Youngstown State University CENTENNIAL CAMPUS MASTER

Transcription

Youngstown State University
CENTENNIAL CAMPUS MASTER PLAN
A Framework for Campus Development
Kent State University’s
U rban
D esign
Center
of Northeast Ohio
Prepared for Youngstown State University by the Urban Design Center of Northeast Ohio
February 2008
CONTENTS
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Current Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Existing Neighborhoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Urban Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Centennial Campus Master Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Master Plan Themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Appendix A: Campus Sustainability Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix B1: The Victorian Lawns at YSU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1
Appendix B2: Adaptive Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.29
Appendix B3: Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.61
Appendix B4:Nomination Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.89
NOTE: Appendix B is bound separately
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As Youngstown State University celebrates its centennial year in 2008 the Centennial Campus
Master Plan provides the university and its community partners with a framework to guide
campus development well into the school’s next century. The Centennial Plan builds on the
sound planning and steady development that enabled YSU to transition from a business
education program of the Youngstown YMCA, to its independent life first as a college, then a
university, and finally as one of Ohio’s 14 public colleges and universities.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan also builds on a century of relationships with its
neighboring institutions and the City of Youngstown. Through its long history, the university
has relied partnerships with its neighbor institutions—from the nationally renowned Butler
Museum of American Art, to St. Elizabeth Health Center, the Youngstown YWCA and the
Romanian Orthodox Church—to meet its academic, athletic, and parking needs and to enrich
the education of its students by enabling it to offer convenient opportunities for internships,
practicums, and career-related employment.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan positions the university for a century of progress as
Youngstown, the Mahoning Valley, and the State of Ohio continue the often difficult transition
from the industrial to the knowledge economy. Youngstown State University received national
and international recognition for the pioneering partnership with the City of Youngstown that
resulted in Youngstown 2010, the award-winning plan that accepts that Youngstown’s future is
as a smaller city than it was in the steel era and sets as a community goal that Youngstown strives
to be a model of a sustainable mid-sized city.
As one of the city’s major employers and the Mahoning Valley’s only full four-year state university
campus Youngstown State already plays a critical role in the economic health of the city and the
region. Over the course of the next century, Youngstown State University will play an even more
vital role in the community’s future. To compete successfully in the emerging knowledge-based
economy, industrial heritage communities such as Youngstown must become places which young
knowledge workers find attractive locations to live and work. Simply put, in the knowledge
economy, quality of place matters and universities serve both as a magnet for talent and as a
platform for knowledge-based entrepreneurship.
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The Centennial Campus Master Plan builds on the university’s academic strengths and identifies
critical investments in the university’s capital plant that must be made if the university is to
remain competitive for both students and faculty. The Plan focuses on the quality of student life,
both on the campus and in the surrounding neighborhoods of Center City Youngstown: Wick
Park, Smokey Hollow, Arlington Heights, and Downtown Youngstown. The Plan acknowledges
the importance of athletics, physical education, and student recreation in the life of the campus
and identifies investments critical to meeting the needs of the entire campus community. The
Plan addresses the need to upgrade the quality of the university’s physical plant and identifies
investments in basic maintenance and building upgrades as well as the need for adequate
temporary or “swing” space to enable efficient renovation and upgrading of offices, classrooms,
laboratories, and lounge areas. The Plan also addresses the preservation and appropriate reuse of
the university’s historic properties and specifically addresses three buildings—the Wick Pollock,
the Peck Schaffer House, and the Thompson Sacherman House—that were vacant and unused at
the time of the Plan’s development. Finally the Plan addresses the need to upgrade the university’s
parking inventory and to replace the aging M-2 parking garage on Lincoln Avenue and identifies
critical investments in campus gateways and signage systems.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan is an unprecedented document that seeks to address
both the needs of the university and of the long-distressed central city that shares its name
and looks to the university as an anchor institution for the coming century. In this regard, the
Centennial Master Plan is part of an emerging national consensus among the leadership of
urban universities—both public and private—that the future of urban universities and their host
communities are inextricably intertwined.
The success of the YSU Master Plan will be found in its ability to direct oncampus development
and to catalyze compatible off-campus investment by other public and private actors in the
neighborhoods within ½ mile of the university’s core. No longer does the university see its future
as an isolated island of beauty and activity in an otherwise bleak and barren urban landscape.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan recommends that the university understand it unique
position in the heart of Central City Youngstown and that it take positive steps to re-integrate
the campus and the neighborhoods that surround its campus. To this end, the Plan acknowledges
and incorporates non-university development proposed by other partner institutions and private
developers within ½ mile—or a 10-minute walk—of the campus core.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan builds on several earlier planning efforts, from the Centennial
Strategic Plan (2001), Technology Master Plan (2003) and Campus Space Utilization (2003). Each
of these initiatives engaged a broad spectrum of university stakeholders and addressed critical
issues of importance to the university community. The plan also builds on the community
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
planning studies undertaken by Wick Neighbors, Inc. for the Smoky Hollow neighborhood and
by the Urban Design Center of Northeast Ohio for the Wick Park neighborhood. The findings
of these important studies have been incorporated in the Master Plan.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan addresses the near term needs of Academic Affairs, Student
life, Athletic and Physical Education, Property Maintenance, Off-Street Parking, and Campus
Gateways. The Plan describes 40 specific projects, for achievement within the initial planning
period (2007-2011) and identifies additional projects for achievement in subsequent periods.
These projects, taken together with projects executed during the time when the plan was being
prepared, total over $130 million investment in the university’s capital plant.
The Centennial Campus Master Plan has been incorporated in the City’s adopted Youngstown
2010 Comprehensive Plan and forms the basis for collaborative planning and development efforts
such as the assembly of the site for the new Williamson College of Business Administration.
Capital investment by the Ohio Department of Transportation in upgrading and enhancing the
Madison Expressway bridges and by the City of Youngstown in extending Hazel Street from
Wood Street to Lincoln Avenue in the heart of the university campus significantly enhance
connectivity between the university and the surrounding neighborhoods. These initiatives
are the direct result of the successful application of campus/community planning during the
development of the Plan. Future efforts to enhance pedestrian safety on Wick Avenue, Rayen
Avenue, and Fifth Avenue and to eliminate aging overhead wiring on and adjacent to the campus
will continue this collaborative approach.
In conclusion, the YSU Centennial Campus Master Plan builds upon the university’s proud
past and provides a roadmap for achieving a promising future in partnership with the wider
communities of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley.
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INTRODUCTION
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A Century of Growth
From its humble beginnings in 1908 as a YMCA School of Law withing the Youngstown
Association School, Youngstown State University has blossomed into a vital metropolitan
institution of higher learning, impacting the lives and fulfilling the dreams of tens of thousands
of individuals and families across Northeast Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and beyond.
With more than 70,000 alumni across the world, YSU today boasts a faculty of nationally- and
internationally-renowned teachers and scholars and a student body that includes the best and
brightest from across the region. The university also has become a central, crucial part of the
present and future of the city of Youngstown itself. As the university goes, so goes Youngstown.
So, it is no surprise that YSU’s campus, which today consists of 30 buildings spread over 140 acres,
has also made dramatic strides and continues to play a critical role academically, economically
and socially in the lives of students, faculty, staff, and the community. To understand those
strides, it’s important to understand the university’s beginnings.
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Thirteen years after its founding at the downtown YMCA in 1908, the school changed its name
to the Youngstown Institute of Technology. Two years later, the school relocated to a mansion
at 315 Wick Avenue, adjacent to the main branch of the Reuben McMillan Free Library. The
school grew quickly, and in 1928 changed its name again to Youngstown College. Three years
later, the first building designed and built specifically for the college opened its doors. The
building on the corner of Wick and Lincoln avenues would eventually be named Jones Hall,
in honor of Youngstown College’s first president, Howard Jones. The name of the school then
changed twice: in 1955 to Youngstown University, and in 1967, it became a part of the state
system as Youngstown State University.
Since the opening of Jones Hall, and sparked in large part by the university becoming a
state institution in 1968, the development of YSU and the expansion of the campus into the
surrounding neighborhood have been nothing short of phenomenal.
Beginning in 1968, new additions include: Ward Beecher Science Hall; Moser Hall, home of
the Rayen College of Engineering and Technology; Cushwa Hall, home of the Bitonte College
of Health and Human Services; DeBartolo Hall, home of the College of Arts and Sciences;
Kilcawley Residence Hall and Student Center; Maag Library; Beeghly Physical Education
Building, Meshel Hall; Bliss Hall, home of the College of Fine and Performing Arts; Beeghly
Hall, home of the Beeghly College of Education; Cafaro and Lyden House residence halls; the
University Courtyard Apartments; and, most recently, the new Andrews Student Recreation and
Wellness Center. Along with the buildings, YSU built two parking decks and installed a number
of surface lots to fit the needs of a large commuter student population.
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INTRODUCTION
1. Jones Hall from the south
2. Jones Hall from the north
3. Alumni House
4. Wick Avenue
5. Stambaugh Stadium
6. Beeghly Hall
7. Maag Library from Wick Avenue
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The university also expanded and remodeled several older structures including Tod Hall, Sweeny
Welcome Center (formerly First Church of Christ, the Scientist), Coffelt Hall (formerly the
American Legion Hall), Melnick Museum (formerly the ITT Building) and Alumni House
(formerly the Myron I. Arms House).
With the growing reputation of YSU’s academic programs, an increasing student population
and an expanding campus, the need for long-range campus planning was vital. One of the more
comprehensive plans came in 1984 with the Long Range Facilities Development Plan. While
more than 20 years have passed since, many of the issues identified in that plan remain today.
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Those issues include:
• Wick Avenue Corridor. The 1984 plan identifies this corridor as part of the campus in need
of special care and attention. While some improvements have taken place, the corridor
remains in need of attention.
• Transitional Area. The 1984 plan identified “the poorly defined and generally unattractive”
pedestrian walkways to downtown. Although many of these issues have been addressed, the
same issues are still apparent.
• Land East of Wick Avenue. The 1984 plan identified the lack of specific uses for much of
the property in this area.
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Another important planning project came in 2000 with Campus 2000, which identified five
“enterprise zones” for the campus. The plan called for a variety of projects, including the closing
of Lincoln Avenue through campus, a pedestrian crossing bridge over Fifth Avenue, an alumni
convocation center, an addition to the east side of Stambaugh Stadium, student housing on the
west side of Fifth Avenue across from the stadium, a new building for the College of Education
on Rayen Avenue, and a “gaslight district” and “Greek Village” on the northern perimeter of the
campus. Of these projects, the east side stands of Stambaugh Stadium and the Beeghly College
were completed.
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CURRENT INITIATIVES
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Be it resolved to prepare a Master Plan Board of Trustees Resolution (2003)
Commencing in 2002, the University embarked on a multi-phased initiative aimed at creating
a framework for development of the campus and surrounding community leading up to the
University’s centennial in 2008. The following nine planning efforts serve as a backdrop and a
foundation to the University’s future campus plans:
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CURRENT INITIATIVES
Youngstown State University provides open access to high-quality education
through a broad range of affordable certificate, associate, baccalaureate,
and graduate programs. YSU Mission Statement
YSU Centennial Strategic Plan: 2001
The Centennial Strategic Plan was one of the first planning processes to be launched. It represents
a shared vision of what YSU seeks to become and identifies specific strategies to achieve it. The
plan addresses how YSU interacts with and responds to community needs and opportunities,
guides development of annual action plans and budgets, identifies priorities and supporting
initiatives, and establishes a vision for achieving identified priorities by YSU’s centennial year
in 2008.
The full plan is available online at http://www.ysu.edu/strategicplan/
As set out in the Strategic Plan, the University is dedicated to
• outstanding teaching, scholarship, and service and to forging connections among
these three interactive components of its mission;
• fostering student-faculty relationships that enrich teaching and learning, develop
scholarship, and encourage public service;
• promoting diversity and an understanding of global perspectives; and
• advancing the intellectual, cultural, and economic life of the state and region.
Defining Principles for the Strategic Planning Process
The plan represents a shared vision of what YSU seeks to become and outlines specific strategies
to achieve it. As an open and continuous endeavor, the strategic planning process is designed
to guide a dynamic University capable of responding in a timely fashion to new opportunities
and changing internal and external circumstances. The plan reflects campus- and communitywide collaboration and discussion.
The Strategic Plan sets out to:
• represent YSU’s commitment to provide all students open access to a high-quality
education;
• state how YSU interacts with and responds to community needs and opportunities;
• guide development of annual action plans and budgets, connecting human and other
resources to identified priorities and supporting initiatives;
• guide the University in identifying programs and activities that will be initiated,
continued, and discontinued; and
• establish a vision for achieving identified priorities by YSU’s centennial year in 2008.
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Core Values
The Strategic Plan established a set of Core Values, including:
Centrality of Students: We are a student-centered institution committed to the education,
development, well-being, and success of students of all ages and from all walks in life. In concert
with our mission to help students grow intellectually, we strive to foster their personal, social,
emotional, and career growth, as well as their capacities for lifelong learning, civic responsibility,
and leadership.
Excellence and Innovation: We value excellence and innovation inside the classroom and out.
Thus, we strive to offer outstanding academic programs; to foster intellectual inquiry, exploration,
and discovery; to transcend traditional boundaries; to apply and perfect knowledge; to encourage
creativity; to provide effective tools, technologies, and facilities for learning; and to excel in
research and scholarly activity, including the “scholarship of teaching and learning” - an area of
research that explores how individuals teach and learn.
Integrity/Human Dignity: As a campus community, we expect all conduct to be rooted in
integrity, mutual respect, and civility. We value ethical behavior in scholarly and other endeavors;
believe in the dignity and worth of all people; strive to foster an appreciation of, and respect for,
differences among the human race; and celebrate the diversity that enriches the University and
the world.
Collegiality and Public Engagement: As scholar-citizens of many extended and interconnected
communities, we pledge to work collegially and cooperatively to enrich the cultural environment;
establish productive partnerships; provide responsible leadership; address community and
workforce needs; and bring about the greater good of the collective whole - be it the University,
the Mahoning Valley, the state, the region, or beyond.
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CURRENT INITIATIVES
YSU will undertake community partnerships to serve and address the
cultural, intellectual, educational, social and economic needs of the region.
Critical Issue 8: Community Engagement
Strategic Plan Priority Statements
Critical Issue 1: Enrollment/Retention - YSU will build enrollment strategically and manage it
effectively.
Critical Issue 2: Programs/Teaching, Learning, and Research - YSU will promote excellence in
teaching, learning, service, and research - and prepare students to undertake civic and leadership
responsibilities - through programs and educational experiences that meet student and workforce
needs.
Critical Issue 3: Financial Resources - YSU will manage resources efficiently and strategically,
leverage them effectively, and develop additional resources to fulfill its mission.
Critical Issue 4: Image/Market - YSU will develop and communicate a positive, shared
institutional identity and market its strengths and successes aggressively.
Critical Issue 5: Student Services/Alumni Relations - YSU will provide the range of student
services necessary for a student-centered University to attract, support, retain, advance, and
graduate students. YSU will also maintain ongoing and lifelong relationships with its alumni.
Critical Issue 6: Diversity - YSU will provide a climate of respect for all people. Its students,
faculty, staff, and course content will increasingly reflect the diversity of the community, the
nation, and the world.
Critical Issue 7: Technology - YSU will pursue an integrated approach in using technology to
meet the academic, research, student services, and administrative goals of the University.
Critical Issue 8: Community Engagement - YSU will undertake community partnerships to serve
and address the cultural, intellectual, educational, social, and economic needs of the region.
Critical Issue 9: Human Resources Development - YSU will further develop a competent,
motivated, diverse, and competitively paid workforce committed to carrying out the mission of
the University.
Critical Issue 10: Facilities/University Neighborhood - YSU will develop and maintain a safe,
attractive, convenient, and functional physical plant responsive to the present and future needs
of students, staff, alumni, and the community. The University will work with the community
to enhance the safety, aesthetics, and vitality of the campus periphery and surrounding
neighborhood.
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The successful use of technology in teaching and learning
requires technology enhanced classrooms and instructional
YSU Technology Master Plan: 2003
The Technology Master Plan, an outgrowth of the Centennial Strategic Plan, provides a blueprint
for information technology at YSU.
