Book of abstracts

Transcription

Book of abstracts

WELCOME TO THE 10 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
WOMAN
IN
CULTURE
2015
“GENDER, CULTURE, &
MIGRATION”
Dear Guests and Delegates,
10th International Conference Woman in Culture: Gender, Culture, & Migration is a meeting
organized under the auspices of the Polish-Norwegian consortium PAR Migration Navigator
(www.migrationnavigator.org), coordinated by the University of Gdańsk.
This conference is an annual event organized under the main theme of Woman in Culture that
brings together researchers from multiple disciplines (psychology, sociology, gender studies)
along with gender equality practitioners and policy makers to consider how gender issues are
represented worldwide.
We have had the pleasure of working together for last ten years promoting local, national and
global understanding of the importance of gender equality issues. Our conferences have covered
themes ranging from child development, through sexual and intimate relations, cultural
violence, love and much more . We have always focused on both women’s and men’s quality of
life.
We have certainly enjoyed working as a team and the spirit of our cooperation has always
helped us organize inspiring events bringing together students, academics and practitioners.
The “power” of Woman in Culture Conference resides in the people making and supporting it –
among them are always supporting authorities of Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social
Sciences and University of Gdańsk; our wonderful students from Students Psychological Club
Anima; our colleagues from Faculty of Social Sciences; local and national NGO representatives,
working in the field of gender relations; publishers publishing our research; local and national
media journalists, helping us promote the idea of the Conference across Poland; academics and
practitioners presenting their inspiring work, and of course our families, always standing by us,
although February and beginning of March each year have been tough times for them ;-)
This year’s Conference themes cover issues relating to gender issues and migration, with a
special emphasis placed on social and cultural changes influencing gender equality. Gender
(in)equality is established and maintained at different but intersecting levels, from the more
proximal family level to the more distal society level. At the cultural level, it can be wellobserved in the rituals and practices of individuals and couples.
The focal questions of the Conference concern the following issues: How can social change in
values and attitudes towards gender equality be fostered? What is the role of culture in forming
gender equality within couples, families, organizations and societies as a whole? And finally, how
can we investigate the mutual influences of individual motivations and cultural change, when
individuals/couples migrate?
We wish you a successful and stimulating conference and we are sure that you will enjoy the
hospitality and diversity of Tricity (Gdańsk–Sopot–Gdynia).
Organizing Team
A Woman in Culture
Gender, Culture, & Migration, 2015
1
Scientific Committee:
Organizing Committee:
Chairs:
Chairs:
Małgorzata Lipowska (UG) &
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka (PAR
Migration Navigator)
Paulina Pawlicka (UG) &
Magdalena Żadkowska (PAR Migration
Navigator)
Krystyna Adamska, UG
Tomasz Besta, UG
Tomasz Besta, UG
Marta Boińska, UG
Maciej Dębski, UG
Małgorzata Choroszewska, UG
Magdalena Gajewska UG
Maciej Dębski, UG
Michał Jaśkiewicz, UG
Magdalena Gajewska, UG
Paweł Jurek, UG
Brita Grejstad, IRIS
Maria Kaźmierczak, UG
Magdalena Herzberg, UG
Kuba Kryś, IP PAN
Marta Kaczorowska, UG
Anna Kwiatkowska, IP PAN
Maria Kaźmierczak, UG
Øystein Lund Johannessen, SIK
Agnieszka Kierończyk, UG
Radosław Kossakowski UG
Lubomiła Korzeniewska, UG
Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska, UG
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, UG
Paulina Pawlicka, UG
Radosław Kossakowski, UG
Dorota Rancew-Sikora, UG
Marta Łockiewicz, UG
Geir Skeie, UiS
Weronika Mathes, UG
Krzysztof Stachura, UG
Anna Przybyszewska, UG
Tomasz Szlendak, UMK
Krzysztof Stachura, UG
Gunn Vedøy, IRIS
Justyna Świdrak, IP PAN
Magdalena Żadkowska, UG
& Members of Psychological Club ANIMA
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WELCOME TO THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE WOMAN IN CULTURE 2015
“GENDER, CULTURE, & MIGRATION” .......................................................................................................................... 1
FRIDAY, MARCH 6TH ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Work-Life Balance is a Men’s Issue, JOSEPH VANDELLO (University of
SOUTH FLORIDA) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: Polish emigrants and immigrants in Poland: Psychological
perspective on challenges and opportunities? Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska (JAGIELLONIAN
UNIVERSITY) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: The impact of migration: Do women lose or gain?, ELISABETH BECKGERNSHEIM (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) .................................................................................................. 12
SYMPOSIUM 1: Gender differences and stereotypes – psychological perspective, Chairs:
Mirosław Kofta (University of Warsaw, poland) / Tomasz Besta (University of Gdańsk, poland) .... 13
The Polish Supermother stereotype, Janina Pietrzak, Małgorzata Mikołajczak (University of
Warsaw, Poland) ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
The preference for traditional vs. modern woman’s role, sexism, and social
conservatism, Wiktor Soral, Mirosław Kofta, Zuzanna Kwiatkowska, Sylvia Kapusta (University
of Warsaw, Poland) ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
Women and men as drivers. Chosen subjective determinants of risky behavior in road
traffic, Magdalena Wyszomirska-Góra, Piotr Połomski, Aleksandra Peplińska, Marcin Szulc
(University of Gdańsk, Poland)...................................................................................................................................... 14
Gender bias among male psychoterapists: What are the reasons?, Mirosław Kofta, Maciej
ŚnieŻyŃski, Marek BŁaŻewicz (University of Warsaw, Poland) ................................................................... 14
Female and male university students’ gender role stereotypes as a global, Wassilis Kassis
(University Osnabrueck, Germany), Charlotte Schallié (University of Victoria, Canada) ................. 15
SYMPOSIUM 2: New Perspectives on Work-Life Balance, Chair: Małgorzata Lipowska
(University of Gdańsk, POLAND) ....................................................................................................................................... 16
Does organization support employees' satisfaction of work-life balance?, Agnieszka
Mościcka-Teske, Marcin Drabek (Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland) ....................... 16
Work at home, home at work – difficulties in achieving work-life balance among
selected European countries, Dominika Polkowska (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University,
Poland) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Negative home – work interference and its relations to organizational culture, nonoccupational duties and support in SME sector workers. Does gender matter?, Dorota
Merecz, Agata Wężyk, Aleksandra Andysz (Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland)... 17
Work-life balance – what does it mean to Polish parents and how does it refer to
scientific definitions? Preliminary results of interviews in EFFECT project, Agata WĘŻyk,
Aleksander StaŃczak (Nofer Institute of Occupational Health, Poland) .................................................. 17
SYMPOSIUM 3: Polish migrants in Norway part 1, . Chair: Gunn Vedøy (International Research
Institute of Stavanger, NORWAY)..................................................................................................................................... 18
Exploring the potential of Focus Group Interviews in studying gender equality - feminist
approach as a step ahead, Ewa Krzaklewska, Aleksandra Migalska (Jagiellonian University,
Poland) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3
Social movements and the development of gender equality – the case of Norway and
Poland, Trine Rogg Korsvik (University of Oslo, Norway) .............................................................................. 18
Emigration as an emancipatory project? Experiences of Polish women in Norway,
Magdalena Herzberg (University of Gdańsk, Poland)........................................................................................ 19
Masculinities and fatherhood among Polish migrants in Norway, Oleksandr Ryndyk
(Centre for Intercultural Communication, Norway) .......................................................................................... 19
SYMPOSIUM 4: Contemporary challenges for families and couples part 1, Chair: Magdalena
Żadkowska (University of Gdańsk, Poland).................................................................................................................. 20
"Russian wife": problem or salvation? Cultural differences in the mixed Polish-Russian
families, Victoria Dunaeva (Bogdan Janski Academy, Warsaw, Poland)................................................ 20
Cultures unfolding: experiences of Chinese-Hungarian mixed couples in Hungary
during the 2010s, Nora Kovacs (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary).................................... 20
Socio-cultural trend in Korean-Russian mixed marriages, Rumiya Tangalycheva (SaintPetersburg State University, Russia) .......................................................................................................................... 21
Motivations, stereotypes and gender relations among bi-national couples. The case of
Spanish women married to foreign men, Verónica Anzil (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain),
Cristina García MORENO (Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain), Jordi Roca GIRONA (Universitat
Rovira i Virgili, Spain), Ana Urmeneta Garrido (Universitat de Girona, Spain) .................................... 21
Does migration change the division of household tasks between partners? The
distribution of housework and childcare tasks between men and women in Polish
families in Ireland, Łukasz Klimek (University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Warsaw,
Poland) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
SYMPOSIUM 6: Social change & migration, Chair: Magdalena Gajewska (University of gdańsk,
Poland) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Women migrants from post-Soviet countries – The stories of success, Anna Dolińska
(University of Warsaw, Poland) ................................................................................................................................... 23
Gender equality in case of Ukrainian female migrants in Poland, Oksana Koshulko
(Maltepe University in Istanbul, Turkey) ................................................................................................................. 23
Migration as empowerment? The case of Ukrainian female migrants in Italy, Silvia
Cavasola (Luiss University, Italy)................................................................................................................................. 24
Does gender equality work for a better life? Marta Warat, Ewa Krzaklewska (Jagiellonian
University, Poland) ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
SYMPOSIUM 7: Polish migrants in Norway part 2, Chair Gunhild Odden (Centre for
Intercultural Communication Stavanger) .................................................................................................................... 25
Care for the older generation in Poland in the declarations of Polish immigrants in
Norway, Zofia Kawczyńska-Butrym, Marzena Kruk (Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Poland)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Work migrant families: Encounters and its opposite, Brita Gjerstad, Gunn Vedøy, Svein
Ingve Nødland (International Research Institute of Stavanger, Norway) ............................................... 25
Fathering in a post-socialist and Nordic context, Margunn Bjørnholt (Policy and Social
Research AS, Norway), Dorota Merecz, Anna Najder, Kari Stefansen and Agata Wężyk (Nofer
Institure of Occupational Medicine, Poland) .......................................................................................................... 26
Re-thinking parenting among Polish migrants in Norway, Gunhild Odden, Olga
KURZYNOGA (Centre for Intercultural Communication, Norway) .............................................................. 26
4
SYMPOSIUM 8: Contemporary challenges for families and couples part 2, Chair: Anna
Kalinowska-Żeleźnik (University of Gdańsk)............................................................................................................... 27
Femininity and masculinity in gender relations in Latin American culture – partnership,
marriage, family. The case of Mexico, Paulina Cichomska-Szpakowska (University of Łódź,
Poland) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Social change and gender roles in intimate relationships in Polish cultural context,
Monika Grochalska (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland) ......................................... 27
Family centrality, beliefs about gender roles and home-work interaction - do they
influence each other?, Anna Najder, Aleksandra Andysz (Nofer Institure of Occupational
Medicine, Poland) ................................................................................................................................................................ 28
The Influence of the transmission of values and attitudes within families on the mate
selection of second generation immigrants in Europe, Amrei Maddox (Graduate School of
Economic and Social Sciences (GESS), University of Mannheim, Germany) ............................................ 28
The Perception of parenthood in Poland – results of interviews with a group of Polish
parents of young children, Aleksandra Wójcik, Adrianna Potocka (Nofer Institute of
Occupational Medicine, Poland) .................................................................................................................................. 29
SYMPOSIUM 9: Gender differences and stereotypes - SOCIOLOGICAL perspective, Chair:
Kuba Kryś (nstitute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences)....................................................................... 30
Foreign women in discourse: A sexual object or a wife in Turkey, Ece Akca, Ceren Mete,
Hilal Peker, Çağlar Solak, Nihan Selin Soylu, Feyzan Tuzkaya, Melek Göregenli (Ege University,
Turkey....................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
The impact of war-related displacement on gender roles: A case study in the Republic of
Georgia, Maureen Seguin, Bayard Roberts (The London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, United Kingdom) ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Muslim immigration, Islam and patriarchy: An account of the British extreme right’s
strategic deployment of gender equality discourses in the othering of the Muslim, Jon
Mulholland, Erin Sanders-McDonagh, Nicola Montagna (Middlesex University, United Kingdom)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Gender stereotype and culture, Anne Iguehi Omokhuale (Kozminski University, Poland) ....... 31
SYMPOSIUM 10: Transnational Families In Polish-Norwegian Context. Work-Life Balance
Strategies. Findings From The Transfam Project, ChaiR: Krystyna Slany (Jagiellonian Universty,
POLAND) ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Hanging in the balance? Reconciliations of work and family among the Polish parents
settled and employed in Norway, Paula Pustułka (Jagiellonian University, Poland) .................. 32
School, home, and the in-between spaces of youth social life through a gender lens Polish migrant parents talking about their children growing up in Norway, Magdalena
Ślusarczyk (Jagiellonian University, Poland) ......................................................................................................... 32
Work & family: The youngest members Of transnational families about (im)balance,
Krystyna Slany, Stella Strzemecka (Jagiellonian University, Poland) ........................................................ 33
The invisible immigrant child in the Norwegian classroom, Randi Wærdahl (Agder
Research, Norway).............................................................................................................................................................. 33
SYMPOSIUM 11: Women, Men, & Art, Chair: Michał Jaśkiewicz (University of Gdańsk, Poland) 35
The portrayal of women in selected 2013 Bubble Gang segments as perceived by DLSUD women student leaders, Hezekiah Cua (De La Salle University, Philippines)............................... 35
5
Images of women in the semiotic landscape of the Baltic States, Solvita Pošeiko (Institute
of Regional Studies of Rezekne, Latvia) .................................................................................................................... 35
Drama and the woman question: Mrs. Warren’s profession in Poland, Agnieszka
Adamowicz-Pośpiech (University of Silesia, Poland).......................................................................................... 36
The Power to represent: Male domination on representing Kurdish identity in
contemporary art forms, Basak Siray (Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey)..................................... 36
SATURDAY, March 7TH ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
keyNOTE speaker: Doing Domestic Work, Doing "Not Real Work", RHACEL SALAZAR
PARRENAS (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CAROLINA) ........................................................................................... 37
SYMPOSIUM 12: Culture, identity, and acculturation processes - the case of working
migrants, Chair: Halina Grzymała-Moszczyńska (Jagiellonian University) ............................................... 37
Aspirations and work trajectories of Polish women in the UK labour market, Aziz Karima
(London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom).......................................................................................... 37
Employment amongst immigrants selected as skilled workers in Quebec (Canada):
assessing the role of gender and of national origins, Julie Lacroix (Université de Genève,
Switzerland), Alain Gagnon (Université de Montréal, Canada) .................................................................... 38
Academic migration from the ex-USSR to Australia: gender and family issues, Anna
Morozov (The University of Adelaide, Australia) ................................................................................................. 38
Where does it help to be culturally intelligent?, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, Paulina
Pawlicka, Marta Łockiewicz, Małgorzata Lipowska, Dorota Brzezińska, Aleksandra Suty
SYMPOSIUM 13: Migration in Europe part 1, Chair: Krzysztof Stachura (University of Gdańsk)
........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Shift in social orders – Shift in gender roles? Migration experience and gender roles,
Tetiana Havlin (University of Siegen, Germany) .................................................................................................. 40
Gender and culture of pacifism in situation of migration, Oxana Kozlova (University of
Szczecin, Poland) ................................................................................................................................................................. 40
The pillars of the Turkish migrant culture in the Netherlands: Women’s challenges
before and after migration, Osen Tuncer (Netherlands Research School of Gender Studies,
Netherlands).......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Emplacement of Filipinas in London: Possibility in light of sacrifice, Dia Flores (Long
Beach City College and University College London, United Kingdom) ....................................................... 41
SYMPOSIUM 14: Men, women, & parental roles, Chair: Maria Kaźmierczak (University of
Gdańsk, Poland) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Mothering which nation?: Parenting, citizenship and the politics of belonging of Filipino
migrant mothers raising Japanese-Filipino children (JFC), Jocelyn Omandam Celero
(Waseda University, Japan) ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Assuming or not the maternal role in conditions of poverty, a dimension of the child
abandonment, Rebeca Popescu (University of Bucharest, Romania)...................................................... 42
Mothers as “adaptation managers” in expatriates’ families, Agnieszka Trąbka (Jagiellonian
University, Poland) ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
INVITED SYMPOSIUM: Migrating women and social roles, PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR
part 1, Chair Elisabeth Gernsheim-Beck (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg)......................................... 44
Migrant women and leisure, Anna Horolets (University of Gdańsk, Poland).................................... 44
6
Mothering from abroad. Changes in socialization patterns in migrants’ families in
comparative perspective, Joanna Bielecka-Prus (University of Marie Curie-Skłodowska,
Poland) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Re-thinking the gender revolution. The case of transnational mothers from Poland
(1989-2010), Sylwia Urbańska (University of Warsaw, Poland)............................................................... 45
Polish mothers in Norway: Care deficits as a reason to gender roles transformation,
Alicja Sadownik (Bergen University College, Norway) ...................................................................................... 45
SYMPOSIUM 15: Work & gender, Chair: Hanna Brycz (University of Gdańsk)..................................... 47
Comparative analysis of the sources of gender income gap in industrial societies, Saki
Kudo, Satoshi MIWA (Tohoku University, Japan)................................................................................................. 47
Social work and gender at the backdrop of development: Challenges and opportunities,
Daniela Gaba (University of Bucharest, Romania).............................................................................................. 47
Professional burnout among women as social workers - personality and organizational
risk factors, Beata Mańkowska (University of Gdansk, Poland)................................................................. 48
Procedural justice in organization: gender perspective, Krystyna Adamska (University of
Gdansk, Poland), Andrzej Falkowski (University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland) ...... 48
SYMPOSIUM 16: Migration in Europe part 2, Chair: Agata Bachórz (University of Gdańsk,
poland) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Analysis of dynamic migrations, man and woman changes in Poland, Monika Nawrocka
(Academy of Physical Education, Poland) ............................................................................................................... 49
Narratives of well-being among refugees and asylum seekers in Cameroon and the UK:
A comparative study, Brianne Wenning (University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom)................... 49
Multiculturality and Europe. From challenge to clash, Lauren Petrila (Babes-Bolyai
University, Romania) ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
Immigrants Integration: The Process of being a Commodity, Aminul Islam (Tallinn
University, Estonia) ............................................................................................................................................................ 50
SYMPOSIUM 17: Migration in Europe part 2, Chair: Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska (University
of Gdańsk, poland) ................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Forced migration and sexual abuse: Experience of DRC adolescent girls in Kigeme
refugee camp, Rwanda, Innocent Iyakaremye (University of Rwanda, Rwanda), Claudine
Mukagatare (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees).................................................................. 51
Feminist identity styles, sexual and non-sexual traumatic events and psychological
well-being in a sample of Polish women, Justyna Kucharska (University of Warsaw, Poland)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Female genital mutilation and its effects on women and girls . A case study of the Sabiny
in Kaphorwa District Of Uganda, Richard Sempala (Africa Life Youth Foundation, Uganda) . 52
Gendered violence and rape as a form of genocide, Aleksandra Spychalska (University of
Wroclaw, Poland)................................................................................................................................................................ 52
INVITED SYMPOSIUM: Migrating Women and Social Roles, PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR
PART 2, Chair: Rhacel Parrenas (University of Southern California) ............................................................ 53
How to make the division of male and female household duties VANISH - comparing
everyday life practices of Polish women in Poland and in Norway, Magdalena Żadkowska
7
(Re)gendered social roles among Polish women in Norway, Gunhild Odden, Centre for
Intercultural Communication (SIK) ........................................................................................................................... 53
Gender roles and work migrants in Norway – communication between authorities and
migrants about gender issues, Brita Gjerstad, International Research Institute of Stavanger
(IRIS), Norway ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54
POSTER SESSION PART 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 55
The protective role of collective identity of women in alleviating the psychological
consequences of sexist discrimination, Róża BaziŃska (University of Social Sciences and
Humanities, Faculty in Sopot, Poland) ...................................................................................................................... 55
Gender perspective on student’s mobility to university, Caroline Berggren (University of
Gothenburg, Sweden) ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Cultural change and position of television which became the most popular media in
Turkey after 1980, Sedat Cereci (Batman University, Turkey) ................................................................. 56
What makes men scared of household duties?, Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, krystyna
adamska, Tomasz Besta, michał jaśkiewicz, Paweł Jurek, Lubomiła Korzeniewska, Marta
Kaczorowska, Marta Boińska (PAR mIGRATION nAVIGATOR, University of Gdańsk, Poland) ...... 56
Women in Japanese marriage - actual and past trends, Barbara Jelonek (University of
Wroclaw, Poland)................................................................................................................................................................ 56
Gender as a factor protecting youths from risky behaviour, Magdalena Jochimek, Mariusz
Lipowski (Gdańsk University of Psychical Education and Sport, Poland) ................................................ 57
Feminist political science: from “women in politics” to “the gendering of political
institutions”, Barbara Kijewska (University of Gdansk, Poland) ............................................................... 57
Gender and the strategies of coping with stress in relation to risk assessment in
extreme sports, Daniel Krokosz, Mariusz Lipowski (Gdańsk University of Psychical Education
and Sport, Poland) .............................................................................................................................................................. 57
Gains or pains: How job affects the lives of women in Pakistan, Waheed Mohuddin, Asad
Mahmud (Lahore Leads University, Pakistan) ...................................................................................................... 58
‘Honor crimes’ in Muslim and European countries, Katarzyna Sadowa (University of
Wrocław, Poland) ............................................................................................................................................................... 58
Time frames of the western culture and one's satisfaction with life, Oksana Senyk (Ivan
Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine) ........................................................................................................ 58
Networked subversion - A catalyst for a change in thinking about sexuality, Weronika
Urban (Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland) ............................................................................. 59
Migration aspirations & realities: Experiences of female Polish migrant workers in the
UK, Karima Aziz (London Metropolitan University, United Kingdom)...................................................... 59
More liberty, less freedom - When women’s life changes to less possibilities through
migrating to a more egalitarian country, Christina Barwich (Technical University of
Darmstadt, Germany)....................................................................................................................................................... 60
SYMPOSIUM 18: Women in organisations, Chairs: Aneta Chybicka (City Institute) / Paulina
Pawlicka (University of Gdańsk, Poland) ...................................................................................................................... 61
The legal and social status of women in changing Japanese society, Urszula Muszalska
(University of Wroclaw, Poland) .................................................................................................................................. 61
8
The strength of the women in business - what women do better than men, part 1, by
Aneta Chybicka (City Institute, Poland) and part 2, by Elżbieta Zubrzycka (Gdańsk Psychology
Publishing House GWP, Poland) ................................................................................................................................... 61
Gendered private knowledge as a political capital. The case of Ukrainian women in
Poland, Aleksandra Herman (University of Warsaw, Poland) ..................................................................... 61
SYMPOSIUM 19: Migration in the culture of the Middle East, Chair: Anna Horolets (University
of Gdańsk) .................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
“I’m Muslim and I’m gay”: Arab Middle Eastern gays in Sweden, Reza Arjmand, Ihsan Zakri
(Lund University, Sweden) .............................................................................................................................................. 62
Gender differences in spatial and cultural Integration: Internal migration in Turkey,
Melek Göregenli, G. İrem Umuroğlu and Pelin Karakus (EGE UNIVERSITY, TURKEY) ...................... 62
Women and labor migration in the Arab Gulf countries, Nani Gelovani (Iv. Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University, Georgia) ................................................................................................................................. 63
SYMPOSIUM 20: Violence, social norms, & legal system, Chair: Maciej Dębski (University of
Gdańsk, Poland) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
Male Survivors of SGBV: Equally Valid Victims or Too Masculine for It? A Case Study of
Nakivale Refugee Settlement in Uganda, Suule Soo (EMMIR, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Germany) ........................................................................................................................................................ 64
Gender stereotypes and legal culture, Isabel Garrido Gomez (University of Alcalá, Spain) .... 64
Law, state policy and culturally motivated crimes. The case of honour killings in Europe,
Joanna Ptak (Jagiellonian University, Poland) ...................................................................................................... 65
Honour killing asylum applications and asylum gender gap in interpreting the 1951
Geneva Convention, Sibel Safi (Gediz University, Turkey) ........................................................................... 65
SYMPOSIUM 21: Social system & public intervention, Chair: Michał Kaczmarczyk (University
of Gdańsk, Poland) ................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Migrant women’s awareness, experiences and perceptions of cancer screening services
in Poland, Omoye Akhagba (Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) ............................................................ 67
Towards the construction of intercultural dialogues between migrating Bolivian
women and health-care teams. A proposal of counterhegemony in the Argentinian
public health system, Carla Angelini (Hospital Interzonal General Dr. José Penna- Bahía
Blanca, Argentina).............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Indigenous women and resilience in the context of internal displacement in Colombia,
Gina Escobar Cuero (University of Vienna, Austria) ........................................................................................... 68
Romanian initiatives on return migration and reintegration of return migrants,
Georgiana - Cristina Rentea (University of Bucharest, Romania)................................................................ 68
SYMPOSIUM 22: Gender & social structure, Chair: Radosław Kossakowski (University of
Gdańsk) ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
The interplay between group identification and perceived inferiority: Implications for
women’s appraisals of options for coping with discrimination and well-being, Outten
Robert, Rui Costa-Lopes, Michael Schmitt (University of Lisbon, Portugal)............................................ 69
Gender as a moderator of the relationship between learning engagement and study
addiction, Paweł Atroszko, Bartosz Atroszko (University of Gdańsk, Poland)..................................... 69
Why do female students experience higher exam stress than male students?, Bartosz
Atroszko, Paweł Atroszko (University of Gdańsk, Poland)............................................................................... 70
9
Power and sport: Women in management structures of the Polish sport associations
and organizations, Maria Popielawska (Fundation V4 Sport, Poland), Renata Włoch (University
of Warsaw, Poland) ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
SYMPOSIUM 23: Migration & cultural systems, Chair: Anna Kwiatkowska (Institute of
Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences) ...................................................................................................................... 71
Migrant destinations and the geographical imaginations of trainee female nurses in
Metro Manila, Madeleine Thompson (Newcastle University, United Kingdom) ................................. 71
Migration and remittances: A study of the Nepalese migrant workers in the coal-mines
of Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya, Rashmi Upadhyay (Aarhus University, Denmark)................................. 71
Migrants from Central Asia seeking medical care in Moscow: Male and female
strategies, Daniel Kashnitsky, Ekaterina Demintseva (Higher School of Economics, Russia) ...... 72
SYMPOSIUM 24: Spirituality & culture, Chair: Anna Zawadzka (University of Gdańsk, poland) 73
Wearing trousers among skirts - female experience among Tibetan Buddhist monastic
society, Malwina Krajewska (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland).................................................. 73
Women’s beliefs as a condition of survival? – the role of human faith in everyday life,
Katarzyna Skrzypińska (University of Gdańsk, Poland) ................................................................................... 73
The gender dimension of minority religious incorporation, Irina Ciornei, Lisa Marie
Borrelli (University of Berne, Switzerland)............................................................................................................ 73
SYMPOSIUM 25: Art & gender discourses, Chair: Magdalena Brzezińska (University of warsaw,
poland) .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Parenting and gender roles in the Roman Empire, Meral Hakman (Aksaray University,
Turkey) ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 75
Wherever one wants to go. Rosi Braidotti's concept of a „nomadic subject” and its
philosophical possibilities, Marzena Adamiak (Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) ................ 75
The nomadic subject – the migrating entity. Rosi Braidotti’s new theory of subjectivity,
Agnieszka Jagusiak (University of Łódź, Poland) ................................................................................................. 76
Devouring a woman on the edge: A gender approach to Tennessee Williams’ “A
Streetcar Named Desire”, Ekmel Hakman (Aksaray University, Turkey)............................................ 76
POSTER SESSION PART 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 77
A Contemporary problem after migration, communication: Case of Turkey, Sedat Cereci
(Mustafa Kemal University, Turkey) .......................................................................................................................... 77
Religiosity and a sense of national identity in Polish female emigrants living in the
United Kingdom, Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska, Arkadiusz Bernat, Jacek Śliwak, Beata
Zarzycka, Anna Tychmanowicz (University of Gdansk, Poland) ................................................................... 77
Alienation and fear of Indian expatriates abroad due to lack of social security, Vivek
Varghese (University of Kerala, India) ...................................................................................................................... 78
The correlation between Heidt's moral ethics and people nation's attitudes, Joanna
Ciepłuch, Tamara Walczak (University of Gdansk, Poland)............................................................................ 78
A study of parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of parent involvement in three refugee
schools in Kuala Lumpur, MOHAMED ABDULLAHI GURE, Mahamuud Abdullahi Abdulqadir
(Islamic Science University of Malaysia, Malaysia) ............................................................................................. 78
Diagnosis of care deficit on parents of migrant women in the opinion of public
institutions, Marzena Kruk (Maria Curie Skłodowska University, Poland) .......................................... 79
10
Restrictions in externalizing religion through clothing style. Comparison of European
law regulations regarding Muslim women clothing, Agnieszka Kuriata (University of
Wroclaw, Poland)................................................................................................................................................................ 79
Family life at a distance. Sociality of transnational families in the mediated contexts
between Poland and Germany, Jagoda Motowidlo (University of Giessen, Germany) ................. 79
Eve still in danger: An exploration of violence against women in Pakistan and policy
recommendations in post disaster situation, Waheed Mohuddin, Asad Mahmud (Lahore
Leads University, Pakistan) ............................................................................................................................................ 80
Dynamics of the volatility indexes variable and constant emigration in the years 19902013, Monika Nawrocka (Academy of Physical Education George Kukuczki in Katowice, Poland)
...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
The problem of inequality and discrimination of disabled people in the social and
economic aspects on the example of their access to the tourism and recreation sector,
Marcin Popiel (Jagiellonian University, Poland) .................................................................................................. 81
Attachment styles, coping strategies and loneliness amongst migrant workers in
Norway, Wioletta Radziwiłłowicz (University of Gdansk, Poland) ............................................................ 82
Women, dance and migration: Female choreographers from Madrid who never will
come back, Isabel Rivera (Complutense University Madrid, Spain) .......................................................... 82
Clash of Cultures: Intersecting gender equality, violence and migrant culture in Europe,
Manasi Sinha (Jawahrlal Nehru University, India) ............................................................................................. 83
Parks in Somewhere, Rojda Tugrul (Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey) .......................................... 83
ACCOMPANYING EVENTS................................................................................................................................................. 84
INVITED WORKSHOP: Men, Manhood and Work-Life Balance - Why men spend only 2 hours
daily on house chores and women more than 5? ................................................................................................... 84
Women, Constructing hegemonic masculinities in South Africa: The discourse and
rhetoric of responsibility, Russell Luyt, Anglia Ruskin University, UK ................................................. 84
If my masculinity is threatened I support traditional gender roles? - Gender identity
threat and preferences for feminine and masculine activities. Natasza KosakowskaBerezecka, Tomasz Besta, Paweł Jurek, Krystyna Adamska, Michał Jaśkiewicz, PAR Migration
Navigator Project, University of Gdansk. ................................................................................................................. 85
Businessperson vs. Homemaker – male (and female) gender roles in advertising and
their effectiveness cross-culturally: A case of Poland, UK and SA. Magdalena Zawisza,
Anglia Ruskin University, UK ......................................................................................................................................... 86
Women Masculinities and fatherhood among Polish migrants in Norway, Oleksandr
Ryndyk, Centre for Intercultural Communication ............................................................................................... 86
Gender equality and quality of life – how gender equality can contribute to
development in Europe. A study of Poland and Norway, Ewa Krzaklewska, Jagiellonian
University, www.geq.socjologia.uj.edu.pl ................................................................................................................. 87
ROUND TABLE OF EXPERTS ON GENDER EQUALITY & MIGRATION”- DEBATE .......................... 88
'How to find your way through Poland?' workshop – Enterprising Immigrant Women
Club, Foundation for Somalia. .................................................................................................................................. 89
11
FRIDAY, MARCH 6 T H
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: WORK-LIFE BALANCE IS A ME N’S ISSUE,
JOSEPH VANDELLO (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA)
Although research on work and family has exploded in the last twenty years, and organizations
are becoming increasingly aware and responsive to work-family concerns, progress has stalled.
