Pembentangan 9 : Diversity of reef communities in the eastern Johor

Pembentangan 9 : Diversity of reef communities in the eastern Johor

Diversity of reef communities in
the eastern Johor Archipelago
Lee Jennie
1Marine
Ecosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2Faculty of Maritim & Marine Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
Island
1 Aur
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Pemanggil
9
10
11
12 Sibu
13
14
15
16
17
18 Tinggi
19
20
21
22
23
24 Besar
25
26
Site
Lang
Tk. Jawa, Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk.Miyang
Tk. Berhala
Tk. Bai
Tk.Sauk
Tk.Pontianak
Tk. Lanchang
Tk. Buau
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Duku
Tk. Penepat
Kelong Tengah
Pasir Kambau Kechill
Tg. Gua Hujan
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Ibol
Mentinggi
Tg. Balang
Tk. Terigi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Bakau
Kg. Busong
Data collection
• Water quality
• Reef status
• Biodiversity (Scleractinian
corals, Seaweeds,
Zooplankton)
Temperature
32.0
Average temperature: 29.35 °C
31.5
31.0
Temperature ( °C)
30.5
30.0
29.5
29.0
28.5
28.0
27.5
27.0
Site, Date of sampling, Time
Ammonia
Nitrite
Phosphate
Kg. Busong
Tk. Bakau
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Terigi
Tg. Balang
P. Mentinggi
P. Ibol
0.04
Kg. Pasir Panjang
0.07
Tg. Sebirah Besar
0.05
Tg. Gua Hujan
Pasir Kambau Besar
Kelong Tengah
0.18
Tk. Penepat
Tk. Duku
Tg. Bontot Mariam
0.10
Malang Acha
Tk. Buau
Tk. Lanchang
Tk.Pontianak
Tk.Sauk
0.09
Tk. Bai
0.1
Tk. Berhala
Tk.Miyang
Tg. Rekai
Tk. Air Nenek
Dayang
Lang
mg/L
Water quality status
0.17
0.08
MMWQCS Class 2, Ammonia 0.07
0.06
MMWQCS Class 1, Ammonia 0.035,
Nitrate 0.01, Phosphate 0.005
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Reef status
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
Percentage (%)
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Nutrient
Recently
Hard coral Soft coral
indicator
killed coral
algae
Sponges
Rock
Rubble
Sand
Silt
Others
Pulau Aur (2009)*
34.8
5.3
1.1
2.8
1.4
44.0
2.8
7.5
0.3
0.1
Pulau Aur (2010)
33.9
4.2
1.3
6.3
1.1
16.4
24.7
10.0
0.8
1.4
Pulau Aur
42.4
1.0
0.1
1.3
0.8
24.8
13.6
8.4
0.0
7.8
Pulau Pemanggil
29.7
2.2
0.3
7.8
0.9
13.8
39.7
4.7
0.0
0.9
Pulau Sibu
39.1
1.3
0.0
0.0
11.6
37.8
1.6
2.5
2.2
4.1
Pulau Tinggi
36.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.9
46.9
5.0
3.1
2.8
3.8
Pulau Besar
49.7
1.3
* Courtesy of Reef Check Malaysia
0.0
6.3
3.8
22.5
1.6
9.1
4.1
1.9
16.0
26
14.0
Number of individual
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Butterflyfish
Haemulidae
Snapper
Grouper
Bumphead
parrot
Parrotfish
Moray eel
Barramundi
cod
Pulau Aur (2009)*
3.7
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
3.6
0.2
0.1
Pulau Aur (2010)*
3.1
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.1
6.3
0.0
0.1
Pulau Aur
2.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
Pulau Pemanggil
2.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
0.0
3.5
0.5
0.0
Pulau Sibu
10.5
0.0
1.3
0.4
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
Pulau Tinggi
3.5
0.5
6.5
1.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.1
2.9
0.5
0.1
3.1
0.0
0.0
Pulau Besar
26.3
*Courtery of Reef Check Malaysia
57 , 214 , 52
Diadema
Redang
11.7/100m2
Tioman
54.7/100m2
Johor
139.5/100m2
Renggis
Dayang, Aur
P. Simbang
Batu Tikus
207.5/100 m2
0
234.2/100m2
320.8/100m2
6.0
Sea cucumber 11.9/100m2
COTs
0.1/100m2
Giant clam
1.3/100m2
Number of individual/100 m2
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Diadema
Sea cucumber
Crown-of-thorns
Giant clam
Banded coral
shrimp
Collector urchin
Pulau Aur (2009)*
0.4
2.6
0.3
1.1
0.0
0.0
Pulau Aur (2010)*
0.2
4.4
0.0
4.1
0.1
0.6
Pulau Aur
1.1
2.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
Pulau Pemanggil
1.2
4.1
0.8
0.4
0.0
0.0
Pulau Sibu
56.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Pulau Tinggi
214.3
2.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
Pulau Besar
52.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
*Courtery of Reef Check Malaysia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Acanthastrea echinata
Acanthastrea hemprichii
Acanthastrea lordhowensis
Acropora abrotanoides
Acropora aspera
Acropora austera
Acropora brueggemanni
Acropora clathrata
Acropora cuneata
Acropora cytherea
Acropora digitifera
Acropora divaricata
Acropora florida
Acropora formosa
Acropora gemmifera
Acropora globiceps
Acropora grandis
Acropora hemprichii
Acropora hoeksemai
Acropora horrida
Acropora humilis