The Plan establishes a vision for Information Technology Services that will keep pace with
an evolving, interactive, student-centered, and collaborative electronic learning environment,
providing seamless access to data, information, and knowledge in an effort to meet the needs of
the University community. The Plan is guided by the Information Technology Services Vision
and Mission Statements to provide the infrastructure and support necessary to enable the
University community to use information technology effectively to facilitate the institutional
mission of providing “open access to high-quality education through a broad range of affordable
certificate, associate, baccalaureate, and graduate programs.” Information Technology Services
will be dedicated to providing responsible leadership, delivering quality services, maintaining
a high level of satisfaction in the delivery of these services, strengthening communication, and
developing productive partnerships to further enhance the technological environment.
A comprehensive Information Technology Doctrine was developed within the Plan to establish
overriding principles that provide the foundation for an ongoing University-wide information
technology planning and implementation process.
The full plan is available online at http://mac.ysu.edu/technologyplan/.
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CURRENT INITIATIVES
TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN: Key Findings
The successful use of technology in teaching
and learning requires technology enhanced
classrooms and instructional support services.
C-1. Implement wireless access for
instructional use in each college building at
a minimum rate of two college instructional
buildings each year.
C-2. Increase the number of multimedia
classrooms and provide access to
multimedia equipment for faculty and student
presentations.
C-3. Coordinate computer lab accessibility
and operation throughout the institution,
researching the availability of computer lab
resources, the proliferation of labs oncampus,
and the need for up-to-date technology for
general and specialized labs.
C-4. Identify specialized instructional
information-based equipment currently in
place, level of usage, and project anticipated
needs over the next three years.
C-5. Establish and maintain state-of-the-art
experimental laboratories for instructional
developmental purposes (e.g., robotics,
artificial intelligence).
C-6. Establish procedures for the design of
classrooms that consider safety, ergonomics,
accessibility, the type of technology to be
used, and how it is to be used.
C-7. Establish “low-cost” desktop/laptop
programs (e.g., Laptop Computers, Portable
Devices, etc.) for students, faculty, and staff.
The eleven principles of this doctrine are:
A. An effective organizational structure is essential for campus leadership and management
of a rapidly evolving technological environment;
B. The efficiency and effectiveness of academic and business support services requires
compatibility and integration between technology systems and applications;
C. The successful use of technology in teaching and learning requires technology enhanced
classrooms and instructional support services;
D. Distance learning and student support at-a-distance are an essential component of the
current and future mission of the university;
E. Adequate financial structures are essential for the implementation of new technologies and
the maintenance of existing technologies;
F. Excellence in teaching and learning requires access to technology by all constituents;
G. Training of faculty, staff, and students is essential to take advantage of technology
investments;
H. The deployment of advanced technologies requires fully integrated voice, video, and data
networks;
I. Academic, administrative, and business operations require a current, reliable and secure
computing and network environment;
J. Academic, administrative, and business operations require effective and responsive support
systems;
K. A well designed website with current and accurate information is vital to the image,
operation, and growth of the university.
The plan provides specific recommendations to promote and enhance each of these doctrine
principles. An implementation program and timeline are presented in Appendix A to facilitate
action regarding these recommendations.
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350
250
200
150
100
50
0
350
300
250
surplus
future
need
future
need
future need
surplus
existing space
surplus or current need
200
future
need
square feet
300
current
need
100
future
need
current
need
50
Lab
space
Lab
space
future
need
Class
space
Instructional Research Classroom
Laboratory Laboratory
future
need
current
need
Lounge
space
Student
Lounge
Library
space
Office
space
Library
Office
Athletic
space
Athletic
Campus Space Utilization Study: 2003
YSU engaged the services of Comprehensive Facilities Planning Inc. in 2002 to study the
university’s space needs and space utilization. The purpose of the study was to determine how
existing space was being used and to develop a plan for achieving the most effective allocation of
space to meet the university’s future facility requirements. Among the findings:
• The University has more than 3.312 million square feet on campus. The current generated
space need is 3.203 million square feet, or an overage of about 52,600 square feet. Based on
expected growth patterns, the projected need is calculated to be 3.391 million square feet,
creating a deficit of more than 135,250 square feet.
• Of the total assignable space on campus (2.5 million square feet), over 1 million square feet,
or nearly 42 percent, is vehicle storage space, including parking decks.
• The College of Arts and Sciences will have the largest space need in the future of any college
or major division, with an overall need for an additional 76,000 square feet. The projected
space deficit in the colleges is over 92,700 square feet, while another 50,000 square feet will
be needed in the administrative divisions.
• The University currently has more than 302,400 square feet in assigned office space. The
total current office space need is approximately 255,900 square feet, and the total need is
280,000 square feet.
• There are currently about 241,400 square feet of instructional laboratory space, consisting
of teaching, open and computer laboratories. The current calculated need is 211,765 square
feet, with the projected need expected to significantly increase to 266,321 square feet. The
College of Arts and Sciences will have the greatest instructional laboratory need in the
future.
• The University has limited outdoor athletic/recreational fields and facilities. Additional
facilities should be provided.
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surplus or curren
existing space
150
0
future need
CURRENT INITIATIVES
nt need
• Comparative data from six peer institutions indicate the calculated space needs are
reasonable.
• Each of the three of the colleges conducting lab-based research requires additional research
space. The projected need for research lab space is expected to grow substantially, to
approximately 98,350 ASF. An undergraduate research component is included in the
calculated need, which comprises about 28% the current need and 24% of the total projected
need.
• Teacher Education and the School of Technology are identified a having the largest current
space needs. The four physical science departments are ranked with the greatest projected
need for additional space.
• The University does an excellent job in scheduling its current demand for classrooms, using
a manual assignment system. In order to achieve recommended efficiency improvements,
the University should consider the acquisition of an automated scheduling system.
• The current number of University-scheduled classrooms exactly matches the current demand.
To accommodate the projected enrollment increase, another 28 classrooms will be required
totaling another 14,300 ASF. A modest increase in the average course section size to 28.5
would reduce the future need by nine rooms.
• The University should consider establishing a priority scheduling system for technologyenhanced classrooms and should establish a University-wide strategy for upgrading and
maintaining classrooms and technology to remove the “departmental ownership” issue.
• The total projected need for Athletic/Student Recreation space is 217,400 ASF. With the
construction of the Andrews Student Recreation and Wellness Center, this space need has
been adequately addressed: The total space provided is approximately 223,500 ASF.
• The library has sufficient space to meets its current and projected needs.
• The current student lounge space need is just over 19,000 ASF with a projected need of almost
24,000 ASF. There is currently over 20,500 ASF of student lounge space on campus.
• The University needs to evaluate options for the reuse of existing unassigned space, as there
is currently about 44,800 ASF of unassigned space on campus. Consideration should be
given to relocating to the campus some of the programs now in leased space off campus to
the campus.
• The University should refine and update the classification of space within its space inventory
to better reflect existing conditions. These revisions will be important as the space needs
analysis process initiated with this study is revisited over time.
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1. Cover page illustrating the overall master plan concet
2. Site Unit A - One of three intervention strategies - This one for the Spring
Street/Elm Street area.
3. Looking southwest at the proposed new open space noth of Kilcawley
Center - a proposal further developed in the Centennial Master Plan.
4. Looking southwest along Spring Street - the importance of improving the
quality of Spring Street is further developed in the Centennial Master Plan
Long Range Facilities Development Plan: 1984
The plan prepared by Richard Fleischman Architects, Inc dates from 1984. In the years since
its preparation many of the issues identified in that plan remain. The 1984 plan identified areas
that contain related planning problems or issues that should be addressed by the long-range
development plan. They include:
Spring and Elm Streets
First recommended in the 1970 Master Plan, the closing of Spring and Elm Streets had not
taken place. The 1984 Plan identified the lack of a strong visual quality and cohesion of the
central core of the campus.
Land East of Wick Avenue
The 1984 Master Plan identified the lack of specific uses for much of the propoerty in the
vicinity of the Wick Polock House, Wick Oval and Smokey Holllow as an area in need of
improvement of buildings, landscaping and general appearence. Since 1984 many of the plan
recommendations have been implemented.
Wick Avenue Corridor
The Plan identifies the Wick Avenue Corridor as part of the Campus in need of special attention
concluding that private property and overhead utilitiy lines .. distract from the visual quality of this
important scenic corridor linking the University and downtown. While some improvements to this
area have taken place, the Wick Avenue Corridor remains in need of further attention.
Transitional Area
The 1984 plan identified the poorly defined and generally unattractive pedestrian walkways to
downtown and the need for a redevelopment of the link area as a mixed use district.
Although many of these issues have been address in the intervening years, the same issues are still
apparent and are similar to the issues identified in the Centennial Campus Master Plan.
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CURRENT INITIATIVES
In general, the analysis indicates that by following the recommendations
of the 1970 Master Plan, Youngstown State University has established an
attractive and functional campus that could be expanded if necessary.
Long Range Facilities Development Plan: 1984
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Youngstown Convocation Center Planning Study: 1985
The plan prepared by K. Anthony Hayek Associates and Urban Design Associates dates from
1985. Its focus was the location of a Convocation Center in the City and had three major
goals:
• The program and economic feasibility of the Convocation Center.
• The revitalization of the “Transition Area” between YSU and the downtown.
• The role of downtown Youngstown in a climate of radical economic change.
It is the second of these goals that is particularly relevant to the Centennial Master Plan.
Between the University and Federal Street, the heart of the downtown, the study identified the
Transition Area. The area is on sloping ground facing southeast and is bisected by a grid of
streets connecting YSU and the CBD and connecting residential areas on each side.
At the time of the study, and not unlike today, the area contained a mix of uses including several
important individual buildings and complexes. It also included marginal, blighted and vacant
buildings and was perforated with vacant sites, several of which were used for surface parking.
The Study, examined trends and opportunities and proposed two spines to connect YSU and
downtown Elm Street and Phelps Street.
The functions of the two spines were to be different. Elm Street was designed to link YSU to
the downtown and, although traffic was not excluded, it was to be a predominately landscaped
walkway. Phelps Street was planned as a pedestrian link between downtown and YSU supporting
a combination of residential and commercial uses in existing and in-fill structures.
The Study included recommendations for siting the Convocation Center and the Industrial
History Museum on land between Commerce Street and Wood Street, adjacent to the downtown.
The Study also recommended the development of public spaces along the Elm Street spine for
“cultural and exhibition” activities and proposed that the “plaza should continue to Federal Plaza
West with the creation of a “festival” plaza on the site of the existing Higbee multi-level parking
deck”.
The study concluded that “In this way, the spine and two systems of open space will connect
Federal Plaza to YSU with continual landscaping and formal public open spaces”.
As the planning of the downtown evolved over time, the Industrial History Museun (the Steel
Museum, was indeed located close to the proposed site while the Concocation Center was
located on the south side of Front Street, east of Market Street.
20
CURRENT INITIATIVES
21
Wick Park Model Neighborhood Plan: 2003
YSU, through its Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC), lead a comprehensive
revitalization effort in the Wick Park neighborhood, involving approaches to housing
improvement, crime prevention, economic development, community organization and health
care. Early in 2002, COPC contracted with the Urban Design Center of Northeast Ohio to
support the revitalization effort by assisting in the preparation of an urban design framework for
physical improvements in the area that including public improvements, reinvestment by existing
property owners, and opportunities for new development and scattered in-fill construction.
The outcome of the project was an overall vision of the neighborhood, illustrating what it would
look like with the implementation of recommended projects whose nature and scope will be
defined through the urban design process.
The project initially focused on the Wick Park historic district, but a long-range vision for
the future of the neighborhood considered a more comprehensive array of conditions than
those represented in the historic district, including commercial and industrial development
opportunities on Wick Avenue; institutional activities in adjacent areas to the west and south
including St Elizabeth’s Health Center, YSU, and the Park Vista Retirement Community;
housing proposals in the Hope VI project; and possible connection to a regional trail system
along the Mahoning River and its tributaries which could be a dramatic recreational amenity for
the neighborhood.
The study concluded that the revitalization of the neighborhood would involve the successful
integration of an assessment of current conditions, an clear understanding of the community’s
vision for the future of the district, and an implementation strategy that details a series of practical
steps for achieving the vision.
22
CURRENT INITIATIVES
Youngstown State University is a major institutional stakeholder in the
Wick Park neighborhood and has a critical role to play in its revitalization.
Wick Park Model Neighborhood Plan, 2003
Vision for the Neighborhood
The emergence of a vital, multi-cultural, inner city neighborhood built on the rich architectural
history and the strengths of the existing civic and cultural institutions of the district.
WICK PARK MODEL NEIGHBORHOOD: The
University Connection
The Revitalization Concept
The neighborhood revitalization concept focuses on three levels of intervention:
Recommended Actions:
Urban Renewal along the “Crab Creek” Corridor - Critical to the revitalization effort for the
Wick Park neighborhood is the redevelopment of land along Logan Avenue and Wick Avenue
supported by the development of a high-quality landscaped environment along Crab Creek.
Reinforce the link between the University and
the Wick Park Neighborhood
Reconstruct the Elm Street freeway bridge
with enhanced pedestrian environment.
Reconstruct freeway bridge with a widened
deck for development to create a seamless
pedestrian experience along Elm Street
between the University and the Wick Park
neighborhood.
Redevelop existing University tennis courts
for other University uses. The University
should use upgraded existing tennis courts in
Wick Park to encourage movement of people
through the “State Streets” between Madison
Avenue and Park Avenue.
Public Improvements to Roadways and Civic Amenities - Significant upgrading of the
neighborhood can be achieved by focusing on improving the neighborhood’s street network and
civic amenities. State and local actions include the creation of a better pedestrian environment
between Wick Park neighborhood and YSU, upgrading freeway bridges, focusing on streetscape
enhancement along the neighborhood’s principal streets, and improving Wick Park itself.
Taking Ownership by Institutional Stakeholders - Youngstown State University, St. Elizabeth
Health Center, Park Vista Retirement Center, and Ursuline High School are the neighborhood’s
major institutional stakeholders. A fifth stakeholder, Youngstown Metropolitan Housing
Association, is located immediately to the west of the Wick Park neighborhood. Working
together these institutions can enhance the quality of their setting in the urban environment
and create a sense of place with which each institution can identify.
Develop a neighborhood- and Universityoriented “College Town” retail concentration
along Elm Street.
Concentrate fraternity, sorority, and general
student housing on the “State Streets.”
23
The University is key to Smoky Hollow’s redevelopment. Smokey Hollow Redevelopment, 2003
Smoky Hollow Redevelopment: Rediscovering a Mixed-Use Neighborhood in
Youngstown, 2003
The intention of the plan is to redevelop Smoky Hollow, a once vibrant neighborhood adjacent to
the YSU campus, by creating a vibrant, mixed-use neighborhood with a college town atmosphere.
The revitalized Smoky Hollow will contribute to the life of the YSU campus and support existing
institutions. The types of development anticipated for the area include residential, recreational,
commercial, technical and office space, and infrastructure.
The full plan is available online at http://wickneighbors.org/.
Residential Opportunities
University Involvement
A number of actions by the University are noted in
the plan:
“The University is key to Smoky Hollow’s
redevelopment. There should be a partnership to
support this. A neighborhood organization led by
the university could be an option.”
“The University area could use more amenities
and services so that it is easier to live on campus.
Students who don’t have cars have a hard time
getting to basic services, and Smoky Hollow could
provide some of these.”
“Places are needed where one can feel at home,
and gather after classes. A strong off-campus area
would make the neighborhood a better place to
linger/spend time.”
“There is a possibility to share basic services.
It can act as a hub to draw businesses and
residents.”
“The new student housing is a good first step in
bringing new residents to the Hollow.”
24
The ability to create a new kind of neighborhood is seen as an important factor in the successful
redevelopment of Smokey Hollow. The plan argued that a creative option is needed if the City
of Youngstown is to draw residents back in from the suburbs. This includes new types of housing
as well as a mixture of other uses. While existing structures should be woven into the plan, the
greater neighborhood should have a new feel. The ability to incorporate live/work opportunities
into the neighborhood is also very important. Several existing owner-occupied homes along
Emerald Street presents a unique opportunity for historic preservation.
