Pembentangan 5 : Zooplankton community in the Johor island

Pembentangan 5 : Zooplankton community in the Johor island

Zooplankton community in the
Johor island archipelago
Yoshida T, Tan HS, Assamudin BAH, Che ARM
 Conventional grazing food chain
Primary producers
Zooplankton
Higher trophic levels
 Conventional grazing food chain
Primary producers
Zooplankton
Higher trophic levels
 Effect on carrying capacity of
marine ecosystems.
 Indicators of environmental
change.
 ‘Ecological health’
Zooplankton studies in Malaysian
coastal waters
 The Malacca Straits
Cleve 1901, Sewell 1933, Wickstead 1961, Chua & Chong 1973, 1975, Othman et al.
1990, 1994, Idris et al 1995, 1999, Johan et al. 2002, Rezai 2002, Rezai et al. 2003,
2004, 2005, 2009, Yoshida et al. 2006, 2012, etc…
● The East Coast
Othman 1988, Salim 1993, Zaleha 2006, 2008, Nakajima 2008, 2009
West coast
>20 reports
East coast
6 reports?
Objectives
 To examine the zooplankton community composition and
abundance in the Johor island archipelago.
 To provide a baseline information for future ecological and
monitoring studies.
Materials and Methods
Islands (no. of stations)
Aur
5
Pemanggil
2
Sibu
2
Tinggi
2
Besar
1
Total: 12 stations
Zooplankton
Plankton net (140 µm mesh size; 50 cm mouth dia.; flowmeter equipped)
Horizontal tow (5 min; 0 m depth)
Duplicate samples at each station
Hydrography
Temperature
Salinity
Chlorophyll a
Sample analysis
Fixed in 5% buffered Formalin
Zooplankton identified and quantified
N
Near coastal Offshore
Pemanggil
Besar
Aur
Tinggi
Sibu
30 km
Zooplankton
Table 1. Zooplankton community composition and abundances at each sampling station.
Abundance (inds. m-3)
Pemanggil
Aur
Zooplankton groups
Amphipod
Appendicularia
Balanus
Bivalvia
Chaetognatha
Cladocera (Evadne)
Cladocera (Podon)
Cladocera (Penilia)
Copepods
Crab zoea
Crustacean nauplius
Ctenophore
Cyrripedia
Decapod larva
Euphausiid
Fish eggs
Fish larva
Foraminifera
Gastropoda
Hydromedusa
Isopoda
Lucifer
Mysidacea
Ophiuroida
Ostracoda
Polycheata
Polycheat larvae
Siphonophora
Squid eggs
Tintinnid
Unidentified
Lang
0.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
40.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
639.9
0.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
67.4
0.0
53.9
0.0
0.0
13.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
26.9
0.0
0.0
2.2
0.0
0.6
Tk. Jawa,
Dayang
3.1
44.0
0.0
6.3
62.9
3.1
0.0
3.1
416.0
3.1
6.3
0.0
0.0
18.9
0.0
3.1
1.0
22.0
62.9
0.0
1.0
1.0
2.1
0.0
9.4
9.4
2.1
0.0
3.1
0.0
0.5
Tk. Air
Nenek
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
10.1
10.1
0.0
0.0
358.2
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
0.7
0.7
0.0
0.0
6.7
0.1
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.4
6.7
1.7
0.0
10.1
0.0
6.7
Tg. Rekai Tk. Miyang
1.9
22.9
0.0
91.4
114.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
805.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
0.0
17.1
5.7
5.7
74.3
0.0
0.0
5.7
0.0
17.1
148.6
11.4
11.4
1.9
5.7
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
22.5
11.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
656.7
0.0
22.5
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
16.8
0.0
0.0
56.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.6
4.5
1.1
1.1
0.0
2.2
67.4
0.0
Tk. Sauk
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.3
25.1
0.0
2.1
0.0
557.4
2.1
4.2
0.0
0.0
6.3
0.0
18.9
0.0
0.0
6.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.6
6.3
0.0
0.0
6.3
0.0
18.9
Tk.
Pontianak
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
260.3
0.0
5.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
10.6
0.0
0.0
5.3
0.0
0.0
Sibu
Malang
Acha
0.0
5.9
0.0
5.9
47.2
2.0
0.0
0.0
202.4
5.9
5.9
1.0
1.0
11.8
0.0
5.9
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
0.0
0.0
5.9
Tinggi
Tg. Bontot
Mariam
31.4
188.6
31.4
2420.4
440.1
0.0
10.5
0.0
4212.1
251.5
94.3
0.0
0.0
502.9
0.0
31.4
0.0
0.0
1068.8
0.0
0.0
21.0
0.0
0.0
377.2
94.3
94.3
62.9
0.0
880.2
10.5
Tg.
