than
every 24 hours.
 2013 Edition (cont.)-For single transmission
technology, failure of the communications path
shall be annunciated at the supervising station
and the protected premises at intervals of not
more than every 60 minutes.
 Why
the change from 5 minutes to 60 minutes?
 More FA are utilizing IP to monitor system and when
IT departments shut down internet for service it was
initiating trouble signals at panel.
 2013 Edition
 Section 26.6.3.1.5-Where a single transmission
path is used, the following requirements shall
be met:
 The
transmission method shall be monitored.
of any of the communications path shall
every 60 minutes.
 Failure
 2013 Edition
 Section 26.6.3.1.6-Where multiple
transmission paths are used (DACTs), the
following requirements shall be met:
 Both
transmission methods shall be monitored.
 Failure of any of the communications path shall
every 6 hours.
Office Burn Video
 Section 26.6.3.1.10-The maximum duration
between the initiation of an alarm signal at
the protected premises, transmission of
the signal, and receipt of the signal at the
supervising station shall not exceed 90
seconds.
52
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 26.6.3.1.15 Secondary Power
 Secondary
power supplies for communication
methods need to match the requirements for
secondary power for the rest of the fire alarm
system (24 hours).
 Caution: Many power supplies for the
communication method will not meet this
requirement.
Chapter 26 – DACTS

