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qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
Georgian Book Support Foundation
filologiur kvlevaTa
weliwdeuli
2
2010
merab RaRaniZis
redaqciiT
Tbilisi • memkvidreoba • 2010
TSAKHNAGI
FACET
Annual
of Philological Studies
2
2010
Merab Ghaghanidze
Editor
Tbilisi • Memkvidreoba • 2010
waxnagi: filologiur kvlevaTa weliwdeuli. 2. 2010
saredaqcio sabWo
Suqia afridoniZe
(Tavmjdomaris moadgile)
zurab kiknaZe
damana meliqiSvili
irma ratiani
merab RaRaniZe
(Tavmjdomare)
qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi
“memkvidreoba”
fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofs
giorgi leJava
ISSN 1987-7218
© “memkvidreoba”, 2010
manana kobaiZe
riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
(SeniSvnebi qarTuli leqsTwyobis bunebis Sesaxeb)
enaTa fonetikuri Tvisebebis monacemTa erTi bazis Tanaxmad, maxvilis Taviseburebebis mixedviT 429 enaSi (rac
TavisTavad mxolod mcire nawilia msoflioSi arsebuli
enebisa) gamoyofilia enaTa 109 sxvadasxva jgufi maxvilis
saxeobisa da ganlagebis mixedviT1. TviTon maxvilis gansazRvrac melodikis cvalebadobasTan mimarTebiT sakmaod
rTuli problemaa2. amitom gasakviri araa, rom leqsTwyobis tipologia mxolod nawilobriv asaxavs im mravalferovnebas, rac sxvadasxva enaSia warmodgenili ritmis leqsad
ganxorcielebisTvis.
qarTuli leqsTwyobis bunebis kvlevisas mizanSewonili
iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos qarTuli dialeqtebis
Cveneba da sariTmo monakveTis agebuleba.
maxvili qarTul saliteraturo enaSi sustia. dialeqtebSi ki maxvili mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli. ZiriTadad is
ritmikuli jgufis maxvilia da misi adgili fiqsirebulia
an ritmikuli monakveTis dasawyisis mimarT (magaliTad,
moxeurSi), anda ritmikuli monakveTis dasasrulis mimarT
(magaliTad, mTiulurSi). ra Tqma unda, ritmikuli monakveTi SeiZleba an sityvas emTxveodes, anda sityvebis jgufs
warmoadgendes.
miuxedavad imisa, romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli
intonaciiT warmoiTqmis qarTuli leqsi, leqsi inarCunebs
Tavis wyobas. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvaT1
2
http://phonology.cogsci.udel.edu/dbs/stress/index.php (damowmebulia 2009 wlis 2 noem­
bers).
Anthony Fox, Prosodic Features and Prosodic Structure: the Phonology of Suprasegmentals, Oxford
University Press, 2002.
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135
manana kobaiZe
maxvili (an ritmikuli jgufis maxvili) qarTul enaSi da
qarTul dialeqtebSi gavlenas ver axdens sariTmo monakveTis grZliobaze. sariTmo monakveTs qarTulSi ZiriTadad
sityvaTgasayari qmnis da ara enaSi (an dialeqtSi) arsebuli
e. w. “araleqsikuri”, ritmikuli jgufis maxvili. am mxriv
qarTuli leqsi gansxvavdeba rogorc silabur-tonuri (magaliTad, rusuli an inglisuri) leqsisgan, aseve silaburi
(magaliTad, franguli) leqsisgan, sadac sariTmo monakveTi
maxviliani xmovniT aris SemosazRvruli. am mxriv qarTuli
leqsTwyobis msgavsi leqsi im enebSia saZebari, romlebSic
sityvis maxvili sustad aris gamoxatuli.
inglisuri, rusuli da franguli leqsi ki erT jgufSi
moeqceva swored im niSniT, rom am enebSi sityvaTmaxvils
(an ritmikuli jgufis maxvils) unari aqvs, rom sariTmo monakveTi Seqmnas3.
aseve, sityvaTgasayari (an am gasayriT Seqmnili cezura) qmnis terfebs da muxlebs qarTul leqsSi da iq, sadac
terfebs an muxlebs Soris sazRvari ar emTxveva sityvaTgasayars, Cndeba “cru sityvaTgasayaris” msgavsi, sunTqviT
(pauziT) gayofili monakveTebi leqsis metris Sesabamisad. es statia aris mcdeloba, rom gamokveTos qarTuli
dialeqtebis Cvenebis mniSvneloba qarTuli leqsTwyobis
kvlevisaTvis.