Sebirah
Besar
0.0
188.6
0.0
74.1
64.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1819.8
20.2
23.6
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.0
7.9
0.0
20.2
101.0
20.2
0.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
22.5
40.4
6.7
20.8
0.6
23.6
7.9
Besar
Mentiggi
0.0
296.4
0.0
215.5
323.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
5298.9
26.9
188.6
0.0
0.0
107.8
0.0
26.9
4.5
0.0
350.3
0.0
9.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
188.6
0.0
Tk.
Rapang
0.0
37.7
0.0
0.0
207.5
6.3
0.0
6.3
2609.0
3.1
37.7
0.0
3.1
37.7
0.0
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.1
169.7
0.0
6.3
Total:
● 31 zooplankton taxa
● 27 copepod taxa
Copepods
Table 2. Copepod community composition and abundances at each sampling station.
Abundance (inds. m-3)
Pemanggil
Aur
Tk.
Tk. Air
Jawa,
Nenek
Dayang
Copepod groups Lang
Acartia
Acrocalanus
Benthic
harpacticoid
Calanopia
Calocalanus
Candacia
Canthocalanus
Centropages
Clausocalanus
Clytemnestra
Corycaeus
Eucalanus
Eucheata
Euterpina
Labidocera
Metacalanus
Macrosetella
Metis
Microsetella
Oithona
Oncaea
Paracalanus
Parvocalanus
Sapphirina
Subeucalanus
Temora
Tortanus
Tg.
Rekai
Tk.
Miyang
Tk.
Tk. Sauk Pontiana
k
Sibu
Tinggi
Tg.
Malang
Bontot
Acha
Mariam
Besar
Tg.
Sebirah Mentiggi
Besar
Tk.
Rapang
0.0
20.2
6.3
3.1
16.8
3.4
57.2
5.7
1.1
0.0
0.0
44.0
1.8
1.8
0.0
5.9
0.0
94.3
6.7
26.9
26.9
350.3
0.0
75.4
2.2
1.0
3.4
1.9
0.0
2.1
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.2
20.2
13.5
0.0
0.0
53.9
0.0
0.0
40.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
161.7
60.6
87.6
60.6
80.8
0.0
33.7
2.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
31.4
81.7
0.0
25.1
28.3
0.0
0.0
40.9
0.0
3.1
0.0
0.0
31.4
50.3
37.7
12.6
34.6
0.0
25.1
0.0
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.6
8.4
6.7
0.0
0.0
74.1
0.0
6.7
3.4
0.0
0.0
3.4
0.0
0.7
90.9
10.1
26.9
94.3
0.0
5.1
3.4
0.0
0.0
1.9
1.9
40.0
62.9
17.1
5.7
62.9
0.0
5.7
22.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
68.6
97.2
102.9
51.4
137.2
5.7
34.3
22.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
5.6
0.0
0.0
13.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
6.7
202.1
33.7
5.6
376.1
0.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
12.6
37.7
2.1
0.0
62.9
0.0
4.2
12.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
75.4
56.6
62.9
69.2
25.1
0.0
88.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
5.3
0.0
0.9
15.9
0.0
0.0
10.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
15.9
90.3
21.3
21.3
69.1
0.0
1.8
0.0
0.0
11.8
0.0
2.0
5.9
5.9
0.0
0.0
29.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17.7
53.0
29.5
17.7
17.7
0.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.5
31.4
31.4
0.0
62.9
408.6
0.0
31.4
345.8
0.0
125.7
0.0
0.0
1760.3
62.9
440.1
188.6
502.9
0.0
62.9
21.0
31.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
13.5
0.0
0.0
232.4
0.0
0.0
158.3
6.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
522.0
242.5
138.1
360.4
0.0
84.2
26.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
9.0
26.9
53.9
0.0
26.9
350.3
0.0
26.9
781.4
9.0
107.8
0.0
0.0
107.8
1239.4
458.0
808.3
808.3
0.0
53.9
26.9
0.0
6.3
0.0
18.9
9.4
18.9
0.0
18.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
207.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1263.6
6.3
75.4
886.4
0.0
18.9
3.1
0.0
12000
*
Total zooplankton
Others
Gastropoda
Copepods
Chaetognatha
Bivalvia
Appendicularia
10000
6000
4000
2000
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
5000
Lang
0
6000
Lang
Abundance (ind m-3)
8000
Total copepods
4000
3000
2000
1000
Others
Parvocalanus
Oncaea
Oithona
Microsetella
Corycaeus
0
Offshore
Near coastal
*Near coastal > Offshore
(Mann Whitney p<0.01)
Oithona, Microsetella &
Parvocalanus most common at
near coastal stations.