Recreation / Harrison Field
While Harrison Field has served an important role in the neighborhood’s history by providing
welcome open space within a historically dense neighborhood, there is an opportunity to
provide new and different types of parks and public spaces within Smoky Hollow. The central
location of the park is valued, but its use is currently limitedto YSU athletics and recreation,
and its mid-block configuration behind homes causes it to feel somewhat isolated. The new
Harrison Commons has been been designed adjacent to streets to increase visibility, safety and
use. The commons is also large enough for a portion of it should be suitable for spontaneous
some athletic activities. The park also serves as a buffer and a place for students and residents of
the neighborhood to come together.
Commercial Uses
While commercial uses are valued for their ability to create a mixed-use neighborhood, the plan
recognizes that they cannot be supported without a solid residential base. A limited amount
of space is proposed in the plan for neighborhood services, galleries, and restaurants along the
Walnut Street corridor.
CURRENT INITIATIVES
Tech / Office Uses
The possibility of including tech/office uses into the overall neighborhood planning led to a
variety of discussions. Some felt that the City has other locations better suited to this type of
development, but City representatives noted that the financial incentives available as a result of
the area’s Renewal Community status provide a unique opportunity. This type of development
has been limited to Andrews Avenue and serves as a buffer between the neighborhood.
Infrastructure
A different approach to the automobile should be considered in Smoky Hollow’s redevelopment.
Parking should be hidden and the car de-emphasized to create a more walkable, pedestrianfriendly environment. A diagram of paths and transportation networks through the Hollow
was created, taking into consideration student movement and areas of heavier automobile use.
Walnut Street was felt to be the most important in terms of connecting Smoky Hollow with
the rest of downtown. The plan recommended that a stronger pedestrian connection should
be made between the University and Smoky Hollow in the space between Bliss Hall and the
McDonough Museum.
25
Improving Youngstown’s image and enhancing quality of life Make Youngstown a place where people want to live, work and play.
Youngstown 2010 Platform
City of Youngstown 2010 Plan: 2005
YSU is adjacent to downtown and closely linked to its surrounding neighborhoods. Together
YSU, downtown Youngstown, Mahoning Commons, and the residential neighborhoods of
Smoky Hollow, Arlington Height, and Wick Park constitute “Central Youngstown.”
Early in the 2010 planning process, the City and the University determined that t\it was essential
that the planning efforts for the Youngstown 2010 and the YSU Centennial Master Plan blend
together seamlessly. YSU staff participated as members of Youngstown 2010 planning team,
and city staff was on the YSU Centennial Plan executive committee. This unprecedented level
of City/University cooperation yielded numerous collaboration opportunities between the
neighborhoods and institutions not only around the outside edges of the traditional campus
core and but throughout the larger area of the city.
City of Youngstown Future Land Use (Source: Youngstown 2010)
City of Youngstown Core (Source: Youngstown 2010)
City of Youngstown: Future Recreation/Open Space/Agriculture Land
Uses (Source: Youngstown 2010)
The Youngstown 2010 Vision is a guiding document that sets out a framework for understanding
and addressing the issues that Youngstown faces. It provides a community-based agenda for
positive change organized around four platforms: accepting that Youngstown is a smaller
city; defining Youngstown’s role in the new regional economy. It also includes and adopts the
University’s Centennial Master Plan as part of the city’s Official Plan.
The full plan is available at http://www.youngstown2010.com/.
Compact Core
Youngstown’s compact core is a remnant of the earliest days of its settlement. It was on this
piece of fl oodplain that John Young laid out the original grid for his town. Then it was a
fledgling Western Reserve agricultural hamlet, it would later grow into the bustling downtown
of a thriving industrial region. The geography that made this place important to John Young, flat
land bounded by the river and steep ridges, also kept the core from sprawling. The compactness
and density of the infrastructure and a built environment that cannot be duplicated are assets
that are incalculable.
Vibrant Core
Youngstown’s compact core, once the center of activity in the Mahoning Valley, is already recovering.
Th e visioning process, every neighborhood meeting, every meeting with neighboring political
units and the YSU Centennial Master Plan emphasized the importance of a vibrant downtown.
Building off the recent Federal Street renovations, convocation center construction, federal and
state courthouse construction, state office buildings and arts expansion, new restaurants, night
clubs and housing projects, vibrancy is returning to the core.
26
CURRENT INITIATIVES
Recreation and Open Space
Youngstown has always had access to green space and recreation.
The Youngstown 2010 Citywide Plan seeks to make these vital
linkages. The visioning process called for a greener Youngstown
and being generous with our available urban land and better
links to the regional recreational system.
Central Planning District
Originally a classic Western Reserve agricultural village, farming
and pastoralism were replaced by iron and steel. The floodplain
grew mills, the river was cut off from the community, corporate
headquarters, financial institutions and businesses grew
vertically and the placid village became an industrial city.
Like most American industrial cities, Youngstown has struggled
with deindustrialization. Over the past several decades,
Downtown lost its mills, its corporate headquarters, commercial
activity suburbanized, and many financial institutions were
absorbed by larger banks.
Despite these devastating losses, Downtown Youngstown has
retained most of its historic building fabric and has maintained
a significant cluster of government offices and art organizations.
As a result of removing abandoned steel mills and commencing
the clean up of the Mahoning River, the community has come
to see the river as a recreational asset.
Many positive developments have taken place in Downtown
27
Youngstown as a result of the Toungstown 2010 process. The new 5,000 seat Chevrolet Center
has been opened, Federal Street has been reopened to traffic, and people are investing in
redevelopment projects. New civic and University projects in and adjacent to the downtown
core show the commitment of federal, state and county governments. Combined with the
perceived demand for housing in the upper floors of commercial buildings and the willingness
of developers to risk their own money, it has become apparent that downtown is reclaiming
some of the luster that had been tarnished during deindustrialization. Despite this activity there
is still a lack of cohesiveness and the links between the downtown core, the University, and the
other downtown neighborhoods needs to be reinforced.
The Central Planning District encompasses five neighborhoods that encircle the Downtown
neighborhood - Arlington, Mahoning Commons, Riverbend, Smoky Hollow, and Youngstown
State University. The neighborhoods surrounding the campus are:
Arlington: The Arlington neighborhood to the west of the campus grew as a working class
area with strong Victorian influences. The historic asset of this neighborhood slipped away as
speculation, disinvestment and eventual University expansion led to the almost total removal of
the historic structures that made this neighborhood unique. This is a neighborhood that needs
its own plan to find its place among the planned neighborhoods that surround it.
Smoky Hollow: Smoky Hollow has a long history as an entry point neighborhood for immigrants
coming to work in the mills and factories along Crab Creek Downtown. First Irish and then
Italian, this neighborhood remained viable through the 1960s when it fell to suburban sprawl,
freeway construction, University expansion, and the real estate disinvestment and speculation
that traditionally take place around the edges of urban universities. Most of the neighborhood
disappeared with the exception of some long time residents and the MVR, a popular local bar/
restaurant. Smoky Hollow then became the seminal example in Youngstown of how to organize
and create a neighborhood comprehensive plan. Wick Neighbors Inc, a non-profit community
development corporation has been formed to implement the neighborhood plan.
Wick Park: Wick Park, a gift to the City from the family whose name it bears, was designed
as an open space with horse trails. It straddled the City’s northern border in 1880 and by 1890
was entirely within the city limits. The area adjacent to the park and on Fifth Avenue north
of the park was the domain of Youngstown’s rich and famous. The trappings of wealth faded
with distance from the park. Working class apartments and houses filled in the land between
Wick Avenue and Elm Street, and along the hillside above Andrews Avenue. Many residential
structures still remain with uses ranging from funeral homes to group homes, while much of the
northern extent of Fifth Avenue retains its status with an active upper end real estate market.
28
CURRENT INITIATIVES
YSU will develop and maintain a safe, attractive, convenient, and
functional physical plant responsive to the present and future needs of
students, staff, alumni, and the community. The University will work
with the community to enhance the safety, aesthetics, and vitality of the
campus periphery and surrounding neighborhoods. Critical Issue 10: Facilities/
29
30
THE EXISTING NEIGHBORHOODS
31
The compactness and density of the infrastructure
and a built environment that cannot be duplicated
are assets that are incalculable. Youngstown 2010
The Surrounding Neighborhoods
The phenomenal development of YSU since the opening of Jones Hall meant an expansion
into the surrounding neighborhood. Wick Avenue, a main north-south arteries in Youngstown,
was originally known as “Millionaire’s Row.” Founded in 1796, Youngstown was a small village
located on the banks of the Mahoning River. Throughout the nineteenth century, the community
experienced a steady growth and by 1900 had reached a population of 45,000. Thanks to the
burgeoning steel industry in the early twentieth century, immigration and migration swelled the
city’s population to 80,000 in 1910, 120,000 in 1920 and 170,000 by 1930.
As the population grew, so did Youngstown’s built environment. The original village started out
along the north bank of the Mahoning River with commercial, industrial, residential, religious
and educational institutions all centered near the river. Within a few years, the wealthier residents
began moving north out of what eventually became the downtown.
32
Wick Avenue, named for one of the most important early Youngstown families, housed many
of the town’s elite by the mid-nineteenth century. Several important cultural institutions also
made their home on Wick Avenue, most notably the city’s first public high school, The Rayen
School (completed in 1866) and several churches including First Presbyterian Church and St.
Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church. The trend toward a mixed residential and cultural district on
Wick Avenue continued into the early twentieth century. Between 1860 and 1920, a number of
leading families built mansions on Wick Avenue including Myron I. Arms, George D. Wick, Dr.
George S. Peck and his wife, Emaline Wick Peck, Porter and Mary Wick Pollack, Henry Garlick
and Wilford and Olive Arms. Other important cultural structures also appeared at this time
including the Rueben McMillan Free Library of Youngstown and Mahoning County (1908),
St. John’s Episcopal Church (1898), the Butler Institute of American Art (1919), the Masonic
Temple, and First Christian Church. Concurrent with the residential and cultural development
of Wick Avenue was also the appearance of some commercial activity, including several new car
dealerships, architects’ offices, music teachers’ studios and doctors’ offices.
33
As Wick Avenue developed into “Millionaire’s Row” and cultural heart of the city, the
neighborhood directly west of the street became a middle to upper middle class area. The
homes were more modest than the mansions built by the city’s movers and shakers, but were still
handsome residences. On the other hand, the area directly east of Wick Avenue, located down
in a valley, became a working class neighborhood known as Smoky Hollow populated largely by
immigrants from eastern and southern Europe.
34
. . . there is still a lack of cohesiveness and the links
between the downtown core, the University, and
the other downtown neighborhoods
needs to be reinforced.
West Federal Street, just a short walk south from the YSU Campus, is the heart of the downtown.
Many of the buildings date from the early years of the 20th Century and are still intact although
many are in need of revitalization. The compactness of the downtown is being reinforced by
the infilling of gaps in the urban fabric that strengthens the core and increases the vitality of the
downtown. Its connections to the Campus along Wick Avenue, Phelps Street, Hazel Street and
Fifth Avenue make it very accessible to the University.
35
36
THE URBAN CAMPUS
37
The Competitive Environment in Higher Education
Youngstown State University draws the bulk of its students from a five-county market shed that
includes three counties in Ohio and two counties in Pennsylvania. Historically it appeals to
prospective students with a combination of cost, convenience, and competitive programs. While
YSU commands significant brand loyalty within its traditional market shed, it faces increasingly
tough competition from the region’s public community colleges and universities—Kent State,
University of Akron, Cleveland State University and Cuyahoga Community College—as well
as from proprietary and on-line schools. While YSU has enjoyed steady enrollment growth in
the recent past, it, like its competitors, face a period of intensifying competition for students
as a result of the leveling off of the baby boomlet and reduction in the number of college-age
students in the pool.
38
THE URBAN CAMPUS
While YSU will always be able to compete by focusing on cost, convenience, and competitiveness,
its challenge will become more difficult over time as prospective students compared the YSU
campus with the other state universities. The relatively high age of the University’s physical plant
and the relative lack of contemporary amenities places YSU at a competitive disadvantage. These
universities have been investing significant resources in their campus’ physical plant, lowering
the aggregate age of their plant and improving the attractiveness of their campus to prospective
students and their parents.
39
YSU has the oldest physical plant in the region (18.41 years). Akron, its closest competitor, has
the youngest (11.23 years). Akron adopted its New Landscape for Learning capital improvement
program in 1999 and began its five-year, $200 million program in 2000. This plan called for the
addition of six new buildings, the renovation of 14 existing structures, and the creation of 30
acres of new campus green space.
Similar stories are unfolding at Cleveland State and Kent State Universities. Cleveland State
has completed constructing a new Student Recreation Center and 400-car parking garage and
renovating the historic Fenn Tower for student housing. Currently the University is renovating
the historic Howe Mansion for Parker Hannifin Hall, the new home of the College of Research
and Graduate Studies and is constructing the Parker Hannifin Administrative Center, a mixed
use building housing senior administrators and ground floor retail. CSU is completing plans for
converting the University Center Building to a contemporary student union, an new College
of Education and Human Services Building, and Varsity Village, a concentration of University
athletic facilities and new student housing.
40
THE URBAN CAMPUS
Kent State is investing $125 million in renovating and expanding its physical plant in an effort
to remain competitive in a high tech world that is accustomed to wireless connections, air
conditioning, and spacious, enabled classrooms. The imperative to remain competitive is clear.
To quote David Creamer, KSU’s senior vice president of administration, “Facilities don’t wind
up being the primary thing (a prospective student) thinks about, but it is one of the things (they
look at). Students do compare and contrast those things.”
41
42
43
The campus needs a new master plan that will capitalize on these opportunities,
positioning YSU as a more effective catalyst in the redevelopment of Youngstown
and creating a stronger “college town” atmosphere which will improve the
image of both the City and the University.
Enhancing Academic Excellence
Like most urban universities developed since the 1970s, YSU has grown as an inward-looking
campus, with key academic buildings organized around a central green. The “Campus Core” at
YSU is a beautifully-landscaped, well-proportioned space that offers a comfortable refuge from
the city and is the focus of campus life.
Inevitably, however, this pattern has produced a campus that turns its back on the surrounding
city, with edges that are harshly defined by the backs of buildings, multi-story garages or
expansive zones of surface parking. Instead of stimulating a vibrant town-gown relationship,
the internally-oriented campus develops as an independent island, with little impact on the
economic fortunes or urban design qualities of its host city.
The YSU Master Plan seeks to turn that reality on its head.
In 2003, the University launched a planning effort to give direction to new improvements in
YSU’s buildings and grounds leading up to the centennial of the university in 2008. This effort
was titled “The Centennial Campus Master Plan.”
Evolution of the Plan
Existing framework Green Corridors with Parking on the Edges Academic
44
A plan for Campus and community, the YSU Centennial Campus Master Plan is not a
static plan: It is designed to be a dynamic framework for campus development which will guide
the University’s board and administration as they work to enhance the teaching, research and
community outreach missions of the university.
The YSU Centennial Campus Master Plan is not simply an institutional plan: It was developed
through extensive collaboration with the City of Youngstown and the adjacent neighborhoods
and institutions and incorporates their plans and aspirations to present a complete picture of the
campus and the community.
The YSU Centennial Campus Master Plan is not an isolated plan: While YSU has suffers
from this problem, it is surrounded by opportunities to reintegrate the campus with its context,
The Centennial Master Plan has been developed within the framework of Youngstown 2010 and
defines the critical physical relationships between the campus and the downtown, the sparsely
developed Belmont neighborhood, new development in Smoky Hollow, and the historic Wick
Park neighborhood where student dormitories and fraternities are already playing a central role
in current revitalization plans.
Student Life Athletic FacilitiesSupport Facilities
45
Structuring Framework
On-Campus ResidentialCathedral PrecinctDowntown
46
Respect the urban structure.
Connect to surrounding development.
Share streets and open spaces with the city.
Promote synergy between uses.
Encourage pedestrian activity.
Animate the off-campus surroundings.
Master Plan Principles
The Plan is based on four principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Identity:
Connection and Collaboration:
Growth
Access, Parking, and Pedestrian Safety.