Definition: Digital Alarm Communicator
Transmitter (DACT)
 A system component at the protected
premises to which initiating devices or
groups of devices are connected. The DACT
seizes the connected telephone line, dials a
preselected number to connect to a DACR,
and transmits signals indicating status
change of the initiating device (NFPA 72)
Redundancy is a Good Thing…Right?
Active vs. Passive Methods
 Active = More Reliable
 The
communications method indicates
at the supervising station quickly when
the communications pathway is
interrupted
 Ex: Cell, Radio, IP Communications
 Passive = Less Reliable
 The communications method does not
indicate when it is down; discovery is
only when attempts are made to use it
 Ex: DACTs
DACT Background & History
 First introduced in the 1980s.
 Determined (twice!) by TC to be
unreliable.
 DACT proponents were successful
on the third attempt to get into
the standard, but with
precautions for redundancy.
 Uses plain-old telephone service
(POTS) phone lines
Regulated by phone company
Regulated by NFPA 72
Regulated by NFPA 72
53
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 DACTs are to be connected to the public
 DACTs need to do the
switched telephone network ahead of any
customer owned equipment
following when sending a
signal:
 Must
be ahead for any private-branch exchange
(PBX) phone networks
 Seize
the telephone line
any other uses of the
phone line
 No public telephone lines
 Disconnect
 Connection needs to be on a loop start POTS
(plain old telephone service) telephone line.
 Ground start is not permitted.
 Fire
panel should not have to dial “9” to get an
outside line.
 No requirement for a
dedicated phone line.
RJ31X Jack Set Up
 Transmission channels for
RJ31X JACK
LINES TO
BUILDING
LINES FROM
STREET
DACTs
 First channel must be a
loop start POTS (copper)
telephone line.
 Second channel could be
either another telephone
line, cellular telephone
service, radio, or IP.
FACU
&
DACT
Phone Co.
Termination
Point
DIGITAL
Supervising Station
 Original concept of redundancy
 Use two end-to-end copper POTS
telephone lines
 Connect to the fire alarm system via
a RJ-31X jack
To the
phone
company
•
Line 1
Line 2
To the
phone
company
Original intent was to have phone lines on opposite ends
54
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DACT Requirements
Frequently Asked Question
 Section A DACT must have means to reset
and retry if the first attempt to dial out is
unsuccessful.
 Additional attempts shall be made to redial
and transmit the fire alarm signal
 Can non-traditional phone service
(fiber-optic or broadband) be used
with a DACT?
A
minimum of 5 attempts and a maximum of
10.
Frequently Asked Question
Chapter 26 – DACTs
 Can non-traditional phone service (fiber-
optic or broadband) be used with a DACT?
 ANSWER: Yes, as long as the service is
 Using telephone company fiber optic
 Regular telephone
company fiber optic lines
fiber optic lines is the same as end-to-end
copper lines
 All equipment is telephone company owned
 PROBLEM: Standby power supplies are generally only
8 hours, not 24 hours
provided through a managed facilitiesbased voice network (MFVN)
 CODEC
Fiber-optic Connection
Phone Company
Exterior Phone Connection
Line 1
Line 2
 Option 1
To
Phone
Comp.
(MFVN)
 Option 2
 Cable company broadband
 Cable company telephone service
 CODEC is usually compatible with telephone
company standards
 PROBLEM: Some equipment may be customer
owned
 PROBLEM: Standby power supplies are generally 8
hours, not 24 hours
55
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Broadband Connection
Cable Company
Only 1 transmission line
from the protected
premises
Broadband Connection
Cable Company
Cable box inside protected
premises
Cable box inside protected
premises
Exterior cable
box attached to
building
Exterior cable
box attached to
building
Line 1
Line 1
To Cable
Comp.
(MFVN)
Line 2
Exterior cable box
Exterior cable box
 Using VoIP telephonic pathways
 Service similar to “Vonage”, “Magic Jack”, or
“Ooma”.
 PROBLEM: Lines are generally not compatible
with telephone company equipment.
 PROBLEM: Equipment is customer owned.
 PROBLEM: Standby power is generally nonexistent.
To Cable
Comp.
(MFVN)
Line 2
 Using VoIP telephonic pathways
 Service similar to “Vonage”, “Magic Jack”, or
“Ooma”.
 PROBLEM: Lines are generally not compatible
with telephone company equipment.
 PROBLEM: Equipment is customer owned.
 PROBLEM: Standby power is generally nonexistent.
Chapter 26 – The Future of DACTs?
 The second line on a
DACT must be a different
technology (i.e. radio, IP)
 Exc.
When approved by
AHJ
 If there are two
telephone lines on a
DACT, time tests must be
every 6 hours.
56
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 With each passing day, more and more
communications services migrate to
broadband and IP-based services, leaving
the public switched telephone network and
plain-old telephone service as relics of a bygone era.
 AT&T Filing to the FCC, 21 Dec. 2009
Chapter 26 – Alternatives
 Radio
IP-DACTs
 FAQ-Does an IP-DACT have to meet the
 AES
Intellinet
 GSM
 Alarm Net
same requirements as a DACT?
 IP Communications
 Firelite
“IP-DACT”
“IP-DACT”
 Honeywell
 Cellular
 cellular
communicator
Chapter 27
IP-DACTs
 FAQ-Does an IP-DACT have to meet the same
requirements as a DACT?
 ANSWER: No; IP-DACTs connect to the DACT
output of the FACP and convert the outgoing
signal to IP. As such, they are considered to
use IP technology in their connection to the IP
network. They are therefore subject to the
performance based design requirements of
section 26.6.3.1 (not section 26.6.3.2 for
DACTs)
 Public Emergency Alarm
Reporting Systems
 Primarily
used in the NE part of
the country
 Chapter provides requirements
for publicly accessible alarm
boxes installed throughout a
community
• Boxes are connected to a
receiving location that is owned
and operated by the public
authority.
57
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Chapter 29
Smoke Alarms & Household FA Systems
 Single & Multiple Station Alarms and
Household Fire Alarm Systems
 Application
 Purpose
 Basic
Requirements
 Assumptions
 Detection
and Notification
 Power Supplies
 Section 29.3.8.1
 Chapter
29 TC took a different approach than
Chapter 18 TC on low frequency smoke alarms
 Smoke alarms with low frequency are only
required for those with mild to severe hearing
loss.
 Must have a square wave frequency of 520 Hz.
This was clarified in the 2007 edition of NFPA 72:
“Outside of each separate dwelling unit sleeping area,
within 21 feet of any door to a sleeping room, with
distance measured along path of travel” (29.5.1.1)
 Equipment
Performance
 Installation
 Optional Functions
 Maintenance and Tests
 Markings and
Instructions
Correct smoke alarm location?
Is this in the “immediate vicinity” of the sleeping room?
(NFPA 72 (02) 11.5.1.1)
Bedroom
 29.5.1.3 Large Areas in
One & Two Family
Homes
 Areas
Bedroom
in One and Two
Family Homes over 1,000
sq. ft. require additional
smoke alarms
58
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 29.7.9.2 Alarm Signal Verification
 This section permits verification of signals for
Remote monitoring only prior to notifying the
communication center as long as verification
takes no longer than 90 seconds.
Household Fire Warning Equipment
 Section 29.8.3.4 #4
 Smoke
alarms shall not be
installed within 10 feet of
stationary cooking
appliances unless listed for
close proximity to cooking
appliances
 Smoke alarms installed
between 10-20 feet must
have a silencing button
Nest Smoke Alarm
 Section 29.8.1.4 #5(b)
 Continues
language requiring smoke alarms in
one & two family dwellings to be replaced
after 10 years or when they fail to operability
test.
 Section 29.8.3.4 (cont.)
 Smoke
alarms/detectors shall not be installed
within 3 feet of bathrooms with a shower/tub
 Smoke alarms/detectors shall not be installed
within 3 feet of ceiling fans
NFPA 72 and NFPA 720
 NFPA 720
 Carbon
monoxide detectors installed as part of
a building wide detection system shall be
installed as follows:
• On the ceiling in the same room as
permanently installed fuel-burning appliances
• Centrally located on every habitable level and
in every HVAC zone of the building
• A performance-based design system
59
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 NFPA 720
 Single/multiple station carbon monoxide alarms
shall be installed as follows:
• Outside of each separate dwelling unit sleeping
area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms
• On every occupied level of a dwelling unit,
including basements (not including attics or
crawl spaces)
• Other locations where required by applicable
laws, codes or standards
 NFPA 720 maintenance
 CO
detection systems: Must be tested annually
 CO alarms: Must be tested in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions at least monthly.
 NFPA 720
 Each
CO alarm/detector shall be located on the
wall, ceiling or other location as specified in the
manufacturer’s installation instructions.
Chapter 29 & NFPA 720
 Proposal for the 2019 edition is to add NFPA 720
(CO detection and warning systems) into NFPA 72
(NFPA 720 would discontinue).
 Discussion also includes removing chapter 29
from NFPA 72 and creating a separate standard
for single/multiple station smoke/CO alarms
 Rational for
change: single & multiple station smoke/CO
alarms are not “fire alarm systems”
 Proposal is to create a new NFPA standard for single &
multiple station smoke alarms and carbon monoxide
alarms (currently in NFPA 720).
 Stay tuned…
NFPA 72 Task Group
 An NFPA 72 task group is working with the
Fire Protection Research Foundation and
Oklahoma State University
 Goal is to develop a new set of guidelines
for code officials and designers when
working on projects where the occupants
have sensory related conditions.
Finally…
 In closing, what changes would you like to
see in NFPA 72?
 Work on the 2019 edition will begin soon.
 If you have suggestions please e-mail me.
60
9/15/15
Contact Information
SFPE Great Plains Chapter
[email protected]
952-261-5854
Thank you for hosting this
E-mail is preferred option so I can attach code
sections, if necessary
Will do my best to get back to you in less than 24
hours.
event!
61

Here - SFPE Great Plains

Transcription

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