The structure of the workplace has not kept up with changing realities of the workforce. In this
keynote, I will argue that work-life research has been limited by treating the problem as a) a
women’s issue (e.g. making work places better for working mothers), and b) an individual-level
problem stripped of context. Norms about work and family are strongly tied to gender identity
and moral beliefs. I will propose that deeply entrenched cultural norms about masculinity and
work hinder progress toward work-life balance. At the same time, new ideals about masculinity
and work may be emerging.
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: POLISH EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS IN
POLAND: PSYCHOLOGICA L PERSPECTIVE ON CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES? HALINA GRZYMAŁA-MOSZCZYŃSKA
(JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY)
Psychology of migration might benefit from combining two theoretical frameworks: psychology
of acculturation and attachment theory. Affective bonds to places are introduced as a concept
based on Bowlby's attachment to people theory. Consequences of voluntary vs. involuntary
migrations are analyzed in respect to level of stress and life satisfaction. RAEM theory of
acculturation serves as a base for comparing strategies of adaptation of two research samples:
Ukrainians in Poland and Poles in UK. Interpretation of selected strategies through the lenses of
attachment theory is suggested.
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION: DO WOMEN
LOSE OR GAIN?, ELISABETH BECK-GERNSHEIM (UNIVERSITY OF
ERLANGEN-NUREMBERG)
Ours is the “Age of migration“. In recent decades, more people than ever before have left their
home countries to go elsewhere. Among them, the number of women has increased rapidly.
Meanwhile migrant women have become a major topic in migration studies. Today we have a
vast body of studies discussing migration in respect to women’s lives: focussing on a wide range
of sending countries, receiving countries, types of migration, patterns of migration etc.
Among this widely discrepant material, there is one major question coming up time and again,
namely: What is the impact of migration? Do women lose or gain? It is this seemingly simple
question that I will tackle in my paper today. For an introduction, I will start with the basics:
with the importance of bringing gender into migration studies. Building on these arguments, I
will then go on to methodological challenges of transnational research: to the difficulties of
defining what is ‘loss’ or what is ‘gain’ in respect to migrant women. Here I will draw attention to
the often ambivalent nature of outcomes, to competing reference points and standards, to the
line between positive and negative impact becoming blurred and contested.
12
SYMPOSIUM 1: GENDER DIFFERENCES AND STEREOTYPES –
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, CHAIRS: MIROSŁAW KOFTA
(UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND) / TOMASZ BESTA
(UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
THE POLISH SUPERMOTHER STEREOTYPE, JANINA PIETRZAK, MAŁGORZATA
MIKOŁAJCZAK (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND)
Although stereotypes about women have been changing in recent decades, basic gender
inequalities remain intact. The unique sociopolitical history of Poland has prompted the
development of specific beliefs concerning women’s role in society—that of a 'supermother' who
can handle anything and everything… and therefore should. Here, we focus on two basic ideas:
the conviction that the fundamental role of a woman is that of the mother, and a belief in
women's resourcefulness, particularly in the face of adversity. These two ideas create
expectations for women's preferences and performance that all but guarantee backlash and are
crucial in the maintenance of the gender inequality in society at large. How do we reconcile the
perception of women as competent, able, assertive individuals with the continued gender
inequality in positions of leadership? We present studies to show the effects of the
‘supermother’ stereotype in Poland. Two correlational studies tap the descriptive stereotypes of
female subtypes, including mothers, as well as men, fathers and managers. We find that mothers,
in contrast with findings in the West, are perceived as more competent and capable than
‘women’ are. Moreover, women and mothers are not on the whole seen as less competent than
men. One experimental study looks at the imbalanced expectations we have towards men and
women at home, while expecting similar engagement in paid labour. Together, these studies
demonstrate the unique burdens placed on mothers, compared to fathers, in Polish society.
THE PREFERENCE FOR TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN WOMAN’S ROLE,
SEXISM, AND SOCIAL CONSERVATISM, WIKTOR SORAL, MIROSŁAW KOFTA,
ZUZANNA KWIATKOWSKA, SYLVIA KAPUSTA (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW,
POLAND)
In this presentation we report development of a new measure of preference for
traditional vs. modern woman’s role in society, and the interrelationship between role, this
construct and sexist beliefs as well as social conservatism. The new 16-item measure appeared
to have satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity. As demonstrated by confirmatory
factor analysis, the new scale is composed of two negatively interrelated dimensions: normative
beliefs about traditional woman’s role (e.g., family-oriented, devoted to child care, subordinated
to husband, etc.), and normative beliefs about modern woman’s role (i.e., independent, carrieroriented, expecting partnership in marriage, engaging in politics etc.). Studies (of Polish young
women sample, in sum N = 150) we’ve conducted so far have revealed that preference for
traditional woman’s role is strongly associated with benevolent and traditional sexism, and only
moderately with malevolent (hostile) and modern sexism. It also appeared that traditional
woman’s role preference reliably predicts conservative beliefs on informal ties (civil
partnerships). However, only rejection of the modern woman’s role is a significant predictor of
having con-attitude towards abortion and contraception. Additional moderation analysis
exposed significant positive association of preference of the modern woman’s role with support
for civil partnerships, but only for those highly identified with being a woman. The role of
woman’s role preference for justification and maintenance of a traditional patriarchal society is
briefly discussed at the end of presentation.
13
WOMEN AND MEN AS DRIVERS. CHOSEN SUBJECTIVE DETERMINANTS OF
RISKY BEHAVIOR IN ROAD TRAFFIC, MAGDALENA WYSZOMIRSKA-GÓRA,
PIOTR POŁOMSKI, ALEKSANDRA PEPLIŃSKA, MARCIN SZULC (UNIVERSITY OF
GDAŃSK, POLAND)
The aim of the study was to look for a comprehensive sociodemographic, personality and
temperament determinants of risk behavior in traffic in the context of gender drivers. Taking
into account the results of previous studies, we assumed that the main predictors of unsafe
behavior in traffic is internal locus of control, sensation seeking, seeking the risks and risk
acceptance, as well as high self-esteem, low reactivity in combination with a high level of
strength and activity, which define a strong need to stimulate and prefer hedonistic values. The
study involved 380 participants - men and women, aged from 19 to 61 years (Me = 24).
Rechargeable research tools measuring personality and temperament variables, that is, the
formal characteristics of behavior - Temperament Questionnaire (FCZ-KT), Rotter IE Scale of
Karyłowski, Risk Acceptance Scale by Makarowski, Stimulating - Instrumental Risk Inventory
(RSIRI) by Makarowski, Scheler value scale (SVS) of Brzozowski, Zuckerman Sensation Seeking
scale (SSS-V) and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (SES), were adopted in order to verify the
hypothesis. We revealed that psychological variables such as personality and temperament
traits are important predictors of dangerous behavior on the road. This type of behavior has
proven to promote a high level of experience and sensation seeking, low tolerance for boredom
and monotony, high need for stimulation risk, high risk acceptance, high self-esteem, the
preference for the hedonistic and simultaneous aversion to moral as well as low sensitivity to
sensory and this result was mainly in men drivers group.
GENDER BIAS AMONG MALE PSYCHOTERAPISTS: WHAT ARE THE
REASONS?, MIROSŁAW KOFTA, MACIEJ ŚNIEŻYŃSKI, MAREK BŁAŻEWICZ
(UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND)
74 Polish psychotherapists (and other professionals in psychological aid) of both sexes
were studied. Each participant read a detailed description of one clinical case (unspecified
emotional disorder) and was asked to evaluate seriousness of symptoms, suggest diagnosis, and
recommend treatment type. Depending on the experimental condition, the same case
description was presented either as a male or a female problem. The study revealed that,
whereas female therapists generated basically the same judgments regardless the patients’
gender, male therapists showed systematic gender bias: In the case of female patient, in
comparison to male patient: (a) clinical symptoms were seen as more dysfunctional; (b) more
serious treatment (e.g. pharmacological therapy) was recommended; (c) expectations of
spontaneous recovery were lower. Also, the problems of a female patient, in comparison to the
male patient, were attributed by male therapists more strongly to patient’s personality
(psychological traits). Moreover, the chance that patient will overcome emotional problems
without professional help was seen by the male therapists (but not the female therapists) as
lower in the case of a female than male patient.
Gender bias, observed among male psychotherapists, was not due to sexism (as
measured by the ambivalent sexism inventory) nor by right-wing authoritarianism. Additional
analyzes suggest that the use of the implicit theory of mental health matters: While
psychotherapists of both sexes share agentive (“masculine”) theory of mental health, only male
professionals are more likely to apply it to male than female patients.
14
FEMALE AND MALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ GENDER ROLE STEREOTYPES
AS A GLOBAL, WASSILIS KASSIS (UNIVERSITY OSNABRUECK, GERMANY),
CHARLOTTE SCHALLIÉ (UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA, CANADA)
This project proposal focuses on the university students’ gender role stereotypes in the
everyday experiences, and expectations of university students. To gain insight into these
prejudices we analyzed by hierarchical regression analyzes the quantitative survey data
generated by the international project “Prejudice on Campus” which was conducted in 2014.
This presentation examines how students respond to the perceived offensiveness of social and
power oriented prejudices such as gender role stereotypes, dominance-orientation, and
prejudices towards gay, bisexual, lesbian, transgender and queer people. We conducted this
nine-country, fifteen-university study in Austria, Canada, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland,
Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine. For this conference we analyzed this dataset by employing
hierarchical regression analyzes to the N=7,800 participant data set and thereby gained a wellgrounded empirical and robust understanding for each country of the interplay between gender
role stereotypes as the dependent variable, and dominance-orientation (following Sidanius &
Pratto), prejudices towards gay, bisexual, lesbian, transgender and queer people expressed by
students. The striking proliferation for gender role stereotypes holds for all analysed countries,
especially for male but also for female students. High numbers of the respondents partially
agreed with the statements listed in our questionnaire, picking the answering choices within the
grey area (“disagree somewhat”; “agree somewhat”). Only a far too small fraction of participants
selected “disagreed strongly” in response to questionnaire items that expressed gender role
stereotypes. Additionally we could identify for all involved universities a high connection
between gender role stereotypes, dominance-orientation, and prejudices towards gay, bisexual,
lesbian, transgender and queer people.
15
SYMPOSIUM 2: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE ,
CHAIR: MAŁGORZATA LIPOWSKA (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK,
POLAND)
DOES ORGANIZATION SUPPORT EMPLOYEES' SATISFACTION OF WORKLIFE BALANCE?, AGNIESZKA MOŚCICKA-TESKE, MARCIN DRABEK (NOFER
INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, POLAND)
In today’s busy world the role of workplace culture in reconciling work and private life
seems to be particularly important. As a consequence the aim of our study was to answer the
question whether type of work-family culture of organization is related to employees’ evaluation
of their own work-life balance. The group under study consisted of 101 men and 161 women
employed in small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland. The following standardized
questionnaires were used: Work-Family Culture Scale developed by Thompson et al. (1999) and
Perception of Work-Life Balance Scale developed for the purpose of this study. Our research also
included a number of socio-demographic variables, e. g. gender, age, marital status, hours
worked per week, number of children. We defined work-family culture according to Thompson
et al. (1999) as “the shared assumptions, beliefs, and values regarding the extent to which an
organization supports and values the integration of employees’ work and family lives”. This
measure consists of three dimensions: perceived managerial support, negative career
consequences, and organizational time demands. Perception of work-life balance was defined as
satisfaction of emotional involvement and time spent on various areas of life activity, e. g. work,
family duties, social life, additional systematic activities and leisure. As predicted, supportive
work-family culture of organization was related to positive perception of work-life balance.
However, the strength of the relationships was different depending on the various dimensions of
work-life culture.
WORK AT HOME, HOME AT WORK – DIFFICULTIES IN ACHIEVING WORKLIFE BALANCE AMONG SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, DOMINIKA
POLKOWSKA (MARIA CURIE-SKLODOWSKA UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
The work-family balance is a global assessment of whether labor resources enable us to
meet the requirements and expectations of the family and whether family resources enable us to
meet the requirements and expectations of the work, making the operation effective in both of
these areas. But these assessments might vary depending on country. There are cultural
differences between West and North Europe on the one side, and East and South Europe on the
other side. In North and West European countries more emphasis is put on gender equal rights
in families and in work, whereas in South and East European countries the emphasis is put on
traditional social roles: women are responsible for private sphere and men for public sphere.
But in recent years we can observe some changes in relation to South and East Europe. More
families – especially newly formed (partly due to last economic crisis, and partly because of
global changes in social roles) have adapted, so-called, mix model of the family: dual earner –
female double burden. Taking those facts into account I assume that there are differences in
achieving work-life balance between European countries: in North/West Europe the difficulties
in achieving work-life balance are equal for women and men, whereas in South/East Europe
difficulties in achieving work-life balance mainly relate to women. I am going to test this
hypothesis using data from European Social Survey.
16
NEGATIVE HOME – WORK INTERFERENCE AND ITS RELATIONS TO
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, NON-OCCUPATIONAL DUTIES AND SUPPORT
IN SME SECTOR WORKERS. DOES GENDER MATTER?, DOROTA MERECZ,
AGATA WĘŻYK, ALEKSANDRA ANDYSZ (NOFER INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL
MEDICINE, POLAND)
Balancing work and non-work duties is a demanding task in modern societies. Even in
egalitarian cultures women are thought to be more overloaded by home duties than man. The
issue of negative work-home interference is now in the scope of public and scientific concern. In
our study we would like to look at the other side of the coin – negative home-work interference
(HWI-) defined as the situation when household affairs and relational problems negatively affect
people behaviours at work. The aim of the study is to characterise the situation of workers who
experience or not negative home-work interference. We want to check whether they differ in
terms of socio-demographic features (gender, age, education), number of non-work duties
(caring and non-caring responsibilities), range of available social support and WLB initiatives
and type of organizational culture in their workplace. The group under study consists of 101
men and 161 women employed in SME sector in Poland. In a cross-sectional survey study we
used SWING and Work-Family Culture questionnaires together with standardized questions
related to socio-demographic characteristics, support, and subjective availability of legal and
organizational WLB initiatives. Preliminary results have shown that situation of employees who
are rated high on HWI- subscale of SWING differ significantly from low-rated ones in terms of
education, work-family culture at workplace, social support, range of non-caring responsibilities,
and work-life balance preferences. Gender effect in the study group was less evident and the
reason for it will be discussed during the oral presentation.
WORK-LIFE BALANCE – WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO POLISH PARENTS AND
HOW DOES IT REFER TO SCIENTIFIC DEFINITIONS? PRELIMINARY
RESULTS OF INTERVIEWS IN EFFECT PROJECT, AGATA WĘŻYK,
ALEKSANDER STAŃCZAK (NOFER INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH,
POLAND)
In the literature and empirical studies different definitions of work-life (and workfamily) balance are considered. They have some elements in common. Firstly, they suggest that
there are two factors determining WLB: inputs, which reflect psychological involvement in a
specific role, and outcomes, such as satisfaction. Secondly, they indicate that these two factors
should be equally distributed between work and family domains. One of the most popular
definitions of work-family balance reads as following: the extent to which an individual is
equally engaged in – and equally satisfied with – his or her work role and family role
(Greenhaus, Collins and Shaw, 2002). However, it seems that work-life balance should include
more than only two domains of work and family. We also suppose that experiencing balance will
depend on individual’s needs and values and do not necessarily have to include equal
distribution of inputs in all domains. Therefore, we carried out a study to analyse how Polish
workers with children aged 0-6 understand the notion of work-life balance. We conducted
individual and small group interviews with 31 respondents, whose work was characterized by
different level of flexibility (i.e. nurses, administrative workers and research fellows). In our
presentation we would like to discuss different perceptions of work-life balance highlighted by
Polish working parents, including WLB components, determinants and indicators (both positive
and negative). The second aim of the presentation is to compare those “private” definitions of
work-life balance with scientific ones.
17
SYMPOSIUM 3: POLISH MIGRANTS IN NORWAY PART 1, CHAIR:
GUNN VEDØY (INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF
STAVANGER, NORWAY)
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS IN STUDYING
GENDER EQUALITY - FEMINIST APPROACH AS A STEP AHEAD, EWA
KRZAKLEWSKA, ALEKSANDRA MIGALSKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY,
POLAND)
The “Gender Equality and Quality of Life” (GEQ) project’s aim is to collect an in-depth
knowledge on people’s experiences of gender in/equality in relation to quality of life. Not
assuming one simple understanding of gender equality, GEQ tries to describe individual notions
or definitions: what it means for people in their daily lives, how it is understood, if and how this
concept “functions” in people’s narratives. We argue that when the research process is done
“among, with and for” the researched, the focus group methodology can be a step ahead. It
allows to capture the negotiative and processual character of gender equality as an experience.
First, we will discuss results from the focus groups interviews conducted in different parts of
Poland with diverse groups of respondents. To what extent is the concept of gender equality
adequate and useful in describing individual experiences of inequality or injustice? In the time of
opposition towards “gender” in Poland, are there any alternative pathways for achieving good
quality of life for women and men? How important is dimension of gender for achieving equality
in society, in relation to other social characteristics? Secondly, we discuss aspects of the used
methodology – moderator’s role, power dynamics and possibility of constructing critical
consciousness about inequalities. FGIs methodology, compared to other methods such as
individual interviews, is rather undertheorised - we try to give our input to the case taking as a
starting point feminist critique.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER EQUALITY –
THE CASE OF NORWAY AND POLAND, TRINE ROGG KORSVIK (UNIVERSITY OF
OSLO, NORWAY)
The mobilization of social movements impacts the development of democracy and social
citizenship. In Norway, labour and feminist movements have played an important role in
expanding the welfare state and promoting gender equality policies and practices. Cooperation
between the two movements is however a rather recent phenomenon, as the labour movement
historically has been reluctant to include feminist demands. The strained relations between
feminist and labour movements still seem to prevail in Poland. Lack of fruitful cooperation may
contribute to explain the relative weakness of gender equality protagonists in the field of
working life in Poland, a pivotal field of de facto equality. Based on empirical research the paper
compares the relations between the labour and feminist movements in Norway and Poland since
the 1980s and forward. In both countries labour unions have traditional been male-dominated
and the paper focuses on how the largest confederations, The Norwegian Confederation of Trade
Unions (LO) and it’s Polish partners All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions - OPZZ and NSZZ
Solidarność have responded to feminist demands within the movements. Of particular interests
are reactions to controversial issues such as equal pay, shorter working hours, longer parental
leave schemes, daycare facilities for children, sexual harassment in the workplace, and abortion
rights. By examining the processes that have led to either inclusion or exclusion of these issues
on the trade union agenda, the paper seeks to draw attention to possibilities for social change
towards more gender equal societies.
18
EMIGRATION AS AN EMANCIPATORY PROJECT? EXPERIENCES OF POLISH
WOMEN IN NORWAY, MAGDALENA HERZBERG (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK,
POLAND)
Presentation refers to the main master degree thesis, based on qualitative research
conducted both on my own and with Par Migration Team during the first phase of the
sociological research in 2014. Feminine migration might be considered as a way to emancipation
and a great possibility to achieve both professional and private fulfillment. Migration can
radically change the meaning of femininity and can strongly affect the traditional role of women.
The correlation between migration and gender roles cannot be ignored while analyzing the
migratory project due to their mutual influence. The main exploration of the research was to
find out if Polish women in Norway consider their migration as a way to emancipation.
MASCULINITIES AND FATHERHOOD AMONG
NORWAY,
OLEKSANDR
RYNDYK
(CENTRE
COMMUNICATION, NORWAY)
POLISH MIGRANTS IN
FOR
INTERCULTURAL
With about 2 million Polish migrants residing in other EU/EEA countries, most of whom
have migrated and settled abroad only after Poland had joined the EU in 2004, the issue of
parenting and acculturation among Polish migrants, in general, deserves to be studied in more
detail. More research both from the UK and other European countries is needed in order to shed
light on how parenting styles and gender roles change when families migrate from one EU/EEA
member state to another. The goal of this paper is to understand how gender roles in the
Norwegian and Polish societies change and is perceived among Polish men who have migrated
to Norway. For the purposes of our research, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 15
Polish families who have settled with their children in Western Norway. Joint interviews lasted
between 60 and 90 min with both spouses, whereas individual interviews with each of the
spouses lasted between 30 and 60 min. Our analysis takes into account both Polish migrants’
expressed views on what it takes to be a man in Poland and Norway and their own attitudes to
such established conceptualizations. In addition, the paper includes migrants’ reflections on
their own masculinity in the new immigration context as it is reported on the level of their
language and expressed in their everyday activities. Our research is part of a broader research
project on ‘Sociocultural and psychological predictors of work-life balance and gender equality,’
known by its shorter name PAR Migration Navigator and funded by Norway Grants within the
framework of the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme. The project is run in a partnership
with two Polish and three Norwegian research institutions. More information on the project can
be found here: http://migrationnavigator.org/info/?page_id=7
19
SYMPOSIUM 4: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR FAMILIES
AND COUPLES PART 1, CHAIR: MAGDALENA ŻADKOWSKA
"RUSSIAN WIFE": PROBLEM OR SALVATION? CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN
THE MIXED POLISH-RUSSIAN FAMILIES, VICTORIA DUNAEVA (BOGDAN
JANSKI ACADEMY, WARSAW, POLAND)
In my paper I would like to present some conclusions of my empirical research which I
began to conduct in 2009 within the framework of research seminar “Russians in Poland:
emigrants or national minority?” at the Institute of Sociology of Warsaw University. My research
is based mostly on sociological interviews with Russian emigrants living in Poland. Due to my
observation the typical stages of adaptation and acculturation for first and for second generation
of Russian emigrants who came to Poland after the collapse of Soviet Union are very
complicated. In my opinion, it is specific type of emigration that is difficult for description on the
base of theories created with connection of mass emigration to USA, Australia or New Zealand.
In case of Russia, economic motivation isn’t significant reason of coming to Central Europe.
According to my hypothesis, Russians chose Poland as a country for emigration due to
completely different reasons. It seems to them that in this country they can easy adjust because
of close cultural traditions and common history of Poland and Russia (for instance during
communist regime). After analyzing my research I have come to conclusion that adaptation of
Russians in Poland is possible, but it is rather difficult to reply if acculturation is possible. I guess
that complicated past in the relations of Poles and Russians can be serious obstacle for this
process. We deal with populations who are connected with each other due to common past,
close culture, history, but also due to strong stereotypes. As a result, there are a lot of problems
in the mixed Polish-Russian families which were provoked by cultural differences. I would like
to pay attention to special role of “Russian wife” in such families.
CULTURES UNFOLDING: EXPERIENCES OF CHINESE-HUNGARIAN MIXED
COUPLES IN HUNGARY DURING THE 2010S, NORA KOVACS (HUNGARIAN
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, HUNGARY)
Researchers tackling the problem of integration of Chinese migrants arriving in Hungary
since 1990 into local Hungarian society agree that the existence of Chinese-Hungarian mixed
marriages is not typical. Field research has shown that there are Chinese-Hungarian mixed
couples, although their exact number is not known, but it seems low compared to the size of the
Chinese population in Hungary. Scholarly literature suggests that the central reason for this is
not to be found in endogamous norms valid among Chinese immigrants. Based on data gathered
through anthropological fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with members of ChineseHungarian married, cohabiting and dating couples, as well as members of separated or divorced
couples this paper explores notions and values that are at play in shaping the dynamics of these
relations. It seeks to understand how distance and closeness are created and manifested in
cultural terms. It focuses on how everyday practices of living together, language use,
childrearing strategies, and work attitudes of Chinese-Hungarian couples reflect the relative
positions of power of two different cultural backgrounds within the relationship. Furthermore, it
explores how transnationalism, spatial mobility, simultaneous ties to different places appear in
the lives of mixed marriage-based families.
20
SOCIO-CULTURAL TREND IN KOREAN-RUSSIAN MIXED MARRIAGES,
RUMIYA TANGALYCHEVA (SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA)
According to Korean statistics in South Korean 90489 marriages between Koreans and
foreigners were registered. In 2006 the share of marriages with Russians was 835, among them
523 marriages between Russian women and Korean men. For the present study of the cultural
differences in Korean-Russian mixed marriages the method of semi-structural interview was
selected. The empirical research was conducted in Seoul, South Korea in 2010. Ten Russian
women in the age from 19 to 31 years old, married the citizens of the Republic of Korea,
participated in the study. All of them got acquainted with the future spouses during their study
at the university - in Russia or in Korea. Following the opinions of the informants, the most
difficult thing in family life in mixed Korean-Russian marriages - it is not even the difference in
mentality with their husbands, but communication with husband’s relatives, the obligation to
visit them during the collective family holidays when crowds of relatives gather in parents'
home. Russian women definitely emphasized the differences in celebrating holidays, family
rituals and ceremonies of life cycle. Cultural differences in such marriages are quite big due to
specific scenarios of children's socialization in two societies. In the same time various actual
differences in presented research were not found out because of the length of marriage of the
informants. Young Russian women and their Korean husbands who participated in the research
were in their “honeymoon” period. It is also worth mentioning that the cultural context of ethnic
relations and global trends change nowadays so rapidly that in several years Korean-Russian
marriages have turned from somewhat exotic and unusual into ordinary and routine practice.