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mTiulur leqsSi, Tu is Cveulebriv, gabmiT aris naTqvami da
ara Casawerineblad, maxvili ar Canso, da es imiT aixsneba, rom “is riTmi (igulisxmeba ritmi, _ m. k.), romelic am tonuri maxvilis matarebel winadadebas Tan ax­
lavs, leqsis riTmulobas ver Seegueboda da disonanss
Sehqmnida”4. imave mosazrebas imeorebs iza TevdoraZe im
debulebis dasamtkiceblad, rom mTiulurSi aris ara sityvaTmaxvili, aramed ritmikuli jgufis maxvili: “cnobilia, rom leqsSi Tavs iCens is lingvisturi maxvili,
3
4
saxelTa msgavsebam gaugebroba rom ar gamoiwvios, SevniSnavT, rom
ritmikuli jgufis maxvili gabmul metyvelebaSic dasturdeba. is
enobrivi monacemia da gansxvavdeba ritmuli gasayaris cnebisgan,
romelic leqsis wyobis aRsawerad gamoiyeneba. Tu zog enaSi TiTeul
sityvas Tavisi maxvili aqvs (magaliTad, rusulSi, inglisurSi), enaTa
erT nawilSi maxvili ritmikul jgufs moudis: ritmikuli jgufi
SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi sityviT, an sityvaTa jgufiT.
arn. Ciqobava, grZeli xmovnebi mTiulurSi, tfilisis universitetis
moambe, II, 1924, gv. 341.
136
waxnagi 2.2010
riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
romelic tradiciulad aris damkvidrebuli ama Tu im
enaSi. mTiulurs rom ... sityvaTmaxvili hqondes, igi daculi iqneboda leqsSic”5.
mTiuli mTqmelis mier ara marto Casawerineblad nawilnawil, aramed Cveulebrivad naTqvam leqsSic maxvili Tavis adgilzea, Tumca es sulac ar aris imis niSani, rom igi
sityvaTmaxvilia da ara ritmikuli jgufis maxvili. Sdr.,
magaliTad, franguli, sadac maxvili ritmikuli jgufis
maxvilad iTvleba da leqsSi igi ara marto daculia, aramed maorganizebel funqciasac asrulebs.
maxviliani xmovani zogjer leqsSi ufro gamokveTilic
ki aris, vidre gabmul metyvelebaSi, magram igi disonanss ar
qmnis. igive movlena dasturdeba sxva dialeqtebSic. giorgi cocaniZe wers: “aRmoCnda, rom fSauri maxvili mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs fSauri leqsis ritmis SeqmnaSi. amitomaa, rom erTi da igive leqsi sxva ritmiT ismis, roca mas
fSaveli moleqse ambobs da sxva ritmiT, roca mas sxva kuTxis
warmomadgeneli, Tundac misive mezobeli xevsuri, ambobs.
fSauri leqsis ZiriTadi saxea rvamarcvliani dabali Sairi”6.
sanimuSod moyvanili strofebidan vimowmebT erT-erTs:
barSi sicxeSi yofnasa,
haeri Jjobav mTisao,
Sa£doma salaRozeda,
dekianebis pirsao.
marTalia, aq mkvlevari ritmis gansxvavebebze msje­
lobs, magram dabali Sairi dabal Sairad rCeba miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli warmoTqmiT aris is naTqvami da romel marcvals moudis enobrivi maxvili.
aseve daculia maxvili moxeur, xevsurul, TuSur,
raWul leqsSi. moxeuris aRwerisas ivane qavTaraZe aRniSnavs: “frazaSi da leqsSi sityvis es maxvili ar icvleba”7.
vimowmebT Cven mier aCxotSi Cawerili masalidan erT
strofs:
ra gamyidveli gvyvaliao
aqiaSvili manonio,
5
6
7
i. TevdoraZe, mTiuluris erTi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb, saenaTmecniero
krebuli, I, 1984, gv. 91-92.
g. cocaniZe, fSauri dialeqti, 1978, gv. 18.
i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis moxeuri dialeqti, 1985, gv. 79.
narkvevi
137
manana kobaiZe
rom saxelmwifo fasebi
misTvis ar aris kanonio,
maneTnaxevrad mamyida
ormociani balonio.
aSkaraa, rom ritmuli monakveTebis monacvleoba 5+3 sazomiT aris warmodgenili (sxvaTa sityvis -o nawilaki aq
ver CaiTvleba saleqso sazomis nawilad; Sdr. xmiT natirlebi, sadac mas metruli funqcia aqvs). sruliad gamokveTili da ueWveli adgili dialeqturi maxvilisa ar emTxveva
ritmul gasayars. ritmuli gasayari aq sityvaTgasayariT
iqmneba. amas adasturebs isic, rom sariTmo monakveTebad aq
aRiqmeba sammarcvliani monakveTebi da ara maxvilis momdevno ormarcvliani monakveTebi.
aseve, Tavisi kilos damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT warmoTqvams leqss xevsuri:
dediZmaT dagiferies
Sig ma£leCilo Rverao,
arc ra kacoba Sen gqonav,
dampal kartoxa Rgorao.
(Cawerilia barisaxoSi)
raWul leqsSi raWulis damaxasiaTebel maxvils adasturebs S. ZiZiguri: “maxvili gvxvdeba leqsSic. mkrTali STabeWdileba sigrZisa ar uSlis xels amgvar xmovans mogvevlinos leqsSic. metic SeiZleba iTqvas: amJamd maxvili ufro
xSiria leqsSi, vidre prozaul metyvelebaSi”8.
TuSur dialeqtze dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maxvilis Seucvlelad Seqmnili leqsebi cnobilia eTer TaTaraiZis poeziiT, romelsac gansakuTrebul ritmul mravalferovnebas aniWebs swored TuSurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
maxvilis SenarCuneba.
aseve, SenarCunebulia dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli maxvili mTiulur leqsSi:
givim Tqo, £arebs davyidi,
marto viyoleb katasa,
cota saWmeli undeba,
vaWmev simindis fafasa,
xandixan gamexumreba,
rogorc SviliSvil papasa.