Major zooplankton
80%
Others
Gastropoda
Copepods
Chaetognatha
Bivalvia
Appendicularia
60%
40%
Bivalves relatively
higher at near
coastal stations.
Copepods 72% of
total zooplankton.
20%
100%
0%
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot…
Malang Acha
Tg. Sebirah…
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
40%
Tk. Air Nenek
60%
Tk. Jawa,…
80%
Lang
Relative abundance (%)
100%
Major copepods
20%
0%
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Offshore
Near coastal
Others
Parvocalanus
Oncaea
Oithona
Microsetella
Corycaeus
Sporadic increases
in Microsetella.
Tk. Miyang:
relatively higher
Parvocalanus
numbers
compared to other
stations.
Zooplankton
20
Similarity
40
60
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
80
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Rapang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Offshore
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Lang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
100
Near coastal
Zooplankton. Group average cluster analysis of similarity (Bray-Curtis)
between stations
Copepods
Similarity
40
60
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
80
100
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Air Nenek
Malang Acha
Tk. Sauk
Lang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Rapang
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Near coastal
Offshore
Copepods. Group average cluster analysis of similarity (Bray-Curtis)
between stations
Summary
 Zooplankton abundances significantly higher at near
coastal vs offshore stations.
 No distinct characteristics in relative abundances.
 Zooplankton and copepod communities show similarities
among stations relative to the distance (near coastal vs
offshore) from the coast.
 Baseline information on zooplankton for future ecological
and monitoring studies obtained.
Thank you.
Table 3. Diversity indices (Shannon index, H’) and evenness
(Pielou’s, J’) of the copepod and zooplankton community.
Copepods
Near coastal
islands
Offshore
islands
Station
Lang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
H' (loge)
2.22
2.43
2.01
2.54
1.15
2.34
1.89
2.21
1.99
1.97
2.20
1.32
J'
0.84
0.88
0.71
0.85
0.48
0.86
0.70
0.84
0.70
0.77
0.75
0.52
Zooplankton
H' (loge)
1.04
1.55
0.86
1.50
1.01
0.84
0.53
1.47
1.91
1.18
1.08
0.71
J'
0.44
0.50
0.31
0.52
0.39
0.33
0.27
0.52
0.65
0.40
0.42
0.28
2000
Oithona
1000
0
10000
8000
6000
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Others
Gastropoda
Copepods
Chaetognatha
Bivalvia
Appendicularia
B
12000
Abundance (ind m-3)
3000
Parvocalanu
s
Oncaea
A
5000
Others
6000
4000
4000
2000
0
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah…
Tg. Bontot…
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa,…
Lang
Figure 2. Abundances of major zooplankton (A) and
copepod (B) groups at each station.
Copepods
60%
40%
Chaetognatha
20%
Bivalvia
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Oithona
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Oncaea
60%
40%
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Microsetella
Corycaeus
20%
0%
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Figure 3. Relative abundance of major zooplankton
(A) and copepod (B) groups at each station.
Parvocalanus
80%
Relative abundance (%)
Others
Gastropoda
80%
Others
Lang
B
100%
Appendicularia
0%
A
100%
100%
Others
90%
Gastropoda
80%
70%
60%
Copepods
50%
Bivalvia
40%
Chaetognatha
30%
Appendicularia
20%
10%
0%
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
100%
Others
90%
Parvocalanus
80%
70%
60%
Oncaea
50%
Microsetella
40%
Oithona
30%
Corycaeus
20%
10%
0%
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Copepods
40
Create triangular similarity/distance matrix
Similarity
Worksheet
File: Sheet1
Sample selection: All
Variable selection: All
60
Parameters
Analyse between: Samples
Similarity measure: Bray Curtis
Standardise: No
Transform: Square root
80
Outputs
Worksheet: Sheet2
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Air Nenek
Malang Acha
Tk. Sauk
Lang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Rapang
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
100
CLUSTER
Hierarchical Cluster analysis
Similarity Matrix
File: Sheet2
Data type: Similarities
Sample selection: All
Parameters
Cluster mode: Group average
Use data ranks: No
60
Similarity
Zooplankton
20
40
80
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Rapang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Aur 5
Pemanggil 2
Sibu 2
Tinggi 2
Besar 1
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
Lang
Tk. Air Nenek
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
100
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Zooplankton
3.0
Copepods
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Pielou's evenness
Shannon index
0.5
0.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Pielou's evenness
Shannon index
0.5
0.0
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Table 1. Diversity indices (H’) and evenness (J’)
of the copepod and zooplankton community.