MOTIVATIONS, STEREOTYPES AND GENDER RELATIONS AMONG BINATIONAL COUPLES. THE CASE OF SPANISH WOMEN MARRIED TO
FOREIGN MEN, VERÓNICA ANZIL (UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI, SPAIN),
CRISTINA GARCÍA MORENO (UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI, SPAIN), JORDI
ROCA GIRONA (UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI, SPAIN), ANA URMENETA
GARRIDO (UNIVERSITAT DE GIRONA, SPAIN)
Our communication will address the role of motivations and gender expectations of
Spanish women who couple with non-Spanish men (principally from Latin America, Africa and
countries in the European Union) as well as the gender relations resulting from these unions.
Our hypothesis is that the motivations of the Spanish women range from the search for a model
of a man who is 'more masculine and authentic' than Spanish men currently are or, conversely,
of a man who has more egalitarian values in terms of gender relations. The motivations of their
non-Spanish male partners would be to find women who they consider more 'serious' and who
have more initiative and independence than the women might have in their respective birth
countries. In terms of gender relations resulting from these unions, our hypothesis is that in the
majority of cases it is the women who eventually develop a role that is preferentially responsible
for reproductive tasks (childcare, elderly care and mainly domestic tasks). Our results show that
gender relations among the mixed couples studied, when evaluated in terms of equality,
generally represent an advance for one of the partners and a setback for the other.
21
DOES MIGRATION CHANGE THE DIVISION OF HOUSEHOLD TASKS
BETWEEN PARTNERS? THE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEWORK AND
CHILDCARE TASKS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN IN POLISH FAMILIES IN
IRELAND, ŁUKASZ KLIMEK (UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES IN WARSAW, POLAND)
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in household and childcare
tasks distribution between men and women, for two groups – Polish migrant families in Ireland,
and their counterparts, in terms of socio-demographic characteristics – the families in Poland.
The main research question was to answer whether the division of housework and childcare
tasks differs in migrant and non-migrant families. The quantitative approach with comparative
research design was used to study the family in both countries. The 300 representatives of
Polish families in Ireland were surveyed with a questionnaire based on Gender and Generation
Programme survey (GGP). Then, the scores were compared with the GGP Poland Wave 1 results
for the families in Poland. The study confirms that housework and childcare tasks are unequally
shared between men and women in both groups. Polish women, in both countries, often do the
most of the household and childcare works, although a trend towards greater equality is
perceptible in the migrant families. Men in migrant families twice as often as men in families in
Poland share particular childcare tasks (dressing-up, caretaking of sick children) and housework
tasks (grocery shopping, doing dishes) with their spouses. Polish migration to Ireland is a
relatively new phenomenon, therefore we cannot say that the migrant families has culturally
integrated to Irish society and lean toward more egalitarian model of family. The results may
indicate the selective migration process, in which certain socio-demographic groups, with
certain social- and cultural-capital are more prone to migrate than others.
22
SYMPOSIUM 6: SOCIAL CHANGE & MIGRATION, CHAIR:
MAGDALENA GAJEWSKA (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
WOMEN MIGRANTS FROM POST-SOVIET COUNTRIES – THE STORIES OF
SUCCESS, ANNA DOLIŃSKA (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND)
Immigrants from the post-Soviet countries, especially from Ukraine, but also from Russia
and Belarus, constitute one of the largest immigrant groups in Poland. Most of them migrate for
economic reasons and seek work opportunities. In the collective consciousness of the Polish
people these immigrants are largely perceived as physical workers who take up non-prestigious
jobs requiring little or no qualifications. My research undertakes a contrary direction - I focus on
the entrepreneurship of female migrants, because according to the official statistics about 70%
of migrants from e.g. Ukraine are women. I explore their alternative strategies of success, which
I define as taking up employment in the sectors dominated by Poles. Therefore, I talk to women
who successfully pursue careers in jobs that are either considered more prestigious, or which
require specific education and professional qualifications, and which are not regarded as
“immigrant jobs”. The basis of my research are biographical interviews with women who have
been living in Poland for at least 5 years. In the presentation I would like to share some chosen
aspects of the results of my ongoing research.
GENDER EQUALITY IN CASE OF UKRAINIAN FEMALE MIGRANTS IN
POLAND, OKSANA KOSHULKO (MALTEPE UNIVERSITY IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY)
The situation with gender equality in case of the Ukrainian female migrants is
complicated in Poland because the majority of Ukrainian female migrants are working illegally.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the situation concerning the gender equality of
Ukrainian labor migrants in Poland. The research questions consider legalization, gender
equality, protection and support of Ukrainian illegal labor migrants in Poland, in particular
women. Methods and descriptions that I have used in the research are the methods of
comparison, measurement, analysis, intuition, generalization etc. Results and conclusions:
gender equality in case of Ukrainian female migrants in Poland is very important because if this
was achieved they would be able to be protected, to work legally and to get a better salary than if
they remain as unequal illegal migrants. If Ukrainian female migrants have been able to find jobs
in the country, it must mean their work is in demand there, even if they are working as cleaners,
domestic workers, nurses, nannies etc. Therefore, it is necessary to start negotiations between
the two countries in order to achieve an Agreement concerning legalization and gender equality
in the Polish labour market for Ukrainian female migrants.
23
MIGRATION AS EMPOWERMENT? THE CASE OF UKRAINIAN FEMALE
MIGRANTS IN ITALY, SILVIA CAVASOLA (LUISS UNIVERSITY, ITALY)
Immigration is not a gender-neutral phenomenon, as the female migratory experience
differs from men’s in terms of opportunities and risks. In the last sixty years women’s migration
have increased not so much in quantitative terms, but rather mostly in qualitative terms.
Women have indeed passed from following their husbands across borders, to being the
protagonists of autonomous migratory projects. This transformation has been interpreted, on
the one hand, with a focus on gender-specific vulnerabilities, leading to a victimization of the
female migrant, and on the other, as an opportunity for women’s empowerment. This paper
investigates the condition of female migrants with reference to the emblematic case of
Ukrainians in Italy. Two-thirds of Ukrainians in Italy are women, and most of them are employed
in care jobs. These jobs carry significant physical and psychological burden, other than being
underpaid and precarious. The fact that most Ukrainian women leave their husbands and
children behind, adds to it. In the context of such harsh conditions, this paper is aimed at
investigating the extent to which it is possible to conceive a similar migratory experience as also
positive and empowering for women. The analysis is based on a qualitative study consisting of
in-depth interviews with 20 Ukrainian women in Italy. Particular attention is devoted to
underlining the specific ways in which the migratory experience contributes to increasing the
women’s trust in their own capabilities, ultimately showing that self-confidence and feeling of
autonomy might rise independently from the concrete living conditions that these women face.
DOES GENDER EQUALITY WORK FOR A BETTER LIFE? MARTA WARAT, EWA
KRZAKLEWSKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
Our presentation concentrates on exploring the potential benefits of gender equality on
quality of life. We take as a point of departure the results of studies on gender equality on quality
of life which prove that the relation between these two concepts is not conclusive: we cannot
assume linear and unidirectional relation between gender equality and quality of life. While we
can observe some positive correlations, the relations between gender equality and quality of life
appear more complex. Based on the qualitative research (focus group interviews and policy
analysis) done within the framework of the project “Gender equality and quality of life - how
gender equality can contribute to development in Europe. A study of Poland and Norway” we
will discuss how gender equality and quality of life are defined by our respondents, how these
concepts are shaped by their experiences and whether the respondents perceive gender equality
as important factor improving the quality of life in various spheres: family, work but also public
sphere. Moreover, we will look at gender equality not only as individual project but also as a
political agenda by introducing meso- and macro- perspective, namely societal and political
background as well as the cultural discourses influencing discussed concepts. The project
“Gender equality and quality of life - how gender equality can contribute to development in
Europe. A study of Poland and Norway” has received funding from the Polish-Norwegian
Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development under the
Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014.
24
SYMPOSIUM 7: POLISH MIGRANTS IN NORWAY PART 2, CHAIR
GUNHILD
ODDEN
(CENTRE
FOR
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION STAVANGER)
CARE FOR THE OLDER GENERATION IN POLAND IN THE DECLARATIONS
OF POLISH IMMIGRANTS IN NORWAY, ZOFIA KAWCZYŃSKA-BUTRYM,
MARZENA KRUK (MARIA CURIE SKŁODOWSKA UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
In a study conducted in Norway of 254 Polish women interested in us as well as assess
the need for care of the elderly living in the country of their parents and grandparents . More
than half of them said that they live in the country has at least one of the older generation
requiring assistance due to poor health, disability, chronic disease, as well as due to the
perceived financial and emotional problems . This presentation will present the detailed form of
care provided to them by the immigrants and the expectation of support in the implementation
of this care (in Poland and Norway).
WORK MIGRANT FAMILIES: ENCOUNTERS AND ITS OPPOSITE, BRITA
GJERSTAD, GUNN VEDØY, SVEIN INGVE NØDLAND (INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF STAVANGER, NORWAY)
An increasing number of Polish work migrants bring their families to Norway. Doing so,
they have to relate to more parts of the Norwegian society and culture, meaning that the number
of encounters between work migrants and the general public in Norway increases. As such
encounters count arenas and services that express and develop recognition of needs and
resources, rights and duties, these encounters are therefore of great importance. They support
mutual learning and understanding. Several encounters take place – in the kindergartens, at
schools and workplaces, in NGOs, in public services and so on. Still, we need to ask: in order to
ensure integration, are the number and type of encounters sufficient?
The question raised will be answered mainly based on the WP “Encounters between
work migrants and public sector”, part of the EEA-founded project “Socio-Cultural and
Psychological Predictors of Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality. Cross-Cultural Comparison
of Polish and Norwegian Families”, also called the PAR-project. In addition, data from a
corresponding project on work migration in Western Norway will be used. Data from both
projects consists of interviews with migrants and representatives from public sector, employees
and NGOs in nine municipalities in the Western Norway. Our analysis indicates a need for more
encounters. Consequences of encounters not taking place can be illustrated by the case of the
Norwegian child welfare authorities and the case of the Catholic church. Lack of knowledge
among Polish immigrants about the child welfare authorities’ leads to fear and
misunderstandings instead of support. Lack of awareness among Norwegian about the position
of the Catholic church to migrants leads to lack of knowledge about challenges and an arena for
cooperation. This can be seen as a matter of boundaries between system world and life world.
25
FATHERING IN A POST-SOCIALIST AND NORDIC CONTEXT, MARGUNN
BJØRNHOLT (POLICY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AS, NORWAY), DOROTA MERECZ,
ANNA NAJDER, KARI STEFANSEN AND AGATA WĘŻYK (NOFER INSTITURE OF
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, POLAND)
Over the last decade Poland has seen a large emigration to Western European countries,
among them Norway, in search of employment and the Polish immigrant population have
become the largest immigrant group in Norway. The paper draws on qualitative interviews with
Norwegian and Polish parents of young children who have paid employment in Norway, and
with Polish parents who have paid employment in Poland. The study is part of an ongoing
Polish-Norwegian research project, the Effect study, funded by Norway Grants. The aim of the
Effect study is to study work-family balance or work-family adaptations among working parents
in Poland and Norway. This paper will focus on fatherhood and fathering in different national
and institutional contexts, employing a comparative perspective as well as discussing how
transnational fathering practices may change, enhance or challenge norms, policies and
institutional frameworks in both countries.
RE-THINKING PARENTING AMONG POLISH MIGRANTS IN NORWAY,
GUNHILD ODDEN, OLGA KURZYNOGA (CENTRE FOR INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION, NORWAY)
The topic of parenting styles and childrearing practices among Polish migrant families in
Europe has received relatively little attention in the research on families and parenting among
immigrants. Polish migrant families throughout Western Europe, we argue, may in fact be
positively discriminated for their perceived ‘whiteness’ and, therefore, be regarded as culturally
‘more similar’ to host country’s native population. The goal of our research was to gain
knowledge on the practices of Polish migrant parents residing in Norway of looking after
children and giving the children primary and secondary education, using and teaching of mother
tongue and Norwegian as second language (NASL), transmission / maintenance of Polish
traditions, values and lifestyles. The aim was to capture how couples in different phases of
childrearing introduce their children to Polish institutions and networks and other
environments and setting. For the purposes of our research, we conducted semi-structured
interviews with 15 Polish families with children who reside in Western Norway. Joint interviews
lasted between 60 and 90 min with both spouses, whereas individual interviews with each of the
spouses lasted between 30 and 60 min. Hence, mothers’ as well as fathers’ perspectives on the
studied topic have been included. The aim of analyzing parents’ talk - descriptions and
reflections - over their own parenting practices is to gain knowledge about the relative influence
of worldviews, values and norms dominant in the host society at large (majority context), the
migrant community (minority context) and of the country of origin (background context) on
their acculturation strategies and also as against everyday constrains and opportunities having a
more pragmatic and adaptive impact on their parenting style.
26
SYMPOSIUM 8: CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES FOR FAMILIES
AND COUPLES PART 2, CHAIR: ANNA KALINOWSKA-ŻELEŹNIK
(UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK)
FEMININITY AND MASCULINITY IN GENDER RELATIONS IN LATIN
AMERICAN CULTURE – PARTNERSHIP, MARRIAGE, FAMILY. THE CASE OF
MEXICO, PAULINA CICHOMSKA-SZPAKOWSKA (UNIVERSITY OF ŁÓDŹ,
POLAND)
Consequences of transition of historic and cultural identity of Latin American societies
exercise /exert influence on contemporary organisation of these societies. It is observed that the
patriarchal patterns of gender roles are strengthening and social control and symbolic violence
spreads through a society. These phenomena exclude gender equality both in private and public
spheres. The model of relationship between men and women is supported by the process of
education. Symbolic violence is present in the private sphere from the beginning of primary
socialization and through secondary socialization is used in the public sphere, in which patterns
and values connected with social roles, rights and duties are being reproduced. The mentioned
phenomena are additionally enhanced by law which often discriminates women. Similar
situation is observed in customs' law, which is strongly rooted in Latin American societies,
especially in the context of gender. It is mainly observed in the field of functioning partnerships,
marriages and families. In the paper I will present I would like to focus on the analyses of
normative aspects of social status of women and men in Latin American culture. I will consider
the significance of families, with special attention to their structures and problems they faced.
Moreover, in order to present a wider cultural context of the discussed problem I will refer to
such issues as marianismo, machismo, fear of abandonment, the problem of violence, strategies
of domination and collectivity of family life. These issues appear to be a good starting point for
reflection on social changes of gender roles in the region in the context of cultural identity.
SOCIAL CHANGE AND GENDER ROLES IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS IN
POLISH CULTURAL CONTEXT, MONIKA GROCHALSKA (UNIVERSITY OF
WARMIA AND MAZURY IN OLSZTYN, POLAND)
A purpose statement: to reconstruct patterns of women's experiences of functioning in
homo- and heterosexual relationships, both formal and informal, in Poland. Research questions:
What are the patterns of women's experiences of functioning in homo- and heterosexual
relationships, both formal and informal? How do they relate to the dictates of Polish culture,
socialization patterns and discourses presented in the public sphere? Method description:
presented research is located in qualitative research perspective. The data was collected by
focus groups interviews and individual deep interviews with women living in permanent
relationships – formal and informal, homo- and heterosexual. There was also conducted the
monitoring and collection of media messages. The analysis was done using Critical Discourse
Analysis. Results and Conclusions: - there are many different discourses of relationships in the
public sphere, - women’s deep experiences are different than an ideal vision of relationships
presented by media, politicians and often by science literature, - the ways of verbalizing these
experience often hide the real character of the relationships and are highly related to the public
discourse. This is the part of the wider research project titled: “Women in intimate relationships.
Critical and empirical study”.
27
FAMILY CENTRALITY, BELIEFS ABOUT GENDER ROLES AND HOME-WORK
INTERACTION - DO THEY INFLUENCE EACH OTHER?, ANNA NAJDER,
ALEKSANDRA ANDYSZ (NOFER INSTITURE OF OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE,
POLAND)
Values shape attitudes in every sphere of people’s life. They influence expectations
toward other people, the idea of social and gender roles, and the way they should be performed.
Many people declare that family is the most important value in their life, at the same time they
are highly engaged in their work. Family and occupational roles are in constant interaction that
results in conflict or mutual facilitation. Such result, among other things, depends on the value of
work and family in one’s life. We suppose that work-family interaction may be also related to
gender role beliefs. According to the above, the aim of the study was to examine the
relationships between the value of family (family centrality), gender beliefs and work-home
interaction among Polish workers. The participants of the study were 260 employees of Polish
SME. Beliefs about men’s and women’s gender roles in society were measures by using Baers’
Beliefs About Equal Rights Scale; family centrality was assessed by the scale developed for the
study and Work-Home Interaction was measured by Survey Work-Home Interaction—Nijmegen
(SWING). The research questions of the study were: 1) are there differences between Polish
working men and women in beliefs about gender roles; 2) are the any relationship between
gender beliefs and family centrality and 3) what is the relationship between family centrality
and home-work interference. Results, implication and direction of future research are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSMISSION OF VALUES AND ATTITUDES
WITHIN FAMILIES ON THE MATE SELECTION OF SECOND GENERATION
IMMIGRANTS IN EUROPE, AMREI MADDOX (GRADUATE SCHOOL OF
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (GESS), UNIVERSITY OF MANNHEIM,
GERMANY)
This research project investigates the impact of the intergenerational value transmission
within the family on the ethnic mate selection of second generation immigrants from Turkey,
Morocco, and former Yugoslavia in Europe. I hypothesize that parents convey their attitudes
toward intermarriage, religion with its affiliated values concerning family, gender roles, and
child-rearing and non-religious traditional values to their offspring. These shape their children’s
partner preferences and, hence, also the ethnic partner choice. Consequently, those brought up
in a more open, modern and egalitarian way should prefer a native over a co-ethnic partner and
be less likely to choose a marriage migrant than those raised in a traditional, religious, and less
egalitarian manner. To analyze this relationship, I draw data from the cross-sectional TIES
survey (“The Integration of the European Second Generation”) and calculate several logistic
regressions. By using information about the parents or from the respondent’s childhood as
explanatory variables I exclude potential problems of endogeneity. First results confirm the
importance of parental socialization for the ethnic partner choice. However, it seems to
primarily affect the choice between a native and a co-ethnic partner and to be less influential for
the decision between a partner of the ethnic community in the resident country and a marriage
migrant. Summing up, the parents convey their values and attitudes onto their children which
shape their mate selection decision and, therefore, sway the preservation or the change of
marriage patterns, traditional family and gender roles, and family structures across generations.
28
THE PERCEPTION OF PARENTHOOD IN POLAND – RESULTS OF
INTERVIEWS WITH A GROUP OF POLISH PARENTS OF YOUNG CHILDREN,
ALEKSANDRA WÓJCIK, ADRIANNA POTOCKA (NOFER INSTITUTE OF
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE, POLAND)
Balancing private and work life depends on the possibility to reconcile the roles as
parents and workers and on how we realize each of these roles independently. The presented
results address the question: 'Is it easy to be a parent in Poland?' The research is a part of an
international project called EFFECT- Enhancing the effectiveness of work- life balance initiatives
use, realized by Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine in Lodz and two Norwegian research
institutes (Norwegian Social Research, HiOA, former NOVA and Policy and Social Research). The
data were gathered through interviews with nurses, administrative workers and research
fellows (31 respondents) selected due to the variety of their working systems flexibility. All
respondents had at least one child aged six or less and they had never worked abroad. The
respondents’ statements provided the insight into their beliefs about being a parent in Poland,
common difficulties in raising children and changes that should be introduced to help Polish
parents reconcile work and private lives. The respondents also referred to their knowledge and
notions of living and upbringing of children in other countries. Their comments and
explanations led to a general conclusion that being a parent in Poland is difficult and demanding
not only due to financial issues but also because of health care system or legal and welfare
solutions inadequate to their needs. The respondents also offered some proposals for
organizational and legal changes that could facilitate parenthood and work-life balance.
29
SYMPOSIUM 9: GENDER DIFFERENCES AND STEREOTYPES SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE, CHAIR: KUBA KRYŚ (NSTITUTE OF
PSYCHOLOGY, POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)
FOREIGN WOMEN IN DISCOURSE: A SEXUAL OBJECT OR A WIFE IN
TURKEY, ECE AKCA, CEREN METE, HILAL PEKER, ÇAĞLAR SOLAK, NIHAN
SELIN SOYLU, FEYZAN TUZKAYA, MELEK GÖREGENLI (EGE UNIVERSITY,
TURKEY
Transnational marriage is one of the most common migration types. Increasing number
of Russian brides and marriage migration to Turkey - especially in major coastal villages- affects
communities’ perception of foreign women (Deniz & Özgür, 2013). Recent research focused on
how women, foreign brides and migrated women were represented in mass media and political
discourse in Turkey (Terzi, 2014; Yılmaz & Demir, 2009), but weblogs which seem to be a
popular way of discussion on topics written by anonymous authors were also important sources
for investigating commonsense. The aim of the current research is to investigate the way of
construction of gendered discourse from the popular Turkish weblogs' topics which are about
foreign brides and women living in Turkey. The data was analyzed by using content and feminist
discourse analysis. First, the categories were determined by using content analysis, and then,
these categories were analyzed from the perspective of feminist approach. Four different and
popular weblogs and one social media channel (Twitter) were screened with various keywords
including “foreign”, “women”, and “bride”. Approximately 250 relevant entries from weblogs
were identified. The results of the study revealed that discourses on the weblogs were
constructed mainly on women’s sexuality, women were seen as a sexual object. In addition, they
created a typology of “women” and “spouse” consistent with the traditional gender roles. Results
were discussed considering cultural traditional values in terms of feminist theory.
THE IMPACT OF WAR-RELATED DISPLACEMENT ON GENDER ROLES: A
CASE STUDY IN THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA, MAUREEN SEGUIN, BAYARD
ROBERTS (THE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE,
UNITED KINGDOM)
Purpose: Displacement due to war can affect men and women differently. This research
seeks to illuminate the influence of displacement on gender roles, focusing on Georgian women
internally displaced due to the 2008 war with Russia. Research Questions: We asked how
women’s roles within families and communities had changed since displacement and explored
whether shifting gender roles were linked to coping strategies used by women in response to
the war and displacement. Methods: Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with
internally displaced Georgian women living in three internally-displaced persons settlements in
Georgia from December 2012 to February 2013. Georgian-language interviews were translated
and transcribed into English-language transcripts. Framework analysis was conducted to
distinguish and organize major themes emerging from the data. Results: The displacement
disrupted pre-displacement gendered roles within families. Women reported engaging in tasks
and responsibilities formerly within the purview of men’s traditional roles before displacement.
Most notably, women had taken on expanded responsibilities pertaining to decision-making
over family matters and generating income. Women were also increasingly involved in
community improvement activities, compared to their involvement prior to displacement.
Conversely, men’s influence over these areas had decreased in the post-conflict era. Conclusions:
Women’s expanding and changing roles in the post-conflict era are consistent with other
30
explorations of gender roles in post-conflict settings. The shifted gender roles and
responsibilities within families and communities may be linked to gendered differences in
coping strategies.
MUSLIM IMMIGRATION, ISLAM AND PATRIARCHY: AN ACCOUNT OF THE
BRITISH EXTREME RIGHT’S STRATEGIC DEPLOYMENT OF GENDER
EQUALITY DISCOURSES IN THE OTHERING OF THE MUSLIM, JON
MULHOLLAND, ERIN SANDERS-MCDONAGH, NICOLA MONTAGNA (MIDDLESEX
UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM)
Immigration has become established as a principal point of contestation across many
European countries. Though migratory profiles are complex, from one nation to the next, it has
been the question of Muslim immigration that has frequently taken centre stage. The
problematisation, even pathologisation of Muslim immigration has been framed in part through
a gendered lens that presents Islamic and Muslim traditions as antithetical to the gender order
of European societies, where the Islamic tradition is rendered patriarchal to a point that
fundamentally threatens the gender equality seen to be inextricably associated with the West.
This paper explores how Extreme Right organisations in the UK have strategically enlisted a
narrative of gender equality to position Islam and Muslims as inherently Other to the European
nation, and as a cardinal threat to the interests of women tout court. The paper draws on
interview data from a British Academy/Leverhulme Trust-funded qualitative research project,
Women in Nationalist Movements in the UK, here focusing on the supporters and members of
the British National Party and English Defence League We show how the Extreme Right’s
‘anomalous’ employment of narratives of gender equality, for the purpose establishing the
inalienable otherness of the Islamic and Muslim presence in the UK, is realised through a range
of highly mediatised ‘topics’, including Muslim’s: ‘uncivilised’ patriarchal traditions, sexual
violence, paedophile grooming and the promotion of Sharia Law. We show how such discourses
serve to construct preferred renditions of the UK and the British as definitively liberal, tolerant,
civilised and gender egalitarian.
GENDER STEREOTYPE AND CULTURE,
(KOZMINSKI UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
ANNE
IGUEHI
OMOKHUALE
This paper examines the connection between gender stereotypes and culture using
fundamental principle from culture to shape the content of stereotypes. The presentation will
further explain the negative effect of gender stereotypes from the Africans perspective and
suggest ways in which culture can overturn gender stereotype. Several examples would be sited
to reinforce these effects. More so, the empirical review discusses the experiences and problem
encountered from year 2000 till date, literature that would center their theory on African
countries is then discussed. Stereotypes are characterization of people base on incorrect
information; such stereotypes contain ideas that are negative or detrimental and are used for
discriminatory tendencies. Gender stereotypes are based on the unique characteristics of
women and men, such that men are perceived as possessing traits which are culturally valued,
while women are mutually ben official towards other because of the self-concept. Mazrui (1986)
opted by saying culture is “a system of interrelated values active enough to influence and
condition perception, judgment, communication, and behaviour in a given society” The essential
core of culture consists of values and beliefs that is transferable from member of a society to
another. But, culture whose value is focus on the content of gender stereotype can result into
mismatch form this stereotype.
31
SYMPOSIUM 10: TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES IN POLISHNORWEGIAN CONTEXT. WORK-LIFE BALANCE STRATEGIES.
FINDINGS FROM THE TRANSFAM PROJECT, CHAIR: KRYSTYNA
SLANY (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSTY, POLAND)
HANGING IN THE BALANCE? RECONCILIATIONS OF WORK AND FAMILY
AMONG THE POLISH PARENTS SETTLED AND EMPLOYED IN NORWAY,
PAULA PUSTUŁKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
Scholarship dedicated to the work-life balance ties the public and private divide between
men and women to the home-environment context, looking at the areas where family
obligations and employment contexts intersect, seeing the work/life issue as highlighting spaces
of inequality on the one hand, and bringing potential for social change, on the other (e.g. Connell
2005, Gregory & Milner 2009, Gattrell 2005). Unsurprisingly, as feminization of migration
warrants feminist inquiries into mobility patterns, the significance of gender is addressed in the
studies on migrant women and families. Women, both as ‘classic’ labour migrants and those
engaged in transnational flows of the highly-skilled strive for balance in the reconciliation of
work and family obligations (Hondagneu-Sotelo & Avila 1997, Ryan 2007, 2011, Ehrenreich &
Hochschild 2003). Recently, the dilemma of being caught between economy and affect was also
extended to contemporary (and migrant) fathers (Parreñas 2008, Pribilsky 2004, Dreby 2006).
At a crossroads of work-life balance studies and migration research, we offer findings from the
“Migrant families in Norway /structure of power relations and negotiating values and norms in
transnational families” component of the Transfam study. Having analysed 30 interviews with
Polish couples, mothers and fathers, we supply a general overview of strategies pertaining to the
work-life balance found among Polish families in Norway. Moreover, we zoom in on work-life
reconciliations and family arrangements to illustrate the importance of a range of factors,
namely (1) the impact of the Polish socio-cultural heritage, (2) the role of the more gender-equal
Norwegian society (objectively in policies and subjectively in migrants’ stories), and finally, (3)
the significance of the intersectional matrix of the individual family characteristics
(homogeneous versus mixed couples, social class, education, religion) for family practices and
work-life balance (or lack thereof). As a result, we attempt to delineate whether Polish migrants
change their patterns of employment in Norway (e.g. shorten their work hours, negotiate new
gender divisions of labour)and make changes to their family lives (e.g. spending quality time
with their children, introduce new leisure activities). We embed those work-life balance
strategies in the individual biographies of variously positioned migrants.