8
S. ZiZiguri, dialeqtologiuri Ziebani, 1970, gv. 60.
138
waxnagi 2.2010
riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
asevea maRali SairiT naTqvam leqsSic:
riyeze var, qvas vaquCeb,
saxls vapirob Jehtiansa,
mezoblebi iZaxian,
rad unda mag retiansa...
leqsSic, gansakuTrebiT, sayofacxovrebo Tematikaze naTqvam leqsSi, iseve gansxvavdeba intonacia dialeqtebis mixedviT, rogorc sasaubro metyvelebaSi.
dialeqtebis Cveneba aaSkaravebs, rom qarTul leqsSi
ritmuli monakveTebis da, maT Soris, sariTmo erTeulis
grZliobaze gavlenas ver axdens sityvaTmaxvilis Tu ritmikuli jgufis maxvilis adgili. sariTmo monakveTi ar
aris striqonis bolo maxvilis momdevno marcvlebi. SeiZleba maxvili bolodan meore marcvalze iyos, magram sariTmo monakveTi iyos sammarcvliani da ara ormarcvliani.
zogjer es silabur-tonur leqsTwyobaSic SeimCneva, magram
qarTulSi ki, magaliTad, im dialeqtebSi, sadac maxvili saritmo monakveTis bolodan meore marcvalze modis, dabali
SairiT naTqvam leqsSi riTma, Cveulebriv, sammarcvliania.
e. w. silabur leqsSic SeiZleba maxvili saritmo monakveTis bolodan meore marcvalze iyos da riTma ki sammarcvliani aRmoCndes, magram gansxvaveba is aris, silabur
leqsSi, magaliTad, frangulSi, ritmikuli jgufis maxvils (e. i. enobriv maxvils) aqvs unari, rom sariTmo monakveTi Seqmnas, qarTulSi ki mas es unari ar gaaCnia.
qarTul leqsSi, rogorc Cans, sariTmo monakveTs ar qmnis
enobrivi maxvili (sityvaTmaxvili iqneba is Tu ritmikuli
jgufis maxvili). saliteraturo qarTulis mimarT es sakiTxi sadavod aris qceuli. qarTuli leqsis silabur-tonurobis mtkicebisas weren: “leqsTwyobis TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadia sityvieri dinamikuri an musikaluri maxvili. kerZod, dinamikuri maxvili sityvis erT-erT marcvals aZlierebs. yvelaze TvalsaCinod es Cans rusulSi, Semdeg germanulSi da bolos qarTulSi”9, xolo “maxvilisagan aris damokidebuli ara marto Sinagani ritmuli wesrigi taepisa,
aramed am taepis kadenciis xasiaTic qarTul leqsSi”10.
am debulebis mowinaaRmdegeebs mis uarsayofad eqsperimentic CautarebiaT: “eqsperimentuli wesiT uaryofil iqna
9
10
a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. III (1), 1981, gv. 105.
a. gawerelia, rCeuli nawerebi, t. III (1), 1981, gv. 99.
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139
manana kobaiZe
Cvens leqsTmcodneobaSi gabatonebuli mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac qarTuli riTma iwyeba maxviliani xmovnis momdevno marcvlebiT”11... “qarTuli riTmis grZliobis ganmsazRvreli sityvaSi maxvilis adgilmdebareoba ar aris”12.
rogorc Cans, am Sedegs daupirispirda es mosazreba: “metruli maxvili (romelsac zogierTi CvenSi ver arCevs Cveulebrivi sityvaTmaxvilisagan) ganixileba fonetikis da ara
fonologiis doneze”13, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom eqsperimenti
swored fonetikis doneze iyo Catarebuli. mainc aSkaraa,
akaki gawerelias es SeniSvna TavisTavad mianiSnebs, rom misi
azriTac, qarTulSi sariTmo monakveTs qmnis ara sityvaTmaxvili, aramed is, rasac igi aq metrul maxvils uwodebs. ra Tqma
unda, metruli maxvilic enobriv monacems eyrdnoba da enaSi
arsebuli SesaZleblobis amoqmedebaa. kerZod, ra qmnis am metrul maxvils qarTulSi, amaze qvemoT kidev iqneba msjeloba.
asea Tu ise, qarTuli dialeqtebi, sadac maxvili gacilebiT gamokveTilia, vidre saliteraturo warmoTqmaSi, met
saSualebas iZleva imis gasarkvevad, ra funqcias asrulebs
maxvili qarTuli leqsis struqturaSi.
qarTuli leqsi, sxvadasxva dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT warmoTqmuli, marTalia, icvlis melodikas, magram ar kargavs Tavis keTilxmovanebas, ar erRveva
struqtura. magaliTad, vefxistyaosnis romelime strofi,
maRali Sairis Tu dabali Sairis wyobisa, inarCunebs Tavis
struqturas, fSauri intonaciiT vkiTxulobT Tu mTiuluriT, sadac maxvilis adgilebi da melodika urTierTgansxvavebulia. aseve, leqsi, romelic avtorisaTvis romelime
dialeqtis intonacias gulisxmobs (magaliTad, fSaurs, TuSurs Tu sxvas), saliteraturo warmoTqmiT wakiTxvisasac
inarCunebs Tavis Tvisebebs. Sdr., magaliTad, rusuli leqsi,
sadac sityvaTmaxvilebis gadaadgileba leqsis struqturas
daarRvevda da sariTmo monakveTis Secvlasac gamoiwvevda.
es faqti imasac mianiSnebs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli
qarTuli leqsis, kerZod, misi riTmis mixedviT, vcadoT
qarTulSi sityvis maxvilis adgilis gansazRvra am mxriv
CvenTvis ucnobi epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel warmoTqmaSi14.