Copepods
Sample
Lang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
H' (loge)
2.22
2.43
2.01
2.54
1.15
2.34
1.89
2.21
1.99
1.97
2.20
1.32
J'
0.84
0.88
0.71
0.85
0.48
0.86
0.70
0.84
0.70
0.77
0.75
0.52
Zooplankton
H' (loge)
1.04
1.55
0.86
1.50
1.01
0.84
0.53
1.47
1.91
1.18
1.08
0.71
J'
0.44
0.50
0.31
0.52
0.39
0.33
0.27
0.52
0.65
0.40
0.42
0.28
Table 1. Diversity indices (Shannon index, H’) and evenness
(Pielou’s, J’) of the copepod and zooplankton community.
Copepods
Inner islands
Outer islands
Station
Lang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
H' (loge)
2.22
2.43
2.01
2.54
1.15
2.34
1.89
2.21
1.99
1.97
2.20
1.32
J'
0.84
0.88
0.71
0.85
0.48
0.86
0.70
0.84
0.70
0.77
0.75
0.52
Zooplankton
H' (loge)
1.04
1.55
0.86
1.50
1.01
0.84
0.53
1.47
1.91
1.18
1.08
0.71
J'
0.44
0.50
0.31
0.52
0.39
0.33
0.27
0.52
0.65
0.40
0.42
0.28
Table 3. Diversity indices (Shannon index, H’) and evenness
(Pielou’s, J’) of the copepod and zooplankton community.
Copepods
Inner islands
Outer islands
Station
Lang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Pontianak
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tk. Rapang
H' (loge)
2.22
2.43
2.01
2.54*
1.15
2.34
1.89
2.21
1.99
1.97
2.20
1.32
J'
0.84
0.88*
0.71
0.85
0.48
0.86
0.70
0.84
0.70
0.77
0.75
0.52
Highest values in bold* and lowest values in bold.
Zooplankton
H' (loge)
1.04
1.55
0.86
1.50
1.01
0.84
0.53
1.47
1.91*
1.18
1.08
0.71
J'
0.44
0.50
0.31
0.52
0.39
0.33
0.27
0.52
0.65*
0.40
0.42
0.28
Table 2. Mean diversity indices (Shannon
index, H’) and evenness (Pielou’s, J’) of
the copepod and zooplankton community
at each island.
Copepods
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
Overall
Zooplankton
H'
J'
H'
J'
2.07
2.12
2.10
2.08
1.32
1.94
0.75
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.52
0.71
1.19
0.69
1.69
1.13
0.71
1.08
0.43
0.30
0.58
0.41
0.28
0.40
Table 2. Mean diversity indices (Shannon
index, H’) and evenness (Pielou’s, J’) of
the copepod and zooplankton community
at each island.
Copepods
Aur
Pemanggil
Sibu
Tinggi
Besar
Overall
Zooplankton
H'
J'
H'
J'
2.07
2.12*
2.10
2.08
1.32
1.94
0.75
0.78*
0.77
0.76
0.52
0.71
1.19
0.69
1.69*
1.13
0.71
1.08
0.43
0.30
0.58*
0.41
0.28
0.40
Others
Gastropoda
Copepods
Chaetognatha
Bivalvia
Appendicularia
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Others
Parvocalanus
Oncaea
Oithona
Microsetella
Tk. Rapang
Mentiggi
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Malang Acha
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Sauk
Tk. Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Lang
Corycaeus
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
20
Zooplankton
Similarity
40
60
80
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Rapang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Outer island
stations
Tg. Sebirah Besar*
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Sauk
Lang
Tk. Air Nenek
Malang Acha*
Tk. Pontianak
100
Near coastal
island stations
Fig. 4 Group average cluster analysis of similarity (Bray-Curtis)
between stations of the zooplankton community
40
Copepods
Similarity
60
80
Outer island
stations
Fig.5 Group average cluster analysis of similarity (BrayCurtis) between stations of the copepod community.
Tk. Pontianak
Tk. Air Nenek
Malang Acha*
Tk. Sauk
Lang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Near coastal
island stations
Tk. Miyang
Tk. Rapang
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Mentiggi
Tg. Bontot Mariam
100