SCHOOL, HOME, AND THE IN-BETWEEN SPACES OF YOUTH SOCIAL LIFE
THROUGH A GENDER LENS - POLISH MIGRANT PARENTS TALKING ABOUT
THEIR CHILDREN GROWING UP IN NORWAY, MAGDALENA ŚLUSARCZYK
(JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
This paper seeks to address questions about the pathways to youth migrant integration,
belonging and achievement (or a lack thereof),with an inclusion of the gender dimension. Firstly,
we look at education, namely the Norwegian school system as an environment presumably
capable of assisting blending in with the multicultural and equal society, as well as fostering
knowledge acquisition and focus on professional qualifications recognized in the receiving
society (eg. Mayrol et al. 2010, Lacroix 2010, 2011, Praszałowicz et al. 2013, Lasocka 2010).
32
Secondly, we embark on assessing the importance of leisure spaces and social participation of
Polish migrant youth in Norway in extra-curricular activities and the relationships they build
with their peers in the foreign context. Finally, we examine how certain ways of embracing a
society grounded in the ideals of equality and multiculturalism are perceived by parents as
beliefs for their children – both in the everyday life and in relations to their future adulthood.
More specifically, we ask a question about parental views about the above-described dimensions
of young people’s lives. We discuss how lifestyles, inclusive of educational, social, cultural and
value-driven contexts are negotiated within families and expressed by parents. The paper tries
to shed light on the kinds of global and local factors that the Polish adult migrants take into
consideration when they envision and narrate their children’s lives in Norway.
WORK & FAMILY: THE YOUNGEST MEMBERS OF TRANSNATIONAL
FAMILIES ABOUT (IM)BALANCE, KRYSTYNA SLANY, STELLA STRZEMECKA
(JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
In the spirit of the growing interest in migrant youth and children under contemporary
childhood studies (see eg. Orellana et al. 2001, NíLaoireet al. 2011, Smart 2011, Orgocka 2012,
Veale&Donà2014), it is vital to underscore that not only parents but also children have
expectations about work-life balance that they want to see occurring in their families. This is a
particularly interesting concern for those children whose parents migrate from Poland (limited
work-life balance awareness) to Norway (greater measures for work-life balance).
Empirically, this paper is based on the TRANSFAM project’s sub-study entitled Children’s
experience of growing up transnationally. This qualitative and participatory inquiry consisted of
interviews with children aged 6 to 13, living permanently in Norway and born to at least one
Polish parent. The perspective used facilitated understanding children’s views and experiencing
the world of the new citizens growing up transnationally. At the same time, children were given
voice to express the notions important to them in their own way.
The paper deals with those work-life-balance issues that appear in the stories of Polish migrants’
children, especially as they express strong beliefs about a necessary balance between work-time
and family-time. The main themes raised here pertain to children’s parents work schedules, as
well as the amount, quality and characteristics of the time that family spends together. The main
argument is about the changes within work-life balance associated with being raised in the
Polish-Norwegian transnationality and the ways that it impacts children’s perspective of Norway
as a country supplying more opportunities for work-life balance for their parents, and,
ultimately, their own lives.
THE INVISIBLE IMMIGRANT CHILD IN THE NORWEGIAN CLASSROOM,
RANDI WÆRDAHL (AGDER RESEARCH, NORWAY)
The TRANSFAM project consists of several work-packages focusing on a series of
interrelated issues tied to transnational families. This paper is a presentation of findings from
the first part of Work Package 7 (WP7) - Integration and re-integration of Polish children in
school, regarding integration, or rather inclusion of Polish children in Norwegian schools.
Polish immigrants are today the largest group of family immigrants to Norway. Since Polish
immigration is regarded as an intra-European movement of labor, there are no specific laws or
regulations besides from the labor regulations that pertain the settlement and introduction of
Polish families in Norway. As a consequence, and in addition to the fact that Polish families settle
all over the country, there are few set standards in schools and municipalities on how to meet
33
Polish children in school. Besides for those regulations made for foreign children with
predominantly a non-European background, and a refugee experience, schools and
municipalities has had to come up with their own answers to the challenges that emerge with
these new groups of Polish immigrants: The Polish Child, and The Polish Parent.
In this paper, the inclusion of Polish children in Norwegian school is explored in an extended
case study which includes classroom observations, interviews with teachers, public integration
officers and Polish parents (mothers) in the south of Norway, as well as focus groups with social
workers and researchers in the field of social work. We found that the absence of Polish families
and children in Norwegian statistics corresponds with a relative invisibility of the Polish
immigrant child in Norwegian schools. On the surface, seeing, hearing or talking no evil may be
interpreted as an unproblematic inclusion and integration. However, the social and academic
challenges that Polish children face in their new life experiences can easily be overlooked,
cultural differences may be transformed into individual problems and poor communication
between schools and family can create an atmosphere of distrust which may affect the Polish
child’s chances of social and academic success within a Norwegian educational system. Our
analysis suggests several mechanisms that keep the Polish immigrant child invisible in
Norwegian schools.
34
SYMPOSIUM 11: WOMEN, MEN, & ART, CHAIR:
JAŚKIEWICZ (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
MICHAŁ
THE PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN SELECTED 2013 BUBBLE GANG
SEGMENTS AS PERCEIVED BY DLSU-D WOMEN STUDENT LEADERS,
HEZEKIAH CUA (DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, PHILIPPINES)
The primary purpose of this research is to identify how women are portrayed in comedy
shows, in particular, Bubble Gang. The study focused on the portrayal of women in selected 2013
Bubble Gang episodes as perceived by DLSU-D women student-leaders. Female officers coming
from various recognized student organizations under the Council of Student Organizations were
chosen as respondents for this study. Research methods used were three sets of Focus Group
Discussions and one set of Focus Interview. The respondents were shown selected Bubble Gang
segments for discussion and exchange of views and insights. Findings reveal that almost all
respondents recognized that most of the Bubble Gang segments depicted and themed women as
object of sex and lust. Socially-relevant issues were used and served as the most common setting
for the stories of the segments. Most of the DLSU-D women student-leaders were either offended
or annoyed by the treatment of male characters towards the female characters including the
responses of these female characters to such behavior. It can be concluded that with this type of
portrayal, women are stereotyped as being submissive, weak and dumb.
IMAGES OF WOMEN IN THE SEMIOTIC LANDSCAPE OF THE BALTIC
STATES, SOLVITA POŠEIKO (INSTITUTE OF REGIONAL STUDIES OF REZEKNE,
LATVIA)
Linguistic landscape (LL) research of nine cities of the Baltic States shows that feminine
discourse is of an essential significance in the public space. This is linguistically proved by
feminine person’s names in ergonyms, also by female ergonyms and graffiti themes. However,
there are multi-modal advertisements reflecting women and female items in the public space,
and they are to be viewed from the perspective of the semiotic landscape. There are 326 photos
reflecting a woman excerpted from the LL data base (7347 units) to describe visual images of a
woman, focusing on the archetypes and concepts on woman’s role in society. There is a semiotic
landscape research method, perception of a visual identity in advertising marketing and popculture, theories of the archetypes used in research. It was found in research that linguistically
the target audience is stated more often by age and belonging to a social and ethnic group, while
the images emphasize the target audience more often by sex, that is – by female gender, for
example, images of a woman or some of her body parts and of women's items (e.g., women
clothing on a mannequin). Excerpted materials are generally characterized by absolutization of a
perfect appearance and maintaining a stereotype – a beautiful woman is slender, groomed, fit
and having a perfect make-up, a youth cult, reflecting popular and successful women as an
example, solitude, narcissism and emotional concealment, glorification of perfume. In
accordance with the data, typical female activities are beauty treatments, relaxation (traveling,
dancing, tanning) and shopping. Pictures mainly emphasize service sector occupations: a
waitress, an employee of a bank or an airline, a masseur, a cabaret dancer or a stripper. A wife
and a mother are social roles which are represented together as inseparable. A woman-lover
(flirtatious temptress) and a woman-friend, in their turn, are the most often reflected
archetypical images in the semiotic landscape of the Baltic States. The conclusion is that the
visual representation of women in the Baltic States is related to the perception of life as
pleasure, emphasizing significance of sensuality and entertainment.
35
DRAMA AND THE WOMAN QUESTION: MRS. WARREN’S PROFESSION IN
POLAND, AGNIESZKA ADAMOWICZ-POŚPIECH (UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA,
POLAND)
George Bernard Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession written in 1893 was prohibited in
England and in the USA until 1926/1906. It was described as “revolting, indecent and
nauseating”. The effort at censorship was taken to block public debate on the rights of women to
work and earn their own living. The case in point is the profession of Mrs. Warren, a brothelkeeper. The play was one of Shaw’s “shock producers” to instigate much needed social reform. It
discussed the tabooed subject of prostitution from the perspective of the laws of supply and
demand. However in Poland the play did not come within the inhibition of CK censorship. Still its
performance was abandoned due to political and ideological causes. The paper focuses on the
play’s translation and reception against the cultural backdrop of the second decade of the
twentieth century Poland integrative statement The paper discusses G.B.Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s
Profession against the backdrop of censorship and the struggle for women’s rights in England,
the USA, and Poland at the beginning of the twentieth century.
THE POWER TO REPRESENT: MALE DOMINATION ON REPRESENTING
KURDISH IDENTITY IN CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS, BASAK SIRAY
(MARDIN ARTUKLU UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
One of the important figures among Kurdish artists in Diyarbakır, Turkey (Şener Özmen)
notes that it is a pity that there are not many woman artists emerged; in fact, none is
internationally recognized as much as him and his group. Although, he says, he and his friends
made great effort to support and encourage women to participate in current art practice,
Kurdish women artists left the field clear for the male artists who consequently have brought
forth a rigid phallic language in representing their repressed identity. Nevertheless, unlike
Özmen’s statement there are contemporary women artists in diaspora like Nevin Aladağ.
However, Aladağ has the distinction of embracing her true nature of identity which is a
collection of identities: German, Kurdish, Turkish and last but not least, woman. The fact that she
is from the second generation of the immigrants has enabled a critical perspective on the
postulated representation of identity. The current multicultural stage of Europe invites many
contemporary artists from the periphery to represent their differences, and reassure the exotic
expectancy from them. Kurdish artists, who are perceived as the representatives of their culture,
are recognized as marginal coming from the periphery and included in Western art system as
soon as they implicate their radical otherness. Are women artists excluded from the
contemporary art field just because they tend to their individual and collective identities not
separated from their lifetime narration? Are they more sensitive to the neoliberal intention,
which is dictated from center to the periphery, from top to bottom?
36
SATURDAY, MARCH 7 TH
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: DOING DOMESTIC WORK, DOING "NOT
REAL WORK", RHACEL SALAZAR PARRENAS (UNIVERSITY OF
SOUTHERN CAROLINA)
The majority of female labor migrants across the globe are paid domestic workers.
Focusing on the legal conditions of their labor, this talk examines the cultural clashes concerning
paid domestic work as paid work demanded by families but simultaneously perceived as best
done if kept as unpaid labor. In the talk, I illustrate the legal conditions of domestic work,
illustrating a stall against its full recognition as formal labor. I then examine the factors leading
to this still, arguing that gendered ideologies of female domesticity curtails the recognition of
domestic work as real work.
SYMPOSIUM 12: CULTURE, IDENTITY, AND ACCULTURATION
PROCESSES - THE CASE OF WORKING MIGRANTS, CHAIR:
HALINA GRZYMAŁA-MOSZCZYŃSKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY)
ASPIRATIONS AND WORK TRAJECTORIES OF POLISH WOMEN IN THE UK
LABOUR MARKET, AZIZ KARIMA (LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY,
UNITED KINGDOM)
Polish post-accession migration to the UK has due to its numerical significance attracted
a broad variety of research generally conceptualising this movement as economic or work
migration. While earlier discourses about this phenomenon focused on downward social
mobility, newer findings now suggest that especially some Central and Eastern European
migrants have been able to move up the occupational ladder. Female Polish migrants in the UK
are not merely low-paid, low-skilled workers, but are now represented in a variety of sectors
and occupations 10 years after the accession. The proposed individual presentation examines
the experiences of female Polish migrant workers in the UK and their performance in the UK
labour market as well as the mutual dynamic of their work trajectories with established gender
roles. The research applies insights on the construction of Polish women as well as findings
provided through studies by Grabowska- Lusińska (2012) and Grabowska-Lusińska and
Jaźwińska-Motylska (2013), that on the one hand there is a need for a greater determination
from female migrant workers and that different degrees of subjecting oneself to structures or
applying individual agency are relevant for the way that Polish women perform in the UK labour
market. The presentation analyses work trajectories of female Polish migrant workers in the UK
and their dynamics with gender roles using a qualitative approach analysing biographical
narrative interviews and semi-structured expert interviews, enriched with quantitative data as
secondary source for the contextualisation of the phenomenon.
37
EMPLOYMENT AMONGST IMMIGRANTS SELECTED AS SKILLED WORKERS
IN QUEBEC (CANADA): ASSESSING THE ROLE OF GENDER AND OF
NATIONAL
ORIGINS,
JULIE
LACROIX
(UNIVERSITÉ
DE
GENÈVE,
SWITZERLAND), ALAIN GAGNON (UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL, CANADA)
Immigrant women to Canada and elsewhere have traditionally entered host countries as
tied movers. Consequently, earlier studies of immigrant women have focused on their situation
within the family unit or in specific employment sectors where they are overrepresented.
Increasingly, however, women apply as qualified workers and move to Canada as principal
applicants through the Canadian's points system. Although all applicants, males or females, who
are granted permanent residence are usually highly educated and well trained, with relevant
work experience as well as language skills, other characteristics are likely to differ with regards
to gender stratification and specialisation, especially in terms of education and family
obligations. Quebec’s retrospective survey on selected workers was used to analyze the
relationship between education and access to qualified and first employment by gender. Semiparametric Cox models highlight how individual characteristics, as well as training in the host
country, affect the hazard rates of first employment corresponding to pre-migration levels of
education. The results reveal no difference regarding access to qualified employment for women
and men. Differences appear for both genders, however, when looking at the country of origin,
with a clear advantage for migrants from Western Europe and the United-States. Gender-based
distinctions are therefore shown on access to first employment, irrespective of pre-migration
qualifications, with female being at a disadvantage in this outcome. Amongst this group, almost
no distinctions appear according to their region of origin, whereas more heterogeneity is found
for male immigrants.
ACADEMIC MIGRATION FROM THE EX-USSR TO AUSTRALIA: GENDER AND
FAMILY ISSUES, ANNA MOROZOV (THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE,
AUSTRALIA)
Academic mobility has been identified as one of the key priorities for the development of
higher education globally in the 21st century (Bucharest, 2012). In Europe, for example, through
the Bologna Process, an influential academic mobility policy has now been created and
successfully borrowed by some countries of the world (Kim, 2009).
But it is as important to understand academic mobility as much from a personal,
phenomenological perspective as from a policy viewpoint. For example, while USSR and ex-USSR
academics have been migrating to positions in Australian universities sector for several decades,
very little is known about the nature of their experiences. So in order to understand more about
their motives for migration, and the associated challenges that they faced, I have undertaken a
narrative enquiry, working with 18 academics who relocated from the USSR/ex-USSR to South
Australian universities. The enquiry has been conducted primarily through semi-structured
interviews, in which participants were asked to discuss their migration experiences as
academics, with a particular focus on their adaptation and settlement issues. Of particular
interest is how this impacts on gender roles within the family. The findings are interpreted
through theories expounded by Castles and colleagues concerning the relationships between
migration and societal change (Castles&Miller, 2009; de Haas, 2009).
It is argued that academic migration for USSR/ex-USSR academics, and perhaps those
from similar geographic regions, is often driven more by concerns for the family’s future than by
academic career aspirations. Furthermore, Kim’s findings (2009:401) on the appearance of
transnational academics are validated.
38
WHERE DOES IT HELP TO BE CULTURALLY INTELLIGENT?, NATASZA
KOSAKOWSKA-BEREZECKA, PAULINA PAWLICKA, MARTA ŁOCKIEWICZ,
MAŁGORZATA LIPOWSKA, DOROTA BRZEZIŃSKA, ALEKSANDRA SUTY
One of the key competences of a developed citizenship is intercultural competence, an
ability to develop social bonds during cross-cultural encounters. The aim of our three studies
was to investigate the influence of different types of multicultural contact on cultural intelligence
(CQ), namely: 1) general multicultural exposure when working with individuals from a different
culture, 2) during student intercultural exchanges, and 3) through romantic intercultural
relationships among individuals who were brought up in a monocultural society. We analysed
its relationship with different constructs that could show the role of cultural intelligence in
enhancing everyday contacts: social dominance orientation (SDO) and multicultural exposure
influencing the attitudes towards minorities as measured with social distance (study 1) and
quality of relationship in both monocultural and bicultural relationships (study 3). Moreover, we
tested if cultural intelligence can be a detector of the efficiency of student Polish-Israeli
exchanges (study 2). Our results showed that CQ plays an important role in reducing social
distance (study 1), and as such is higher among people who have intercultural contacts, even if
living in a monocultural society such as Polish. CQ can function as an indicator of efficiency of
cross-cultural trainings (study 2), and it might influence the quality of relationship in the
intimate bonds, both of a monocultural, and multicultural type (study 3).
39
SYMPOSIUM 13: MIGRATION IN EUROPE PART 1, CHAIR:
KRZYSZTOF STACHURA (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK)
SHIFT IN SOCIAL ORDERS – SHIFT IN GENDER ROLES? MIGRATION
EXPERIENCE AND GENDER ROLES, TETIANA HAVLIN (UNIVERSITY OF
SIEGEN, GERMANY)
The significance of the gender dimension in the global migration has changed with time.
Initially defined as passive or even deviant and mere followers of their male partners, women
contributions and roles were ignored in the international mobility. Rapid feminization of
migration flows in the middle of the last century required revision of migration with greater
consideration towards both genders (Castles 2009; Lutz 2010. The given paper deals with the
question whether the transition from one gender order to another in the course of immigration
triggers the liberalization of gender roles in the families of East-European immigrants (from
Ukraine and Russia). This is discovered through semi-structured biographical interviews with
immigrants to Germany conducted by the author in 2012-2014. The findings illustrate a specific
shift of gender roles in the context of migration. On the one hand, willingly or within
circumstances immigrant women are more likely to be involved into decision-making process, to
adapt to a breadwinner role, to undertake the communication functions with the official
institutions (often due to better language proficiency). On the other hand, men are more likely to
be more engaged in the care giver roles for offspring, to maintain native language in
communication with children (from mother tongue to ‘father tongue’), to fulfill housekeeping
duties. These patterns are rather untypical for the post-soviet gender orders in Ukraine and
Russia with the increasing tendency to the renaissance of traditional gender roles. It leads to the
conclusion that immigration experience leads to the greater egalitarianism linked to the postmigration period. The question of whether a shift in gender orders related to migration from one
country to another leads towards the greater liberalization of gender roles still remains
debatable. But migration experience reinforces the transformation of gender roles which
initially are not only distinct but also unequal. Thus, migration can accelerate restructuring of
gender relationship. In turn, a new social order places – in front of immigrants – a demand for
greater flexibility of gender roles in the family and for diversity in household strategies.
GENDER AND CULTURE OF PACIFISM IN SITUATION OF MIGRATION,
OXANA KOZLOVA (UNIVERSITY OF SZCZECIN, POLAND)
Migration, caused by such factors as wars, political conflicts and natural disasters, is not
reducing in XXI century. This type of migration does not help to overcome gender inequality, and
often leads to its aggravation. For this reason, within the gender studies the search for ways to
prevent such disasters, to terminate "perpetual war", to transit towards sustainable
development is actualized. Hypothesis in this analysis is the existence of gender asymmetry in
attitude to war and violence. The essence of this asymmetry is reflected in the fact that women
determine and show their negative attitude to war and violence with greater intensity than men.
Women are also more likely to be pacifists in practice. The situation of migration leads to a
deepening of the asymmetry in the group consciousness of women and men. To test this
hypothesis, it is planned to carry out a series of individual in-depth interviews in 5 countries. It
is assumed that the cultural diversity can not only cause problems but also suggest solutions to
longstanding problems. One of these problems is the problem of masculine culture’s attitude to
violence and pacifism. In men’s eyes pacifism is something completely optional. It is considered
as an evidence of political shortsightedness, irrational and utopian thinking. Negative attitude to
40
the symbolism of pacifism is implanted. Cultures’ gender asymmetry in their attitude to violence
in the situation of migration offers the prospect of progress in the adoption of the principle of
non-violence as an attribute of the future social development.
THE PILLARS OF THE TURKISH MIGRANT CULTURE IN THE
NETHERLANDS: WOMEN’S CHALLENGES BEFORE AND AFTER MIGRATION,
OSEN TUNCER (NETHERLANDS RESEARCH SCHOOL OF GENDER STUDIES,
NETHERLANDS)
Women have long been overlooked in migration processes through mainly focusing on
the migration of men. Turkish migrant women are often merely mentioned through family
reunification. This paper addresses the changes experienced by such migrant women who
moved from Turkey to the Netherlands in the 1960’s and 1970’s, focusing on the period from
their husbands leaving until after being reunited with them in the Netherlands. It seeks to define
their contributions through describing the changes these Turkish women experienced within
that time frame. It answers the question: what are the contributions of first generation Turkish
women still visible today in the migrant society? The paper aims to address this neglect by
positioning these women within the migrant Turkish culture and acknowledging their
contribution to the cultural preservation outside of Turkey. Literature was analyzed to identify
the possible social, cultural and structural changes experienced by these women. Moreover, data
retrieved in 2012 was used to include the voice of these women. Through snowball sampling 12
65+ first generation Turkish women residing in Tilburg, the Netherlands, were face-to-face
interviewed using semi-structured interview guidelines. My findings show multi-layered
experiences. Starting their adaptation process in Turkey, women became important actors
within the household fulfilling multiple roles. Through their contribution they have partially
maintained the Turkish culture while also creating the migrant Turkish culture in the
Netherlands. Showing strength and courage their contributions are still visible today. These
findings may help to understand the role of women in migration & family reunification
processes in general.
EMPLACEMENT OF FILIPINAS IN LONDON: POSSIBILITY IN LIGHT OF
SACRIFICE, DIA FLORES (LONG BEACH CITY COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM)
While the majority of academic discourse on Philippine migration focuses on the global
care chain involving the transfer of care from the Global North to the Global south, this paper
highlights an alternative stance which emplaces rather than displaces Filipina women in their
adopted locale. Specific vignettes highlight how Filipina immigrants in London are attempting to
thrive, not just survive when navigating the intricacies attached to migration and belonging.
While migration is often seen as a displacing and even a tragic event, this paper wishes to situate
the Filipina migrant as one who has a choice and say in her migration trajectory. Through 18
months of ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation taking place from 2010-2012, I
followed the lives of non-married, single, and settled Filipina immigrants in London. During
research I sought to understand how women expressed their sexuality and how they made a
home in Greater London. We see that Filipina migrants created possibility in light of any
previous sacrifice that had to be endured. Additionally, findings from this research coincide with
sentiments of most migrant Filipina women regarding ambivalent return migration to their
home country.
41
SYMPOSIUM 14: MEN, WOMEN, & PARENTAL ROLES, CHAIR:
MARIA KAŹMIERCZAK (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
MOTHERING WHICH NATION?: PARENTING, CITIZENSHIP AND THE
POLITICS OF BELONGING OF FILIPINO MIGRANT MOTHERS RAISING
JAPANESE-FILIPINO CHILDREN (JFC), JOCELYN OMANDAM CELERO (WASEDA
UNIVERSITY, JAPAN)
The phenomenon of raising a transnational family, herein Japanese- Filipino families in
Japan and the Philippines, entails considerations of economic, social and cultural, as well as
political resources for integration into a society. Whereas Japanese-Filipino intermarriages have
produced children of dual socio-cultural orientation called Japanese-Filipino children (JFC),
existing literature on Filipinas tackles largely either their labor or marriage migration (Piper
2005). Thus, little is known as to how migration is shaping their motherhood, and how parenting
practices and dispositions are conditioned by their simultaneous transnational migration
between and integration to both Japan and the Philippines. Drawing on in-depth interviews and
focus-group discussions with over (100) Filipino mothers raising JFC in Tokyo and Manila, this
research explores the parenting-migration-social integration nexus in the narratives and
discourse of motherhood of Filipino women raising JFC in a transnational social field that links
Japan and the Philippines. First, using Erdal and Oeppen’s (2013) levels of social integrationtransnationalism, it looks into their patterns of parenting practices that are nurtured by
simultaneous migration and social integration. Second, it problematizes whether Filipino
mothers seeks to maintain Filipino citizenship, Japanese citizenship, or denizenship as their
desired form of membership. Adhering to Castles’ (2005) unequal and hierarchical order of
nation-states and the citizenship they bestow, preference for Japanese citizenship does not
involuntarily result in loss of Filipino citizenship; rather, it invokes constant negotiation for
instrumental, transnational and cultural citizenship. Finally, this paper compares and contrasts
how Filipino mothers, individually and collectively, are reconfiguring ideals of family relations
that are intimately linked to nation-building Japan and the Philippines.
ASSUMING OR NOT THE MATERNAL ROLE IN CONDITIONS OF POVERTY, A
DIMENSION OF THE CHILD ABANDONMENT, REBECA POPESCU (UNIVERSITY
OF BUCHAREST, ROMANIA)
This study presents in the context of post-communist culture and global economic crisis,
the children abandonment dimension, and the giving up to the role of parent. The migration of
the young women from Romania as a result of poverty and lack of punitive measures mint to
discourage the children abandonment, contributed to the institutionalization of children, and
even more severely, to the newborn babies abandonment in maternities. In Romania in 2013
1449 children (including 915 newborns) were abandoned in Hospitals. In a period in which
global economic crisis causing daily behaviors, and poverty has worsened, raising a child, with
all that implies the role of a parent, becomes difficult and the abandonment of children by their
own mothers continues to be high. Hypothesis: in the context of Romania history of children
abandonment during communist period, in poverty conditions, single mothers and not only,
continue to abandon their role as a parent. Method description: secondary analyses of data from
Romanian Ministry of Labor, regarding the children that were abandoned in hospital units and
the ones that are in different Child Care Institutions, for the past 10 years.
42
MOTHERS AS “ADAPTATION MANAGERS” IN EXPATRIATES’ FAMILIES,
AGNIESZKA TRĄBKA (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
This paper aims at analyzing mother’s role in the migration process. I focus on expatriate
families in which children accompany their parents. Usually family moves abroad temporarily
because of man’s career and the move may be a challenge for woman’s professional life for
several reasons (administrative, linguistic, organizational etc.). No matter what their
professional situation is, women are often responsible for planning the logistics of the move and
organizing family life in the host country. What is more, research indicates that parenting in the
context of migration becomes more demanding. Very often children must be assisted in school
and in extracurricular activities that they used to do on their own in the country of origin.
Although it may be a chance to tighten intrafamilial bonds, it is often perceived as necessity both
by children and mothers. On the other hand engaging in children’s school-life may be an
opportunity to meet other expatriates and to build one’s social network. It must be stressed that
such move usually means a loss of network of social support (extended family, friends and
colleagues). Qualitative research highlight that women feel the pressure to perform well as
“expatriate mothers” and realize that their adaptation influences their children’ wellbeing. By
indicating these challenges I do not suggest that the move cannot be rewarding experience for a
“trailing spouse”. In my paper I will also indicate benefits of accompanying a partner on foreign
assignments.
43
INVITED SYMPOSIUM: MIGRATING WOMEN AND SOCIAL
ROLES, PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR PART 1, CHAIR
ELISABETH GERNSHEIM-BECK (UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGENNUREMBERG)
MIGRANT WOMEN
GDAŃSK, POLAND)
AND LEISURE,
ANNA HOROLETS (UNIVERSITY OF
In my contribution to the symposium I would like to tackle the issues of leisure in
migration experience, focusing on migrant women’s experience. Interest in leisure is by no
means central to migration studies although there is a growing body of research devoted to this
domain of migrants’ life. I suggest that by focusing on migrant women’s leisure we could be able
to better understand their migration experience. Despite the common sense perception that
leisure is the domain of free will, it is strongly socially and economically structured (Rojek,
2010). Therefore, the various dimensions of intersectional exclusion of migrant women can be
accessed through studying leisure practices and leisure deprivation. It has been a welldocumented fact that migrant women experience time crunch during the first period after
migration to a greater degree than men (e.g. the anthropological research of Nancy Foner).