1. Identity
Create a compelling image to the campus that reinforces its identity as a premier learning
institution.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Improve the character of existing campus spaces
Create places where students want to spend time
Develop a network of open spaces, pedestrian paths, and gathering places with different degrees
of “publicness” that encourage students to spend more time on Campus
Identify and establish key “gateways” to the Campus
Create strong entrance pathways to the campus along the Madison Avenue Expressway and
Service Road, Fifth Avenue, Wick Avenue and Rayen Avenue
Create community-oriented activities on Lincoln Avenue and the north/south links to
Downtown
2. Connections and Collaboration
Improve the connections between the campus, downtown, and the surrounding
neighborhoods.
•
•
•
Create views to orient campus users to the City
Connect the downtown street grid to the core of the YSU campus by extending Lincoln
Avenue
Improve pedestrian safety and the attractiveness of Wick Avenue and Fifth Avenue, the two
arterial roads connecting Downtown and the campus
Reconnect the campus with the residential neighborhoods that surround it.
•
•
•
•
•
Improve and extend the functional and visual links to downtown Youngstown by the placement
and design of new University buildings
Develop better visual and physical links to the surrounding neighborhoods. (Wick Park to the
north, Smoky Hollow to the east, and Arlington to the west)
Create views into the campus
Extend Emerald Street westwards to Wick Avenue
Extend Hazel Street northwards to Lincoln Avenue
47
3. Growth
Establish appropriate locations for new University buildings and facilities
Encourage adjacent institutional development by institutions that share the University’s
civic mission.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Promote high quality architecture, landscape design, construction, and maintenance by the
University, the City, and adjacent institutions and development corporations
Create appropriate sites for the Recreation Center, a new School of Business, a new Science/
Technology/Engineering and Mathmatics (STEM) College, new on-campus living, and future
expansion opportunities
Encourage a mix of building types and uses
Retain and rehabilitate buildings of historic significance
Orient all new buildings toward the street and create clear and welcoming entries; retrofit existing
buildings to meet this standard
Establish design guidelines for new construction and maintenance upgrades
Promote sustainable development and improve operating efficiency
Encourage housing and retail development to give people a reason to stay on campus
4. Access, Parking, and Pedestrian Safety
Establish clear Campus Gateways that will enhance vehicular and pedestrian access to and
within the campus.
Improve the experience of first time visitors to the campus through the use of signage,
landscaping, and other wayfinding devices.
Provide convenient, attractive parking.
Work with the City of Youngstown to improve pedestrian safety on the roads crossing the
campus.
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Advocate bike lanes and on-street parking
Provide bike racks in highly visible locations on campus
Concentrate parking in strategically located sites
Recognize Rayen Avenue as a primary access and parking corridor
Establish a pedestrian street network: Spring Street (East and West Gateways), Elm Street (North
Gateway), University Plaza, Lincoln Avenue, Phelps Street, and the Hazel Street extension
Make on-street pedestrian paths safer and more appealing with crosswalks, lighting, landscaping,
and streetscape amenities
YSU will undertake community partnerships to serve and address
the cultural, intellectual, educational, social, and economic needs
of the region.
Campus Community PartnershipsPartnerships
Park
Vista
Youngstown Community Health Center
Ursuline High School
St Elizabeth
Medical Center
Arms Museum
Wick-Pollock Inn
Butler Museum
Select
Medical Corp
Harrison Commons
St. John’s Church
Public Library
MVR
Municipal Court
and Police HQ
Catholic Diocese
YWCA
Board of Education
Elm Street
Mill Creek Extension
North Side
Citizens Coalition
ODOT
Andrews
Avenue
Business
Association
Madison Avenue Expressway
Wick
Neighbors
Inc.
Downtown CIC
Wick Avenue
Mill Creek
Metroparks
Fifth Avenue
Rayen Avenue
The Centennial Master Plan reflects the plans and programs of the following collaborating
institutions and organization and attempt to accurately reflect the intent of these partners with
regard to the future use of their property. These plans and programs will be reviewed from time
to time to insure that the Centennial Master Plan accurately reflects and supports the initiatives
of its neighbors.
Campus Communty Partners consulted in the process of developing the YSU Centennial Master
Plan have included:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The City of Youngstown, Council and Administration
Mahoning County Commissioners
The State of Ohio, Department of Transportation
The State of Ohio, Development Of Development
Eastgate COG
The Diocese of Youngstown
Ursuline High School
YWCA
Youngstown Community Health Center
Arms Museum
Butler Museum
St. John’s Church
Mahoning Valley Public Library
MVR Restaurant
Board of Education
St. Elizabeth Health Center
Park Vista Retirement Community
Mill Creek Metroparks
North Side Citizens Coalition
Andrews Avenue Business Association
Downtown Community Investment Corporation (CIC)
Wick Neighbors Inc
The University greatly appreciates the contribution of the dialog with these organizations and
groups. It has led to a plan that better integrates the University with its surronding neighbors
and greatly contributes to the revitalization of the Central Planning District of the City.
49
Wick Park
Neighborhood
Fifth Avenue
Belmont
Neighborhood
Wick Avenue
Smoky Hollow
Neighborhood
Rayon Avenue
Federal Street
50
51
52
THEMES
•
•
•
•
•
Academic Affairs
Student Life
Athletic and Physical Education/Assembly Spaces
Property Maintenance
Campus Parking and Gateway
53
Themes
The plan, developed in partnership with the Urban Design Center of Northeast Ohio, is outlined
in the following pages and is divided into five sections:
10
7
6
•
•
12 •
•
•
9
4
5
3
Each category includes a series of considerations and proposals for development and change.
Each proposal includes an estimated cost. Also included under each category are related projects
that have been or will be carried out by parties other than the university. And finally, there is a
summary of the proposals and costs.
Academic Affairs
2
1
Academic Affairs
Student Life
Athletics
Campus Parking and Gateways
Academics is at the core of YSU’s mission. The university’s distinguished faculty, with the support
of staff throughout the institution, provides the instruction and experience that are the means
for students to pursue their career and personal goals.
In the same way, academics is the driving force of the university’s Centennial Master Plan. Every
element of the plan – be it a new building for the College of Business, the reconfiguration of
Kilcawley Center or new gateways to campus – ultimately focuses on enhancing the academic
environment of the campus and the success of the university’s students.
So it is appropriate that the Centennial Master Plan begins with a discussion about the academic
space on campus.
The 2003 Campus Space Utilization Study determined that the University has 3.3 million
square feet of space on campus. While it determined that currently there is an overage of about
53,000 square feet, it projected a long-term need for an additional 135,000 square feet of space.
The study emphasized the need to make more efficient and effective use of existing facilities by
“rightsizing” these facilities to meet contemporary teaching practice and learning styles and by
efficiently scheduling the University’s classroom inventory.
Among the areas of greatest need were additional research and instructional laboratory space and
“swing space” which would enable the University to upgrade its existing buildings to meet the
demands of the 21st Century.
54
THEMES
The master plan proposes a building development sequence that deploys as follows:
1. Williamson College of Business Administration
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Develop a state-of-the-art business school to replace the obsolete Williamson Hall (Early sketches
(above) and (left) the Proposed Site Plan designed by Perkins & Will in collaboration with
Strollo Architects).
Serve the Mahoning Valley business community by providing space for business-oriented
academic centers, meeting and conference space, and programs designed to meet the evolving
needs of the community.
Establish as strong physical and symbolic link between the University core campus and downtown
Youngstown by locating the building on a prominent site between Rayen Avenue and Wood
Street
Recognize the university’s role in promoting and achieving environmentally sustainable
construction by aiming for LEED Gold certification
Collaborate with the City to extend Hazel Street north to Lincoln Avenue and to make pedestrian
safety enhancements to Rayen Avenue that will encouage students, faculty, and staff to travel
between the Core Campus and Downtown Youngstown on Phelps and Hazel Streets.
Collaborate with the Diocese of Youngstown to operate shared parking facilities that will meet
the surge demands of both institutions
Collaborate with the City, the CIC, and with the neighboring institutions and businesses to
upgrade the appearance and vitality of the immediate neighborhood and a adjacent Downtown
blocks
Enhance the quality and contextual appropriateness of the new University buildings by insisting
on high quality design and emphasizing the use of glass and exposed steel in the material palate
2. Williamson Hall Conversion for Swing Space/Academic Space ($800,000)
•
•
Reconfigure existing Williamson Hall for swing classroom and office space to allow the orderly
renovation of existing academic spaces elsewhere on the campus.
Utilize Williamson to meet the long-term needs of adjacent academic units.
3. Science/Engineering Facility Planning
•
•
Commence facility programming using the same professionally-lead consultative process
undertaken for the new College of Business Administration and Kilcawley Center.
Identify space needs and opportunities in the Science and Engineering disciplines and the
investments needed both to make full use of existing square footage and to develop new square
footage to meet specialized facility needs.
55
4. Science/Engineering Connector
•
•
•
Design and construct a building connector and linking Moser and Ward Beecher Halls
Create an informal coffee bar/gathering place within the connector to provide meeting/study
space and encourage interdisciplinary interaction
Make necessary improvements to both existing Halls to ensure that the connector ties to the
internal hallway network and provides for convenient, attractive passage from Ward Beecher to
Cushwa Halls
5. Academic Space Improvements: Ward Beecher Upgrade
•
•
Undertake classroom and office renovations of existing academic spaces as part of the regular
schedule renovation program
Focus attention on correcting persistent problem areas, such as laboratory ventilation, to improve
functionality and building efficiency
6. Academic Space Improvements: Cushwa Hall Renovations
•
•
Undertake classroom and office renovations of existing academic spaces as part of the regular
schedule renovation program
Consider relocating to other campus buildings those programs and functions that do not relate
directly to the mission of the College
7. Academic Space Improvements: Cushwa Atrium Upgrade
•
•
•
Renovate existing atrium and the spaces surrounding it to create a more attractive and functional
gathering space at the heart of Cushwa Hall
Program the space as an informal study and meeting place by equipping it with wireless service,
coffee service, and comfortable seating and by using it to celebrate the arts on campus
Consider relocating the Melnick Medical Museum collection to the atrium area
8. Academic Space Improvements: Debarto Hall Upgrade (not shown on plan)
•
•
Renovate and extend the existing lobby space to create the Arts and Science Advising Center and
an attractive and functional gathering space at the heart of Debartolo Hall
9. Academic Space Improvements: Maag Library Renovation
•
•
56
Renovate existing space to accommodate the Reading and Writing Centers, creating a true
Learning Center within the context of the University’s Library
THEMES
10. Coffelt Hall Conversion for Graduate Studies
•
•
•
•
Undertake an historic rehabilitation of the University-owned Coffelt Building (the former
American Legion Hall) consistent with the University’s preservation policies
Convert Coffelt Hall to the Office of Graduate Studies
Relocate the Writing Center to well-designed, accessible space in Maag Library
Reinforce Spring Street as the ceremonial entrance to the Campus
11. Melnick Hall Renovation (not shown on plan)
•
•
Upgrade the second floor of Melnick Hall for University-related functions that are not central to
the function of the University’s academic buildings
Relocate the first floor Melnick Museum to a site proximate to Maag Library, the Planetarium,
the Clarence Smith geology collection, and other collections that attract student field trips
12. Bliss Hall Renovations: Spring Street Frontage
•
•
•
•
Establish a visible and accessible Ford Theater lobby on Spring Street, the gateway to the
University from Wick Avenue.
Improve the Art Gallery Spring Street courtyard to fully engage it in the Spring Street streetscape
and mark Bliss Hall as a gateway to Smoky Hollow.
Install signage, marquee, and similar design element that draw the pedestrian’s eye to the Theater
and establish Spring Street and Bliss Hall as part of the University’s cultural life.
Program spaces and surfaces along Spring Street to celebrate the arts on campus.
13. Other Instructional Space Upgrades (not shown on plan)
•
•
Identify need through a systematic evaluation of requirements for improvement and opportunities
for “right sizing” to meet the University’s need to make efficient use of existing buildings.
Renovate existing instructional spaces to improve appearance, functionality, and efficiency.
14. Other Basic Renovation (not shown on plan)
•
•
•
Identify need through a systematic evaluation of requirements for basic maintenance and system
upgrades to maintain the University’s physical plant and upgrade its appearance, functionality,
and efficiency.
Program improvements to minimize disruption and enhanced the perceived impact of the
investment in the physical plant.
Aim to meet environmentally sustainable construction standards on all new construction and
upgrade projects throughout the campus ensuring a “green” campus
57
Student Life
Providing convenient, accessible services to prospective and current students is a guiding
principal of contemporary campus design and vital to the academic effectiveness and success of
the university, its faculty, staff and students.
Currently, YSU’s student services are located at various sites around the campus. The Sweeney
Welcome Center serves as the gateway to the campus for undergraduates. No similar facility
exists for prospective graduate students. Financial Aid and the Bursar’s Office are in Meshel Hall,
while most other student services are in Kilcawley Center. As a result, all too frequently students
and their families are disoriented.
4
The YSU Strategic Plan has set a target that 20 percent of its students will live on campus. Providing
student housing to meet that target is a key element of the Centennial Master Plan. Concentrating
this housing to create a sense of a lively and populated campus is equally important.
5
The Plan assumes a target enrollment of 14,000 and identifies locations for 2,400 to 2,800 beds.
These locations encompass both existing and proposed new facilities and include those built and
operated by the University as well as those built and operated by others in and adjacent to the
campus. The Plan recommends that University housing be concentrated along Spring Street,
from Bryson Street to Smoky Hollow, and along Elm, from Spring Street to Park Avenue and
including the “State Streets” south of Wick Park. By concentrating housing on and within a fiveminute walk of the core campus, the University will create a lively sense of place, particularly on
weekends and evenings, and will support retail services that full-time residents demand.
The University’s Centennial Investments in Student Life include:
1. Kilcawley Center Reconfiguration
3
1
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
58
Modify the interior and exterior of the Center to make it a more inviting facility for students.
Create a central atrium as a focal point for student activities and organizations.
Organize and upgrade food service to offer students a contemporary dining experience.
Enhance the building’s exterior by creating well-defined main entrances on the north and south
of the Center.
Enhance the building’s transparency and visibility expanding glazed areas and articulating star
towers and entrances.
Enclose the existing outdoor courtyard space to create additional climate-controlled congregation
space.
Enclose the existing overhang space to create an attractive all-weather arcade space.
Relocate University office spaces to the lower floors of Kilcawley House to free space for student use.
Screen loading docks from pedestrian view by installing artist-designed gates similar to those
used on the Bliss Hall addition
THEMES
2. Kilcawley House Reconfiguration
•
•
•
•
•
Maintain the primary use of the building as student housing.
Convert accommodations in Kilcawley House to single occupancy units.
Consider maintaining one floor for use as short-term, hotel-style accommodation to meet the
needs of the University community.
Expand and reconfigure the lower two floors of the building to provide space for offices displaced
from Kilcawley Center.
Extend the north front of the building northward toward Spring Street and create a visually
engaging street-level frontage.
3. University Plaza
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Create a unique and memorable central gathering campus space at the terminus of the East,
West, and North Gateways.
Reinforce the importance and centrality of the Veterans Plaza and upgrade planting. Lighting,
and benches to enhance the appearance of the space.
Relocate the existing F-5 faculty parking lot east of Beeghly to a new lot on the proposed new
service drive.
Extend the Plaza space northward to replace the exiting parking lot and utilize pavers and other
design details to signify the fact that the Plaza will be gathering place of the scale and quality of
the Kikcawley fountain court.
Install a major, celebratory design element—such as a clock tower visible from the student
housing on Elm Street and signify the space as an important campus gathering place and the
entrance to Kilcawley Center.
Consider incorporating a water element that, like the Kilcawley Square fountain, will serve as a
pleasant focal point for University Plaza.
Program the Plaza as an events space during the University’s annual Arts Festival and at other
times during the school year.
Replace the existing tennis courts with a treed green space and engage the adjacent restaurant
with this environment through the use of lighting, landscaping, and pavers.
4. Lyden-Cafaro Quadrangle, Phase 2
•
•
•
Complete the assembly of the property bounded by Madison, Elm, and the Madison
Expressway.
Develop a third residential building, completing the Quadrangle and addressing the emerging
market for student housing.
Collaborate with the City, the Youngstown Community Improvement Corporation, and the
Northside Citizens Coalition to upgrade the surrounding neighborhood.