11
a. xinTibiZe, poetikuri Ziebani, 1981, gv. 5.
a. xinTibiZe, poetikuri Ziebani, 1981, gv. 123.
13 a. gawerelia, narkvevebi, portretebi, leqsTmcodneoba, 1988, gv. 317.
14 Sdr. T. lomiZe, qarTuli riTmis istoriidan, 1988, sadac mTeli Tavi
eZRvneba vefxistyaosnis riTmis mixedviT maSindel qaTulSi maxvilis
dadgenis sakiTxs (gv. 28-72).
12
140
waxnagi 2.2010
riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
maxvilis adgilis aseT monacvleobas dialeqtebis mixedviT egueba ara marto dabali Sairi, aramed maRalic15.
qarTuli dialeqtebis Cvenebis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT grZeli xmovnis Rirebulebis Sesaxebac qarTul leqsSi. TuSuri grZeli xmovani SeiZleba qmnides or marcvals,
magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom grZeli xmovnis Semcveli segmenti eriTmebodes “moklexmovnian” segments, magaliTad:
dei, ragver dagxvd ZaRlTJolais buCq,
dawva ver momswvral SarSandel bukvan,
xo ar damwvanul rvalis vaSrapa,
tansaro fiWveb zvavs iqneb muklav16.
ras eyrdnoba metruli maxvili qarTul leqsSi?
roman iakobsoni Cexuri leqsis bunebis ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom, Tu enaSi sityvaTmaxvili akustikurad sustia,
es leqsis struqturazec axdens gavlenas. igi wers: “Cexur
leqsSi (rusuli leqsisgan gansxvavebiT) yuradRebas ipy­
robs pirvel rigSi ara Zlieri dro, aramed frazireba, ara
maxvili, aramed sityvaTgasayari”17.
rogorc Cans, qarTul leqsSic swored sityvaTgasayari asrulebs umTavres struqturul funqcias. amitom aris
SenarCunebuli leqsis ZiriTadi struqtura, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu romeli dialeqtis damaxasiaTebeli intonaciiT
warmoiTqmeba leqsi.
metruli maxvili qarTulSi sityvaTgasayars eyrdnoba.
ra niSniT aris markirebuli sityvaTgasayari, es sxva sakiTxia da amaze qvemoT kidev SevCerdebiT.
ritmi iqmneba sityvaTgasayariT. Semdeg ki ritmi TiTqos
daefineba striqonebs da sityvebs inawilebs. Tu sityvaTgasayari ar emTxveva saleqso maxvilis adgils, maSin sityva
nawildeba ritmis moTxovnis mixedviT, Tumca am ganawilebasac aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. magaliTad, xuTmarcvliani
segmentisTvis bunebrivia aseTi ganawileba: 2+3 and 3+2, ormarcvlianisTvis: 2+2 da a.S. mTiuli mTqmelis mier naTqvami leqsi mTiulsave msmenels ase Cauweria:
15
Sdr. n. maris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom maRali da dabali Sairis arseboba qarTulSi fakultaturi maxvilis mqoneblobiT aixsneba, Н. Марр,
Грамматика древнелит. грузинского языка, 1925, gv. 15.
16 e. TaTaraiZe, mTvaris nali, 1988, gv. 46 (Tumca aq isic unda SevniSnoT,
rom Tedo uTurgaiZe TuSurSi am xmovnis ganmasxvavebel niSnad ara
grZliobas, aramed maxvils miiCnevs).
17 Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе, преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 51.
narkvevi
141
manana kobaiZe
Tqveni gamdelic acxonos,
gmirTa aRmzrdeli gmirebi,
mravalma dedam inatros
Tqveni sTanai Svilebi.
aseve:
mTis ZuZu pirSi mdebia,
mTisa ganavar Sobili,
mTis mkerdSic davimarxebi,
ficrebSi gamawyobili.
aq ritmuli gasayaris mixedviT aris sityvebi gayofili,
daaxloebiT, rogorc Zvel xelnawerebSi iyo aRniSnuli cezuris adgili wertilebiT.
im winaaRmdegobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, rac qarTuli leqsis leqsTwyobis romelime tipisadmi (silaburi an silabur-tonurisadmi) mikuTvnebas eRobeba, apolon silagaZe wers, rom qarTuli leqsi qmnis leqsTwyobis sruliad
gansakuTrebul tips. is wers: “a) saleqso metyvelebaSi
monawileobs ori maxvili TavTavisi funqciiT. b) isini
erTmaneTs ar emTxvevian adgilebiTac, ufro zustad –
damTxveva nawilobrivia: iktusi* (Zlieri dro, ritmuli
funqciis maxvili, m.k.) bunebrivad emTxveva enobriv maxvils, magram nawilobriv: yvela iktusi yvelaze xSir SemTxvevaSi imavdroulad adgiliT aris enobrivi maxvilic.