Leisure practices can contribute to the structural discrimination of migrant women, but they
also may be a venue for altering migrant women position in a receiving society not the least to a
degree of playfulness leisure contains despite its structuredness. Culturally, symbolically and
ideologically leisure is linked to the ideas of a “good life” that are different between receiving
and sending society, as well as between various groups within each of them. Therefore, various
forms of leisure participation and leisure deprivation can be read by the society and an
individual as identity constructing symbols. The transnational situation leads to the clashes
between contrastive readings of what a good leisure is for a woman. The critical assessment of
the underlying premises of each of these visions (cf. Samdahl, 2005) is much needed if a
pressure put on migrant women is to be lessened. In my contribution I will draw several
illustrations of the above issues from my research among Polish migrants in the UK (2010-2011)
and the US (2014).
MOTHERING FROM ABROAD. CHANGES IN SOCIALIZATION PATTERNS IN
MIGRANTS’ FAMILIES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE, JOANNA BIELECKAPRUS (UNIVERSITY OF MARIE CURIE-SKŁODOWSKA, POLAND)
In this paper I would like to discuss the issue of changes in the process of socialization in
female migrants’ families in the global context. The analysis partially refers to author’s own
research on Polish migrants, while the main focus is the analysis of research on this issue in
various academic centers in the world. The aim of my task is to conduct a comparative analysis
that will:
 show the problems faced by migrant-mothers in fulfilling their roles and solutions to these
problems,
 present changes in family structures,
 analyse the results of migration for the children who are left behind (positive and negative).
Based on theoretical assumptions that performing a social role of a mother is a process of social
negotiation of the rights and obligations on the part of the social actor and her social circle
(Znaniecka-Łopata, Circles and Settings. Role Changes of American Woman, State University of
New York Press, New York 1994), but also submission to / rejection / change of the
predominant ideology of motherhood. Comparative analysis of the test results shows the central
44
problems which are common to all transnational families, but will also show differences in
cultural contexts of both the sending and the host country. Moreover, such an analysis will
examine the problem of transnational mothering as the theme to be undertaken in the context of
motherhood and show whether and which stereotypes/regimes of motherhood are rejected and
which are supported. In this context of the discussion on the social consequences of the women’s
migration we can consider how research procedures (sample, research methods, research
questions) support certain ideologies of motherhood, and thus the role of women in society.
RE-THINKING THE GENDER REVOLUTION. THE CASE OF TRANSNATIONAL
MOTHERS FROM POLAND (1989-2010), SYLWIA URBAŃSKA (UNIVERSITY OF
WARSAW, POLAND)
The vast majority of gender and migration literature pictures the transnational
mothering phenomenon as a homogenous experience, diversified only by the type of territorial
distance between mother and her child/children, or gendered distribution of care practices in
families. What is missing in the existing analyses of care workers and transnational care
practices, are the more complex perspectives on the phenomenon of mothering itself.
Perspectives which would help to analyze and explain the roles and identities of female migrant
workers in connection with various dimensions of their biographies, identities, statuses, and
class positions. As a result, despite many studies, the transnational mothering phenomenon
remains under-researched. In this paper I intend to discuss two issues. First, I would like to
address the question whether the existing body of research captures the subversive nature and
the complex structure of the transnational mothering phenomenon? Secondly, what kind of
gender revolution could we speak about, if we broadened the scope of women experiences? The
discussion is based on the results of my research, focused on the experiences of Polish
transnational mothers, whose biographical experiences of migration and living long-distance
lives with their children/families/local communities, span over two decades of post-socialist
transformation (1989-2010). The ethnographic research was conducted in Polish rural areas
(villages and small towns) and in the migrant communities in Belgium.
POLISH MOTHERS IN NORWAY: CARE DEFICITS AS A REASON TO GENDER
ROLES TRANSFORMATION, ALICJA SADOWNIK (BERGEN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE, NORWAY)
This paper reports on tentative results of a Polish-Norwegian research project: “Polish
female migrants and their families – a study of care deficit” (POLFAMIGRA). Originally
POLFAMIGRA aimed to reconstruct: a) care deficits experienced by the families in Poland after
the care-taking woman (mother, wife, house-wife, daughter, daughter-in-law) left to work
abroad; b) distance ways of managing care-task, which the care-taking women were “naturally”
(read: culturally) undertaking while living in Poland. However, the interviews revealed that
Polish women living in Norway experience care-deficits as well – especially small children
mothers. The lack of grandparents and family-friends network opens Polish migrant’s eyes for
Norwegian public childcare institutions. The Norwegian State guarantees a place in Early
Education and Care (EEC) for every child aged 1 year and older. However, Polish mothers tend
to see this possibility rather as a sing of “lack of mothers love” or “bad care”, especially at the
beginning of their being in Norway. Nevertheless, high-educated informants or those who have
attended Norwegian language course develop quite opposite meanings about Norwegian EECs,
as well as about their own role in the family. The family role grows from “Matka Polka” (mother
who sacrifices herself for family needs) to “Matka Norka” (who is conscious of that her needs –
45
like for example spare time, training, self-realization - are equally important in a good family
life).
46
SYMPOSIUM 15: WORK & GENDER, CHAIR: HANNA BRYCZ
(UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK)
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF GENDER INCOME GAP IN
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES, SAKI KUDO, SATOSHI MIWA (TOHOKU UNIVERSITY,
JAPAN)
For some decades, earning inequality between man and woman is one of the main issues
in the world. Prior studies indicate that male income is higher than that of woman in general.
Some researchers argue that the gender earning gaps in Nordic countries are smaller than those
in other countries. The reason why the gaps in North European countries are smaller is mainly
emphasized by “family policies”, which encourage women to join labor market. However, others
claim that we should notice the difference of income structure, namely, relative income
inequality. In this report, we would like to discuss how family policies moderate the gender
income gap using cross national data (ISSP-2009) including more than 30 countries. We use
multilevel analysis to take the different levels of data into consideration. The purposes of this
study are mainly two-forward; firstly, to analyze how family policies affect both absolute and
relative income gaps, and secondly, to examine the features of each country regarding
relationship between income disparity and family policies. In conclusion, family policies have a
role to decrease the absolute income gap between man and woman; however, don’t have effect
on relative income inequality. Furthermore, there is a variety of gender income disparity in each
country. For instance, Nordic countries have small absolute income gap, on the other hand,
relative income inequality is large. We suggest that each country should consider “what kind of
gender income gap” they have, and then make policies according to the features of inequality.
SOCIAL WORK AND GENDER AT THE BACKDROP OF DEVELOPMENT:
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES, DANIELA GABA (UNIVERSITY OF
BUCHAREST, ROMANIA)
There have been many phenomena which influenced social work’s evolution over time.
By definition, social work is a profession and a field of study born at the intersection of
numerous social factors, out of the stringent need for social change. Over the years, gender
issues have had an important share in social work’s concern for social justice and equity. As
gender issues gained ground on the global development agenda, social work has become more
concerned with gender equality than ever before. This paper analyses the gendering of
contemporary social work discourse at the backdrop of development. It starts with a brief
historical overview of social work’s engagement with gender issues and then moves on to
analyzing some of the recent evolutions of this engagement within a global framework of
documents, institutions and goals. The assumption of the paper is that the internationalization of
social work has created the venues for the gendering of social work. However, empirical
evidence and research suggest that a certain gap exists between the growing body of gendered
social work theory and social work practice. In the end, some of the challenges and opportunities
of contemporary social work’s engagement with gender issues are discussed.
47
PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT AMONG WOMEN AS SOCIAL WORKERS PERSONALITY AND ORGANIZATIONAL RISK FACTORS, BEATA MAŃKOWSKA
(UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK, POLAND)
Professional burnout has been identified as the greatest threat of economically active
people in the twenty-first century (Maslach & Leiter, 2001, 2010). Progressive burnout causes a
growing emotional exhaustion, cynicism and manifestations of lack of respect towards people,
increasing sense of discouragement, apathy and loss of professional satisfaction. Despite many
years of research on burnout, there is still no coherent model explaining it. Social worker is an
occupation of high risk of burnout. The majority of social workers are women. The aim of the
study was to determine personality and organizational factors of professional burnout among
women as social workers. The study involved 270 women- Polish social workers employed in
municipal centers of social assistance. There were used the methods: R. Cattell’s 16 Personality
Questionnaire (16 PF), Questionnaire of Coping with Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler &
Parker, Questionnaire of Subjective Evaluation of Work by B. Dudek and Maslach Burnout
Inventory (MBI). The results indicate, that the highest level of burnout represent women high
emotionally unstable, vigilant and timid, inflexible and conservative; using style of coping with
stress concentrated on emotions and avoiding. In turn, the lowest level of burnout represent
logical women, serious, calm and careful, as well as conventional; using styles of coping with
stress focused on the task. The organizational burnout risk factors turned out to be: no awards,
lack of control at work and lack of social support. Key words: professional burnout, personality
risk factors, organizational risk factors, social worker.
PROCEDURAL JUSTICE IN ORGANIZATION: GENDER PERSPECTIVE,
KRYSTYNA ADAMSKA (UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK, POLAND), ANDRZEJ
FALKOWSKI (UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, POLAND)
The results of the research conducted in different organizations (N=271) show the
interaction effect of gender, position and perception of the organizational relations (low vs high
hierarchical relations) on procedural justice. The women occupying the executive positions who
perceive the relations in organization as hierarchical state that there is low procedural justice.
The procedural justice means that there is a possibility to influence the organizational decisions.
In other words one can voice her objections and ideas. Quite opposite pattern holds for women
on the managerial positions. They evaluate the procedural justice more positively when the
relations in organization are perceived by them as hierarchical. Men on the managerial positions
obtain similar results. But in the low hierarchy men managers evaluate procedural justice as
high while women managers as low. The contemporary literature on the procedural justice
suggests that its significance varies along with situational or dispositional concern for status,
belongingness, esteem and reputation. For example self-rumination (anxiety and doubt about
oneself) increases the self- relevance of procedural justice, self-reflection (genuine epistemic
interest in the self) decreases it. People use procedural justice for self-evaluation purposes and
for reducing their uncertainty. So, procedural justice effects can be accounted for by selforiented motives and needs. This is the possible explanation why generally disadvantaged
women occupying managerial position evaluate procedures more fair in the hierarchical settings
than women in the executive positions.
48
SYMPOSIUM 16: MIGRATION IN EUROPE PART 2, CHAIR: AGATA
BACHÓRZ (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MIGRATIONS, MAN AND WOMAN CHANGES IN
POLAND, MONIKA NAWROCKA (ACADEMY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, POLAND)
The development of the research in economy has shown that conducting mathematical
modeling and statistics is an effective instrument for diagnosing the progress phenomenon of
socio-economics. It provides the information about the dynamics of result changeability in
different periods of time. Additionally statistical analysis allows determining the prediction for
periods of future and past years. Migrations are characterised by the quality of being measurable
because it includes quantitative data. In recent years, they demonstrate high dynamics.
Conducting the analyses and calculations based on methods and statistical instruments will
result in the opportunity to compare, group, analyse variables, specify trends and designate the
diagnoses of achieved sports results with the implementation of the optimum vector of variables
of independent variable of migrations. An analysis of the dynamics migration variability in this
article, was carried out on the basis of data from the website of the main statistical office. The
material was worked on with the use of the statistical methods of descriptive statistics, the
testing of interdependencies. Additionally, the models of time series were used for the sake of
the analysis. The most significant aim of the analysis of the dynamics is the designation of
predictions. The use of the model of time series has the task of the specification of the change of
the phenomenon level in time.
NARRATIVES OF WELL-BEING AMONG REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS
IN CAMEROON AND THE UK: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, BRIANNE WENNING
(UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, UNITED KINGDOM)
Figures state that over three-quarters of all refugees in Africa are accepted on a prima
facie basis; that is, if a country is recognised as being unsafe, then those who chose to leave it are
automatically considered refugees in other African countries. This is in stark contrast to the
European and North American model in which each individual enters as an asylum seeker and
must present a case detailing individual persecution, which is met with the default position of
hostile disbelief. The purpose of this research is to explore well-being among those belonging to
these two distinct groups and to highlight the effect these different pathways have upon them.
While both groups live freely in their host communities, how do these different pathways affect
their integration into their host countries? And how does being a woman, and possibly a mother,
affect this process, and ultimate well-being? This research was conducted using interviews with
five refugee women and their families in Yaoundé, Cameroon, and five refugees and asylum
seekers and their families in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, all of African origin.
Preliminary results highlight that many of the issues facing the two groups are similar, such as
stigma and discrimination, while the centrality of hope in their narratives facilitates effective
coping. Personal and familial relationships, however, suffer amongst those who have resettled in
the UK as opposed to those who have settled in Cameroon, where ties to their families, friends,
ethnic groups and religious organisations remain strong.
49
MULTICULTURALITY AND EUROPE. FROM CHALLENGE TO CLASH, LAUREN
PETRILA (BABES-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, ROMANIA)
The present Europe is now a field of culture clash more than ever. European culture,
characterised by economic capacity and free trade market, has attracted very many ethnical
groups and different cultures to this area that once developed for this very reason: cultural unity
and Catholic faith. There were a lot of reasons for which Europe had become so permissive with
the immigrants. Objectivity compels us to admit the fact that, having a more and more reduced
natal increase, European governments felt obliged to produce and maintain public politics and
governmental systems by opening frontiers. There are many European attitudes stating that
multiculturalism is a failure in Europe, but there are very few voices to highlight the present
moment of Europe or give predictions for a less and less European Europe. In this research, I
attempt to elaborate an incursion in the present moment in Europe about social life, European
values and their contemporaneity, but also about the increase in the number of mixed families. I
will point out specific situations in Europe leading to the formation of a new culture within the
European area and, afterwards, I will also underline the imminent forthcoming of a new set of
social values. The European identity endures massive changes and it seems it is defeated by its
very own dreams. Loosely, the research attempts a social cultural analysis of the European area
in the view of the multicultural challenges.
IMMIGRANTS INTEGRATION: THE PROCESS OF BEING A COMMODITY,
AMINUL ISLAM (TALLINN UNIVERSITY, ESTONIA)
The primary objective of this study was to examine the acculturation preferences among
first generation Bangladeshi immigrant women living in Helsinki, Finland. In what ways do
immigrant women decide and maintain whether or not to keep all or parts of their cultures,
values, religious norms and traditions of their home society in their new contexts. The sample
comprised 17 immigrants; Data were obtained through interview and analyzed by Berry’s
(1997) two dimensional acculturation model and Marx’s (1887) theory of commodity. This was
a qualitative study . The main outcomes and results show that Integration was the most
preferred strategy when using Berry’s model. When Marx’s theory of commodity was used the
meaning of integration became precised. Within the immigrant environment first generation
immigrants always put effort to be able to get integrated with the host society. These efforts can
be seen as labor power. Immigrants have use value and the more labor involved in it, the higher
its exchange value or the higher chance to get integrated. Hence, the whole aspect can be viewed
as a process of being a commodity.
50
SYMPOSIUM 17: MIGRATION IN EUROPE PART 2, CHAIR: BEATA
PASTWA-WOJCIECHOWSKA (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
FORCED MIGRATION AND SEXUAL ABUSE: EXPERIENCE OF DRC
ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN KIGEME REFUGEE CAMP, RWANDA, INNOCENT
IYAKAREMYE (UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA, RWANDA), CLAUDINE MUKAGATARE
(UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES)
Literature links forced migration with sexual abuse and adolescent girls are identified as
the most vulnerable. However, since the arrival of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) refugees
in Kigeme camp, Rwanda in 2012 due to the clash between the government army and
M23rebels, no visible strategy was developed to address sexual abuse. This study was therefore
initiated to explore the situation of sexual abuse in Kigeme camp and to suggest remedial
strategies. It responds to three questions: what is the situation of sexual abuse of adolescent
girls in Kigeme camp? What are the factors and consequences of adolescent girls’ sexual abuses?
What are the remedial strategies to address adolescent girls’ sexual abuse in the camp?
Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
with adolescent girls. Interviews also involved parents, boys, camp authorities, and
neighbouring citizens. The total sample size was 24 in-depth interviews and 6 FGD. Findings
identified adolescent girls' sexual abuses displaying rape, prostitution, child marriage, and
trafficking as main forms. These are facilitated by miserable life in the camp, camp layout, drugs
and alcohol abuse, and parents’ loss of capability to provide survival means. They negatively
impact girls’ reproductive health, education, family integration, and mental health. It is argued
that adequate strategies are required to protect girls from abuse. Remedial strategies suggested
include girl empowerment, involvement of boys and men, abuse reporting, and security
improvement.
FEMINIST IDENTITY STYLES, SEXUAL AND NON-SEXUAL TRAUMATIC
EVENTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN A SAMPLE OF POLISH
WOMEN, JUSTYNA KUCHARSKA (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND)
The aim of the research was to investigate the relations between Feminist Identity
Development (FID) stages (as introduced by Downing and Roush) and selected aftermaths of
traumatic stress in a sample of Polish women. The distinction between non-sexual and sexual
traumatic events was made as it is often claimed that the latest have more severe impact on
women’s functioning. It was hypothesized that individuals scoring high in Synthesis and Active
Commitment scales of Feminist Identity Development Model would present a higher self-esteem
and lower level of depressiveness compared to individuals scoring low on those scales and high
on Passive Acceptance scale. It was also assumed that the relation between Feminist Identity
Development stages and self-esteem and depressiveness will be stronger in women, who’d
experienced sexual traumatic events compared to those, who experienced other kinds of trauma.
273 women picked from general population in Warsaw, Poland, participated in questionnaire
research. Four groups emerged: (1) those, who haven’t experienced any kind of traumatic event;
(2) those, who’ve experienced non-sexual trauma; (3) those, who’ve experienced sexual trauma;
(4) those, who’ve experienced multiple trauma. Both hypotheses were confirmed as in all groups
predicted patterns of relations between FID stages and self-esteem and depressiveness were
found. Moreover, the effect was strongest in group 3. This is yet another evidence of relations
between feminist identity and women’s well-being. Additionally, the results of the research help
51
understand the nature of traumatic stress related problems in women in relation to a wider
social context.
FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON WOMEN AND GIRLS .
A CASE STUDY OF THE SABINY IN KAPHORWA DISTRICT OF UGANDA,
RICHARD SEMPALA (AFRICA LIFE YOUTH FOUNDATION, UGANDA)
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a term used to describe various traditional practices
that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for cultural and traditional
reasons in many African societies. This study addresses the concept of this practice and explores
the initiatives which can be taken to eliminate the practice. The study was conducted through
interview of a workmate from Kapchorwa and review of different literature. The results
indicated that FGM is performed on girls, women and female infants due to cultural beliefs that it
signifies a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood, preserves virginity and marital
faithfulness. Other results show that Female Genital Mutilation has spread to other parts of the
world like USA, Canada, France, Australia, and Britain through immigrations due to the search
for greener pasture. FGM has both immediate and long-term consequences. It damages woman’s
sexuality where by a woman loses genital sensitivity and it becomes hard for her to have an
orgasm. In conclusion, Female Genital Mutilation is a grave human rights violation; it violates
rights to health, security, the right to be free from torture and the right to life when the
procedure results in death. In order to eliminate FGM there is a need for the government,
international and local non-government organizations to work with the communities towards
changing their beliefs, values and traditions regarding the practice.
GENDERED VIOLENCE AND RAPE AS A FORM OF GENOCIDE, ALEKSANDRA
SPYCHALSKA (UNIVERSITY OF WROCLAW, POLAND)
The speech will present the issue of sexual violence as a form of one of the most
horrifying crimes- the crime of genocide. Genocide is the systematic destruction of a national,
ethnic, racial or religious group, as such. According to many scholars, the use of sexual abuse and
rape during times of genocide is not a by-product of the crime, but is a pre-planned and
deliberate military strategy. The use of rape as a weapon against the civilian population by state
and non-state actors has become more frequent. As a weapon of genocide, rape is used in many
ways – to impregnate women with children who are not ethnically or racially ‘clean’, to
humiliate and ostracize unmarried women so that they cannot begin their own families, to
damage their bodies so they are unable to have children. Rape as a form of genocide is also used
as a part of ethnic cleansing, as the objective is to destroy or remove the target group from
specific territory. The author’s deliberation will be based on analysis of genocide in Rwanda,
Bosnia and Darfur. The author will show and analyze many aspects of sexual assault practiced by
genocide perpetrators such as forcing into marriage, abductions, sexual slavery and-the most
important- rapes (including gang rapes), and present mostly social consequences of such actions
(apart from the crime itself there are high social pressures and taboos placed on rape survivors
which have resulted in multiple incidents of victims committing suicide) non-excluding,
however, political and economic ones.
52
INVITED SYMPOSIUM: MIGRATING WOMEN AND SOCIAL
ROLES, PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR PART 2, CHAIR: RHACEL
PARRENAS (UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA)
HOW TO MAKE THE DIVISION OF MALE AND FEMALE HOUSEHOLD DUTIES
VANISH - COMPARING EVERYDAY LIFE PRACTICES OF POLISH WOMEN IN
POLAND AND IN NORWAY, MAGDALENA ŻADKOWSKA (UNIVERSITY OF
GDAŃSK, POLAND)
Economic migration from Poland to Norway is a relatively new trend that has intensified
immensely after Poland joined the European Union in 2004. Polish migrants have been the
largest immigrant community in Norway since 2009.
During last 20 years Polish family life has experienced extensive changes. The decision to get
married and have children (if reached) is delayed visibly by both partners. Both men and women
forming dual-career families have to face important challenges of work-life-balance and
domestic duties division. This is also the experience of migrant Polish couples in Norway.
Since October 2013 we conduct research project PAR Migration Navigator (funded from
In the first round of research we analyze the changes in everyday-life choices made by men and
women when dealing with domestic duties division, work-life balance and parental behaviors.
120 in-depth interviews (both joint and individual) were conducted with forty Polish couples
living in two regions (Stavanger and Gdansk).
The results obtained show the dynamics of changes of gender roles fulfillment and work-life
balance strategies fostered by migration experience. As Ulrich Beck and Barbara BeckGernsheim imply that during the process of migration nowadays both men and women try to
establish new inter-gender relationship pattern (reflective negotiations - Beck, Beck-Gernsheim,
2011).
One of the crucial changes, more seen in Norway then in Poland, is VANISHING of gender
stereotype of some domestic duties. Some duties are no longer for women unconscious
competences. They do not longer know how to make a soup for example. Some duties are no
longer unconscious incompetence for men. They do laundry mechanically and without reflection
and female supervision.
This project is funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme
operated by the National Centre for Research and Development.
(RE)GENDERED SOCIAL ROLES AMONG POLISH WOMEN IN NORWAY,
GUNHILD ODDEN, CENTRE FOR INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION (SIK)
The goal of this paper is to understand how gender roles are perceived and change
among Polish women who have migrated to Norway. The analysis takes into account both Polish
migrants’ expressed views on what it takes to be a woman in Poland and Norway and their own
attitudes to such established conceptualizations. In addition, the paper includes the Polish
women’s reflections on their own feminity in an immigration context: how do they express their
feminity? What gendered roles travel with them? What roles do they leave behind? And finally,
when migrating, what possibilities to these women gain in terms of social mobility? The paper is
53
based on semi-structured interviews with 15 Polish families who have settled with their
children in Western Norway (joint and individual interviews). The fieldwork has been
conducted within the framework of the research project ‘Sociocultural and psychological
predictors of work-life balance and gender equality’ (PAR Migration Navigator), funded by
Norway Grants and coordinated by the University of Gdansk.
GENDER ROLES AND WORK MIGRANTS IN NORWAY – COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN AUTHORITIES AND MIGRANTS ABOUT GENDER ISSUES, BRITA
GJERSTAD, INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF STAVANGER (IRIS),
NORWAY
Norway is a country that promotes gender equality. The Gender Equality Act ensures
gender equality, and an Ombud for Equal Status makes statements in connection with
complaints regarding violations of laws and regulations that are within the working scope of the
Ombud, and provide advice and guidance concerning this legislation. In many ways, gender
equality is formal and informal practice. Yet critics label the focus on gender equality “state
feminism”, claiming that the state imposes certain values and roles regarding gender on the
citizens.
The paper explores communication about gender issues between authorities and
migrants. Migrants in Norway meet representatives from the public authorities in many
situations. Do the representatives explain and promote gender roles and values to migrants? Do
they consider it a necessary task? How do migrants experience and consider gender and gender
roles in Norway?
The question raised will be answered mainly based on the WP “Encounters between
work migrants and public sector”, part of the EEA-founded project “Socio-Cultural and
Psychological Predictors of Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality. Cross-Cultural Comparison
of Polish and Norwegian Families”, also called the PAR-project. In addition, data from a
corresponding project on work migration in Western Norway will be used. Data from both
project consists of interviews with migrants and representatives from public sector, employees
and NGOs in nine municipalities in the Western Norway.
54
POSTER SESSION PART 1
THE PROTECTIVE ROLE OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITY OF WOMEN IN
ALLEVIATING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SEXIST
DISCRIMINATION, RÓŻA BAZIŃSKA (UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES, FACULTY IN SOPOT, POLAND)
The present research focused on the psychological processes of coping with
discrimination against women using samples of Polish students. The aim of the first study (n =
120), in which PD (perceived discrimination) against gender in-group was experimentally
manipulated (a newspaper article), was to investigate the relation between PD and their state
anxiety. The results confirmed the relation between women's PD and the state anxiety while
men's PD against their gender group did not affect their state anxiety. Moreover, the results
showed the role of women's collective identity (collective self-esteem, CES) as a moderator in
the relation between PD against women and the state anxiety. In the second study with the same
manipulation on women's group (n = 120), the results confirmed these effects. After reading the
article on discrimination against women, women whose CES was lower reacted with an increase
in state anxiety as compared to the control condition. The effect did not occur in women with
high CES. Moreover, the state anxiety of women with low CES mediated the relation between PD
and their state of self-esteem. To sum up, the results suggest that the effect of PD against women
on women's anxiety depends on the level of CES and that the state anxiety mediates the
relationship between PD and the state of self-esteem but only in women with relatively low CES.
The results highlight the role of collective identity in understanding women's response to
perceived discrimination against their gender group
GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON STUDENT’S MOBILITY TO UNIVERSITY,
CAROLINE BERGGREN (UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN)
People with ample resources, such as private means and networks have traditionally
been mobile (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1990). They have moved to cities and educational
institutions, where it has been possible for them to gain and reproduce their family capital.
However, if already socially privileged groups of students, whose own achieved educational
capital could not reach the standards required by the traditional universities, proximate to
where they grew up, they need to adjust their educational aims. Such an adjustment would be to
apply for a study place in a less prestigious educational programme or at a less prestigious
higher education institution (Kivinen, et al. 2001) The direction of the migration is typically from
less populated regions to the urbanized regions (Löken, Lommerud & Lundberg, 2013) and
migration is more common among women than men, particularly in their early 20s (SCB, 2011).
The question is, if there is an opposite migration among some privileged groups of students? Do
privileged groups of students, women and men originating from city regions, but with
insufficient self-achieved educational capital adjust their aims and move to a university college
(located outside city regions) to reproduce the resources of their family? The study is
longitudinal and will analyse around 500 000 students born between 1973 and 1982 who have
studied at higher education. Most recent data will be from 2007, this being when these
individuals were aged between 25 and 34 years. Regression analysis will be used.
55
CULTURAL CHANGE AND POSITION OF TELEVISION WHICH BECAME THE
MOST POPULAR MEDIA IN TURKEY AFTER 1980, SEDAT CERECI (BATMAN
UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
A great number of people have been living in insufficient cities which have not been able
to provide either daily necessities or social and cultural necessities of human for decades in spite
of a lot of majestic cities have been established in the world recently. Especially many immigrant
people live in close, crowded and squalid suburbs, always suffering from their social condition
and worrying about their future in Turkey. Everybody worries about living in a humanitarian
environment and correct social occasion and tries to reach communication facilities in his or her
surroundings for living in a society as a human. All immigrants look forward to settle in an
untouched side and set a life for themselves there. Untouched areas and a few undamaged sides
are rapidly being destroyed because of migrations, and while cities expand towards untouched
areas, immigrant people immediately settle in insufficient sides. When they live insufficient lives,
whole they particularly need communication facilities as humans in their defective sides.
Countries steadily resemble large cities without social ambience and communication facilities.
Historical experiences have changed social necessities and habits of people into communication
facilities during history. Because people need communication the most in their life.