Acropora hyacinthus
Acropora latistella
Acropora loripes
Acropora microphthalma
Acropora millepora
Acropora monticulosa
Acropora nasuta
Acropora nobilis
Acropora palifera
Acropora pectinatus
Acropora pinguis
Acropora prostrata
Acropora robusta
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Coscinaraea columna
Coscinaraea exesa
Ctenactis echinata
Cycloseris somervillei
Cycloseris vaughani
Cynarina lacrimalis
Cyphastrea microphthalma
Cyphastrea ocellina
Diploastrea heliopora
Echinophyllia aspera
Echinophyllia echinata
Echinopora horrida
Echinopora lamellosa
Echinopora mammiformis
Echinopora pacificus
Euphyllia ancora
Euphyllia cristata
Euphyllia divisa
Euphyllia glabrescens
Euphyllia paradivisa
Euphyllia paraglabrescens
Favia favus
Favia helianthoides
Favia lizardensis
Favia maritima
Favia matthaii
Favia maxima
Favia pallida
Favia rotundata
Favia speciosa
Favia stelligera
Favia veroni
Favites abdita
Favites bestae
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Goniastrea retiformis
Goniopora columna
Goniopora lobata
Goniopora norfolkensis
Goniopora planulata
Goniopora stokesi
Halomitra pileus
Heliofungia actiniformis
Herpolitha limax
Herpolitha weberi
Hydnophora exesa
Hydnophora grandis
Hydnophora microconos
Hydnophora rigida
Leptastrea aequalis
Leptastrea pruinosa
Leptastrea transversa
Leptoria phrygia
Leptoseris explanata
Leptoseris foliosa
Leptoseris hawaiiensis
Leptoseris scabra
Lithophyllon repanda
Lithophyllon undulatum
Lobophyllia diminuta
Lobophyllia flabelliformis
Lobophyllia hataii
Lobophyllia hemprichii
Lobophyllia pachysepta
Merulina ampliata
Merulina scabricula
Montastrea annularis
Montastrea salebrosa
Montastrea valenciennesi
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
Montipora monasteriata
Montipora nodosa
Montipora palawanensis
Montipora peltiformis
Montipora stellata
Montipora tuberculosa
Montipora turtlensis
Montipora venosa
Montipora verrucosa
Montipora verruculosus
Mycedium elephantotus
Oulophyllia bennettae
Oulophyllia crispa
Oxypora crassispinosa
Oxypora glabra
Pachyseris foliosa
Pachyseris gemmae
Pachyseris rugosa
Pachyseris speciosa
Palauastrea ramosa
Pavona cactus
Pavona clavus
Pavona danai
Pavona decussata
Pavona explanulata
Pectinia alcicornis
Pectinia lactuca
Pectinia maxima
Pectinia paeonia
Physogyra lichtensteini
Platygyra acuta
Platygyra lamellina
Platygyra pini
Platygyra sinensis
35
Acropora samoensis
85
Favites complanata
135
Montipora aequituberculata
185
Platygyra verweyi
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Acropora solitaryensis
Acropora stoddarti
Acropora subulata
Acropora valenciennesi
Acropora vaughani
Acropora vermiculata
Acropora yongei
Alveopora daedalea
Anacropora forbesi
Astreopora listeri
Astreopora myriophthalma
Astreopora ocellata
Caulastrea furcata
Caulastrea tumida
Coeloseris mayeri
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Favites halicora
Favites pentagona
Fungia concinna
Fungia danai
Fungia fungites
Fungia paumotensis
Fungia scutaria
Galaxea astreata
Galaxea fascicularis
Gardineroseris planulata
Goniastrea retiformis
Goniastrea aspera
Goniastrea edwardsi
Goniastrea favulus
Goniastrea pectinata
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
Montipora cactus
Montipora caliculata
Montipora cebuensis
Montipora confusa
Montipora danae
Montipora delicatula
Montipora digitata
Montipora effusa
Montipora florida
Montipora foliosa
Montipora foveolata
Montipora gaimardi
Montipora hispida
Montipora informis
Montipora mollis
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
Plerogyra sinuosa
Plesiastrea versipora
Pocillopora damicornis
Pocillopora danae
Pocillopora eydouxi
Pocillopora meandrina
Pocillopora verrucosa
Podabacia crustacea
Polyphyllia talpina
Porites annae
Porites attenuata
Porites australiensis
Porites cylindrica
Porites densa
Porites evermanni
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
Porites latistella
Porites lichen
Porites lobata
Porites lutea
Porites monticulosa
Porites nigrescens
Porites rus
Porites solida
Psammocora contigua
Psammocora digitata
Psammocora explanulata
Psammocora haimeana
Sandalolitha robusta
Scolymia australis
Scolymia vitiensis
Seriatopora hystrix
Stylocoeniella armata
Stylocoeniella guentheri
Stylophora pistillata
Stylophora subseriata
Symphyllia agaricia
Symphyllia radians
Symphyllia recta
Symphyllia valenciennesii
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi
Turbinaria mesenterina
Turbinaria peltata
Turbinaria reniformis
Turbinaria stellulata
• 229 spp. scleractinian
corals
• 2000, 155 spp.
