Special Purpose Alloys and Metals from Ed Fagan Inc.

Special Purpose Alloys
Controlled Expansion Alloys,
Electrical/Electronic Nickel, Soft
Magnetic Alloys, and Refractory
Metals and Alloys from Stock…
THE MATERIALS YOU NEED, WHEN YOU NEED THEM
If you need specialty metals or special purpose alloys
for Aerospace/Aviation, Defense, Electronics, Ceramic,
Heat Treating, Magnetic, Medical, Lighting, Optical,
Telecommunications, or other high-technology, industrial
applications, call Ed Fagan Inc.
EFI has supplied specialty metals, alloys, and hard-tolocate materials to these markets since 1965. We have a
large, comprehensive inventory of Controlled Expansion
Alloys, Electrical/Electronic Grade Nickel; as well as
Soft Magnetic Alloys, and Refractory Metals and Alloys.
We stock the highest quality materials available in forms
such as: Bar, Rod, Sheet, Plate, Strip, and Wire... from
the highest quality mills such as VDM Metals Gmbh
and Carpenter Technology Corp. And, we stock these
materials in many gauges, widths/lengths, and conditions
for immediate delivery.
Our specialty is solving the inventory management
problems of our customers. When you need a standard
stock material quickly, we can have it shipped within
24 hours. All materials are certified with shipment. If
your material requirement is too small to be of interest
to the large producers, we’ll use our buying power and
expertise to source it for you. When you have a technical
problem relating to an application using Controlled
Expansion Alloys, Soft Magnetic Alloys, Refractory
Metals and Alloys, or any other high-tech material,
please call us; our inhouse experts can help you solve
your problems. If you have an unusual requirement, for
instance an alloy, size or grade, our sales people are very
knowledgeable and can assist you. If you have a special
purpose material that you can’t find, if we don’t stock
it, we’ll use our Material-Locator service and try to find it
for you.
We also offer Consignment Programs and Custom Stocking
Programs to help you cut down your administrative
burden, and streamline your manufacturing process. So
call us now at 800-348-6268 to place an order or to
speak with a materials expert. Or visit our website today,
and use our “Request a Quote” link to find out how Ed
Fagan Inc. can supply you with the materials you need,
when you need them.
JUS T I N T I ME DELI V ERY :
All standard stock items can be
shipped within 24 hours – and
are often shipped the same day.
NO ORDER TOO SMALL!
CONTROLLED EXPANSION ALLOYS
ASTM F-15 ALLOY
ALLOY 48
Description: ASTM F-15 Alloy is a controlled expansion alloy
consisting of 29% Nickel, 17% Cobalt, and balance Iron.
It is produced to ensure good properties for machining and
deep drawing as well as porosity free product. Its expansion
characteristics match both borosilicate (Pyrex) glasses and
alumina ceramics. It is one of the most popular of the controlled
expansion alloys for hermetic sealing.
Description: A controlled expansion alloy, consisting of 48%
Nickel, balance Iron; used in a variety of electronic applications,
especially for glass and ceramic seals.
Applications: power tubes, microwave tubes, transistors,
diodes, and hybrid packages.
AKA: Kovar , Rodar , Pernifer 2918 , Dilvar P1 , NILO K
1
1
2
3
4
INVAR 363
Description: A low expansion alloy, consisting of 36% Nickel,
balance Iron. This alloy exhibits extremely low expansion
around ambient temperatures and is often used where minimum
expansion is required.
Applications: optoelectronics, optical and laser benches,
electronics, and scientific instruments.
AKA: Invar 361, Pernifer 362, NILO 364, Invar Steel
SUPER INVAR 32-5
Description: A low expansion alloy consisting of 32% Nickel,
5% Cobalt, balance Iron. This alloy exhibits minimum thermal
expansion (one half of Invar 36) at room temperature.
Application: In structural components, supports and substrates
requiring precision measurements such as optical and
laser systems, telescopes, laser bench tops, and ring laser
gyroscopes.
ALLOY 52
Description: A controlled expansion alloy, consisting of 51%
Nickel, balance Iron; used in a wide variety of electronic
applications, especially for glass seals.
Application: Glass to metal seals for electronic tubes, automotive
and industrial lamps, and specialty hermetic devices.
AKA: Glass Seal 52*, Pernifer 502, NILO 504
Footnotes
* Glass Seal 42, 46, 48, and 52 manufactured by
Carpenter Technology Corp., Reading PA
1. Trademark Carpenter Technology Corp., Reading PA
2. Trademark VDM Metals Gmbh, Germany
3. Trademark Aperam, France
4. Trademark Special Metals Corporation, USA
Application: Glass to metal seals for variety of electronic tubes
and hermetic devices.
AKA: EFI 50, Glass Seal 48*, Pernifer 482, NILO 484
ALLOY 42
Description: A controlled expansion alloy, consisting of 42%
Nickel, balance Iron; used in a wide variety of electronic
applications, lead frames, and especially for glass and ceramic
seals.
Application: Glass to metal seals for a wide variety of electronic
tubes, hermetic packages, and automotive and industrial lamps.
AKA: Glass Seal 42*, Pernifer 422, NILO 424
Though not a stock item, Ed Fagan Inc. can also supply
Alloy 46.
ALLOY 46
Description: A controlled expansion alloy, consisting of 46%
Nickel, balance Iron; used in a variety of electronic applications,
especially for glass and ceramic seals.
Application: Glass to metal seals for electronic tubes and
hermetic devices.