59
5. Residential Quad Park
•
•
•
•
Undertake a community planning process with student government to determine the design of a
permanent park on the north frontage of the Madison Expressway west of Elm Street
Identify informal and formal programming opportunities in conjunction with Student Government, the Office of Student Life, and the School of Fine and Performing Arts
Establish maintenance responsibilities and budgets in collaboration with student government
and other willing participants in the park development and programming
Relocate existing informal off street parking spaces on this property
Related Projects by Others
6. Elm Street Bridge Pedestrian Enhancements (ODOT)
•
•
•
Replace existing bridge deck, rebuild parapets with decorative patterning, replace lights and
safety fencing, create single 10-foot wide sidewalk on the west side of the bridge to connect the
Lyden/Cafaro Quadrangle with Kilcawley Center
Upgrade bridge landscaping to enhance pedestrian comfort and safety
Support the University’s North Gateway investment
7. Pedestrian Safety Enhancements (ODOT)
•
•
Improve the pedestrian safety and appearance of the principal arterials serving the campus and
downtown Youngstown (Fifth, Wick, and Rayon Avenues)
Supports the University’s East, West, and South Gateway investments
8. Lincoln-Rayen Campus Retail District (Private/City)
•
•
Improve the quality and appearance of the existing concentration of retail uses between Lincoln
and Rayen
Supports the University’s investment in extending the academic campus south of Lincoln with
the Beeghly College of Education and the Williamson College of Business Administration
9. Smoky Hollow Neighborhood District (Wick Neighbors/Private)
•
•
Create a new, mixed-use/mixed-income New Urban community in the Hollow
Supports the University’s investment in University Courtyards by improving the environment
for student residents of the apartment buildings
10. Mill Creek Extension to Fifth Avenue (Mill Creek Metroparks/City)
•
•
60
Extend Mill Creek Metroparks along the Mahoning River to Fifth Avenue on land owned by
the City of Youngstown
Supports the University’s investments in student athletics and recreation/wellness by bringing
the resources of this remarkable park closer to the campus and making it more accessible to
students and other members of the University community
THEMES
Athletics and Physical Education/Assemby Space
The ability of intercollegiate athletics to compete on the highest level possible is inextricably
linked to the university’s academic mission, and that ability is impacted greatly by facilities
available to student athletes.
The Space Utilization Plan determined that the construction of the Andrews Student Recreation
and Wellness Center would remedy an identified space deficit in campus athletic and recreational
facilities, but it also recommended that the University consider upgrading the quality and
quantity of outdoor athletic and recreational spaces.
Recent investigations of the Beeghly Center and Stambaugh Stadium conducted in conjunction
with the Wellness Center planning indicate that aspects of these facilities fail to meet the
standards found in comparable Horizon League venues and that upgrading of these facilities
would improve their competitiveness and utility.
Relocation of Harrison Field in Smoky Hollow and the need to develop close-in parking to
service the expanded Campus Bookstore creates the need to find replacement for the Harrison
Field softball field in the Hollow and the tennis courts on Elm Street.
1
2
1
61
The master Plan proposes the following actions:
1. Harrison Field Relocation and Parking
•
•
Relocate Harrison Field and its softball diamond and shot-put cage to new outdoor athletic
space west of Fifth Avenue
Redevelop the abandoned field as “Harrison Commons,” the centerpiece of the Smoky Hollow
development
2. Field House
•
•
62
Assemble property west of Fifth Avenue for a Field House scaled to serve as an indoor football
practice facility
Develop the Field House and pedestrian-assembly space visially linking the Field House to Fifth
Avenue and the Stambaugh Stadium
THEMES
The Master Plan recommends that University systematically invest in the maintenance of
buildings and grounds and that it set aside funds to insure that building envelopes are secure
and that building interiors are in “white box” condition suitable for efficient and expeditious
fit out to meet the evolving needs of the University community. The Master Plan team, with
the assistance of preservation professionals, has evaluated four historic assets and recommends
that they be retained and used for appropriate University and University-related functions. In
addition, the Plan recommends that funding be allocated for the ongoing upgrade of building
systems in the University’s physical plan.
The Centennial Master Plan makes the following recommendations:
1. Wick Pollock Inn and Carriage House
•
•
•
2
•
1
2. Peck House
•
•
3
4
Secure the building envelope of the Inn and Carriage House by making deferred maintenance
investments in roof, gutter, windows, and siding to insure that the building is weather-tight and
suitable for renovation. Undertake such investment in a manner consistent with the Secretary
of Interior Standards
Consider reuse of the building for university departments and centers and similar functions that
would benefit from the location and would suitably use the building
3. Thompson Sacherman House
•
•
Engage with a developer/operator to maximize utilization of state and federal historic tax credits
and complete interior renovation of the Wick Pollock hotel and carriage house to serve the needs
of the University community and downtown Youngstown
Consider operation of the Wick Pollock meeting and dining facilities in conjunction with the
University catering operations and the academic Hospitality Management program
Reconfigure parking to meet the needs of the Wick Pollock uses while restoring the “Victorian
Lawn” fronting Wick Avenue
Consider reuse of the building for university departments and centers that would benefit from
the location and would suitably use the building
63
4. Garfield Building
•
•
•
•
Undertake a professionally led consultative process to identify the suitable uses and available
funding streams for a renovated Garfield Building
Make appropriate exterior improvements on the east and north facades to respond the University’s
planned investment in the new Williamson College of Business Administration and the City’s
planned investment in the Hazel Street extension
Mitigate asbestos hazard and secure roof and drainage systems
Install elevators and renovate the building for a mixture of uses including university centers,
museums, ground floor retail, and uses related to the adjacent Williamson College. Consider use
of the building to meet the long-term expansion needs of the College.
5. Building System Upgrades (not shown on plan)
•
•
•
64
Identify need through a systematic evaluation of requirements for building system to maintain
the University’s physical plant and upgrade its appearance, functionality, and efficiency
Program improvements to minimize disruption and enhanced the perceived impact of the
investment in the physical plant
Aim to meet environmentally sustainable construction standards on building system upgrades
throughout the campus ensuring a “green” campus
THEMES
Campus Parking and Gateways
Enhancing the curb appeal, legibility, and connectivity of the YSU campus is a central theme of
the Centennial Campus Master Plan and again an important part of the university’s academic
mission.
Improvements to the physical environment on and around the campus have a direct bearing on
the competitiveness of YSU and its ability to attract students and faculty and further enhance
the City of Youngstown as a place to live and work. Similarly, investments in the appearance
of the city’s downtown and nearing neighborhoods and the freeway approaches from the
Madison Avenue Expressway have a profound impact on the all-too-critical “first impression” of
prospective students and their parents.
The Master Plan addresses the issue of aesthetic improvements by proposing a set of enhancements
to the public rights of way surrounding the campus, establishing attractive walkways and pathways
to connect the campus with its adjacent neighborhoods and the downtown, establishing clear and
visually exciting gateways that mark primary entrances to the campus, and installing marquees
and attractive directional signage to identify buildings that serve as significant performance and
assembly venues for the community at large.
65
Spring Street, between Fifth and Wick Avenues, is the same length as West Federal Street in
downtown Youngstown and serves a similar focus as the campus main street. Historically student
services and activities—such as Kilcawley Center, Beeghly Center, and the Sweeney Welcome
Center—have been located along this street. The University has reinforced this decision by
locating the Andrews Student Recreation and Wellness Center and expanding the Campus
Bookstore, both of which face Spring Street.
YSU is a commuter campus. Convenient parking accessible both to the region’s freeway network
and to the University’s classrooms is an essential component of the Centennial Master Plan. The
University currently operates approximately 7,000 parking spaces in two parking structures and
43 paved and unpaved surface parking lots.
The Master Plan proposes the following actions:
1. East Campus Gateway
•
•
•
•
4
2. West Campus Gateway
7
•
•
•
•
1
2
5
9
10
Reconfigure the West Gateway to the campus from Fifth as a landscaped ceremonial street with
a focal point cul-de-sac that compliments the existing Veteran’s Memorial and welcomes visitors
to the campus.
Install gateway monuments to visually demarcate the campus entrance from the west.
Construct on-street parking to serve the short term needs of book store customers.
Screen the loading docks serving Stambaugh Stadium and Beeghly Center.
3. South Campus Gateway
6
•
•
•
•
8
Reconfigure the East Gateway to the campus from Wick as a landscaped ceremonial street with
a focal point cul-de-sac that welcomes visitors to the campus
Integrate the design of the East Gateway with the existing Kilcawley Square Fountain and the
proposed University Plaza.
Install gateway monuments to visually demarcate the campus entrance from the east.
Remove overhead wires on Spring and Bryson Streets to bring these street segments to the
standards found elsewhere on the campus.
Configure Hazel north of Rayen as dual carriageway to serve as a new campus gateway from the south.
Construct on-street parking to serve the short term needs of campus retail district customers and
Garfield Building visitors.
Eliminate the M-29 mixed parking lot and absorb the spaces in other University facilities.
Install gateway monuments to visually demarcate the campus entrance from the south.
16
3
66
THEMES
4. North Campus Gateway
•
•
•
•
•
Reconfigure Elm Street as the North Campus Gateway using decorative pavers to demark
expanded pedestrian zones and installing intensive landscaping to reinforce the link between the
central campus and the residential complex north of the Expressway
Integrate the design of the North Gateway with the proposed University Plaza
Construct on-street parking to serve the short term needs of book store customers and Kilcawley
Center visitors
Install gateway monuments to visually demarcate the campus entrance from the east
Remove overhead wires on Elm to bring these street segments to the standards found elsewhere
on the campus
5. Smoky Hollow/Bliss Hall Gateway
•
•
•
•
Create a unique, memorable, arts-inspired gateway to the Smoky Hollow neighborhood by
redesigning and programming the existing “back of the house” space between Bliss Hall and the
M-1 parking garage
Provide convenient pedestrian access between the Main Campus and the lower University
Courtyards building by providing a direct, well-signed and well-lit pedestrian path between
Wick Avenue and Walnut Street through the walkway space
Provide handicapped access between the Hollow and the main campus by providing an accessible
path to the garage and by retrofitting the garage to enable convenient access to the existing
garage elevators and walkways
Provide spaces along and adjacent to the Walkway for informal meeting/congregation as well as
arts installations and performances
6. M-1 parking garage modifications
•
•
•
•
Renovate the Wick Avenue pedestrian bridge, elevator lobbies, and stair towers to enhance this
important campus gateway
Relocate the existing lower entrance on the north face of the M-1 parking garage to the south
face, closer to Rayen and the Smoky Hollow retail district
Improve lighting, signage, elevator towers, lobbies, and walkways to enhance the appearance and
functionality of this, the University’s largest and most prominent garage
Install exterior art, landscape improvements, and decorative lighting to improve the exterior
appearance of the garage from Smoky Hollow and the Walkway
7. F-7 Parking Lot Expansion
•
•
•
Construct a new parking lot off of the South Service Drive to replace the F-7 lot parking spaces
lost in the construction of University Plaza
Provide direct access from the Service Drive by constructing a north/south roadway to the lot
utilizing the existing improved alignment
Make improvements to Beeghly Center to insure convenient, all weather connection between
the lot and the main campus
67
8. Beeghly Hall West Parking Lots
•
•
•
•
Improve the existing M-3 parking lot south of Rayen by installing landscaping, fencing, and
signage
Relocate the Central Store Building parking lot east of the building and replace the lot with a
landscaped frontage consistent with Fifth Avenue Greenway standards
Construct new parking lot west of Beeghy Hall for faculty, visitors, and the disabled
Enhance the landscaping of this site along the Lincoln and Fifth Avenue frontages to properly
screen this lot from street view
9. West Campus Parking Projects
•
•
•
•
Assemble property west of Fifth Avenue from the Madison Expressway to Rayen Avenue for use
as temporary or permanent lots in anticipation of the replacement of the M-2 Parking Garage
Develop lots, including natural drainage systems, ornamental piers and fencing, and landscape
enhancements consistent with University standards
Consider all options for developing additional parking to serve the campus during and after
garage repalcement
Engage with the Western Reserve Transit Authority to improve transit access to to campus
10. M-2 Parking Garage Replacement
•
•
•
•
Professionally evaluate replacement options for this functionally obsolete structure including
one or more replacement garages and surface lots
Maintain the existing structure in safe and serviceable condition until 2010
Demolish the existing structure and replace it either with a new garage or a set of tiered parking
lots on the footprint of the existing garage
Reserve the northern half of the site for a new classroom/office building connecting Cushwa and
DeBartolo Halls
11. Campus-wide Parking Lot Improvements (not shown on plan)
•
•
•
Establish campus-wide standards for parking lot fencing, landscaping, lighting, and signage
consistent with the improvements to the recently improvede M-7 and M-8 parking lots. Include
standards appropriate to short term or temporary lots
Systematically evaluate all surface lots to determine the appropriate level of improvement and
design for each lot
Improve the lots in an orderly manner which minimizes disruption to normal operations
12. M-16 Lot Reconfiguration (not shown on plan)
•
•
68
Professionally evaluate the improvements and tenure relationships necessary to insure the long
term viability of existing Smoky Hollow retail in conjunction with the Smoky Hollow master
plan and the projected roadway and access improvements to the M-1 Parking Garage
Enter into such agreements as are appropriate to improve the existing lot and insure its availability
for desired neighborhood retail use
THEMES
13. Pedestrian Safety Enhancements (not shown on plan)
•
•
Professionally evaluate pedestrian safety enhancement that can appropriately be installed in the
rights of way of Wick, Fifth, and Rayen Avenues
Make such improvements in conjunction with programmed university projects such as the
Williamson College of Business Administration (south of Rayen); the Harrison Field relocation,
Field House and M-2 replacement parking lots (west of Rayen) and the Smoky Hollow/Bliss
Gateway (east of Wick Avenue)
14. Greenway Enhancements to Fifth, Wick, and Rayen Avenues (not shown on plan)
•
•
•
•
•
Create a continuous Greenway along both sides of Fifth Avenue from the Madison Expressway
to Wood Street
Relocate the frontage parking lots on Fifth Avenue to screened lots adjacent to the buildings they
serve and replace the existing lots with lawn and landscaping
Reestablish the “Victorian Lawn” on Wick Avenue by relocating parking lots behind building
lines and screening them from street view and by restoring tree lawns and simple, visible sidewalk
alignments
Install landscaping features along the Rayen Avenue right of way to complement and support
anticipated City investment in on-street parking, cross walk improvements, and landscape
enhancements that will improve its appearance of the Avenue and calm through traffic using it.
Sequence the timing and financing of all improvements to maximize the leveraging of Federal,
state, and locally-attributable Eastgate funding for Pedestrian Safety Improvements and Gateway
Enhancements
15. Wayfinding (not shown on plan)
•
•
•
•
Professionally evaluate the exiting campus signage systems, including buidings, grounds, and
approach routes
Develop a program of upgrading and expanding the existing signage systems
Identify non-University funding sources for wayfinding singange installations on public rights
of way
Sequence the timing and financing of all improvements to maximize the leveraging of Federal,
state, and locally-attributable Eastgate funding for Pedestrian Safety Improvements and Gateway
Enhancements
16. ATT Tower Enhancement and Sky Signage
•
•
•
Negotiate with ATT for the enhancement of the existing microwave tower and for the installation
of the YSU logo on all four sides of the tower
Make improvements to the exterior of the tower to minimize its visual impact and enhance its
presence as a major feature of the campus and the city
Design and install sky signage visible from Downtown Youngstown and the surrounding
freeways
69
70
Appendix 1:
CAMPUS SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS
Contents
Campus Sustainability Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.1
Campus Sustainability Standards were
prepared by
The Urban Design Center of
Northeast Ohio
College of Architecture and Environmental
Design
Kent State University
820 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland OH 44115
Phone (216) 357 3434
www.cudc.kent.edu
for
One University Plaza, Youngstown, Ohio
44555
www.ysu.edu
Construction and Rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.2
Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.9
Indoor Air Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.11
Building Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.12
Water Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.14
Stormwater Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.15
Erosion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.16
Green Space Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.17
Landscaping and Plant Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.18
in collaboration with
The Maxine Goodman Levin College
Landscape Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.20
of Urban Affairs
Cleveland State University
Circulation and Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.22
2121 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Appendix
Funding for this phase of the Centenial
Campus Master Plan was provided in part by
the Northeast Ohio Research Consortium, a
project of the Ohio Board of Regents’ Urban
University Program.