• East coast of
Malaysia, 431 spp.
Siderastrea spp.
Moseleya sp. / Acanthastrea spp.
Micromussa spp.
Zooplankton
• 57 zooplankton groups
• 27 genera of copepods
Macroalgae
Cladophoropsis vaucheriiformis
Unknown Dumontiaceae genus
and species
Predaea sp.
Unknown red algae
234 algal (39 green algae, 38
brown algae, 1 chrysophycean,
and 147 red algae)
Chondria?/Osmundea?
Caulerpa elongata
Off-shore islands
In-shore islands
Macroalgae
Cluster analyses
Scleractinian corals
0
salinity (psu)
33
32.8
32.6
DO (mg/L)
Off-shore
In-shore
33.2
32.4
32.2
1
2.5
0.6
2
0.5
0
Lang
Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk.Miyang
Tk. Berhala
Tk. Bai
Tk.Sauk
Tk.Pontianak
Tk. Lanchang
Tk. Buau
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Duku
Tk. Penepat
Kelong Tengah
Pasir Kambau Besar
Tg. Gua Hujan
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Kg. Pasir Panjang
P. Ibol
P. Mentinggi
Tg. Balang
Tk. Terigi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Bakau
Kg. Busong
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
Lang
Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk.Miyang
Tk. Berhala
Tk. Bai
Tk.Sauk
Tk.Pontianak
Tk. Lanchang
Tk. Buau
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot…
Tk. Duku
Tk. Penepat
Kelong Tengah
Pasir Kambau…
Tg. Gua Hujan
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Kg. Pasir Panjang
P. Ibol
P. Mentinggi
Tg. Balang
Tk. Terigi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Bakau
Kg. Busong
1.5
Chlorophyll a
Lang
Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk.Miyang
Tk. Berhala
Tk. Bai
Tk.Sauk
Tk.Pontianak
Tk. Lanchang
Tk. Buau
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Duku
Tk. Penepat
Kelong Tengah
Pasir Kambau Besar
Tg. Gua Hujan
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Kg. Pasir Panjang
P. Ibol
P. Mentinggi
Tg. Balang
Tk. Terigi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Bakau
Kg. Busong
32
Lang
Dayang
Tk. Air Nenek
Tg. Rekai
Tk.Miyang
Tk. Berhala
Tk. Bai
Tk.Sauk
Tk.Pontianak
Tk. Lanchang
Tk. Buau
Malang Acha
Tg. Bontot Mariam
Tk. Duku
Tk. Penepat
Kelong Tengah
Pasir Kambau Besar
Tg. Gua Hujan
Tg. Sebirah Besar
Kg. Pasir Panjang
P. Ibol
P. Mentinggi
Tg. Balang
Tk. Terigi
Tk. Rapang
Tk. Bakau
Kg. Busong
Turbidity (mg/L)
33.4
Off-shore
In-shore
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
Summary
• Water quality status; MMWQCS Class 1
• Reef status is in ‘fair’ condition
• Reef biodiversity
–
–
–
–
229 scleractinian corals
57 zooplankton groups
27 genera copepods
234 macroalgae
• Distinctive similarity in reef communities between in-shore
and off-shore islands
Acknowledgement
Marine Park Department of Malaysia
Marine Ecosystem Research Centre (EKOMAR), FST, UKM
Faculty of Maritim Studies and Marine Science, UMT
Our team: Prof. Dr. Che Abd Rahim Mohamed, Dr. Saifullah, Dr. Stefano, Asamuddin,
Kee Alfian Abd Adzis, Shamsul Bahar Ahmad, Yusri Yusof, Abdul Manaf, Fitri(Bud),
Hai Siang, Najwan.
Thank you.