rac Seexeba ukuRma mimarTebas, mas adgili ara aqvs – yvela
sityvaTmaxvili ar aris iktusi”18.
amave naSromSi mocemulia daskvna, rom “saleqso segmentaciis umciresi monakveTis doneze – segmentSi anu muxlSi,
rogorc umcires SemadgenelSi – saleqso maxvilis adgili
Seesabameba sityvaSi maxvilis adgils: igi mocemuli sigrZis segmentSi iqneba im adgilze, romelzec gvaqvs sityvaTmaxvili imave sigrZis sityvaSi... Tu ar aris swori debuleba
sityvaSi sitvaTmaxvilis pirvel adgilze yofnis Sesaxeb,
maSin saleqso segmentSic maxvili iqneba im adgilze, romelzec swori Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs sityvaTmaxvils saTanado sigrZis sityvaSi”19.
*
es termini v. Tofuriasa da iv. gigineiSvilis ”qarTuli enis orTografiul leqsikonSi” (Tb., 1998) moxseniebulia, rogorc iqti [redaqcia].
18 a. silagaZe, maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul leqsSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1986, 4, gv. 11.
19 a. silagaZe, iqve, gv. 12.
142
waxnagi 2.2010
riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
apolon silagaZe erTmaneTs upirispirebs saleqso maxvilisa da ritmuli gasayaris cnebebs da Tvlis, rom saleqso
maxvilTa ganawileba qarTuli leqsisTvis ar aris struqturuli, struqturulia ritmuli gasayari20. magram ra
qmnis am ritmul gasayars? saleqso maxvilisa da ritmuli
gasayaris ase erTmaneTisagan cal-calke warmodgena albaT
imis daSvebis Sedegia, rom TiTqos saleqso maxvili (anu metruli maxvili) adgiliT emTxveodes sityvaTmaxvils.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, saleqso maxvili erTi odenoba iqneboda (anu igive iqneboda, rac sityvaTmaxvili) da
ritmuli gasayari ki sxva iqneboda. magram Tu gavarCevT
erTmaneTisagan saleqso maxvilsa da sityvaTmaxvils (Tu
ritmikuli jgufis maxvils), maSin swored ritmuli gasayari da saleqso maxvili unda ganvixiloT erT odenobad da
swored mas unda mivakuTvnoT struqturuli funqcia qarTul leqsSi. saleqso maxvili eyrdnoba sityvaTgasayars.
sityvaTgasayari qmnis ritmul gasayars qarTul leqsSi,
magram Tu aseTi damTxveva ar xdeba, maSin ritmuli gasayari sityvas kveTs saleqso ritmis moTxovnis mixedviT. amis
nimuSia zemoT damowmebuli strofebi, sadac sityvebi swored saleqso maxvilis adgilebis mixedviT aris gayofili.
swored am saleqso maxvilis (anu ritmuli gasayaris) momdevno monakveTi qmnis qarTul leqsSi sariTmo monakveTs.
amitom SeiZleba qarTul leqsSic, rom sariTmo monakveTebi erTmaneTis mimarT sxvadasxva grZliobisac iyos (silaSi
vardi da silaJvarde, samurabe da samuraebi).
aSkaraa, rom qarTul dialeqtur warmoTqmaSic ritmul
gasayars qmnis sityvaTgasayarze dafuZnebuli saleqso maxvili, da ara dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli lingvisturi
maxvili (kerZod, ritmikuli jgufis maxvili).
is faqti, rom ritmul monakveTSi enobrivi maxvili SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara am monakveTis Tavidan pirvel marcvalze, aramed Tavidan meoreze an mesameze da a.S., iqneb imis saSualebasac iZleodes, rom “damavali daqtilisa” da “qores”
gverdiT qarTul leqsSi aRmogveCina aRmavali sazomebic:
“amfibraqi” an Tundac “iambi”, magram, gansxvavebiT silaburtonurad wodebuli leqsTwyobisagan (romlis mimarTac am
cnebebs iyeneben), sariTmo monakveTis pirveli marcvali
qarTul leqsSi ar aris aucileblad lingvisturi maxvilis matarebeli.
20
a. silagaZe, iqve, gv. 12.
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manana kobaiZe
aRmavali sazomiT dawerili leqsebi qarTul poeziaSic gvxvdeba, magram aseTi sazomis Seqmnis unari qarTulSi
mxolod sityvaTgasayars SeuZlia da ara dialeqtebSi dadasturebul ritmikuli jgufis maxvils. qarTul leqss es
principulad ganasxvavebs ara marto silabur-tonuri, aramed silaburi leqsTwyobisganac, xolo TviTon silabur da
silabur-tonur leqsTwyobebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
ara imdenad sakuTriv leqsis buneba, ramdenadac enobrivi,
kerZod, intonaciuri gansxvavebuloba im masalisa (uxeSad
rom vTqvaT), romelsac es leqsTwyobani emyarebian: erTi
mxriv, Tavisufali moZravi sityvaTmaxvili (da, Sesabamisad,
silabur-tonurad wodebuli leqsTwyoba _ rusuli, inglisuri...), xolo meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli maxvili (da silaburi leqsTwyoba _ polonuri, franguli... leqsisa).