WHAT MAKES MEN SCARED OF HOUSEHOLD DUTIES?, NATASZA
KOSAKOWSKA-BEREZECKA, KRYSTYNA ADAMSKA, TOMASZ BESTA, MICHAŁ
JAŚKIEWICZ,
PAWEŁ
JUREK,
LUBOMIŁA
KORZENIEWSKA,
MARTA
KACZOROWSKA, MARTA BOIŃSKA (PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR, UNIVERSITY
OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
Being a man can be defined as a status-related value, which is difficult to acquire and
easy to lose (precarious manhood, Vandello et al. 2008, Vandello & Bosson, 2013). This approach
may suggest that men refrain from household duties in order to avoid activities which may lead
to a loss of their high status. The purpose of our study was threefold: 1) to verify precarious
manhood model in Polish setting; 2) to identify reasons that discourage men from household
duties; and 3) to discover strategies which may increase men’s share related to house
maintenance and family care. 2 experimental studies were conducted to verify whether 1) men,
whose masculine identity is threatened are more eager to engage themselves in stereotypically
masculine activities in comparison to no manhood challenge condition; and whether men are
more likely to declare readiness to engage themselves in household duties after observing male
role-model rather than female model. The results show that threat to their masculinity can lead
to men’s higher propensity to undertake masculine activities (study 1) and male role models
performing typical female household activities might be less effective in encouraging men to be
more involved in house chores (study 2).
This project is funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme
WOMEN IN JAPANESE MARRIAGE - ACTUAL AND PAST TRENDS, BARBARA
JELONEK (UNIVERSITY OF WROCLAW, POLAND)
I would like to present the statistical research relating to the survey titled Japanese
National Fertility Survey (National Survey on Marriage and Birth in Japan). In 14 surveys, which
have been conducted until now, married women under 50 years of age participated. Number of
research and their regularity reveal a very interesting changes taking place in the Japanese
56
society (decline in the number of marriages, growing divorce rates, demographic problems,
increase in the number of international marriages, views on same-sex marriage and the change
in the current traditional gender roles, which took place between Japanese husband and wife).
Through those components I am moving between the problems of gender, culture and migration
blending perfectly with the theme of the conference. Based on the data I created a concept of
trends in the field of the Japanese institution of marriage. Thus, the information is very
interesting for the audience. In addition, I would like to emphasize that my speech on this
subject during the lectures "Orient Far and Near", organized by the Research Center of Oriental
Rights (which works at the University of Wroclaw), was met with great interest.
GENDER AS A FACTOR PROTECTING YOUTHS FROM RISKY BEHAVIOUR,
MAGDALENA JOCHIMEK, MARIUSZ LIPOWSKI (GDAŃSK UNIVERSITY OF
PSYCHICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT, POLAND)
The period of entering adulthood is an especially crucial moment in human life due to the
necessity of creating life plans, but also given the risks concerning frequent exposure to
involvement in risky behaviour. Physical activity and performing sports on a professional level
can constitute a protective factor against the involvement in such health-threatening activities.
The aim of the following research is to check to what extent physical activity and purposeful
behaviour protect against involvement in these behaviours. The study included 18-year-old
students from a selection of secondary schools (n = 556), 278 female and 278 male. A total of
188 individuals practiced competitive sports and the remaining 368 participants were nonathletes. Participants completed the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO) by Zaleski
and Lipowski (2015) as well as a questionnaire concerning the involvement in risky behaviours,
such as alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking, drug abuse, and risky sexual behaviours. It is possible
to observe differences in undertaking risky behavior between male and female athletes. The
analysis of risky sexual behavior suggests that sport is a risk factor for men, and a protective
factor for women.
FEMINIST POLITICAL SCIENCE: FROM “WOMEN IN POLITICS” TO “THE
GENDERING OF
POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS”,
BARBARA KIJEWSKA
Political scientists theorize and analyse dynamics of political women representation. A
central concern of research is whether who holds ofﬁce, descriptive representation, affects the
types of policies passed, substantive representation. During the poster session I would present
the links through questions such as ‘Do women in politics make a difference?’ and ‘Do women
act for women?’
GENDER AND THE STRATEGIES OF COPING WITH STRESS IN RELATION TO
RISK ASSESSMENT IN EXTREME SPORTS, DANIEL KROKOSZ, MARIUSZ
LIPOWSKI (GDAŃSK UNIVERSITY OF PSYCHICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT,
POLAND)
Participation in extreme sports stereotypically is associated with the activity of men.
Today, the observed change in the perception of gender roles, cultural, also sees an increasing
number of women engaging in high-risk sports. Exploring the motives behind this activity has
been a subject of interest to psychologists (Allman, Mittelstaedt, Martin, Goldenberg, 2009).
Studies typically focus on the determinants of temperament, with particular emphasis on the
57
need for stimulation (Zuckerman, 1994; Malkin and Rabinowitz, 1998; Guszkowska and Boldak,
2010; Castanier, Le Scanff and Woodman, 2010; Goma-i-Freixanet, Martha & Muro, 2012).
Moreover, research showed a significant relationship between practicing high-risk sports and
the regulation of emotion (Barlow, Woodman and Hardy, 2013), but rarely refers to the
individual strategies that are used by extreme athletes in dealing with stress inherently
accompanying their activity. The aim of this study is to determine whether the use of strategies
to cope with stress by men and women practicing extreme sports are in different ways reflected
in the assessment of the risks associated with the practice of sport. The study used a survey,
made by the author of this work, to describe involvement in extreme sports and the Mini-Cope
test, by Carver (1997) in the adaptation of Juczyński and Oginska-Bulik (2009). The study
involved 55 women and 89 men who practice extreme sports (skydiving, kitesurfing,
windsurfing, wakeboarding, freediving, BMX, rollerskating, the high-performance scooter,
skateboarding).
GAINS OR PAINS: HOW JOB AFFECTS THE LIVES OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN,
WAHEED MOHUDDIN, ASAD MAHMUD (LAHORE LEADS UNIVERSITY,
PAKISTAN)
From the last decade, women participation in labour force is increasing rapidly. Most of
the women join the labour market due to their economic problems. Working women could not
give proper attention to their dependants. Job oriented women are more confident to make their
decisions and mature enough to differentiate the good and bad. Although working women are
facing some problems from the attitude of street boys and illiterate public, even then women like
their life style after having job. Social trends are changing dramatically as big percentage of
working women feel respect and receive appreciation but in past, their work was not socially
acceptable. Working women are looking for some more legislation in favour of women from
government and some training and awareness programs from NGOs.
‘HONOR CRIMES’ IN MUSLIM AND EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, KATARZYNA
SADOWA (UNIVERSITY OF WROCŁAW, POLAND)
So called ‘honor crimes’ are definitely one of the most controversial types of crimes in
the modern world. They are strongly connected with traditions and religions, especially, as
statistics say, with Islam. ‘Honor crimes’ are most often committed against young women by the
relatives of a victim to ‘save family honor’. What is more, in recent years an issue of ‘honor
crimes’ strongly affects European countries where the main problem appears to be a lack of legal
regulation on the matter. Due to above, the author believes that her analysis of the issue of
‘honor crimes’ is particularly worth presenting. The subject of the poster presentation is ‘honor
crimes’ in Muslim and European countries. The author will briefly depict the characteristics of
such crimes, i.e. its features, perpetrators, and victims, and also show the statistics concerning
the number of crimes committed in chosen Muslim and European countries. All this in the
context of respective legal regulations regarding the honor crimes.
TIME FRAMES OF THE WESTERN CULTURE AND ONE'S SATISFACTION
WITH LIFE, OKSANA SENYK (IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV,
UKRAINE)
According to Edward Hall, every culture has its own unique patterns, according to which
the expressions of some time frames are supported, while others are not (Hall, 1999). For
example, being persistent in pursuing goals, which is considered as a virtue in the Western
58
culture, is the result of developed future time orientation – the very characteristic of the
Western culture. Thus, being adapted in this culture means to have developed orientation
towards the future. Therefore, future time orientation was suggested to be included in Balanced
Time Perspective (BTP) – the time perspective profile that is considered to be the best in terms
of psychological well-being (Boniwell & Zimbardo, 2004; Boyd & Zimbardo, 2005) and,
according to research, is comprised of above-average scores on Future and Past Positive time
orientations, and moderate Present Hedonistic scores (Drake et al, 2008; Boniwell et al, 2010).
However, the results of research conducted in Ukraine in 2010-2011 (N=420, 202 male and 218
female aged from 17 to 24, M=19,5, SD=1,627) showed that individuals with BTP-profile do not
differ on the life satisfaction level from those with average scores on Future and above-average
Past Positive and Present Hedonistic scores. The same results were obtained by Boniwell, Osin,
Linley & Ivanchenko (2010). Thus, to be satisfied with life one shouldn't necessarily score high
on Future time orientation – the very characteristic of the Western culture – but these are Past
Positive and Present Hedonistic time orientations that provide the individual with certain level
of satisfaction with his/her own life. References: 1. Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Linley, P.A., &
Ivanchenko, G. (2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and
Russian samples. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 24-40. 2. Boniwell, I., & Zimbardo, P. (2004).
Balancing Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal Functioning. In P.A. Linley and S. Joseph (Eds.).
Positive psychology in practice, 165–178. 3. Boyd, J.N., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2005). Time
perspective, health, and risk taking. In: A. Strathman and J.
NETWORKED SUBVERSION - A CATALYST FOR A CHANGE IN THINKING
ABOUT SEXUALITY, WERONIKA URBAN (ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY IN
POZNAŃ, POLAND)
Contemporary western culture accepts sexual division based on anatomical differences.
Yet at the same time, this culture provides tools for changing this order. By combining the world
of show business with the world of social networking, which promotes attitudes that go beyond
the limits of biological sexes, has come into being. In order to understand the idea of networked
subversion better, I find it justified to analyse selected cases and to have a closer look at
promoted slogans, at protagonists of the campaign. In this way, I would like to show
manifestations of gender-based games, which are present in the web sphere of entertainment,
with a particular focus on the issue of free creation of femininity and masculinity, regardless of
the carnal limitations, as a form of cultural contestations of gender norms that close a sex in the
body. As a result of the involvement of internet in the discourse about gender fluidity, the type of
communication is changing. Access to information, individual response is fast. One comment or
“Like!” is enough to spark a discussion. The communication is simple, concentrated on a single
image or an entry, which increases its suggestiveness. Although we cannot talk about a simple
relationship between actions taken in the network and in the sphere of everyday life,
undoubtedly internet gender have proven that there are changes in thinking about their
boundaries, making us aware of their permeability.
MIGRATION ASPIRATIONS & REALITIES: EXPERIENCES OF FEMALE
POLISH MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE UK, KARIMA AZIZ (LONDON
METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM)
The research project addresses the experiences of female Polish migrant workers in the
UK and the influence of structures and agency on their working and wider lives. Therefore it
59
examines how, in times of post EU-enlargement migration, women act within, despite and
against the social structure of gender regimes in the origin and host societies; how economic and
institutional structures of the enlarged EU influence their pathways; and how female migrant
agents are actively mediating them in a quest to fulfil their aspirations leading to formal and
informal work trajectories. While enjoying the freedom of movement, these migrants’
qualification often do not get recognised and they often start out working in low skilled, lowpaid as well as gendered employment. While some women are able to overcome barriers and
progress professionally, others can feel ‘stuck’ in these disadvantaged positions. By conducting
and analyzing biographical narrative interviews with female Polish migrant workers in the UK
as well as with female Polish return migrants in Poland the complex dimensions of migrant’s
aspirations and realities can be analysed while minimising the risk of biased assumptions. In the
light of the last decade of the enlarging EU an analysis of the position of female migrants in the
labour market provides important insights into the dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion as
well as on European and national labour markets. The proposed poster visually highlights the
outlines of my PhD research project covering research questions, background of research topic,
applied methodology as well as emerging themes.
MORE LIBERTY, LESS FREEDOM - WHEN WOMEN’S LIFE CHANGES TO LESS
POSSIBILITIES THROUGH MIGRATING TO A MORE EGALITARIAN
COUNTRY, CHRISTINA BARWICH (TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DARMSTADT,
GERMANY)
As a German minority group in the Soviet Union ethnic Germans from Russia were
restricted in their German identity. This is why they moved to Germany after the border opened.
But it became visible how 200 years of separation shapes people’s traditions. Moreover, the
German autochthonous society exposed their non-welcoming attitude towards the “Russians”.
The new Germans who desperately wanted to live in Germany started to look for opportunities
to move away again. This is how in 1998 the migration movement to Canada started. Especially
the Mennonites, a conservative ethno-religious group, struggled. Although families prospered in
Germany, a large number chose to migrate in order to avoid a cultural change, for they saw their
conservative way of living being endangered in the liberal system in Germany. Still living the
traditional biblical gender roles, where women take the subordinate role where their prime duty
is motherhood and household care, male dominance is now questioned in Germany. The ‘too
liberal’ thoughts are stemmed in Canada, where the state’s and people’s tolerance through the
Multiculturalism Act is a basic understanding for diversity in customs and religion, and where a
group of people can therefore dissociate themselves more easily from the ‘worldly’ influences of
modernity. The research shows this step back to a more conservative women’s role through the
migration movement in comparing the women’s lives in the two countries. A participating
observation allows an understanding how possibilities and opportunities change and why
women are in accordance with the isolation in the new homeland.
60
SYMPOSIUM 18: WOMEN IN ORGANISATIONS, CHAIRS: ANETA
CHYBICKA (CITY INSTI TUTE) / PAULINA PAWLICKA (UNIVERSITY
OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
THE LEGAL AND SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN CHANGING JAPANESE
SOCIETY, URSZULA MUSZALSKA (UNIVERSITY OF WROCLAW, POLAND)
Since the Constitution of Japan was established in 1947, the situation of the woman in
the Japanese law has changed remarkably. The art. 14 of Japanese Constitution guarantees the
gender equality principle - "All of the people are equal under the law and there shall be no
discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, religion, sex, social
status or family origin." However, in many aspects of the daily life, women are still being
discriminated against and not treated well. The recognition of women’s right is still lower in
Japan than men’s. The old tradition and culture in Japan, which divided men and women
position, is still strongly ingrained in this society. Japanese law may seem to protect the women
from the discrimination, but this protection is often "on paper" only. Moreover, nowadays the
Japanese women have to face many new problems as the sexual harassment or the domestic
violence. In my presentation I would like to focus on chosen aspects of women's daily life in
Japan: the labor and family life, to illustrate the differences between modern Japanese law
regulations and tradition, which are often in opposition to each other.
THE STRENGTH OF THE WOMEN IN BUSINESS - WHAT WOMEN DO
BETTER THAN MEN, PART 1, BY ANETA CHYBICKA (CITY INSTITUTE,
POLAND) AND PART 2, BY ELŻBIETA ZUBRZYCKA (GDAŃSK PSYCHOLOGY
PUBLISHING HOUSE GWP, POLAND)
Both presentations are based on interviews with women who have made big careers in Poland,
as well as results from Development Centre studies conducted on Polish management staff
(about 500 people). These studies reveled the significant differences between women and men
in the work area, including their strengths, and weaknesses. Surprisingly, women’s management
style, and its effectiveness is based on talents and values different than men have and share.
Consequences of this may be very important for business and allows for development of
organizations that share such values as collaboration, integrity and fairness.
GENDERED PRIVATE KNOWLEDGE AS A POLITICAL CAPITAL. THE CASE OF
UKRAINIAN WOMEN IN POLAND, ALEKSANDRA HERMAN (UNIVERSITY OF
WARSAW, POLAND)
In my presentation I schedule to present main hypothesis and research goals, as well as
beginning and partial results of research in progress realised as part of the research grant of
National Science Center „Women in uprooted community. Agentic perspective in adversarially
conditioned structure” [2013/11/D/HS6/04643]. The main scope of the project is the revealing
of women’s agency in conditions of uprooted communities, with reference to the case study of
the Ukrainian community forcibly displaced by Polish communist authorities in 1947 during the
operation “Vistula”. The hitherto research on identity of national and religious minorities in
Poland – including the Ukrainians – evolved without addressing the element of gender, what
leads us to believe that they captured ”asexual”, and in practice – merely the masculine
perspective. However, contemporarily women play more important role in the cultural
61
transmission in the public sphere. The research project follows up this theme by investigating
the processes of public significance of feminine private transfer of culture and of looking for
ways of translating the private knowledge, which is highly emotional, in public and political
strategies alike. In my presentation I will focus on the possibilities of translation of private
knowledge, received from the family home into a kind of political capital which can be utilized as
basis for public activity of Ukrainian women.
SYMPOSIUM 19: MIGRATION IN THE CULTURE OF THE MIDDLE
EAST, CHAIR: ANNA HOROLETS (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK)
“I’M MUSLIM AND I’M GAY”: ARAB MIDDLE EASTERN GAYS IN SWEDEN,
REZA ARJMAND, IHSAN ZAKRI (LUND UNIVERSITY, SWEDEN)
In recent years, the same-sex practices in the Arab world have entered the scholarly
circles and public debates alike. Despite the existence of forms of Arab vernacular nonheterosexual practices –tolerated by religious factions and accepted at the social surroundingssuch practices have remained under-researched. Migration of the non-heterosexuals -due to the
restrictions, discriminations and harassments- has further complicated understanding the Arab
non-heterosexuals and their sexual practices and social interactions while necessitated
systematic study of Arab gay at diaspora. Methodologically innovative, based on a larger project
using self-ethnography, life stories and in-depth interviews, the present paper, endeavors to
explore and understand the impact of territoriality and temporality on the processes and
strategies of negotiating the non-heterosexuality among Arab gay communities/individuals in
Sweden. Among other questions, the study endeavors to enhance understanding of the ways
Arab gay men re-appropriate their religious belief with their sexual practices. It further
examines the way the sexual identities are shaped and re-shaped within an amalgam of virtual
and real, global and local, religious and secular. The present study also tries to uncover the
notion of the (dis-)placement on the identity (re- ) construction, social interaction, religious reappropriation, belonging (both individual and collective) among the Arab gay community both
at home and at the diaspora.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPATIAL AND CULTURAL INTEGRATION:
INTERNAL MIGRATION IN TURKEY, MELEK GÖREGENLI, G. İREM UMUROĞLU
AND PELIN KARAKUS (EGE UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
In last decades as a result of high intra country migration from rural to urban areas, the
cultural and spatial integration of migrants have increasingly become an important issue in
Turkey. The present study provides a comparative analysis of female and male migrants who
settled in six big cities of the country. The research was completed in two parts. First a
comprehensive field research was completed including 871 adult participants (386 females and
485 males) from Izmir, Ankara, Istanbul, Bursa, Gaziantep and Diyarbakir. The mean age of
participants was 38,71 years (range = 18-77, SD= 12.76). Participants filled out a questionnaire
including Urban-Related Identity Scale (Lalli, 1992), Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale
(Karakuş & Göregenli, 2008), Acculturation Attitude Scale (Berry et al., 1989), Socio-Spatial
Mobility Scale (Karakuş & Göregenli, 2008) and several socio-demographic questions. In the
second part a qualitative research was conducted. 10 semi-structured interviews with migrants
were performed in each city. The results of quantitative analyses revealed that the level of
satisfaction with urban life and acculturation strategies of male and female migrants in urban
life significantly differ. Female migrants were found to endorse assimilation and integration
62
strategy more than male migrants did. In addition females reported higher level of urban life
satisfaction than male participants. The qualitative findings supported these significant
associations between gender and integration processes. The findings were discussed from the
viewpoint of environmental and cross-cultural psychology.
WOMEN AND LABOR MIGRATION IN THE ARAB GULF COUNTRIES, NANI
GELOVANI (IV. JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY, GEORGIA)
The problems concerning different issues of migration are quite topical in the globalizing
world. Traditionally, men dominate in the migration process rather than women. However, this
trend has changed and among migrants, there are many women now. This process is called
‘feminization of migration’ The role of a family bread-winner, which is new to women, changes
the family dynamics in the developing world. In addition, sexual trafficking has become a global
problem. Six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council - Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, the United Arab Emirates – after North America and Europe, is the third largest importer
of labor resources in the world. The present report considers various peculiarities of women’s
labor migration in the Arab Gulf countries. Attention is paid to the stages and advantages and
disadvantages of migration (changes in the social, demographic and employment structure of
the recipient country), immigration policy, flows of female labor migrants, procedures of
reception, integration policy, fields of employment, discrimination (limitation of the rights and
fundamental freedoms of migrants: unstandardized workday, low wages, individual sponsorship
system – kafala, etc.), sexual abuse of domestic workers. The above-said issues will be
considered based on the materials of Arab printed media, and the results of the studies about the
problems of women’s labor migration in the Gulf region will also be considered.
63
SYMPOSIUM 20: VIOLENCE, SOCIAL NORMS, & LEGAL SYSTEM,
CHAIR: MACIEJ DĘBSKI (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
MALE SURVIVORS OF SGBV: EQUALLY VALID VICTIMS OR TOO MASCULINE
FOR IT? A CASE STUDY OF NAKIVALE REFUGEE SETTLEMENT IN UGANDA,
SUULE SOO (EMMIR, CARL VON OSSIETZKY UNIVERSITÄT OLDENBURG,
GERMANY)
It has become common to equate discussions of gender (in)equality with women's
struggles for rights equal to those of men. When talking about sexual and gender-based violence
(SGBV), the prevailing view is that women are the only victims and men the only perpetrators, as
if other combinations could not exist. Therefore, SGBV has to a large extent become synonymous
with “violence against women and girls”. In this light, it is easy, even for humanitarian aid
organisations, to dismiss male survivors of SGBV and exclude them from their programme target
group. This paper will elaborate on the challenges of male survivors of sexual violence living in
refugee settings in Uganda. One of the aims of this paper is to problematise the gendered nature
of the understanding of a victim and how it reduces the likelihood of 'breaking the silence'
amongst male survivors of SGBV. Furthermore, the stigma related to male-male rape in the
African context is explored with the help of survivor narratives and concepts such as masculinity
and (homo)sexuality. Also, the context of a refugee settlement with international gender
mainstreaming criteria is taken into consideration and the “confusion” between homosexuals
and male survivors of SGBV is viewed through the prism of the legal context in Uganda. In
conclusion, it is proposed that the psychological and social consequences of male survivors of
SGBV may be amplified both by cultural and gender notions as well as by the refugee status.
GENDER STEREOTYPES AND LEGAL CULTURE, ISABEL GARRIDO GOMEZ
(UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ, SPAIN)
Gender stereotypes and legal culture questions are currently undergoing changes in that
underlying values have been inverted. Major differences can however be observed and different
models prevail in the transnational context. There are four separate options, in fact, according to
whether one adopts a view based on liberalism/authoritarianism or on egalitarianism/nonegalitarianism: the absolute nuclear family, the egalitarian nuclear family, the birth family and
the community family. Women´s rights can be said to revolve around these principles. This
paper therefore examines equality with regard to drafting legislation in the light of both
dimensions and considers the current tendency to specify the rights of the family. The paper
concludes with an analysis of some of those rights and setting out the cultural and ideological,
political and economic issues that necessarily serve to question the subject of this study. The
subject of transnational legal culture crops up again and again whenever the desire to examine
realities that have undergone profound change arises. Gender stereotypes have effectively
changed in modern times and can be constituted and structured in a variety of ways. Movements
that have in some way affected that process of change have sprung up in this regard right across
Europe, albeit at different times. Reference is made to a menu of variations on family life, from
which to choose the desired variation. Families range from matrimony, with or without children,
common law couples, single parent families, reconstituted families, etc. There are also para-style
families and homes that are not family-based. The predominant structure within the European
Union, furthermore, despite the manner in which domestic structures are evolving, is the family
home. These variations on family units, however, differ according to the different areas. The
proven extent of that diversity provides a mirror image of the overriding values so important in
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family structures, with economic, cultural, technological, employment, town planning, and social
changes having a particularly strong effect but these transnational structures affect the woman.
The fact that women are currently gaining equality with men in the eyes of the law and share
authority both within the family group and over the children is also significant. An internal
process of democratisation has taken place in this regard brought about by a weakening and
decentralisation of masculine power. Nevertheless, and despite the fact that this is so,
sentiments are still largely seen as a feminine stronghold and the man deemed to represent
everything external to home. While it is true to say that women are now protected under law
and although there has been a move toward material equality, this is not yet fully in place.
Nevertheless and notwithstanding these points, femininity is still largely seen as the stronghold
of sentiment and the man as embodying factors outside the home. Women are protected in so far
as their rights are concerned and yet, despite certain material improvement, absolute equality
has yet to be achieved.
LAW, STATE POLICY AND CULTURALLY MOTIVATED CRIMES. THE CASE
OF HONOUR KILLINGS IN EUROPE, JOANNA PTAK (JAGIELLONIAN
UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
As was stated in Resolution 1681 of Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,
problem of honour killings occurs at the territory of EU. Statistics lead to the conclusion that
overwhelming majority of those crimes happened in MuslimMuslim minorities and that in more
than 90% of cases victims are women, but, noteworthy, it is important to highlight that honour
killings are connected with tradition of minorities, not with religion. The main goal of this
presentation is to find the most effective factors of solving this problem by comparing state
policies of various EU countries and its effectiveness, which will be shown on the base of social
studies. Hypotheses are as follow: paradigm of logic of equality (France) is more effective that
logic of respecting differences (UK), approaches to culturally motivated crimes differ (UK –
gender instead of culture, Germany – culture instead of gender), there is a variety of legal
solutions to this problem, it is possible to point out indicators of effectiveness of legal and nonlegal solutions mentioned above. The main problems that researcher has to understand and face
are: heterogenic character of Muslim minorities, radicalisation of second and third generation of
immigrants, problems with ethnical identity, the role of ghettoisation, focus on the cultural
(instead of religious) motivation, reasons for diversity of state policies. Research entitles the
conclusion that legal means used by countries differ and, what is more, because of complexity
and sensitivity of problem solving it with only legal solutions – without reference to non-legal
means - is virtually impossible.
HONOUR KILLING ASYLUM APPLICATIONS AND ASYLUM GENDER GAP IN
INTERPRETING THE 1951 GENEVA CONVENTION, SIBEL SAFI (GEDIZ
UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
The Geneva Convention on the status of refugees offers the basic definition and the
problem emerges when the serious human rights violation like honour killing that do not clearly
has its base on one of these Convention grounds which can constitute a legitimate premise for
refugee recognition. Honour killings have often been seen as a private or domestic issue and a
further barrier to the recognition of gender-related persecution within current definitions and
interpretations of the Geneva Convention is the way in which persecutory practices which may
be common in the ‘Third world’ countries are assigned to cultural differences. The states refer
the’ particular social group criteria’ in order to accept the fear of honour killing as a ground for
asylum. However the methods of interpreting PSG utilized in judicial systems, creates lack of
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uniformity that negatively affects the adjudication of honour killing asylum claims, resulting in
inconsistent judgments and unjust disparities.
This article provides an overview of honour killings, the mechanisms of current asylum
law by comparing with the UK, Australia, US and New Zealand honour killing asylum decisions,
with a brief explanation on the requirements of a viable particular social group criteria and the
lack of uniformity in the adjudication of PSG. The research establishes lack of state protection in
some countries with gender discriminated legislation and customary law for the honour killing
cases, and the viability of the proposed PSG under governing legal interpretations, the
mechanism of the case law and its inclusive assurance of asylum protection for many women
who might otherwise be denied refuge, debating the cultural relativism and universalism
approaches at the same time. This research concludes with a humanitarian appeal, offering
reform for interpreting the Geneva Convention, emphasizing the need for a uniform extension of
asylum to women fleeing the threat of honour killings.
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SYMPOSIUM 21: SOCIAL SYSTEM & PUBLIC INTERVENTION,
CHAIR: MICHAŁ KACZMARCZYK (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK,
POLAND)
MIGRANT WOMEN’S AWARENESS, EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS OF
CANCER SCREENING SERVICES IN POLAND, OMOYE AKHAGBA (POLISH
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, POLAND)
Migration comes with sociocultural changes and adaptation, as new attitudes are
developed and accepted, people find it very difficult to learn new language, lifestyle and beliefs
which in turn have great impact on the larger society. Because the health of every woman is
important as they are the pillar of the family, community and the society at large, it is important
to take account for every behavioural change and adaption of women. Migrant women are part
of the feminine gender in every society and challenges they face in trying to acculturate into new
culture, economy and public sphere which does not support humane conditions. Canadian health
survey data (as cited in Hyman and Guruje, 2002) reveals that new immigrant from nonEuropean Society have favourable health behavioural patterns than their Canadian-born
counterparts. However, migrant women in Poland present a diverse group who face multiple
linguistic, socio-cultural and systematic barriers to adopting and maintaining healthy behaviour.