Native and hardy trees, shrubs, and plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.23
Invasive non-native plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.30
Plant materials for green roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.32
December, 2004
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.33
71
Campus Sustainability Standards
Youngstown State University is committed to principles of sustainability and environmental
stewardship, and these principles are addressed in the following Campus Sustainability Standards.
Good stewardship on the YSU campus involves constructing buildings that address total life cycle
costs, including construction costs, maintenance costs over the productive life of a building, longand short-term environmental impacts, and embodied costs such as the impacts of manufacturing the
materials used in building construction. Life cycle assessment also anticipates future uses for campus
buildings and incorporates design standards so that buildings have the flexibility to be converted to
other uses as needed. Recycled materials, renewable energy sources, and sustainable technologies are
encouraged for all new buildings and building rehabilitation projects at YSU, with the goal of improving
energy performance, reducing operating costs, and mitigating adverse environmental impacts of the
University.
Principles of good stewardship also apply to the campus grounds at YSU. Public spaces, parking lots,
and public infrastructure can be designed and constructed for long-term sustainability through techniques
and practices that reduce stormwater run-off, increase native vegetation, and promote ecologicallybased groundskeeping practices for the campus.
The Campus Sustainability Standards include specific strategies for the design, construction, and
maintenance of campus facilities and grounds in ways that are sustainable and environmentally sound.
These incremental steps toward sustainability are inter-related and can be combined in ways that will
reduce costs, improve the performance of campus facilities, and lessen the University’s environmental
impacts. But design decisions will invariably lead to trade-offs, where construction and maintenance
costs must be balanced with competing environmental and social values. Establishing a vision of
a sustainable campus and determining the University’s priorities will be an important first step in
implementing these standards. Once clear goals for sustainability are in place, the standards will help
to guide the University’s decision-making process for on-going campus design, construction, and
maintenance.
A.2
Appendix 1: CAMPUS SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS
Construction and Rehabilitation
New construction and building rehabilitation are ideal opportunities to promote the goals of
sustainability on the YSU campus. Sustainability goals need to be established before beginning
schematic design of any building project so that University administrators and their architects
and contractors have a clear direction and share a common responsibility for implementing these
goals as an integrated part of the design process.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEEDtm) is a green building rating system
produced and maintained by the US Green Building Council. Adopting LEEDTM standards for
all University development would help YSU achieve long term sustainability goals. The following
guidelines and strategies are consistent with the requirements of LEEDTM certification, but can
be implemented independently of the certification process.
Building orientation and siting Building orientation establishes the basic relationship
between the campus, the University population, and the surrounding City.
• Orient main building facades parallel to the street to reinforce the street network.
• Wherever possible, orient buildings to allow for natural lighting and ventilation, and passive
solar heating, recognizing that these goals may sometimes be in direct competition with
each other and with the previous goal of orienting buildings to reinforce the street network.
The siting of each campus building will depend on a variety of factors and design tradeoffs may need to needed in an effort to address specific site conditions and the competing
priorities of the University.
• Explore alternative building footprints; narrow building widths (of 60 to 80 feet) and central
atria increase the potential for natural ventilation and daylighting.
• Avoid steeply sloped sites when siting new buildings and major building additions; when
sloped sites cannot be avoided, incorporate building technologies that limit the potential for
erosion and take advantage of thermal benefits involved in building into hillsides.
Materials and equipment Durable, environmentally friendly building materials and
equipment can reduce maintenance and life-cycle costs for campus buildings.
• Consider the full cost of building operation and maintenance when selecting building
materials and choose durable, low-maintenance materials that will provide cost savings over
the life-cycle of a building.
• Use rapidly renewable, recycled, or salvaged and refurbished building materials wherever
possible, but keep in mind that some of these materials may have a shorter life cycle and
need more frequent replacement than conventional building materials.
1. Rapidly renewable building materials are those which can be planted or harvested in a cycle
of ten years or less, such as bamboo, which can be used for flooring and wall coverings.
A.3
2. For wood-based building materials, aim for a minimum of 20% that are certified in
accordance with Forest Stewardship Council guidelines.
3. Consider using engineered composite wood beams instead of large-dimension lumber
for structural supports. Engineered wood beams can take long spans and have an efficient
strength-to-weight ratio.
4. Specify building and site materials that contain post-consumer or post-industrial
recycled content.
5. Commonly salvaged building materials include wood flooring, paneling and cabinets,
auditorium seating, toilet partitions, light fixtures, doors and frames, brick, stone, and
heavy timbers.
• Acquire building and site development materials from local or regional sources wherever
possible. Aim for 50% of materials that are manufactured, extracted, harvested, or recycled
within a 500 mile radius of the YSU campus.
• Specify materials and equipment that eliminate exposure to toxins and environmental
pollutants
1. Choose flooring materials, wall coatings, adhesives, and sealants that are low in volatile
organic compounds (VOC); use products that conform to the US Green Building
Council’s Green Seal Standard.
2. Use solvent-free, low toxicity finishes for all non-painted interior wood and floor
surfaces.
3. Wool carpeting is typically preferable to petroleum-based synthetics, although synthetic
carpets, especially those manufactured from recycled plastics, may be appropriate in
high traffic areas because they tend to have lower life-cycle costs.
4. Avoid insulation materials that use chlorine-based gases in their production process.
5. Composite wood or agrifiber products should contain no added urea-formaldehyde
resins.
6. Choose low-emissive furniture and equipment.
7. Replace existing HVAC equipment that contains CFCs through a phase-out plan for
the University; upgrade equipment wherever possible for greater energy-efficiency.
• To the greatest extent possible, standardize hardware, plumbing, and electrical devices for
buildings campus-wide.
Plumbing Plumbing systems and fixtures can be designed to conserve water and reduce
operating costs.
• For new construction, the provision of separate water supply piping to toilets may be
appropriate as a way to facilitate future gray water reuse.
• Where the installation of separate water supply piping is cost-prohibitive, install waterefficient plumbing fixtures.
• Consider multiple point-of-use hot water heaters for campus facilities; this equipment
generates hot water on demand instead of storing heated water in tanks for future use.
A.4
Lighting and ventilation Lighting and ventilation can be designed to reduce energy costs and
provide a comfortable environment for building users. However, keep in mind that there will
be trade-offs between heating, cooling and energy use in each building. For example, a building
designed to optimize the use of natural light may have higher cooling costs in the summer. A
building with operable windows may enhance the comfort of its users but may also have higher
heating costs in the winter. Competing benefits must be balanced in the design of every building
in the context of overall sustainability goals for the campus.
• Design and orient buildings to allow for maximum natural light; try to achieve a direct
line of sight to clear glass windows from 90% of all regularly-occupied spaces (excluding
copy rooms, storage areas, mechanical rooms, and laundry areas).
• Design buildings to allow for maximum natural ventilation.
• Explore energy-efficient insulation, windows, air handling systems, and HVAC systems to
reduce building operation costs.
• Specify double- or triple-glazing and other energy-efficient window treatments for new and
rehabilitated buildings.
• Use clear glass windows, rather than tinted or mirrored glass; coated or spectrally-selective
low-e glass can be used to reduce glare and heat gain.
Green roofs Green or vegetative roofs reduce heat gain on rooftops, lower energy costs, provide
stormwater retention, improve air and water quality, improve the appearance of University
buildings, and provide an amenity for the campus population. Despite the relatively high
construction costs of green roof systems, they should be considered for new and existing campus
buildings. In addition to the benefits listed above, green roofs, which typically incorporate a
layer of growing material over a heavy waterproofing membrane, last two to three times longer
than conventional commercial-grade roofing systems.
• For new buildings, plant 75% of all open roof area (remaining area not used for mechanical
equipment) as roof gardens.
• Where structurally possible, retrofit existing buildings with rooftop plantings; aim for
vegetation on 50% of all flat roof surfaces throughout the campus.
• Choose hardy, low-growing plants and grasses that can tolerate the extreme temperatures
and dryness of a roof environment. Larger trees and shrubs may also be incorporated into a
roof garden, if the structure of the roof is sufficient to bear the increased load. These larger
plant materials are character-defining elements and are most appropriate in applications
where a green roof will be used as a gathering place for the campus community and/or
the general public. The increased costs of using more substantial plant materials must be
balanced against the added benefit of a green roof as a campus amenity.
• Plant materials should be selected based on the orientation, exposure, and structure of a
given roof, but a general list of appropriate roof garden plants can be found on page 32.
• Where building structure or other factors will not permit a green roof, use roofing materials
that have high reflectance and low emissivity (in compliance with EPA Energy Star Roofing
Guidelines). An acceptable standard is an initial reflectance of at least .65 and three-year
aged reflectance of at least .5 when tested in accordance with ASTM E408.
A.5
Acoustics The following guidelines aim to reduce the volume and impact of building noise.
• Design buildings and install equipment so that the decibel level (inside or outside the
building) does not exceed 50 decibels with all equipment running.
• Specify mechanical devices, ductwork, and plumbing that generate the least noise possible
and dampen the noise generated.
• Locate noise-generating mechanical functions and equipment away from the most heavily
used building spaces.
• Enclose noise-generating equipment with sound-absorbing walls, floors, and ceilings.
• When developing floor layouts for new buildings, use corridors, lobbies, stairwells, janitorial
closets, and storage rooms as buffers between mechanical rooms and occupied spaces.
• Place vibrating equipment on isolation pads.
• Avoid locating outside air intake or exhaust openings near windows, doors, or vents where
noise can re-enter a building.
• Consider the use of sound-rated acoustic doors and doors with acoustic seals.
• Use floating slabs and sound insulation around wall, ceiling, and floor partitions.
Trees For new construction and utility projects, the YSU Department of University Facilities
will specify which existing trees may be removed and which must stay. These decisions should
be based on a campus-wide inventory of existing trees, listing species, height, trunk diameter,
approximate size of crown, and drip line for each tree. Tree protection measures to be used
during construction include:
• Fencing, which should be installed at the drip line of each tree.
• Geotextile and mulch, which should be spread over the entire critical root zone.
Indoor air quality Construction projects (particularly renovations and additions to existing
buildings) can lead to indoor air quality problems unless appropriate precautions are taken.
• Specify containment strategies, including the control and monitoring of pollutant sources,
the protection of HVAC systems from construction dust and odors, enhanced housekeeping
measures, and coordinated building schedules to minimize disruption to building
occupants.
• Temporarily seal exposed or open ductwork during construction.
• Do not use existing HVAC systems to ventilate construction areas.
• Clean ducts and replace filters when construction is complete.
• Specify the installation of absorptive materials (i.e. insulation, carpet, ceiling tiles, and
gypsum products) after the prescribed dry or cure time of wet finishes to prevent the
absorption of off-gas odors or toxins.
A.6
Alternative energy sources Electricity, natural gas, and oil are used to meet the University’s
energy requirements. Alternative technologies may reduce the environmental impacts of campus
facilities and reduce long term operating costs.
• Consider the use of solar energy for water-heating or preheating in buildings where the
highest volumes of water are used; solar water heating should be evaluated against the use
of point-of-source water heating to determine which provides more benefit at less cost in a
given application.
• Design passive solar heating into new buildings by orienting buildings to capture and benefit
from the heat of the sun.
• Incorporate passive cooling from trees, window films and shades, and smart window
technologies to reduce solar heat gain in warmer months.
• Supplement existing electrical supplies with photovoltaic systems wherever feasible to reduce
the University’s grid power demand.
• Explore the use of wind turbines to generate supplemental electricity; campus windmills
would require sufficient regular winds in excess of 15 miles per hour to operate effectively.
• Consider geothermal wells as an alternative heating source for campus buildings.
Construction waste Rehabilitating existing University buildings for an extended life cycle is
a key component of reducing construction waste, as rehabilitation typically produces less waste
than demolition and new construction. The following guidelines will help to reduce construction
waste for new buildings, as well as for rehabilitation and additions to existing buildings.
• During construction projects, implement a waste management plan and quantify materials
diverted by weight, with the goal of recycling 75% of wood scrap, 100% of metal scrap, and
90% of cardboard generated at the site.
• Assess the local demand for recycled construction waste. If there is a market for recycled building
materials, specify “deconstruction” versus “demolition” for building removal. Deconstruction
results in cleaner, well-sorted waste streams that are more easily and effectively processed by
commercial recyclers.
• Require a recycling area at construction sites with separate dumpsters for material
separation.
• Use licensed haulers and processors for recyclable materials.
Operational waste Waste reduction can be accomplished if recycling is easy and efficient for
students, faculty, and staff. To facilitate waste reduction:
• Identify the types of marketable recyclable waste likely to be generated by building
occupants.
• Provide an easily accessible area in each University building that is dedicated to the separation,
collection, and storage of recyclable materials.
A.7
Energy Management
In addition to the standards for energy conservation listed in the previous section on new
construction and building rehabilitation, there are several key strategies for reducing energy
use and costs on campus.
Heat islands In urban settings, concentrations of buildings, parking lots and other paved areas
can increase air temperatures on warm summer days. Higher temperatures in urban heat islands
increases air conditioning use and pollution levels. Trees, shrubs, and plants can mitigate heat
island effects by intercepting solar radiation and cooling the air through evapotranspiration, thus
reducing urban temperatures and saving energy.
• Minimize heat island effects in the campus environment by planting large canopy,
deciduous street trees to shade sidewalks, parking areas, and other exposed surfaces.
• Where space permits, consider a double row of street trees.
• Provide trees in and around parking lots and adjacent to on-street parking areas; this helps
to improve air quality by reducing summer temperatures.
• Investigate the use of cool concrete pavements, instead of asphalt, for parking lot surfaces.
Concrete has an albedo (reflectance) of approximately twice that asphalt. This higher
reflectance reduces heat island effects; as an added benefit, concrete also has a lower lifecycle cost than asphalt in most parking applications. White portland cement with reflective
aggregates will reduce heat island effects even more than standard gray portland cement
concrete, although the benefit of reduced heat generation must be weighed against the added
cost of white-cement concrete.
• Plant deciduous trees to shade the south and west sides of buildings from the summer sun.
Plant evergreen trees to the west and northwest to protect buildings from winter winds.
• Plant trees in groups to more effectively reduce heat island effects; trees planted in groups
are also more likely to live longer.
• Install green roofs on campus buildings (also discussed in the Construction and
Rehabilitation section on page 4) to reduce heat island effects.
Lighting Lighting can be designed to reduce energy costs.
• Specify high-efficiency light fixtures for all new construction; and retrofit high-efficiency
fixtures for existing campus facilities; high-efficiency electronic ballasts and low-e T-8
lamps reduce electricity use and lower the heat load of a building.
• Arrange fixtures to support building use patterns.
• Use motion sensors and daylight dimmers so that lights operate only on demand.
A.8
Indoor Air Quality
Maintaining and improving indoor air quality requires adequate ventilation, control of
airbornecontaminants, and stable indoor temperatures and relative humidity. Air quality issues
are building-specific and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, but the following standards
and policies apply to all campus facilities.
• Ban indoor smoking in University buildings and facilities.
• Provide designated smoking areas outside campus buildings in places where secondhand
smoke cannot re-enter buildings or ventilation systems, and away from areas of high
pedestrian traffic.
• Ensure that intake sources for ventilation systems are not blocked or located near parking
lots, loading areas, building exhaust fans, cooling towers, trash containers, dumpsters or
other sources of fumes.
• Maintain relative humidity between 30% and 40%.
• Design cooling coil pans to ensure complete draining.
• Clean and replace air-conditioner and humidifier filters regularly.
• Have all friable asbestos removed by a licensed contractor.
• Avoid the purchase of products with high levels of formaldehyde and PCBs, and steam clean
new carpets and furniture prior to use to avoid potential exposure to these chemicals.
• Install carbon monoxide monitoring systems in all facilities where generation of CO is
expected.
• Install permanent carbon dioxide monitoring systems in campus buildings to provide data
on space ventilation performance; initial operational setpoint parameters should maintain
indoor CO2 levels no higher than 1,000 parts per million.
• Calibrate carbon dioxide monitoring systems as frequently as the manufacturer’s
recommendations, but not less than once per year.