leqsTwyobis gansxvavebul tips ekuTvnis qarTuli leqsi, Tumca is ar aris erTaderTi da unaTesao. qarTuli
leqsTwyobis gansakuTrebulobis erT-erT niSnad miiCneven, rom ”qarTul leqsSi sazRvari yovel erTeulSi
or Semadgenels Soris ritmuli gasayaris saxiT warmoadgens 1) ritmuli binaruli erTeulis SigniT moqmed
struqturul faqtors; 2) sistemis zogadi struqturis
ganmsazRvreli universaluri principis – erTdroul
binarul gakveTaTa ierarqiuli jaWvis Seqmnis struqturul faqtors”21. magram amgvari binaruli gakveTa leqsTwyobis sxva tipebSic aris SemCneuli22.
qarTuli leqsTwyobis Tavisebur bunebas is gansazRvravs, rom, silabur da silabur-tonurad wodebul leqsTwyobaTagan gansxvavebiT, leqsis sariTmo monakveTis
Semqmneli saleqso maxvili adgilis mixedviT ar emTxveva fonologiur sistemaSi mocemul sityvaTmaxvils,
ritmikuli jgufis maxvils an maxvilian grZel xmovans...
da arc mis gadaadgilebas moiTxovs. am niSniT is hgavs
Cexur leqss, romlis bunebac aseve sakamaTod aris qceuli. roman iakobsoni wers, rom Cexur leqsSi iriTmeba
bolo ori marcvali, miuxedavad imisa, maxvili orive
striqonis bolo marcvalzea Tu bolodan meoreze. mxolod bolo marcvali im SemTxvevaSi iriTmeba, Tu sariTmo striqonebidan erT-erTi (an orive) erTmarcvliani
sityviT mTavrdeba23.
21
a. silagaZe, leqsTmcodneobiTi analizis principebis Sesaxeb, 1987, gv. 132.
И. С. Трубецкой, О метрике частушки, Избранные труды по филологии, М. 1987, gv. 372.
23 Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 60, 62.
22
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riTma da maxvili qarTul dialeqtebSi
am mxriv (saleqso maxvilisa da enobrivi maxvilis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT) qarTuli leqsi SeiZleba SevudaroT im tipis leqsTwyobasac, romelsac,
tradiciuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, kvantitatiurs
uwodeben. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom Zvel berZnulSi
“saleqso maxvili xSirad ar emTxveva gramatikuls; erT
sityvaSi SeiZleba iyos ori Tanabari Rirebulebis mqone ritmikuli maxvili”24. aseve, “sparsul enaSi maxvili
umTavresad bolo marcvals moudis, rac TavisTavad ganapirobebs erTmarcvliani riTmebis simravles”25, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, sparsulSi gavrcelebulia or-, sam-,
oTx- da xuTmarcvliani riTmac26. amitom unda iTqvas,
rom “riTmis yvela saxeobis erTdroulad realizaciis
unariT aRWurva” ar aris mxolod klasikuri silaburtonuri leqsTwyobis Tviseba27.
kvantitatiuri leqsTwyobis am Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
miuTiTebda roman iakobsoni: “raodenobrivi leqsTwyoba angariSs ar uwevs maxvils... dinamikuri maxvilis
ignorireba berZnul da laTinur leqsSi erTgvarovani movlenaa... arabul klasikur leqsTwyobaSi maxvili
mxolod nawilobriv, leqsis mxolod gansazRvrul nawilebSi (laTinuri dramebis msgavsad) emTxveva adgilis
mixedviT ritmul iktusebs... sparsul poeziaSi kidev
ufro naklebad uwevs ritmuli iktusi angariSs sityvis
maxvils”28.
amitom qarTul riTmasac, vfiqrobT, Seefereba riTmis
gansazRvreba, sadac ar aris dakonkretebuli, ra qmnis
ritmul (kerZod, sariTmo) monakveTs: “leqsis ritmul
monakveTTa sazRvrebze Tanxmier sityvaTa kanonzomier
ganmeorebas riTma ewodeba”29.
sariTmo monakveTSi saleqso maxvilisa da enobrivi
maxvilis urTierTmimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, es leqsTwyobani erTgvarovani Cans. gansxvavebas maT Soris qmnis
enobrivi Taviseburebebi: erTi mxriv, grZeli da mokle
xmovnebis arqona an maT mimarT ganurCevloba (qarTul
leqsSi), meore mxriv, grZeli da mokle xmovnis Semcvel
24
25
26
27
28
29
А. Ч. Козаржевский, Учебник древнегреческого языка, М. 1975, gv. 231.
v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 57.
v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 73-74.
Sdr. a. gawerelia, leqsTwyobaTa tipologiis sakiTxebi, literaturuli Ziebani, 1 (XVI), 1987, gv. 390.
Р. Якобсон, О чешском стихе преимущественно в сопоставлении с русским, 1923, gv. 113-115.
v. kotetiSvili, sparsuli riTmis struqtura, 1986, gv. 15.