A focus group of 12 migrant women between the ages of 21- 50 from Ukraine, Nigeria and Egypt
were asked questions about their knowledge of cancer, screening and visitation to hospitals in
Poland. Ukrainian women understood a bit of Polish but did have a sense of integration into the
Polish society even if they had similar language and culture. While other women from Nigeria
and Egypt could not speak Polish and did not feel the need to visit the hospitals for cancer
screening because they have this perception of language barrier but they were willing to attend
cancer screening programmes in Poland. Thus, this paper therefore proposes more support for
women in general to help them take care of their health and lifestyle in order to reduce the rate
of cancer in the world as screening has been proposed by medical experts to be an effective
measure for cancer prevention and treatment.
TOWARDS THE CONSTRUCTION OF INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUES
BETWEEN MIGRATING BOLIVIAN WOMEN AND HEALTH-CARE TEAMS. A
PROPOSAL OF COUNTERHEGEMONY IN THE ARGENTINIAN PUBLIC
HEALTH SYSTEM, CARLA ANGELINI (HOSPITAL INTERZONAL GENERAL DR.
JOSÉ PENNA- BAHÍA BLANCA, ARGENTINA)
This work has the aim of sharing some reflections that arise from a research we are
carrying out, in which we attempt to make known the present situation of immigrating Bolivian
women coming from popular sectors in relation to the socio-sanitary attention that receive
during pregnancy, labour and post-partum moment in Dr. Jose Penna Hospital in Bahía Blanca,
Argentina. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, certain elements were
obtained in order to know cultural practices and knowledge of these women that converge on
the hospital scenery with the representations and expectations of the health-care team towards
them; in this analysis, a formal discourse is identified, in which rules the conception that every
woman has the right to access to the public health-care system in equal conditions, coexisting
this idea, with subtle devices that show excluding and discriminating logics based on stereotypes
about the Bolivian immigrants. This research may become a contribution to think of strategies to
promote intercultural dialogue and practices, in the current frame where the mono-cultural
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matrix is the hegemonic perspective to develop public health-care policies. Keywords:
immigration- intercultural dialogue- health-care system- women- maternity- poverty.
INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND RESILIENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNAL
DISPLACEMENT IN COLOMBIA, GINA ESCOBAR CUERO (UNIVERSITY OF
VIENNA, AUSTRIA)
This presentation will analyze the consequences of internal displacement (due to
conflict) on the indigenous Zenu women in Colombia and how those consequences impact on the
resilience of such community. I imply that internal displacement modifies the role of the Zenu
women in the family and social contexts compromising the preservation of their culture. This
analysis is based on information collected on a field trip to Colombia in July 2014. Such process
involved a group of 10 indigenous Zenu women between 25 and 70 years old, victims of internal
displacement due to conflict, and now relocated in Cartagena. The method selected was a group
interview conducted on July 25th 2014. The analysis of the collected data is done by using the
concept of Resilience, understanding it as the process (Werner & Smith, 1982, Werner 1984) of
overcoming adversity and which involves individuals, families, communities and external
organizations or institutions. This analysis implies that internal displacement makes Zenu
women more vulnerable in the familiar and social contexts, compromising resilience in their
Community.
Regardless of the government’s efforts to develop differential programs for internally displaced
women in Colombia, the lack of understanding of the Indigenous cultures as well as the poor
commitment by the local authorities continues to detriment the conditions of the Indigenous
Zenu women living in Cartagena. This impinges on the chances of such community to build
resilience.
ROMANIAN INITIATIVES ON RETURN MIGRATION AND REINTEGRATION
OF RETURN MIGRANTS, GEORGIANA - CRISTINA RENTEA (UNIVERSITY OF
BUCHAREST, ROMANIA)
This paper summarizes the most important governmental initiatives aimed at return
migrants or Romanian citizens settled temporarily abroad. Romania’s membership in the
European Union has transformed the notion of migration into mobility, enabling Romanians to
become mobile E.U. citizens with a regulated legal status. The status of Romania as one of the top
countries of emigration in the last years, with over two million citizens living in other E.U.
member states, leads to a high economic, demographic and social impact. Most Romanian
emigrants have economic reasons and are part of the active population - thus creating shortages
in some economic sectors in their country of origin. The immigration process as a possibility to
compensate the mass emigration is far from being a valid alternative, with the number of
immigrants in Romania representing less than 1% of the total population. Therefore the interest
of Romanian authorities to convince its citizens to return should be more consistent, taking into
accounts the induced positive consequences (e.g. social and economic remittances that migrants
are bringing back with them). The paper is based on data provided by authorities responsible for
relevant information about Romanian emigrants or the integration of those who already
returned (e.g. Ministry of Labour; National Agency for Employment etc.). Our research shows
that although the emigration of Romanians became an important fact during the last years, the
initiatives aimed to sustain their return or reintegration are still rather limited in scope and
effects, and that they should be expanded to address a larger variety of needs.
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SYMPOSIUM 22: GENDER & SOCIAL STRUCTURE ,
RADOSŁAW KOSSAKOWSKI (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK)
CHAIR:
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN GROUP IDENTIFICATION AND PERCEIVED
INFERIORITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR WOMEN’S APPRAISALS OF OPTIONS
FOR COPING WITH DISCRIMINATION AND WELL-BEING, OUTTEN ROBERT,
RUI COSTA-LOPES, MICHAEL SCHMITT (UNIVERSITY OF LISBON, PORTUGAL)
Identifying with one’s disadvantaged group is associated with positive well-being. This is
due, in part, to group identification’s ability to encourage individuals to appraise group-based
coping options that are empowering and lead to greater psychological well-being. Group-based
coping options are intragroup and intergroup appraisals about what can be done to cope
effectively with discrimination (e.g., seek support from ingroup members, engage in collective
action). Using concepts from social identity theory, we propose that for women, the degree to
which group identification encourages or discourages these appraisals depends on the extent to
which women subscribe to the notion that women are inferior to men. Specifically, the more
women see their ingroup as being relatively inferior to men, the less gender identification
should promote well-being by encouraging group-based coping options. To test this hypothesis,
we sampled two hundred and seventy-three women in Canada, who completed measures of
group identification, perceived inferiority, group-based coping options and self-esteem.
Moderated mediation analysis revealed that coping options mediated the positive relationship
between group identification and self-esteem. However, among women who highly legitimized
being inferior, identification did not significantly increase self-esteem through appraisals of
group-based coping options. The results suggest that even amongst highly identified women,
internalizing beliefs that legitimize their lower-status—beliefs which are omnipresent in most
societies—can have detrimental consequences for women’s well-being, by lessening the
likelihood that they appraise adaptive options for coping with discrimination. These findings are
discussed in terms of their implications for interventions and the socialization of girls
GENDER AS A MODERATOR OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING
ENGAGEMENT AND STUDY ADDICTION, PAWEŁ ATROSZKO, BARTOSZ
ATROSZKO (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
Previous studies showed that learning engagement is a predictor of study addiction.
Analyses of the research on substance and non-substance addictions imply that men are
generally more likely than women to become addicts, however, women develop negative health
and social consequences of addiction sooner than men, often find it more difficult to quit, and are
more prone to relapse. Women usually progress faster from using an addictive substance to
dependence – so called telescoping effect. The purpose of the study was to test if female students
highly engaged in learning are more likely to develop study addiction than men. On the basis of
previous findings concerning addictions in women we hypothesized that there is stronger
relationship between learning engagement and study addiction in women than in men. The
study was conducted on the sample of students from various courses, modes of study and years
of study from Tri-City public and private universities. In total responses from 2558 students,
1737 (67.9%) female and 821 (32.1) male, were used in analyses. Psychometric measures were
used: Multidimensional Inventory – Learning Profile of a Student, Bergen Study Addiction Scale
and single item measure of learning engagement. Moderation analyses with bootstrapping were
performed. Results showed that there is stronger relationship between learning engagement
and study addiction, as well as its compulsion and neglecting social relationships dimensions in
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female than in male students. Implications for health and treatment approaches will be
discussed. The observed gender differences can affect treatment since traditional addiction
treatment programs were developed on the basis of research in men.
WHY DO FEMALE STUDENTS EXPERIENCE HIGHER EXAM STRESS THAN
MALE STUDENTS?, BARTOSZ ATROSZKO, PAWEŁ ATROSZKO (UNIVERSITY OF
GDAŃSK, POLAND)
Several studies showed that female students experience greater exam stress than male
students. This may have important consequences for potential exam outcomes and psychological
and physical functioning of female students. Previous studies suggested that female students are
characterized by higher than male students learning-related dysfunctional perfectionism, higher
learning engagement and lower learning-related self-efficacy, which in turn can be related to
experiencing higher exam stress. The purpose of the study was to test whether dysfunctional
learning-related perfectionism, learning engagement and learning-related self-efficacy are
mediators of the relationship between gender and exam stress. The study was conducted on the
sample of students from various courses, modes of study and years of study from Tri-City public
and private universities. In total, responses from 2098 students, 1508 (71.9%) female and 590
(28.1) male, were used in analysis. Psychometric measures were used: Multidimensional
Inventory – Learning Profile of a Student, single item measures of learning engagement and
exam stress. Mediation analysis with bootstrapping was performed. Results showed that
learning engagement, dysfunctional learning-related perfectionism and learning-related selfefficacy are significant independent mediators of the relationship between gender and exam
stress. It was concluded that women show higher learning engagement and perfectionism and
lower self-efficacy which has effect on experiencing higher stress in academic evaluation
situations. Implications for learning outcomes and health are discussed together with the
potential interventions aimed at reducing exam stress in female students, including appropriate
stress coping strategies.
POWER AND SPORT: WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES OF THE
POLISH SPORT ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS, MARIA POPIELAWSKA
(FUNDATION V4 SPORT, POLAND), RENATA WŁOCH (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW,
POLAND)
The paper presents the results of the qualitative research on women’s participation in
the power structures of the Polish sport associations and organizations, with special focus on
Folk Sport Associations. The explorative research is based on more than 30 interviews with
activists, coaches and sport animators all around Poland and aims at identification of the
mechanisms of creating and upholding power in specific sport organizations, as well as on
explaining weak representation of women in structures of those organizations in connection
with the phenomena of weak representation, discrimination and exclusion of women in sport for
all and professional sport.
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SYMPOSIUM 23: MIGRATION & CULTURAL SYSTEMS, CHAIR:
ANNA KWIATKOWSKA (INSTITUTE OF PSYCHOLOGY, POLISH
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)
MIGRANT DESTINATIONS AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATIONS OF
TRAINEE FEMALE NURSES IN METRO MANILA, MADELEINE THOMPSON
(NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY, UNITED KINGDOM)
This presentation will examine the multiple processes which produce migration
aspirations among female Filipino nursing students in Metro Manila. There are three main aims:
to determine the extent to which existing theories of migration are able to explain the
Philippines’ unique migratory trends; to engage with the study of occidentalism to determine
how cultural imaginations of place influence motivations of migration; and to adopt a gendersensitive approach based upon theories of ‘new femininities’ to explore how potential migrants
negotiate understandings of (in)appropriate Philippine femininity to succeed in a globalised
world. The research employs biographical interviewing to determine processes which produce
potential migrants. This will be followed by a semi-structured interview designed to explore
geographical imaginations and the ways these women negotiate their gender identities. Through
engaging with ‘new femininities’, it becomes apparent that previous migration research which
focuses on the experiences of women tends to be overly simplistic. The intersectionality
approach adopted in a myriad of recent studies is critiqued for masking structural factors which
produce inequalities, while ‘new femininities’ recognise and account for global, national and
local structural forces. It is further argued that although the dominant theories pertaining to the
reproduction and perpetuation of migration (new economics of labour migration/household
theory, networks theory and institutional theory) all have merits when considered in the
Philippine context, that none are able to fully explain Philippine migration. Therefore, a
cumulative causation approach is deemed preferable.
MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES: A STUDY OF THE NEPALESE MIGRANT
WORKERS IN THE COAL-MINES OF JAINTIA HILLS, MEGHALAYA, RASHMI
UPADHYAY (AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK)
International migration has a long-standing history in Nepal. While Nepalese migration
to other countries is not uncommon, India remains the main destination. A great advantage of
migration from Nepal to India is the open border policy as there is no need for expensive air
travel, passports, visas, etc., and there is no restriction on access to official employment
(Seddon.et.al. 1998). A large number of Nepalese began to migrate to the coal mining areas in
the Jaintia Hill district of Meghalaya. One of the factors attracting them was the presence of coal
mines that needed plentiful of labour which offered them with job opportunities and main
source of income for the Nepalese migrants . Remittances, the earnings that migrant workers
send back home in cash and in kind, are an important by-product of migration. Therefore, the
need to understand the impact of remittances on the home communities and on migration in
turn is very important (Pozo 2007). This paper based on empirical research will try to
understand Nepalese migrant workers use of the remittances from host to the home country.
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MIGRANTS FROM CENTRAL ASIA SEEKING MEDICAL CARE IN MOSCOW:
MALE AND FEMALE STRATEGIES, DANIEL KASHNITSKY, EKATERINA
DEMINTSEVA (HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, RUSSIA)
Previous studies of migrants from Central Asia living and working in Russia suggest that
their life is characterized by limited resources and social exclusion. Heavy physical work,
cramped living conditions, poor nutrition, lack of health insurance and scarce information about
medical infrastructure are the barriers on migrants’ way to timely and quality medical care.
Moreover, this is aggravated by common discriminatory practices that migrants face when
visiting state hospitals and outpatient clinics of Moscow. We had a goal to investigate how male
and female migrants use formal and informal strategies to overcome the barriers on their way to
receiving medical care in the urban environment. Our hypothesis is that migrants have to use
mostly informal strategies to access healthcare resources, especially women who are more
vulnerable are face more stigma both in the host society and within the native community. The
study is based on the analysis of qualitative interviews with 60 migrants and 23 caregivers
working in Moscow-based medical facilities. In case of a severe health issue male migrants have
an option of returning home for treatment whereas females face additional pressure coming
from their family and their home community. Sexual and female reproductive health issues are
largely stigmatized when it comes to unmarried females from Central Asia. This stigma leads to a
common practice of self-induced abortions or abandonment of newborn children. Additionally,
women often speak worse Russian and are less integrated in the host society than the men.
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SYMPOSIUM 24: SPIRITUALITY & CULTURE , CHAIR: ANNA
ZAWADZKA (UNIVERSITY OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
WEARING TROUSERS AMONG SKIRTS - FEMALE EXPERIENCE AMONG
TIBETAN BUDDHIST MONASTIC SOCIETY, MALWINA KRAJEWSKA (NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
In this presentation I would like to introduce the issue of relation between female
researcher and Tibetan Buddhist Monks. It would rely on my direct experience gathered during
few months of fieldwork in different monastic institutions in India and Nepal. What is consider
as interesting and worth to shear during the conference on gender, culture and migration is the
process of adaptation and adjustment of European Polish women, coming from Catholic
background, to Tibetan Buddhist Monks societies in the east. It will present the self-experience
and reflections of the researcher, collected in a field-based study. During this presentation I
would also like to focus on the process of building up the openness and trust, within very strict
and homogeneous male society, which was needed to implement an anthropological research
concerning the monastic life. I will also list and introduce the obstacles concerning gender and
culture which appeared and had to be overcome to make the fieldwork successful.
WOMEN’S BELIEFS AS A CONDITION OF SURVIVAL? – THE ROLE OF
HUMAN FAITH IN EVERYDAY LIFE, KATARZYNA SKRZYPIŃSKA (UNIVERSITY
OF GDAŃSK, POLAND)
Human beliefs are a basis of our spiritual and religious life (Saucier & Skrzypińska,
2006). Moreover, they create one of the most differentiating variables according to crosscultural comparisons (Saucier et. al., 2015). Their role relies on a wide spectrum of many
phenomena such as: gratification of safety need, cognitive need (orientation), need for
sustaining health, need for sense, need for standing out and identification of self-identity,
identification with social group, need for justification of choosing norms and need for feeling
satisfaction with life (Mądrzycki, 2002; Skrzypińska, 2002, 2012). Realization of these needs
concerns both women and men, but sectional research (N=720), with questionnaire “Individual
View of the World”, shows which essence of beliefs differentiate both sexes. Moreover, the belief
in specific elements of the view of the world presents adaptive capabilities of women and men,
from both points of view. Thanks to interpretation of achieved results from humanistic,
sociobiological and cognitive perspectives, it is easier to understand if these differences have to
divide or rather complement one another.
THE GENDER DIMENSION OF MINORITY RELIGIOUS INCORPORATION,
IRINA CIORNEI, LISA MARIE BORRELLI
(UNIVERSITY OF BERNE,
SWITZERLAND)
Ethnic minority religious education and the right of female students and teachers to
wear a headscarf have been some of the most persistent and often prickly claims raised by
Muslim immigrants in Europe. Minority religious education is nowadays incorporated in the
public education curricula of all Western European countries but France, and the number of
Islamic schools is increasing. Instead, various studies show that there has been a converging
trend in restricting the veil in schools across countries, most often justified under the framework
of gender equality discussions and the right of female students and teachers not to be imposed
upon religious dress code rules. A puzzle that still remains to be solved is why gender issues play
73
a marginal role in the debates related to minority religious education and the establishment of
Islamic schools. In order to answer this question the paper analyses the relationship between
religious education policies and headscarf regulations in fifteen European countries. For a better
grasp of the gender dimension, the paper focuses on the in-depth study of parliamentary debates
and media claims on religious education and Islamic dress codes in public schools in Germany,
Belgium, France and the UK.
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SYMPOSIUM 25: ART & GENDER DISCOURSES, CHAIR:
MAGDALENA BRZEZIŃSKA (UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW, POLAND)
PARENTING AND GENDER ROLES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE, MERAL HAKMAN
(AKSARAY UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
Marriage in the Roman Empire is just an obligation between a man and a woman to
continue their lineage. With this “legal” marriage, which is not approved by a public entity,
husband and wife form a family fulfilling their duty as citizens. The aim of this study is to
investigate Roman family structure, gender roles, and gender discrimination and to define the
changes in gender roles through time. This study answers several questions to reach a
conclusion: Are the woman and man on equal positions regarding house managements or are
there discriminations? Do parents have equal say in children’s education? What is the degree of
gender discrimination in family? Do couples have equal rights regarding marriage, divorce, and
inheritance? Such questions are answered through archaeological and literary data.
Archaeological data is primarily composed of vase representations, sculptures, and wall
paintings. Literary sources include works by Seneca, Plutarch, Quintilianus, Pliny, and Horace. As
a conclusion, man has the upper hand in marriage, whose primary goal is to continue one’s
lineage, as well as other public institutions and social life. Woman as the wife -together with
children, domestic help, and slaves- is placed under him. For example, the male child cannot
engage in any legal activities whatever his age is until his father dies. It is always the father who
has the say in all family matters, problems, and decisions.
WHEREVER ONE WANTS TO GO. ROSI BRAIDOTTI'S CONCEPT OF A
„NOMADIC SUBJECT” AND ITS PHILOSOPHICAL POSSIBILITIES, MARZENA
ADAMIAK (POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, POLAND)
Ideas embedded in enlightenment concepts of subjectivity, understood as a coherent and
rational identity, have established a universal perspective for a long time. Today, this outlook is
being questioned by the experience of difference. Voices of minorities demanding acceptance
and representation, both in social practice as well as theory, have become more audible. But
while a theory allows for radical mental conclusions, the social and existential practices require
positive theoretical solutions. A postmodern deconstructed subject does not constitute sufficient
basis for social activity or political identification. Therefore, the very big challenge for feminist
theory today is to find a form for the social subjectivity and, at the same time, avoid an
oppressive and reductive category. Rosi Braidotti, in her work Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment
and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory, employed the Deleuzian figure of a
nomad, and proposed a concept of a subject being resistant to postmodern fragmentation. She
made a distinction between identity and subjectivity: identity is rooted in the unconscious while
subjectivity is conscious, and it is a source of political resistance. This resistance is not due to
stronger foundations, in comparison to the Cartesian subject, but results from mobility and
openness to the Other. Attempting to construct a clearly positive conception of subject, Braidotti
proposes “a nomadic political project”. The question is: is it possible to put this idea into a social
reality or we have just another sophisticated theoretical concept?
75
THE NOMADIC SUBJECT – THE MIGRATING ENTITY. ROSI BRAIDOTTI’S
NEW THEORY OF SUBJECTIVITY, AGNIESZKA JAGUSIAK (UNIVERSITY OF
ŁÓDŹ, POLAND)
The purpose of my oral presentation is to present the theory of nomadic subject created
by Braidotti. The concept of nomadic subjectivity belongs to the most recent feminist theories
that attempt to characterize the identity of the woman. A nomad is a post-postmodern culturally
differentiated entity and, myth, abstraction which allows to reconsider previous characteristics
of the woman subjectivity also. The figure of nomadic entity is a symbol which refers to critical
attitude that resists against closed, socially coded ways of thinking about subjectivity. Based on
Braidotti’s works I intend to answer the following questions: what is the characteristic of the
contemporary migrating/nomadic subject? Does the nomadic subjectivity concept has a political
significance and actually allows to solve problems which refer to women or can be considered as
an universal conception of subjectivity? The methodological basis for my presentation is a
thorough knowledge of Braidotti’s philosophy especially the theory of nomadic subject. An
essential element is to analyze (content analysis) original Braidotti’s works with special
emphasis on her Nomadic Subjects for highlighting the role of the nomadic subject in works
presented by Braidotti. Braidotti's theory is worth to deepen, it has a broader context, goes
beyond the feminist considerations. Nomadism is reflected in the epistemological demands of
the contemporary subject and implies transfer of human ideas. Finally, there is a dimension of
the nomadic subjectivity which should be valid for all of us: we have to be attentive to
differences and celebrate diversity that exists in the modern world.
DEVOURING A WOMAN ON THE EDGE: A GENDER APPROACH TO
TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ “A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE”, EKMEL HAKMAN
(AKSARAY UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
In this paper, “A Streetcar Named Desire” by Tennessee Williams is considered in terms
of gender relations of a husband with his wife and a sister-in-law. A visual stance on male cruelty
is presented through the husband’s, Stanley, cursing, sarcasm, humiliation, verbal insults leading
to his beating his pregnant wife and raping his sister-in-law. What Williams provides in small
corner of New Orleans in 1940s is actually and still a picture of how men behave against women
in many parts of the world. The play opens with a Polish husband throwing a package of meat to
his wife: many women still depend on their husbands as they unfortunately lack their financial
independence. When drunk with friends, Stanley beats his wife; Stella escapes to a neighbour’s
house, just to return a few minutes later. She is desperate and needs his husband to exist. The
sister-in-law, Blanche arrives at their house as she is broke and needs a roof for some time. Her
short trip on a streetcar named “Desire” to reach her sister is metaphorically the life long
journey she had. She has been abused by men for a long time and that journey takes a different
route when Stanley is introduced to her life. Stanley first abuses her verbally, but he rapes her
towards the end of the play causing Blanche to lose her final ties with reality. Stanley says
everything is solved as Blanche is taken to an asylum; it is actually solved as he saw fit.
76
POSTER SESSION PART 2
A CONTEMPORARY PROBLEM AFTER MIGRATION, COMMUNICATION:
CASE OF TURKEY, SEDAT CERECI (MUSTAFA KEMAL UNIVERSITY, TURKEY)
A great number of people have been living in insufficient cities which cannot provide
either daily necessities or social and cultural necessities of human for decades in spite of a lot of
majestic cities were established in the world recently. Especially many immigrant people live in
close and crowded and squalid suburbs by always suffering from their social condition and
worrying about their future in Turkey. Everybody worries about living in a humanitarian
environment and correct social occasion and tries to reach communication facilities in his
surroundings for living in a society as a human. Each immigrant looks forward to settle in an
untouched side and set a life for himself there. Untouched areas and a few undamaged side are
rapidly being destroyed because of migrations and while cities expand towards untouched
areas, immigrant people immediately settle insufficient sides. When they live in insufficient lives,
they particularly need communication facilities as human in their defective sides. Countries
steadily resemble large cities without social ambience and communication facilities. Historical
experiences have changed social necessities and habits of people into communication facilities
during history. Because people need communication the most in their life.
RELIGIOSITY AND A SENSE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN POLISH FEMALE
EMIGRANTS LIVING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, AGATA GOŹDZIEWICZROSTANKOWSKA, ARKADIUSZ BERNAT, JACEK ŚLIWAK, BEATA ZARZYCKA,
ANNA TYCHMANOWICZ (UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK, POLAND)
Since Poland joined the EU, we have observed a significant increase in emigration and
the main direction of Polish emigration is still the United Kingdom – 637 thousand people
emigrated there (GUS, 2012). The new conditions of life, and new professional, family and social
roles are for emigrants the fulfilment of their positive expectations, and often a challenge and a
threat. The suddenness and intensity of the ongoing social changes cause additional instability of
living environments and impede the development of identity processes. To effectively deal with
uncertainty, immigrants seek to anchor their individual identity in cultural elements (e.g.
religion) that are well-known to them and are within their range. Religion, as it provides a
permanent system of meanings, allows the reconstruction of identities which are also changing
in the socio-cultural contexts. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship between
religion and a sense of national identity in Polish female emigrants living in the UK. The study
sample consisted of 90 women aged from 18 to 64 years (M = 37.6; SD = 10.3) whose length of
stay in the UK ranged from 2 to 30 years (M = 7.9; SD = 4.2). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale by
Huber, Post-Critical Belief Scale by Hutsebaut and Social Identity Scale by Cameron were used.
Results showed that there are no relations between the dimension of validity (centrality) of the
national group and religiosity. However, there was a positive relationship between religiosity
and attachment to the group (In-Group ties).
77
ALIENATION AND FEAR OF INDIAN EXPATRIATES ABROAD DUE TO LACK
OF SOCIAL SECURITY, VIVEK VARGHESE (UNIVERSITY OF KERALA, INDIA)
This Paper analyses few factors that lead to fear and alienation of Indian expatriates
working abroad. A random field study is done among the various expatriate communities of
Indians where they cannot settle permanently. The problems faced by Indian expatriates are
being highlighted and the remedial solutions to overcome the basic problems are also being
discussed. This case study is useful for the Parliament of India and Ministry of External Affairs,
National Human Rights Commission and other various Government Organisations for the
welfare and the development of the Indian expatriate communities abroad. This feedback also
highlights the laws that have to be brought in India for the welfare of the Indian expatriates, who
bring revenue for the country by the foreign exchange remittance, but they are often neglected
when jobless or in old age. The fear in the mind of the expatriates can also have a negative
influence on the family and personal development of the individual. Even children of these
people can have fear of insecurity in their mind, which can affect their education. Lack of
financial security can also ruin family relationships and can have a negative impact on the Indian
expatriate society. This paper argues the necessity of social security in India for the Indian
expatriates working abroad and also the ways by which funding for the social security can be
made by the Government of India.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HEIDT'S MORAL ETHICS AND PEOPLE
NATION'S ATTITUDES, JOANNA CIEPŁUCH, TAMARA WALCZAK (UNIVERSITY
OF GDANSK, POLAND)
In a research, we examined how Heidt’s moral ethics shape the political preferences
among both women and men in our society. We took into consideration the correlation between
five moral ethics (care, fairness, loyalty, authority, purity) and their direct influence on the three
nation’s attitudes consecutively – patriotism, nationalism and messianic mindset. At the end, we
built into our study additional diversifiable variable such as rightism and leftism and how they
impact the intensity of the analyzed ethics. The study results were extracted from the usage of
three questionnaires – ‘Moral Foundation Questionnaire’ of Heidt and Graham, ‘Messianic
Attitude Scale’ of Piotrowski and Żemojtel-Piotrowska and ‘Leftism – rightism identity
measurement questionnaire’ of Wojciszke.
A STUDY OF PARENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF PARENT
INVOLVEMENT IN THREE REFUGEE SCHOOLS IN KUALA LUMPUR,
MOHAMED ABDULLAHI GURE, MAHAMUUD ABDULLAHI ABDULQADIR (ISLAMIC
SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA, MALAYSIA)
It is widely acknowledged that the degree of success which a particular school achieves is
always depending on to great extent to the collaboration between school personnel and the
parents of students. This work aims at examining the efforts made by three refugee schools in
Kuala Lumpur to create a successful family and school connections and the results of these
efforts on parent involvement levels. The method employed in this study is quantitative
approach; a sample size of 100 parents and 36 teachers participated in this study. This study
used two instruments which developed by Epstein and Salinas (1993) to assess the perceptions
of parents and teachers about parent involvement. Analyzing the differences between parents’
and teachers’ perceptions regarding parent involvement, the results indicated that teachers
rated schools higher than parents in four of the six practices. Moreover, the findings showed that
sociodemographic factors influence parents’ perceptions towards their involvement, but the
78
most important factor that influences parents’ perceptions about their involvement is the
schools’ support for partnerships. The results also indicated significance differences of parents’
perceptions of their level of involvement with reference to their level of education and number
of children. The implication of this study is to motivate and appreciate schools with strong and
effective implementation of parent involvement programs for them to keep up their programs to
help immigrant families to become involved in their children’s education.