• Install independent system(s) to monitor for contaminants such as ozone, radon, nitric
oxide, sulphur dioxide, fungus, and mold, or make monitoring for these contaminants a
function of each building’s automation system.
A.9
Building Maintenance
Cleaning products
• Seek out cleaning supplies that are non-toxic and phosphate-free.
• Check Materials Safety Data Sheets (available from product manufacturers) to determine
the main ingredients and toxicity levels for cleaning products; choose products based on
low-toxicity, as well as effectiveness and cost.
• Implement an environmentally preferred purchasing program. Environmentally preferred
purchasing entails the use of products that have a lessened effect on human health and
the environment when compared with competing products that serve the same purpose.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maintains a product database on its web site
(http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/tools/toolsuite.htm) to help guide purchasing decisions
for maintenance products and other University purchases.
• Pilot-test new products before making a university-wide switch, to ensure that the products
are effective and maintenance staff are properly trained in their use.
• Use cleaning products that are available in a concentrated form; use central mixing and
dispensing units to ensure proper dilution rates and to reduce waste.
Paint
• Use and dispose of paint, varnish, and solvents properly.
• Limit the use of spray guns to high volume and fully enclosed low pressure guns.
• Train painters in proper application and disposal techniques and require the use of
respirators during paint application.
• Select less hazardous paints that have low-volatile organic compounds (VOC).
• Choose latex or other water-based paints, rather than oil-based paints.
Pest management
• Conduct routine and detailed inspections of campus facilities to ensure effective pest
management.
• Prevent pest incursions through sanitation procedures, proper food storage, and the timely
removal of standing water. Physical barriers such as weatherstripping, caulk, and screens
also help prevent infestations.
• Implement integrated pest management strategies, including the selective application of
low-impact pesticides and the introduction of natural predators to control pests.
• Apply pesticides only where needed, in limited and targeted applications.
• When pesticides are needed, they should be applied only by licensed professionals and for
their intended use.
• Use direct application of pesticides to problem areas rather than sprays and fogs to limit
airborne exposure.
• Apply pesticides only when buildings are unoccupied and food is safely stored to prevent
accidental exposure.
Heating and cooling
• Monitor refrigerants used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and promptly
repair leaks.
• Install low-loss fittings and valves and high-efficiency purge devices to reduce refrigerant
losses during the operation of cooling equipment.
• Maintain boilers in compliance with the Clean Air Act.
A.10
Water Conservation
Proper maintenance of plumbing systems, the use of new technologies, and changes in the
behavior and habits of students, faculty, and staff can significantly reduce the amount of water
consumed on campus and disposed into the sewer system.
• Conduct a water audit to identify and evaluate plumbing equipment on campus.
• Conduct a water conservation campaign to reduce campus water usage.
• Retrofit or replace toilets, faucet aerators, and showerheads with low-flow models.
• Consider closed loop heating and cooling systems for new buildings; these systems recycle
water after sending it through a cooling tower or heating plant, thus reducing water usage.
Due to the high cost of closed loop systems, they are most appropriate in situations where
minimal net water usage is a high priority.
• Fix dripping or leaking water pipes and fixtures, running hoses, and malfunctioning toilets
as promptly as possible.
• Decrease the use of potable water for sewage conveyance by using gray water systems; gray
water can also be used for landscape irrigation.
• Further limit the use of potable water for landscape irrigation by harvesting and storing
rainwater for later use in the irrigation of campus grounds; rainwater can be collected from
the roofs of University buildings and stored in underground or at-grade tanks for use in
irrigating lawns and green spaces.
• Use hardy native plant species for campus grounds to limit the need for supplemental
irrigation.
• Where irrigation is required, use drip irrigation, micro-irrigation, moisture sensors, weatherbased controllers, or other water-efficient systems.
• Establish separate zones for plants with different water needs, so irrigation is only provided
where necessary.
A.11
Stormwater Management
Best management practices for stormwater are site-specific and must be designed to respond to
specific soil and groundwater conditions. Generally, the following standards can be applied to
stormwater management campus-wide:
• Determine the goals and expected outcomes of a campus-wide stormwater management
plan.
• Preserve any existing wetland areas on or near campus as a first and most important step
for reducing stormwater runoff.
• Maximize on-site stormwater infiltration and capture rainwater from impervious areas for
groundwater recharge or reuse within campus buildings.
• Prepare stormwater management plans for all new and existing campus parking lots.
• Provide landscaping for all surface parking lots; at least 20% of the surface area of any
hard-surface paved area should be landscaped.
• Plant trees at the perimeter of parking areas as well as within the lots.
• Use permeable paved surfaces, such as porous concrete and porous asphalt, interlocking pavers,
open-grid pavement systems, and reinforced grass for parking lots to reduce stormwater
runoff.
• Incorporate planting strips between sections of pavement to screen parking areas and collect runoff.
• Consider stormwater management features to store and filter stormwater runoff from
paved areas on campus. These features include:
1. Sand-filters, which remove solids and reduce pollutants as stormwater exits a parking lot.
Generally, sand-filters are two-tiered systems which first remove debris and then filter
pollutants from stormwater. The chamber of a sand filter should have a surface area of
approximately 360 square feet per acre of runoff.
•
A.12
2. Bio-retention basins or “pocket wetlands,” which consist of deep, porous earth areas
planted with trees and shrubs that thrive in wet and dry conditions. The roots of
these plant materials absorb and help to break down contaminants from storm runoff.
Clay soils and high water tables will limit the exfiltration from bio-retention basins
and bio-swales, so these conditions must be taken into account when designing any
stormwater management feature.
Consider green roofs (also discussed in the Construction and Rehabilitation guidelines on
page 4) for new and existing campus buildings. Green roofs and roof gardens can be designed
to retain precipitation, reduce peak-flow run-off, and filter pollution and nutrients from
stormwater.
Erosion Control
Wind, rainwater and runoff, and human activity can lead to soil loss and erosion. Soil erosion
causes the loss of nutrient-rich top soil and pollutes local waterways with sediment, as well as
pesticides and fertilizers used in grounds maintenance.
The natural topography of the Youngstown region makes the YSU campus especially susceptible to
erosion. The following guidelines can reduce erosion problems on campus:
• Avoid development on sites with extreme slopes or hills.
• Incorporate an erosion and sediment control plan into all capital improvement projects on
campus.
• Identify and map areas with high susceptibility to erosion for the entire campus.
• Use silt fencing, sediment traps, and other stabilization methods for steep slopes; keep in
mind that these measures provide only a moderate amount of erosion control and do not
prevent the erosion of fine-grain sediment.
• As a more effective measure, provide or maintain a hardy ground cover to reduce erosion
during construction projects; ground cover should be established within seven days of site
disturbance.
• Limit the disruption of topsoil and native vegetation during construction projects.
• Choose appropriate plantings of native grasses, shrubs, and other vegetation to reduce the
risk of erosion on hillsides and steep slopes.
A.13
Green Space Network
The green space network at YSU contributes to the quality of life, academic environment, and
University identity for students, faculty, staff, and visitors. The design and configuration of
campus grounds contributes substantially to the “curb appeal” of the campus for the first-time
visitor. Green spaces can reinforce the University’s commitment to sustainable practices and
provide visible evidence of this commitment.
• Establish land conservation and the preservation of open space as a priority for the University.
• Maximize the quantity and quality of landscaping throughout the campus; consider
all surfaces as landscape opportunities, including roofs and walls.
• Integrate and closely coordinate building and landscape design for all new construction
and rehabilitation projects.
• Design multi-purpose landscapes that provide recreational opportunities, treat stormwater,
create bird and animal habitat, and reduce heat islands.
• Create a habitat plan to identify planting strategies that encourage a healthy ecosystem within the
context of campus sustainability goals; a comprehensive approach to linking public and private open
spaces will help to establish the critical mass needed for effective habitat creation and conservation.
• Make sustainability efforts visible throughout the campus to reinforce the University’s
educational mission and its commitment to the environment. For example:
1. Use rainwater collection features to demonstrate how rainwater is collected and reused
on campus. Rainwater collection features can be incorporated into the facades of
buildings or rain barrels can be installed at the ends of building downspouts.
2. Curbs can be eliminated in selected areas to allow rainwater to run into planting
strips, demonstrating the concept of natural irrigation.
3. Consider installing photovoltaic panels in campus open spaces that use collected
energy to power lighting, clocks, fountains, and other amenities.
4. Develop an interpretive sign system that identifies sustainable features of the
campus.
• Design landscaping to reduce heat islands around campus buildings and parking areas.
• Aim to provide shade for at least 30% of non-roof impervious surfaces on campus,
including parking lots, walkways, and plazas.
• Design parks and green spaces as extensions of indoor spaces to maximize their use.
A.14
Landscaping and Plant Materials
Using hardy native plants for YSU landscapes will help protect the biodiversity of the campus
environment and reduce maintenance and irrigation requirements.
• Inventory trees, shrubs, and other plant materials on campus to identify invasive exotic
species (to be removed) and to quantify the proportion of the existing landscape that is
composed of Ohio-native species. The most widespread invasive species are listed on page
30-31.
• Select plant materials based on soil conditions, water requirements, and the size of each
site.
• Use native plants wherever possible.
• Do not plant invasive species; eradicate invasive species where they occur
• Aim to have campus landscaping that consists of at least 50% native species and 75% low
maintenance plants (those that require minimal mowing, weeding, trimming, and irrigation).
Tables of native and low-maintenance trees, shrubs, and plants are found on pages 23-30.
• Incorporate a diverse range of plant materials in campus green spaces, particularly plants
that grow naturally together and are self-sustaining.
• Plant seed-, berry-, and nectar-producing shrubs that are attractive to birds, butterflies, and
other insects.
• Avoid plant species that require frequent maintenance and irrigation.
• Avoid allergy-causing plants and those that require chemical treatment.
• Provide good growing conditions, including adequate root space for plants and trees.
• Use structural soils, where appropriate, to ensure adequate oxygen, water, and growing
space for tree root systems.
1. Structural soils are a combination of gravel, a growing medium of clay loam, and
binders to fix the stone and soil together. This combination provides the load-bearing
required for tree roots in urban conditions without creating compaction. In addition to
providing a better growing environment for street trees, structural soils tend to reduce
problems with sidewalk heaving.
2. Amended soils are less expensive, though less effective, than structural soils. But
amended soils can be combined with continuous planting trenches to establish a
healthy growing environment for street trees. Continuous trenching entails the
removal of the subgrade along the entire length of a planting area as an alternative to
individual tree pits, providing additional space for root growth.
• Specify large caliper trees (3 to 3-½ inches) at planting; the planting cost will be higher, but
the improved survival rate of trees over the long term will offset the initial expense.
A.15
• Plant trees to provide adequate shade coverage for pedestrians and park users.
• Consider native prairie grasses for campus lawns. Where a more traditional lawn is desired,
use turf-type tall fescue for campus lawn areas. Tall fescue tolerates low soil fertility and
highly compacted soils better than Kentucky bluegrass and requires less maintenance. It
holds up well to heavy traffic, is resistant to disease and insects, and tolerates sun, shade
and drought. It is, however, more coarse in appearance than other, more commonly used
turf grasses. Where a more refined appearance is needed, use a combination of Kentucky
bluegrass and perennial rye grass in sunny areas, or Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue for
shade.
• Specify landscape furnishings, such as benches and trash receptacles, that are consistent
in style, color, and material; choose furnishings made of recycled or regionally produced
materials wherever possible.
• Install raised planters, particularly where site conditions will not allow for street trees.
1. Focus planters in specific areas to achieve maximum impact.
2. Specify planters that are manufactured in the northeast Ohio region or constructed of
recycled materials.
3. Container plantings typically require fertilizers to maintain plant health; develop a
nutrient management plan (including periodic soil testing) to ensure that fertilizers are
only applied in the minimal quantities needed for plant health.
A.16
Landscape Maintenance
Strategic modifications to day-to-day campus maintenance policies can significantly reduce the
University’s adverse environmental impacts.
Maintenance products
• Substitute non-toxic products for toxic products wherever possible. For example, water-based paint
can be used to line the boundaries of athletic fields to reduce the use of hazardous substances.
• Consider organic alternatives to herbicides, pesticides, and insecticides.
• Develop a nutrient management plan for campus grounds to reduce the need for fertilizer
applications; conduct a soil test before applying fertilizer.
University lawns and fields A “green” university does not necessarily have continuous lawns
of a limited range of turf grasses, mowed low and evenly. More sustainable practices for lawn and
field maintenance include:
• Allow some areas of indigenous plant species in University green spaces to reduce lawn
maintenance requirements.
• Increase the diversity of grasses and other plants in lawn areas to include clovers and
naturally occurring broadleaf plants (typically considered weeds) in order to reduce
watering requirements and reduce or eliminate the need for herbicides and pesticides.
• Where weed control is desirable, consider organic alternatives to chemical herbicides. Herbicidal
soaps are non-selective, contact herbicides that are effective against annual weeds such as
chickweed, spotted spurge, and crabgrass, although less effective on grasses and larger taproot
weeds. Corn gluten is an effective pre-emergent herbicide that can be applied in early spring
(prior to weed seed germination) to control crabgrass, barnyard grass, foxtails, dandelion, and
other weeds.
• Limit the use of pesticides for lawn maintenance. When necessary, consider the use of dry
pesticides that are spread on the ground and watered to reduce airborne exposure as a result
of spraying.
• Insecticide soaps and oils, applied at targeted times, can also be effective in interrupting the
life cycle of a specific pest.
• Avoid the use of sod, as sod-production is an energy, soil, and water-intensive industry.
• Mulch grass clippings while mowing and allow them to remain on lawn areas; this practice
saves labor, reduces waste disposal, and provides a natural alternative to chemical fertilizers.
• Raise mowing heights to 5˝ to maintain healthy turf grass and inhibit the growth of weeds.
• Vary mowing patterns to reduce soil compaction.
• Allow soil to dry between waterings to inhibit beetle grubs, webworms, moles, and lawn
diseases.
A.17
• Apply fertilizer only as needed and according to soil tests.
• Compost leaves on-site or at an off-site location; the compost material can be reused in the
spring or fall as a topdressing where it will provide nutrients and water-retaining organic
materials to lawns and planting beds. Top dressing should be done in conjunction with core
aeration to prevent thatch.
• Specify hydromulch (consisting of 100% recycled materials) for campus grounds.
• Whenever possible, allow lawns and athletic fields to “rest” for a limited period of time after
heavy or demanding use.
Snow and ice removal The removal of snow and ice from the YSU campus is necessary
to ensure safe driving and walking conditions. Although salt is effective and economical for
ice removal, it damages plants and trees, and can pollute local water supplies. Runoff from
stockpiles of salt and salt-laden snow intensifies this problem. Although the use of salt in
maintaining campus grounds cannot be entirely eliminated, the following practices can reduce
adverse environmental effects:
• Keep stockpiles of salt in enclosed storage structures to reduce the risk of polluting runoff.
• In some instances, sand can be substituted for salt. This is especially true for flat parking
lot surfaces. However, the additional wear and tear on carpets and floors in affected campus
buildings must be taken into account.
• Consider chemical alternatives to salt; although these alternatives can be costly, they should
be considered for use around sensitive trees and plantings in order to reduce plant loss and
damage.
• Avoid piling snow on planting areas and in bio-retention basins.
• Consider piling plowed snow in a series of small piles (instead of one large pile) to reduce
soil compaction.
A.18
Circulation and Parking
Street design The character of the existing streets through the campus is determined by
adjacent land uses. In general:
• Consider landscaped medians for major thoroughfares that lead people to and through the
campus.
• Select plant materials for campus streetscapes that are hardy and salt-tolerant.
• Adopt a minimum sidewalk width of six feet on campus streets to facilitate snowplowing
and to accommodate heavy pedestrian usage.
• Specify asphaltic concrete with a minimum recycled content of 25% by weight.
Alternative modes of transportation Access to the University can be enhanced by promoting
alternative transportation modes. Bicycle and pedestrian travel can be promoted through street
design.
• Provide bicycle racks and storage lockers throughout campus, with concentrations at key
campus destinations.
• Provide shower facilities, as an amenity for bicyclists, in non-residential buildings.
• Stripe roadways with bike lanes wherever street width and traffic patterns allow for this.