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manana kobaiZe
marcvalTa raodenobrivi garCeva kvantitatiur leqsTwyobaSi. aseve erTgvarovania sariTmo monakveTis markirebis wesiT silaburi da silabur-tonuri leqsTwyobebi: sariTmo monakveTSi erTmaneTs emTxveva saleqso
maxvili da enobrivi maxvili. gansxvavebas qmnis maxvilis
bunebis mixedviT gansxvaveba enebs Soris: erTi mxriv,
moZravi maxvili enaSi da, Sesabamisad, silabur-tonuri
wyoba leqsSi, meore mxriv, fiqsirebuli maxvili enaSi da
silaburi wyoba leqsSi.
ras eyrdnoba qarTulSi fonetikurad es ritmuli
gasayaris Semqmneli saleqso maxvili, sityvaTgasayari? es unda iyos iseTi faqtori, romelic saerToa saliteraturo da dialeqturi warmoTqmisaTvis da romelic
ufro gamokveTilad gansazRvravs ritmuli metyvelebis
segmentacias, vidre es SeuZlia maxvils qarTul saliteraturo Tu dialeqtur warmoTqmaSi.
saliteraturo qarTulSi leqsis taepebis erTmaneTisgan SemomsazRvrel elementebad eqsperimentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoyofilia melodika, intensioba da pauza, xolo TviTon taepSi – muxlebis gasamijnad – melodika da pauza 30. igive elementebi asruleben
am funqcias dialeqtebSic, sadac, amave dros, SenarCunebulia dialeqturi warmoTqmis Taviseburebebi. qarTul leqsSi maxvilis bunebaze msjelobisas amis gaTvaliswineba albaT met masalas miscems qarTuli leqsT­
wyobis mkvlevrebs.
melodikis gardatexis adgili mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi, Cveulebriv, gansazRvrulia31. swored am adgilis mixedviT garkveulwilad izRudeba qarTul leqsSi
mravalmarcvlian sityvaSi saleqso maxvilis adgilis
Tavisufleba.
daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom sariTmo monakveTis dasawyisi qarTul leqsSi ar emTxveva sityvaTmaxvils, miRebuli
hqondaT sxva mkvlevrebsac32, magram aqedan aucileblobiT ar gamomdinareobs mtkiceba, TiTqos qarTuli leqsis
striqonebSi maxvilTa ganlagebis kanonzomiereba ar arsebobdes33.
30
n. kiziria, saliteraturo qarTulis intonaciis sakiTxebi, 1987, gv. 84-86.
s. JRenti, qarTuli enis ritmikul-melodikuri struqtura, 1963, gv. 121, 139.
32 a. xinTibiZe, qarTuli leqsis bunebisaTvis, 1976, gv. 18, Smd.
33 Sdr. a. xinTibiZe, qarTuli leqsis bunebisaTvis, 1976, gv. 29.
31
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qarTul leqsSi saleqso maxvilebis Tu ritmuli Zlieri droebis arseboba eyrdnoba sityvaTgasayars, mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi ki – “cru sityvaTgasayars”.
swored sityvaTgasayari qmnis im dinamikur aRmaval
ritms (kerZod, anapestis msgavs ritms), romelic dasturdeba galaktionis leqsSi “qari qris”:
qari qris, qari qris, qari qris,
foTlebi mihqrian qarda qar,
xeTa rigs, xeTa jars, rkalad xris,
sada xar, sada xar, sada xar.
es mokle periodebi striqonebs dasasruls aRmaval
ritms aniWebs leqss. am dinamikis, am musikis ganxorcieleba qarTul enaSi eyrdnoba ara uSualod sityvaTmaxvils, aramed sityvaTgasayars, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
pauziTa da melodikis cvliT aris qarTulSi gamoxatuli. magram es ukve fonetikis sakiTxia da ara leqsTmcodneobisa.
yvela enas aqvs Tavisi saSualeba Zlieri da susti
droebis monacvleobis misaRwevad. qarTulSi ritmikuli jgufis maxvils ar SeuZlia am funqciis Sesruleba, samagierod, am funqcias sityvaTgasayariT Seqmnili
ritmuli gasayari asrulebs.
TviTon silaburi leqsis qrestomaTiuli magaliTis
– franguli leqsis bunebis Sesaxebac arsebobs azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom iq TiToeul
sityvas Tavisi prosodiuli identoba aqvs da is ar warmoadgens frazis ganuyofel nawils. imis Tqma, rom TiTqos frangulSi ar iyos maxviliani xmovnebi, igive iqneboda, rom uargveyo frangulSi ritmis arseboba. “mravali sxva metruli sistemis msgavsad, frangul leqss
aqvs unari damatebiTi gamomxatveli Zala SeiZinos, rac
miiRweva an sintaqsurad umniSvnelo segmentis maxvilis
xazgasmiT da winwamoweviT, anda piriqiT – im segmentis
dasustebiT, romelic, sintaqsis wesebis mixedviT, maxviliani da xazgasmuli unda yofiliyo”34.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ritmuli jgufebis grZlioba arc
silabur leqsSi aris mxolod da mxolod marcvalTa
raodenobaze damokidebuli. faqtobrivad, TviTon si34
Clive Scott, The Poetics of French Verse, Studies in Reading, Oxford University Press, 1998, reprinted
2001, gv. 30.