DIAGNOSIS OF CARE DEFICIT ON PARENTS OF MIGRANT WOMEN IN THE
OPINION OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, MARZENA KRUK (MARIA CURIE
SKŁODOWSKA UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
Labour migrations bring gains and losses. In the situation of migrating women who are
mothers and daughters is a particularly difficult situation due to the fact that in Poland it is
mainly women who care of family. How do public institutions ( for ex family care centres) help
migrant families and particularly the elderly? The presentation aims to present preliminary
results of qualitative research carried out in the framework of the project "Polish female
migrants and their families - a study of care deficit” with social workers.
RESTRICTIONS IN EXTERNALIZING RELIGION THROUGH CLOTHING
STYLE. COMPARISON OF EUROPEAN LAW REGULATIONS REGARDING
MUSLIM WOMEN CLOTHING, AGNIESZKA KURIATA (UNIVERSITY OF
WROCLAW, POLAND)
For many Muslim women who immigrate to European countries, the prohibition of
wearing the hijab, which allows covering of the body, is rated as depriving them of their "natural
attributes", which in the Islamic world make them important and which are a part their cultural
and religious identity. Due to the mass-immigration movements this question becomes
legitimate: How does the European legislation regulate the issue of Muslim dress and covering of
the woman's face ? In European countries, it is emphasized, that because of small number of
women wearing the burqa or niqab , this outfit is not a problem and does not threaten public
safety. Despite this, the analysis of legal sources say, that Belgium, France and Italy have banned
women covering their faces from public places. France, relying on the principle of secularism of
the state, also prohibits wearing the hijab in schools. Ignoring the ban is threatened by heavy
fines and even imprisonment. United Kingdom is thought of as liberal, even police-women are
allowed to wear hijabs. It seems, that Europe is facing a challenge of responding to the presence
of Muslims in the public space. The problem we will face in the future, may be a general debate
on the prevalence of the hijab in public space. Hijab regardless of whether they are worn by
women voluntarily or not, often provide them with a pass for work, education or even out of the
house.
FAMILY LIFE AT A DISTANCE. SOCIALITY OF TRANSNATIONAL FAMILIES
IN THE MEDIATED CONTEXTS BETWEEN POLAND AND GERMANY, JAGODA
MOTOWIDLO (UNIVERSITY OF GIESSEN, GERMANY)
More and more families are organizing their everyday life in spatial separation across
borders as so-called ‘transnational families’ (Bryceson/ Vuorela 2002). However, the
geographical separation of families itself is certainly not a new phenomenon. Rather, the novelty
lies in the fact in living together at a distance is increasingly becoming an ordinary way of life in
contemporary society – a development that has been facilitated by advances of, and increasing
79
access to, communication technologies (Lutz/Palenga-Möllenbeck 2011, Miller/ Madianou
2012). Not only do migrants sustain their families economically, they more and more make use
of Skype and other communication technologies for remote parenting (Brown 2012). My central
research questions are: How do Polish migrants manage familial tasks like the maintenance of
care, love and intimacy with their family that are traditionally assumed to require a physical
presence of the parents? Which possibilities and limitations follow from using new media? In my
study I focus on parent-child relationships in Polish transnational families. My poster will
present transcripts of video recordings of Skype conversations between a 6-years old daughter
and her single mother who commutes between Poland and Germany. I seek to explore to what
extend family routines are becoming mediatized and what kind of new routines emerge in digital
environments. I pay particular attention to the interactions between social and technological
features in remote parenting practices. References Brown, Deane/Grinter, Rebecca E. (2012):
Remote Parenting: ICT use among Jamaican Migrant Parents, Left-Behind Children and their
Caregivers. CSCW 2012, February 7–12, 2011, Seattle, Washington Bryceson, Deborah und Ulla
Vuorela (2002): The Transnational Family. In: Bryceson et al. The Transnational Family: New
European Frontiers and Global Networks. New York: Berg, S. 3-30. Lutz, Helma; PalengaMö llenback, Ewa (2011): Das Care-Chain-Konzept auf dem
EVE STILL IN DANGER: AN EXPLORATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
IN PAKISTAN AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS IN POST DISASTER
SITUATION, WAHEED MOHUDDIN, ASAD MAHMUD (LAHORE LEADS
UNIVERSITY, PAKISTAN)
The paper provides firsthand knowledge about the existing forms of domestic violence
against women and the current policies of Government and NGOs to prevent violence in Pakistan
after earthquake October, 2005. The study indicates that 89.9 percent people believe that
violence against women exists in Pakistan, and 79% including 83.3% women says that gender
discrimination exists in Pakistan. More than 86% people know a victim of domestic violence
including a large number of women. A majority of the people (82%) believe that security is the
basic right of women followed by education (67%), respect (52%), freedom of expression (36%)
and love (24.8%) whereas 91% women do not feel secure when they go out. Most of the women
(83.6%) say that no one in the family ever thanks them in response to their domestic work.
Threat of divorce is the most common form of domestic violence as 89.7% of women declare
that the threat is always like a hanging sword on their heads. Government of Pakistan claims to
control violence against women through its different policies including police reforms and other
judicial measures but ground realities show different result as 92.4% people say that police
cannot combat violence against women. United Nations and other big international NGOs claim
to control violence against women through their different policies whereas only16% people
recognize UNDP followed by Oxfam 1.2% and less than 1% knows about CEDAW. This paper
also focuses on policy recommendations of general public to stop violence against women. In
response, 69% people say that violence against women can be eliminated by educating men
about gender equality so that they may accept women’s rights rather than investing resources
only for women’s education. None of the policy focuses social security whereas more than 50%
women recommend social security for the elimination of domestic violence.
80
DYNAMICS OF THE VOLATILITY INDEXES VARIABLE AND CONSTANT
EMIGRATION IN THE YEARS 1990-2013, MONIKA NAWROCKA (ACADEMY OF
PHYSICAL EDUCATION GEORGE KUKUCZKI IN KATOWICE, POLAND)
The development of the research in economy has shown that conducting mathematical
modeling and statistics is an effective instrument for diagnosing the progress phenomenon of
socio-economic. It provides the information about the dynamics of result changeability in
different periods of time. Additionally statistical analysis allows determining the prediction for
periods of future and past years. Migrations are characterised by the quality of being measurable
because it includes quantitative data. In recent years, they demonstrate high dynamics.
Conducting the analyses and calculations based on methods and statistical instruments will
result in the opportunity to compare, group, analyse variables, specify trends and designate the
diagnoses of achieved sports results with the implementation of the optimum vector of variables
of independent variable of migrations. An analysis of the dynamics migration variability in this
article, was carried out on the basis of data from the website of the main statistical office. The
material was worked on with the use of the statistical methods of descriptive statistics, the
testing of interdependencies. Additionally, the models of time series have been used for the sake
of the analysis. The most significant aim of the analysis of the dynamics is the designation of
predictions. The use of the model of time series has the task of the specification of the change of
the phenomenon level in time.
THE PROBLEM OF INEQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION OF DISABLED
PEOPLE IN THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF
THEIR ACCESS TO THE TOURISM AND RECREATION SECTOR, MARCIN
POPIEL (JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY, POLAND)
Most of people with disabilities in their lives have encountered discrimination, rejection
or exclusion. In the case of people with disabilities discrimination takes different forms
depending on the type or degree of possessed limitations. This fact often becomes the cause of
the withdrawal of such people from social life and scarifying their pleasures, even those
connected with tourism and recreation. Inequality in tourism for the disabled in social aspect is
manifested in the encountered barriers (architectural, communicational, etc.), which much more
affects the people with disabilities - rather than the healthy ones - thus they are more
discriminated. The study conducted for the purpose of this article shows that people with
reduced mobility travel on average 60% less than healthy people, mostly due to the barriers.
However, there is also a difference in the economic sphere. Products and tourism services, which
are tailored to the needs of people with disabilities, are generally more expensive than those
that a healthy person can benefit from. It is totally unfair, because people with disabilities are
also discriminated in the labor market, hence they do not have jobs – especially women, who are
discriminated not only by disability but also by gender – and they do not possess the same
resources of money to finance an expensive holiday. The aim of this paper is to present the
situation of people with disabilities, who are often socially disadvantaged and discriminated. The
article presents the results obtained from the survey and a review of statistical data and
literature.
81
ATTACHMENT STYLES, COPING STRATEGIES AND LONELINESS AMONGST
MIGRANT
WORKERS
IN
NORWAY,
WIOLETTA
RADZIWIŁŁOWICZ
The aim of the study was to analyze loneliness, attachment styles and coping in migrant
Polish workers. Two groups were compared: 25 married men who work contractually in the
Norwegian shipyard and 25 workers in Poland (matching design). The subjects were aged 32.55
(SD=6.71). The methods of the study: interview about the sociodemographic data, Rasch’s Scale,
CISS (Endler & Parker), Attachment Styles Inventory (Plopa). The respondents working in
Norway are not different in attachment styles from the respondents working in Poland. In both
groups, the majority of the respondents showed anxious-ambivalent and avoidant attachment
styles. In migration workers most people coped with stress by avoidance and engaging in
substitute activities while the respondents in Poland were characterized by a task-oriented
coping. The average level of loneliness occurred in both groups. Anxious-avoidant and
dismissing-avoidant attached individuals in both examined groups have generally a taskoriented coping while less frequently chose to seek any social contact. The connection between
coping strategies and loneliness in both examined groups was found. In the migration workers
most people felt loneliness as the sense of sociable groups loss, meaningful relationships with
people and deprivation need for social contact. The workers in Poland felt situational
abandonment. There is a relationship between attachment style and loneliness in both groups.
In the migration workers secure attachment was connected with social contact deprivation, the
sense of sociable groups loss, situational abandonment and meaningful relationships with
people. In the Polish workers there was a moderate negative correlation between avoidance
attachment and meaningful relationships with people.
WOMEN, DANCE AND MIGRATION: FEMALE CHOREOGRAPHERS FROM
MADRID WHO NEVER WILL COME BACK, ISABEL RIVERA (COMPLUTENSE
UNIVERSITY MADRID, SPAIN)
The purpose of this presentation is to answer a main question: Why will not come back to
Madrid different women choreographers who come from the capital of Spain? Culture, migration
and women are always recognised as concepts of weakness. Migrants and overall women
migrants live always in vulnerable conditions. Besides, it must also be mentioned than the most
common section which disappears in newspapers is “Culture”.
For all these reasons, we can ask several questions. Are there equal opportunities for foreigner
women choreographers? Do they feel more recognised in the cities they work in than in the city
they come from? Do men have more opportunities than women in dance? Do they have more
career opportunities in other countries than in Spain?
The method of this research is based in personal interviews that I did to the choreographers:
Blanca Li and Tamara Rojo. Blanca Li is a dancer, choreographer, film director and actress and
Tamara Rojo is the English National Ballet Artistic Director and Lead Principal Dancer. Both have
an international recognition and both come from Madrid.
Spain has a musical and dance evolution different to many European countries. However, artists
continue to migrate to other countries for working and having recognition. In our case, women
dancers and choreographers have more recognition in other countries. We also need to consider
whether nowadays all these prestige dancers really have a cultural space in Spain.
82
CLASH OF CULTURES: INTERSECTING GENDER EQUALITY, VIOLENCE AND
MIGRANT CULTURE IN EUROPE, MANASI SINHA (JAWAHRLAL NEHRU
UNIVERSITY, INDIA)
In Europe, a substantial share of population consists of immigrants coming from
developing countries with different culture and religion. While they assimilate quite easily into
the mainstream society of Europe for the economic needs, assimilation on cultural and religious
grounds remains a challenge as they show considerable resistance to alter culture of their origin
country. In case of gender egalitarian approach this resistance receives more rigidity because
gender relations in the origin country are usually rooted in the cultural and religious traditions
and which have not yet undergone much transformation due to the impact of modernity and
globalised culture. This consequently leads to conflict between culture of mainstream society
and the origin one. Practices of forced and arranged marriage, honour based violence, wearing
headscarf, female genital mutilation etc. that are prevalent in these developing societies and
considered as markers of culture and tradition, are identified as problematic across Europe and
come in sharp contrast with mainstream European culture which promotes gender equality,
human rights and values for individuality and hence consider all these problems as violation to
such values. However, curbing out these practices or offering an alternative gender discourse
receives vehement protest from the migrant communities as they consider it against their own
culture and tradition. While migrant women tend to adapt themselves to the new gender
discourse quite easily, such adaptation raises eyebrows among their family and other
homogenous group, consequently leading to gender violence in many European society. This
paper therefore, seeks to study why in spite of a great deal of opportunity and relative
progressive culture in Europe, bringing a change in the perspective of immigrants with respect
to gender cultural norms become almost difficult and what are the factors which create barrier
in such assimilation into mainstream culture by the migrants communities in Europe.
PARKS IN SOMEWHERE, ROJDA TUGRUL (MARDIN ARTUKLU UNIVERSITY,
TURKEY)
In Diyarbakir, parks are one of the main public places. Since 2000, a change in urban
policy - brought about through the election of a first ever Kurdish Political Party - transformed
the urban environment of the city by introducing public green ‘spaces’ for it’s citizens. As the
population of the City swelled, parks importantly became a transition place in Diyarbakir
between migrants and local (rooted) people. During the early 2000s there was huge migration
from rural to urban centres, and Parks are where people could meet on an equal floor. By their
nature, parks provide an opportunity for people to come together recreationally, regardless of
their status in society. Within these boundaries a unique social integration occurs, where
identities, social classes, political ideologies and religious beliefs merge and intermingle freely.
However, in Diyarbakir the reproduction of these public spaces had an additionally profound
effect on one aspect of society in particular. In a country where conservative values and
traditions dominate the culture, women were especially denied a space in the public realm. The
reproduction of public spaces in Diyarbakir enabled women to socialise and engage together and
importantly gave them a platform to discuss personal, political and social issues that had been
hitherto denied them. Thus, the reproduction of these social places to an extent empowered
women throughout the region, allowing them to gain strength and confidence in a visible
manner under the watchful gaze of men in what is a very male dominated society.
83
ACCOMPANYING EVENTS
INVITED WORKSHOP: MEN, MANHOOD AND WORK-LIFE
BALANCE - WHY MEN SPEND ONLY 2 HOURS DAILY ON HOUSE
CHORES AND WOMEN MORE THAN 5?
Underrepresentation of women in the labour market in Europe, which is visible in the reports
provided by the European Commission (2013), is closely connected with gender roles visible
when men and women share family and work life. The labour market participation of mothers is
12.1 percentage points lower than that of women without children, while the rate for fathers is
8.7 percentage points higher than that for men without children. This indicates the traditional
gender role division: men being attached more to work, whereas women more involved in
family life. When equal or comparable educational levels and job opportunities are present,
woman’s opportunity to foster her career life depends mainly on 1) division of childcare and
household duties between partners and 2) woman’s implicit and explicit self-judgments that
would allow her to feel apt and well-suited to climb the career ladder, and lastly: 3) men’s
implicit and explicit self- judgments that would allow them to have more share in family life.
During our workshop scholars and academics from different countries will focus on the key
factors influencing men’s willingness to engage more in family life, thus enabling women to be
more present in the labour market. Most of the individual barriers that would prevent men and
women from adopting gender equality ideologies are the effect of existing of gender stereotypes
present in a given culture (see e.g. the concept of precarious manhood, Vandello et al., 2012).
Apart from individual factors enabling men to be more active in the family life, we would look at
cultural cues promoting more egalitarian gender roles.
Organizers: Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka & Tomasz Besta
Discussant: Joseph Vandello, University of South Florida
The workshop "Men, Manhood and Work-Life Balance" is funded from Norway Grants in the PolishNorwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development.
WOMEN, CONSTRUCTING HEGEMONIC MASCULINITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA:
THE DISCOURSE AND RHETORIC OF RESPONSIBILITY, RUSSELL LUYT,
ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY, UK
This paper considers how local and regional representations of hegemonic masculinity
are (re)produced, and how men’s gender identities are constituted through situated interaction,
in South Africa. It points toward the important role played by the discourse and rhetoric of
responsibility among these men in hegemonic sense-making. Focus lies on the underlying
discursive practices of responsibility for self as opposed to others. These draw forcefully upon
the discursive resource of work-family commitment. An attempt is made to account for
complexity and diversity in this sense-making across intersecting social categories such as
ethnicity and social class. Findings highlight the extent to which practices of both compliance
and resistance contribute toward the (re)production of masculinities.
84
IF MY MASCULINITY IS THREATENED I SUPPORT TRADITIONAL GENDER
ROLES? - GENDER IDENTITY THREAT AND PREFERENCES FOR FEMININE
AND MASCULINE ACTIVITIES. NATASZA KOSAKOWSKA-BEREZECKA, TOMASZ
BESTA, PAWEŁ JUREK, KRYSTYNA ADAMSKA, MICHAŁ JAŚKIEWICZ, PAR
MIGRATION NAVIGATOR PROJECT, UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK.
Cross-cultural studies indicate that there exist stable and clear definitions of femininity
and masculinity in which women across the world are considered to hold typically communal
features whereas men are considered to be agentic (Glick et al., 2000; Guimond, Chatard,
Martinot, Crisp & Redersdorff, 2006; Williams & Best, 1990). Cultural expectations towards
typical male and female behaviour also decide upon the extent to which gender roles differ in a
society and the degree that women and men are allowed to shift from gender stereotypes (e.g.
Glick et al, 2000; Hofstede, 2001; House, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2004). Endorsing
complementary stereotypes about oneself and others can also function to satisfy the need to
perceive one’s social system as fair and balanced. This also pertains to motives justifying status
quo within gender relations (cf.. Laurin et al., 2011). The tendency to favor the existing status
quo manifests itself with greater support for the dominant social system, regardless of whether
it maintains or reduces the differences in the status of both sexes (e.g. threatens the existing
status quo). In study 1 (N=90) we wanted to verify whether certain situational cues leading to
gender identity threat (information about the level of their testosterone) might influence men’s
1) attitudes towards parental duties, and 2) their support for gender equality. In this study men
whose gender identity was threatened later manifested more traditional attitudes towards
parental duties, they were more willing to endorse stereotypical gender roles, showed lower
support for gender equality and lower willingness to support actions supporting gender
equality. In Study 2 (n=47) men made decisions concerning either typically female or typically
male domains. Afterwards they were given feedback that their decisions concerning cross-sex
domains were exceptionally good. Following this manipulation, participants were asked to: 1)
decide which activities they would like to do (choice between typically female/male activities)
and 2) later fill the measures of self-perception. Our results show that the need to compensate
for the loss in manhood (gender identity threat) led men to choose typical activities related to
cultural definition of manhood. Self-perceived agency mediated the relationship between gender
identity threat and choice of activities. In Study 3, men (n=71) read a short scientific text either
a) emphasizing the existence of stereotypical gender differences in terms of agency and
communalism vs b) showing that there’re no such differences. The results indicated that in “no
differences” condition, the participants showed lower acceptance of gender inequality and a
greater willingness to engage in domestic activities, which was again mediated by self-perceived
agency. During the presentation we will also present preliminary comparison results obtained
among students in Norway.
These studies are realized within PAR Migration Navigator Project funded from Norway
Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for
Research and Development.
85
BUSINESSPERSON VS. HOMEMAKER – MALE (AND FEMALE) GENDER
ROLES IN ADVERTISING AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS CROSS-CULTURALLY:
A CASE OF POLAND, UK AND SA. MAGDALENA ZAWISZA, ANGLIA RUSKIN
UNIVERSITY, UK
Advertising rarely portrays men in non-traditional roles. This inevitably perpetuates the
traditional division of roles in societies. However, such a depiction of men is not necessary
justified from advertising effectiveness point of view. According to Stereotype Content Model
(SCM) warmth is evolutionary more important than competence and thus paternalistic
Househusband portrayals (high on Warmth and low on Competence) should be more effective
than envious Businessman portrayals (which score the opposite) irrespective of whether these
portrayals are gender traditional or not. In three experiments we show that this holds crossculturally: on students from ‘liberal’ UK (n=214), ‘moderate’ Poland (n=177) and ‘conservative’
SA (n=182). Specifically, in each country, the Househusband portrayal triggered more positive
responses than the Businessman ad. Thus non-traditional male gender roles can be used
successfully in global advertising. Moreover, SCM can be used to improve these advertising
appeals even further. In another experiment (n=60, British students) we showed that boosting
the deficient dimension of competence in a Househusband type (e.g. via the text in the ad)
results in higher ad liking and greater advertising effectiveness (vs. the default Househusband or
the control condition). However, male roles do not exist in vacuum. They are defined vis a vis
female gender roles which are also predominantly traditional in advertising. Our further three
experiments (student samples from the United Kingdom, Poland and South Africa, n = 469)
showed that the paternalistic but traditional, female portrayals (Housewives) generated more
positive reactions to the ads than the non-traditional Businesswomen ads. However, the Warmth
boost strategy predicted by SCM was less effective in this case (n=86, British students). Some
questions remain: Are changes in male gender roles dependent on changes to female gender
roles? How can we make the Businesswoman ads more effective? And lastly: How can we change
marketing practices to aid social change?
WOMEN MASCULINITIES AND FATHERHOOD AMONG POLISH MIGRANTS
IN NORWAY, OLEKSANDR RYNDYK, CENTRE FOR INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
With about 2 million Polish migrants residing in other EU/EEA countries, most of whom
have migrated and settled abroad only after Poland had joined the EU in2004, the issue of
parenting and acculturation among Polish migrants, in general, deserves to be studied in more
details. More research both from the UK and other European countries is needed in order to
shed light on how parenting styles and gender roles change when families migrate from one
EU/EEA member state to another. The goal of this paper is to understand how gender roles in
the Norwegian and Polish societies change and are perceived among Polish men who have
migrated to Norway. For the purposes of our research, we conducted semistructured interviews
with 15 Polish families who have settled with their children in Western Norway. Joint interviews
lasted between 60 and 90 min with both spouses, whereas individual interviews with each of the
spouses lasted between 30 and 60 min. Our analysis takes into account both Polish migrants’
expressed views on what it takes to be a man in Poland and Norway and their own attitudes to
such established conceptualizations. In addition, the paper includes migrants’ reflections on
their own masculinity in the new immigration context as it is reported on the level of their
language and expressed in their everyday activities.
Oleksandr Ryndyk is a researcher at the Centre for Intercultural Communication (SIK),
Stavanger, Norway. In 2013 he graduated from the European Master in Migration and
86
Intercultural Relations (EMMIR) and since then has focused on research on Polish migrations to
Norway. E-mail: [email protected], tel.: (0047) 925 60 504. Our research is part of a
broader research project on ‘Sociocultural and psychological predictors of work-life balance and
gender equality,’ known by its shorter name PAR Migration Navigator and funded by Norway
Grants within the framework of the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme. The project is run
in a partnership with two Polish and three Norwegian research institutions. More information
on the project can be found here: http://migrationnavigator.org/info/?page_id=7
GENDER EQUALITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE – HOW GENDER EQUALITY CAN
CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE. A STUDY OF POLAND AND
NORWAY,
EWA
KRZAKLEWSKA,
JAGIELLONIAN
UNIVERSITY,
WWW.GEQ.SOCJOLOGIA.UJ.EDU.PL
Main goal of the project “Gender equality and quality of life – how gender equality can
contribute to development in Europe. A study of Poland and Norway” (GEQ) is to investigate
gender equality (GE) and its effects for quality of life and social development. Since gender
inequality is problematised as most visibly affecting women, the attention to men was limited in
many of the studies on gender equality. In the GEQ study similar attention is paid to men’s and
women’s experience of gender equality, taking into account interdependencies between men
and women within society. Backhans et al.’s findings (2007: 1901) use the concept of ‘unfinished
equality’. They notice that “one-sided expansion by women into traditionally male roles, spheres
and activities will not lead to positive health effects unless men also significantly change their
behaviour.” In our study we see woman and men in relation to each other and try to understand
how men attitudes and practices impact women gender equality experience, and vice versa and
further what the relation to the quality of life. Additionally, in our project we explore if the
gender equality can function as a project and an individual aim in private or public sphere. We
analyse when, how and why gender equality is born and become an idea to be implemented in
one’s life, as well as in public life and how it can transform gender and social power structures.
We address men as well as women as active makers of their own “gender future”, redoing
gender yet acting under constraints.
87
ROUND TABLE OF EXPERTS
MIGRATION”- DEBATE
ON
GENDER
EQUALITY
&
The debate will gather Leaders coordinating Polish – Norwegian projects in gender equality and
work-life balance funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme
The following projects will be presented within our Round Table (participation confirmed):
POLFAMIGRA – The project „Polish female migrants and their families – a study of care deficit”
is being implemented in the Department of General Sociology and Research on Migrations,
Institute of Sociology at Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin in partnership with
University of Bergen, Faculty of Social Sciences. http://polfamigra.umcs.pl/en/
GEQ – “Gender equality and quality life – how gender equality can contribute to development in
Europe. A study of Poland and Norway”. The Project’ Partners are: Institute of Sociology,
Jagiellonian University, Department of Population Studies, Centre for Gender Research,
University of Oslo, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Chair of Epidemiology and
Preventive
Medicine
JU
CM,
Department
of
Medical
Sociology
http://www.geq.socjologia.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/start
TRANSFAM – “Doing family in transnational context, demographic choices, welfare adaptations,
school integration, and every – day life of Polish families living in Polish- Norwegian
transnationality” The consortium binds together Jagiellonian University, a social sciences
research institutes Agder Research and NOVA and a non-governmental think-tank Centre for
International Relations. http://www.transfam.socjologia.uj.edu.pl
WLB_GE (PAR MIGRATION NAVIGATOR) – “Socio-cultural and Psychological Predictors of
Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality – Cross-Cultural Comparison of Polish and Norwegian
Families”. The project partners are: University of Gdańsk (Project promoter), Institute of
Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Intercultural Communication (SIK),
Stavanger Norway, International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS), University of Stavanger
(UiS), Norway. http://migrationnavigator.org/info/?page_id=7
The debate organized will also include practitioners, local and national NGO representatives
whose main focus activities pertains to issues of gender equality and migration.
Round Table Debate is funded from Norway Grants in the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme
88
'HOW TO FIND YOUR WA Y THROUGH POLAND?' WORKSHOP –
ENTERPRISING IMMIGRANT WOMEN CLUB, FOUNDATION FOR SOMALIA.
There are many surprises waiting for immigrants coming to Poland. Their adventure in this
country starts with renting flat problems, learning local customs and seeking for a job. Our
organization is to support foreigners in these moments. We educate intercultural assistants who
are helping immigrants to find a job, to deal with offices and hospitals, as well as to look for a
flat. We invite you to the workshop on finding your way through Polish reality.
Everybody who is interested in getting to know how immigrants in Poland live, are invited to
this meeting. Participants will have a chance to speak about vital challenges, that migrant
women face, with the Enterprising Immigrant Women Club members (supported by the
Foundation for Somalia). They will be speaking about their experiences in achieving best
solutions.
Next part is a mini-workshop with three groups (one to choose):
1) Is legalization difficult? What is worth knowing?
Participants will have an opportunity to learn the most common mistakes, problems and traps
that foreigners deal with while legalizing their stay in Poland. This information will also be
valuable for entrepreneurs willing to employ foreigners.
2) Start in your career
Here we can show you how to prepare to the process of job seeking. Our career counsellor will
tell you how to speak with an employer and how to overcome the intercultural barriers which
might occur in the recruitment process.
3) Language and culture
As it is the language that creates the reality and culture, the key to understand Poland and Poles
is to master Polish language. Migrant women will speak about learning Polish and
understanding Polish culture.
Held by:
Enterprising Immigrant Women Club in the Foundation for Somalia: Mariya Kuzenko, Omoye
Akhagba, Oleksandra Mojsiuk.
Foundation for Somalia experts: Anna Karbowniak (the coordinator of the Club), Agata GlinkaSzczepańska (legal counsel), Monika Ołów (career counsellor), Oleksandra Mojsiuk (Polish
language teacher).
89
Book of abstracts edited and prepared by the team:
Marta Kaczorowska
Marta Łockiewicz
Justyna Świdrak
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka
Kamil Tyburski (Say Oh!) – graphic design
with the help of Students Scientific Association ANIMA
Organizers:
Honorary patronage:
Media patronage:
Partners:
10th Conference Woman in Culture: Gender, Culture, & Migration is co-funded from Norway Grants in
the Polish-Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and
Development.
90

Book of abstracts

Transcription

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