• Install “Share the Road” signs along major bicycle routes to promote awareness of the
presence of bicyclists where bike lanes have not been created.
• Construct clear and safe crosswalks with signage and lights as needed, to ensure pedestrian safety.
• Wherever possible, limit curb cuts to one 20-foot access drive per block frontage; encourage
shared driveways for adjacent buildings.
Parking
• Site parking facilities strategically to provide safe and convenient access to main campus
destinations.
• Provide access to parking from secondary streets.
• Provide preferred parking near building entrances for carpools and alternative fuel vehicles.
• Evaluate assumptions about peak load requirements and parking space size to reduce the
amount of land devoted to parking; do not exceed local zoning code requirements when
planning for campus parking areas.
• Allow for and accommodate alternative uses (such as tailgating activities) in campus parking facilities.
A.19
Native and Hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Plants
Large Trees
A.20
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Acer nigrum
Black Maple
Yes
Widespread
Acer rubrum
Red Maple
Yes
Widespread
Acer saccharinum
Silver Maple
Yes
Widespread
Acer saccharum
Sugar Maple
Yes
Widespread
Aesculus flava
Yellow Buckeye
Yes
South
Betual nigra
River Birch
Yes
South central
Betula lutea
Yellow Birch
Yes
Northeast, South
Betula papyrifera Paper Birch
No
Fagus grandiflora
American Beech
Yes
Widespread
Fraxinus americana White Ash
Yes
Widespread
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Red or Green Ash
Yes
Widespread
Fraxinus quadrangulata
Blue Ash
Yes
Southwest, Northwest
Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis
Thornless Honeylocust
Yes
Widespread
Gymnosladus dioicus
Kentucky Coffeetree
Yes
Southwest, West
Larix laricina
Eastern Larch
Yes
Northeast
Liliodendron tulipifera
Tuliptree
Yes
Widespread
Liquidombar styraciflua
Sweetgum
Yes
South
Platanus occidentalis
Sycamore
Yes
Widespread
Quercus alba
White Oak
Yes
Widespread
Quercus bicolor
Swamp White Oak
Yes
Widespread
Quercus coccinea
Scarlet Oak
Yes
East, Central, South
Quercus macrocarpa
Burr Oak
Yes
North, West central
Quercus palustris
Pin Oak
Yes
Northcentral
Quercus rubrum
Red Oak
Yes
Widespread
Quercus shumardii
Shumard Red Oak
Yes
West
Taxodium distichum
Baldcypress
No
Tilia americana
American Linden
Yes
Zelkova serrata
Japanese Zelkova
No
Widespread
Medium/Large Trees
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Acer campastre
Hedge Maple
No
Carpinus betulus
European Hornbeam
No
Corylus colerna
Turkish Filbert
No
Koelreuteria paniculata
Panicled Goldenrain Tree
No
Nyssa sylvatica
Black Tupelo
Yes Tilia Cordata
Littleleaf Linden
No
Region
Widespread
Ornamental Trees
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Acer grinnala
Amur Maple
No
Acer griseum
Paperbark Maple
No
Acer palmatum
Japanese Maple
No
Aesculus pavia
Red Buckeye
No
Amelanchier arborea
Downy Serviceberry
Yes
East
Amelanchier laevis
Allegheny Serviceberry
Yes
North
Carpinus Caroliana American Hornbeam
Yes
Widespread
Cercis canadensis
Eastern Redbud
Yes
South
Chionanthus virginicus
Fringe Tree
Yes
South
Cornus alternifolia
Pagoda Dogwood
Yes
East
Cornus drummondi
Roughleaf Dogwood
Yes
Southwest
Cornus florida
Flowering Dogwood
Yes
Widespread
Cornus kousa Kousa Dogwood
No
Crataegus crusgalli
Cockspur Hawthorn
Yes
Widespread
Crataegus phaenopyrum
Washington Hawthorn
Yes
Southwest/East central
Halesia tetraptera
Carolina Silverbell
Yes
South
Hamamelis virginiana
Common Witchhazel
Yes
East
Magnolia stellata
Star Magnolia
No
Magnolia virginiana
Sweetbay Magnolia
No
Magnolia x soulangiana
Saucer magnolia
No
A.21
Ornamental Trees, continued
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Malus spp.
Crabapple family
No
Prunus sargentii
Sargent Cherry
No
Prunus subhirtella
Higan Cherry
No
Prunus virginiana Common Chokeberry
Yes
Pyrus calleryana
Callery Pear
No
Syringa spp.
Lilac
No
Region
North
Large Conifers
A.22
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Abies concolor
White Fir
No
Picea abies
Norway Spruce
No
Picea glauca
White Spruce
No
Picea glauca ‘Conica’
Dwarf Alberta Spruce
No
Picea omorika
Serbian Spruce
No
Picea pungens
Colorado Spruce
No
Pinus bungeana
Lacebark Pine
No
Pinus nigra
Austrian Pine
No
Pinus strobus
White Pine
Yes Pinus sylvestris
Scotch Pine
No
Tsuga canadensis
Canada Hemlock
Yes Region
Widespread
West
Large Broadleaf Shrubs
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Aesculus parviflora
Bottlebrush Buckeye
No
Aronia arbutifolia
Red Chokeberry
Yes
Widespread
Aronia melanocarpa
Black Chokeberry
Yes
Widespread
Forsythia spp.
Forsythia
No
Hydrangea macrophylla
Bigleaf Hydrangea
No
Hydrangea quercifolia
Oakleaf Hydrangea
No
Syringa spp.
Lilac
No
Viburnum acerifolium
Mapleleaf Viburnum
Yes
East
Viburnum alnifolium
Hobblebush
Yes
Northeast
Viburnum dentatum
Arrowwood Viburnum
Yes
South central
Viburnum lentago
Nannyberry
Yes
Widespread
Viburnum trilobum
Amer. Cranberry Bush
Yes
Northeast
Medium Broadleaf Shrubs
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Berberis thunbergii
Japanese Barberry
No
Buddleia spp.
Butterflybush family
No
Buxus spp.
Boxwood family
No
Cornus alba
Tatarian Dogwood
No
Cotoneaster spp.
Cotoneaster family
No
Euonymus alatus
Burning Bush
No
Kalmia latifolia
Mountain Laurel
Yes
Kerria japonica
Japanese Kerria
No
Mahonia aquifolium
Oregon Grapeholly
No
Rhododendron spp.
Rhododendron family
Yes
Ribes alpinum
Alpine Currant
No
Southeast
South
A.23
Small Broadleaf Shrubs
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Deutzia garcillus
Slender Deutzia
No
Fothergilla gardenii
Dwarf fothergilla
No
Itea virginica
Virginia Sweetspire
No
Potentilla fruticosa
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Yes
Spirea spp.
Spirea
No
Region
Widespread
Evergreen Shrubs
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Chamaecyparis spp.
Falsecypress family
No
Illex glabra
Inkberry
No
Illex x meserveae
Meserve Hybrid Holly
No
Illex verticillata
Winterberry
Yes
Widespread
Juniperus virginiana
Eastern Red Cedar
Yes
Widespread
Juniperus spp. Other Juniper Cultivars
No
Myrica pensylvatica
Northern Bayberry
Yes
Pinus mugo
Mugo Pine
No
Taxus canadensis
Canadian Yew
Yes
Northeast/East central
Thuja occidentalis
Eastern Arborvitae
Yes
South central
Northeast
Vines and Groundcovers
A.24
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Campsis radicans
Trumpet Creeper
Yes
Widespread
Clematis virginiana Virgin’s Blower
Yes
Widespread
Euonymus fortunei var. colorata
Purple Winter Creeper
No
Gaultheria procumbens
Creeping Wintergreen
Yes
Hedera helix
English Ivy
No
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Virginia Creeper
Yes
Wisteria spp.
Wisteria family
No
East
Widespread
Grasses and Sedges
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Andropogon gerardii
Big Bluestem
Yes
Calamagrostis acutiflora
Feather Reed Grass
No
Carex muskingumensis
Palm Sedge
Yes Widespread
Chasmanthium latifolium
Northern Sea Oats
Yes
Widespread
Juncus effusus
Soft Rush
Yes
Widespread
Liriope spicata
Creeping Lilyturf
No
Miscanthus sinensis
Maiden Grass
No
Panicum virgatum
Switchgrass
Yes
Widespread
Schizachyrium scoparius
Little Bluestream
Yes
Widespread
Sorghastrum nutans
Indian Grass
Yes
Widespread
Spartina pectinata
Prairie Cord Grass
Yes
Widespread
Widespread
Perennials
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Achillea
Yarrow
No
Adiantum pedatum
Maidenhair Fern
Yes
Armeria spp.
Thrift Family
No
Artemesia spp.
Artemesia family
No
Aster spp.
Aster family
Yes
Astilbe spp.
Astilbe family
No
Campanula spp.
Bellflower family
No
Chrysanthemum spp.
Mum Family
No
Chrysanthemum x superbum
Shasta Daisy
No
Coreopsis spp.
Coreopsis family
No
Dicentra spp.
Bleeding Hearts
No
Dianthus spp.
Dianthus family
No
Echinacea spp.
Coneflower family
No
Euphorbia corollata
Flowering Spurge
Yes
Widespread
Geranium maculatum
Wild Geranium
Yes
Widespread
Helianthus x multiflorus
Perennial Sunflower
No
Hemerocallis hybrids
Daylily
No
Widespread
Widespread
A.25
Perennials
A.26
Botanical Name
Common Name
Ohio Native
Region
Heuchera spp.
Coralbell family
No
Hosta spp.
Hosta family
No
Iris spp.
Iris family
Yes
Lamium maculatum
Spotted Deadnettle
No
Lavadula spp.
Lavender family
No
Ligularia spp.
Ligularia family
Yes
Widespread
Lobelia cardinalis
Cardinal Flower
Yes
Widespread
Monarda didyma
Bee Balm
No
Mertensia virginica
Virginia Bluebells
Yes
Widespread
Metteuccia pensylvanica
Ostrich Fern
Yes
Widespread
Narcissus
Daffodil
No
Osmunda cinnamomea
Cinnamon Fern
Yes
Widespread
Phlox divaricata
Wild Blue Phlox
Yes
Widespread
Polemonium reptans
Creeping Jacob’s Ladder
No
Polystichum acrostichoides
Christmas Fern
Yes
Widespread
Rudbeckia hirta
Black-Eyed Susan
Yes
Widespread
Rudbeckia triloba
Three-Lobed Coneflower
Yes
Widespread
Salvia spp.
Salvia family
No
Sedum spp.
Sedum family
No
Stachys byzantina
Lamb’s Ear
No
Tulip
Tulip
No
Yucca filimentosa
Yucca
No
Widespread
Invasive Non-native Plants
from The Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Autumn Olive (Elaegnus umbellate)
Type of Plant: large shrub/small tree
Native Alternatives: Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Serviceberry (Amelanchier
arborea)
Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)
Type of Plant: large shrub
Native Alternatives: Lance-leafed Buckthorn (Rhamnus lanceolata), Winterberry (Illex verticillata), Dogwoods
(Cornus spp.), White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis).
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
Type of Plant: herb
Native Alternatives: not generally planted
Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera maackii, Lonicera tatarica, Lonicera morrowii)
Native Alternatives: Nine-bark (Physocarpus opulifolius), Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Northern Arrowwood
(Viburnum dentatum), Winterberry (Illex verticillata), Chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia, Aronia melanocarpa)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
Type of Plant: vine/creeper
Native Alternatives: Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), Wild Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica),
Virgin’s Bower (Clematis virginiana)
Japanese Knotweed (Rhamnus frangula, Polygonum cuspidatum)
Native Alternatives: Northern Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium),
Dogwoods (Cornus spp.), Chokeberries (Aronia prunifolia, Aronia melanocarpa)
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
Type of Plant: tall garden flower
Native Alternatives: Spiked Blazing-Star (Liatris spicata), Blue Lobelia (Lobelia siphilitca), Cardinal Flower
(Lobelia cardinalis), Rose Mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor)
Common Reed Grass (Phragmites australis)
Type of Plant: very tall grass
Native Alternatives: Indian Grass (Sorghastrum nutans), Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Prairie Cord
Grass (Spartina pectinata), Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis Canadensis)
Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea)
Type of Plant: ornamental grass
Native Alternatives: Prairie Cord Grass (Spartina pectinata), Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis Canadensis)
Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)
Type of Plant: large spreading shrub
Native Alternatives: Carolina Rose (Rosa Carolina), Black Haw (Viburnum prunifolium), Swamp Rose (Rosa
palustris), Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica), Smooth Rose (Rosa blanda)
A.27
Hardy Plant Materials
for Green Roofs
The range of plant choices for green roofs and roof gardens will depend on the planting media, and
drainage system, and the availability of water. A wider variety of plant materials will thrive in a
roof garden environment if irrigation is installed and regular, on-going maintenance is provided for.
Roof gardens can be designed to require no irrigation and very little maintenance, but this will limit
the appropriate planting choices. Wind exposure and existing sun and shade conditions will also
influence planting decisions.
The structural system of the roof will influence the range of plant materials that can be used for a roof
garden. Succulents and alpine-type plants will grow in lightweight media that does not significantly
increase roof loads. Shrubs and trees require deeper growing media and additional roof support. The
intended use of the roof garden will also influence plant selection. Roof gardens that are visible from
the street will benefit from plant materials that provide four-season interest. Roof gardens that are
accessible to the public as an amenity should be designed with plantings that enhance the experience
of garden users. Although plants must be selected to correspond to the conditions and anticipated use
of a specific roof garden, the following plants can be adapted to many roof garden applications:
Flowering groundcovers
Winter interest
Allium senenscens ‘Glaucum’
Sedum album ‘Athoum’
Sedum lanceolatum
Allium schoenoprasm
Sedum album var. balticum
Sedum middendorffianum diffusus
Armeria maritima alba
Sedum album ‘Chloroticum’
Sedum middendorffianum ‘Stria-
Delosperma (numerous varieties)
Sedum album ssp. clusianum
tum’
Jovibarba allionii
Sedum album ‘Coral Carpet’
Sedum oryzifolium ‘Tiny Form’
Jovibarba hirta ‘Emerald Spring’
Sedum album ‘Faro Form’
Sedum sexangulare
Orostachys boehmeri
Sedum album ‘France
Sedum sichotense
Sedum (numerous varieties)
Sedum album micranthum
Sedum spurium ‘Fuldaglut’
Talinum (numerous varieties)
Sedum album ‘Murale’
Sedum stefco
Sedum ‘Atlanticum’
Sedum stenopetalum
Shade & moisture loving
groundcovers
A.28
Sedum ‘Blue Lagoon’
Sedum oreganum
Sedum floriferum
‘Weihenstephaner Gold’
Sedum lydium
Sedum hybridum ‘Immergrauch’
Sedum ternatum
Sedum japonicum senanense
Bibliography
ASHRAE 62-2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. www.ASHRAE.org
Peggy F. Barlett and Geoffrey W. Chase, eds., Sustainability on Campus: Stories and Strategies for
Change. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2004.
City of New York Department of Design and Construction, High Performance Building
Guidelines, 1999.
Sarah Hammond Creighton, Greening the Ivory Tower: Improving the Environmental Track Record
of Universities, Colleges, and Other Institutions. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
1998.
Julian Keniry, Ecodemia: Campus Environmental Stewardship at the Turn of the 21st Century.
National Wildlife Federation, Washington, DC, 1995.
Jane C. Martin, Alyn Eickholt, and Joanne Dole, Natural Organic Lawn Care for Ohio. The
Ohio State University Extension, Columbus, Ohio, 2004.
Northland College, Policies and Procedures for Landscape Design. Ashland, Wisconsin, 2003.
Resource Guide for Sustainable Development in an Urban Environment, Urban Environmental
Institute, Seattle, Washington, 2002.
Stanford University, Guidelines for Sustainable Buildings, 2002.
Triangle J Council of Governments, High Performance Guidelines: Triangle Region Public
Facilities, Version 2.0. Research Triangle, North Carolina, 2001.
US EPA Energy Star Roofing Guidelines, www.epa.gov.appdstar/roofing/specs.htm
US Green Building Council, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green
Building Rating System, Version 2.1
A.29
A.30

Youngstown State University CENTENNIAL CAMPUS MASTER

Transcription

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