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manana kobaiZe
laburad wodebul leqsTwyobaSic, marcvlebis garda,
ritmuli mowesrigebis funqcia SeiZleba Seasrulos monakveTebis warmoTqmis siCqarem, magaliTad, frangulSi35, anda pauzebma, romelTa marcvlebis “naklulobis”
SemTxvevaSi striqonebis “Sinagan” grZliobas awesrigeben, magaliTad, iaponurSi36.
yovelgvar ritms axasiaTebs Zlieri da susti droebis
met-naklebad kanonzomieri monacvleoba. ra saSualebiT
miiRweva es monacvleoba leqsSi, es ukve enis prosodiis
sakiTxia. SeiZleba es sityvaTmaxvilebis kanonzomieri
monacvleoba iyos, SeiZleba ritmikuli maxvilebis monacvleoba, sityvaTgasayarebis mimdevroba, anda grZeli
da mokle xmovnebis monacvleoba. sariTmo monakveTis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT ki silabur-tonurad wodebuli inglisuri an rusuli leqsis maxvili da silaburad wodebuli frangulis maxvili Tanabari Zalis mqoneni arian.
qarTulSi es funqcia sityvaTgasayarisTvis damaxasiaTebel melodikis cvlas, intensiobas, da pauzas akisria.
qarTuli leqsTwyobis msgavsi leqsTwyoba tipologiurad im enebSi aris saZebari, romlebic prosodiulad
qarTulTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre, magaliTad, franguli an inglisuri.
asea Tu ise, qarTuli leqsis sazomisTvis marcvlebis
raodenobasTan erTad gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas asrulebs swored sityvaTgasayaris maxvili, romelic saziaroa
dialeqtebisa da saliteraturo enisTvis. sariTmo monakveTis Cveneba amis TvalsaCino dasturia.
35
silaburad wodebul leqsSic SesaZlebelia marcvalTa araTanabari
raodenobis monakveTebma Seqmnan erTi da igive grZliobis periodebi.
“marcvlebis raodenobis matebasTan erTad warmoTqmis siCqarec
matulobs, marcvlebis raodenobis klebasTan erTad ki siCqare neldeba,
rac monakveTebis Tanabari grZliobis SenarCunebas iwvevs. es imis
maCvenebelia, rom ritmis Seqmnisas swored sityvaTa warmoTqmisTvis
saWiro droiTi monakveTebis grZliobaa mniSvnelovani:
On s’endormait/
dix mille//
on se réveillait/
cent
4 marcvali
2 marcvali
5 marcvali
1 marcvali
½ wami½ wami½ wami½ wami” citata damowmebulia saitidan: <http://utils.exeter.ac.uk/french/ingrid/versification.htm>
“Site created by Ingrid Quéré in March 2001 using materials created by colleagues in the Department
of French, University of Exeter” (2009 wlis 2 noembers).
36 Deborah Cole & Mizuki Miyashita , The function of pauses in metrical studies: acoustic evidence from
Japanese verse, wignSi: Dresher, B. Elan (Editor); Friedberg, Nila (Editor). Phonology and Phonetics:
Formal Approaches to Poetry : Recent Developments in Metrics. Berlin, DEU: Walter de Gruyter &
Co. KG Publishers, 2006, gv. 177.
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Manana Kobaidze
Rhyme and Stress in Georgian Dialects
(Towards the Versification Typology of Georgian Verse)
Word stress is weak in standard Georgian. The typology of Georgian verse is
an uncertain issue. Some researchers argue that the Georgian verse is accentualsyllabic, while according to another point of view, it is syllabic. An assertion about
the exclusively specific nature of Georgian verse has also appeared.
This paper is an attempt to introduce dialect data as material for versification
research in Georgian. Georgian dialects have clearly marked stress patterns unlike
the standard Georgian.
It is noteworthy that the Georgian verse retains its structure regardless whether
it is pronounced in standard Georgian intonation or in a dialectal accent. At the
same time, the placement, tone pitch and intensity of a stressed syllable is quite
diverse depending on dialects in Georgian. However, these differences do not affect
the structure of Georgian verse. Especially significant is the fact that the place of
dialectal stress (regardless of the diverse placement in various dialects) does not
influence the length of a rhyme segment. On the basis of these data the following
conclusions are suggested:
1. In difference from an accentual-syllabic verse (e.g. Russian verse) or syllabic verse (e.g. French verse), the stress (either a word stress or stress of a rhythmic
segment) is not able to create a rhyme segment in Georgian.
2. Rhyme segments as well as feet in general are usually created by word
boundaries in Georgian verse.
3. Word boundaries, in turn, are marked with pitch, intensity, and pause.
A stress, characteristic of the standard Georgian or dialects, is usually presented
along with word boundary markers, but the decisive factor for the verse structuring
in Georgian is a word boundary and not a specific stress of dialects or that of the
standard language. In other words, a word boundary forms a metrical stress in the
Georgian verse.
4. In respect to the relation between a metrical stress, on the one hand, and a
word stress (or rhythmic group stress), on the other hand, especially within a rhyme
segment, an accentual-syllabic and a syllabic verse (at least, English and French
verses) fall into one type. Georgian verse, along with certain languages, having a
weak stress, makes up another group where the structural factor creating a rhythmical diversity is a word boundary.
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