AKA: Glass Seal 46*, Pernifer 462, NILO 464
CONTROLLED EXPANSION ALLOYS
Physical Properties
Kovar
Alloy 52
Alloy 48
Alloy 46
Alloy 42
Invar 36
Super Invar 32-5
0.302
0.300
0.298
0.295
0.293
0.291
0.294
8.36
8.30
8.25
8.17
8.12
8.05
8.15
DENSITY
lb/cu in
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
CURIE TEMP
˚F
815
986
880
860
716
535
470
˚C
435
530
471
460
380
279
245
˚F
2640
2600
2600
2600
2600
2600
2600
˚C
1449
1427
1427
1427
1427
1427
1427
micro-ohm-cm
49
44
49
47
68
84
82
ohm-cir mil/ft
294
258
290
277
400
495
481
0.17
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
120.0
97.0
90.0
79.2
74.5
72.6
72.6
Cal/g-˚C
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.123
0.12
BTU/lbm-˚F
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.123
0.12
ppm/˚F (75˚F to 842˚F)
2.9
5.5
5.0
4.4
3.9
4.9
4.5
ppm/˚C (25˚C to 450˚C)
5.3
9.9
9.0
7.9
7.0
8.9
8.0
75
80
79
80
82
75
70
518
552
545
552
566
518
483
40
40
36
35
34
40
40
276
276
248
242
235
276
276
30
35
30
30
30
34
40
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 75
Mpsi
30
23
23
23
21.5
20.5
21.0
kMPa
207
159
159
159
148
141
145
Iron
Bal
Bal
Bal
Bal
Bal
Bal
Bal
Nominal Nickel
29
50.5
48
46
41
36
32
Nominal Cobalt
17
-
-
-
-
0.5
5
Carbon
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Silicon
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.40
0.25
Sulfur
-
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.015
0.015
Chromium
0.20
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.25
0.25
ASTM
F-15
F-30
F-30
F-30
F-30
F-1684
F-1684
MIL
I-23011 CI 1
I-23011 CI 2
I-23011 CI 3
I-23011 CI 4
I-23011 CI 5
I-23011 CI 7
AMS
I-23011 CI 1
I-23011 CI 2
I-23011 CI 3
I-23011 CI 4
I-23011 CI 5
I-23011 CI 7
MELTING POINT
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
W/cm ˚C
BTU-in/sq. ft-hr-˚F
SPECIFIC HEAT
THERMAL EXPANSION
Mechanical Properties
TENSILE STRENGTH
ksi
MPa
YIELD STRENGTH
ksi
MPa
ELONGATION
% in 2 in.
TYPICAL HARDNESS Ann.
Rockwell
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Chemistry
maximum % unless noted
Titanium
Magnesium
Specifications
CONTROLLED EXPANSION ALLOYS
FORMS AVAILABLE
Kovar
Alloy 52
Alloy 48
Alloy 46
Alloy 42
Invar 36
Super Invar 32-5
Rod
0.050” - 6.0”
0.040” - 0.312”
0.140” - 4.0“ *
0.500” - 2.0“
0.050” - 6.0”
0.8125“ - 3.543”
Sheet
0.005“ - 0.125”
*
*
*
0.020” - 0.125”
0.030” - 0.125”
0.0394” - 0.1181”
Plate
0.187“ - 1.0”
*
*
*
*
0.150” - 3.0”
0.500” - 2.0”
Strip/Coil
0.005” - 0.143”
0.010” - 0.050”
*
*
0.005“ - 0.062”
*
*
Photo-Etch
0.005” - 0.020”
*
*
*
*
*
*
If you do not see the size or form you require listed above please call us. New stock sizes and forms are added often.
*Though not a standard stock item, we may be able to supply you with the exact size, shape & quantities you require. Please call.
LINEAR COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
Deg. ˚C
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
(ppm per ˚C)
Class 5
Class 7
Kovar
Alloy 52
Alloy 48
Alloy 46
Alloy 42
Invar 36
Super Invar 32-5
30-100
—
10.5
9.4
8.2
4.8
0.8-1.6
0.84
30-150
—
10.5
9.4
8.1
4.6
—
1.17
30-200
5.5
10.4
9.4
7.9
4.5
1.3-2.1
1.72
30-250
—
10.4
9.3
7.8
4.5
—
2.53
30-300
5.1
10.2
8.8
7.5
4.0-4.7
4.92
4.16
30-325
—
—
—
—
4.7
—
—
30-350
—
10.2
9.0
7.1-7.8
5.0
6.2-7.0
5.74
30-375
—
—
—
7.5
5.5
—
—
30-400
4.6-5.2
10.1
8.2-9.2
7.5
6.0
7.8
7.03
30-425
—
—
8.9
7.6
—
—
—
30-450
5.1-5.5
9.6-10.1
9.0
7.9
6.7-7.4
8.5-9.2
—
30-475
—
10.1
9.3
—
—
30-500
6.2
10.0
9.4
8.2-8.9
8.0
9.7
8.99
30-525
—
10.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
30-550
—
10.2-10.7
9.6-10.3
9.3
8.8
—
10.56
30-600
7.9
10.8
10.4
9.8
9.5
11.4
—
30-700
9.3
11.7
11.3
10.7
10.5
12.7
—
30-800
10.4
12.5
12.1
11.6
11.4
13.5
—
30-900
11.5
13.3
13.0
12.5
12.3
13.9
—
30-1000
—
14.2
13.9
13.4
13.2
—
—
SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS
EFI ALLOY 79
HIPERCO 501 & HIPERCO 50A1
Description: A soft magnetic alloy consisting of 80% Nickel,
5% Molybdenum, and balance Iron used where extremely
high initial & maximum permeability and minimum hysteresis
is needed.
Description: An alloy of 49% Cobalt, and 2% Vanadium,
balance Iron, Hiperco 50 and Hiperco 50A have the highest
magnetic saturation of all soft-magnetic alloys and excels
in applications where this attribute is needed. Hiperco 50
maintains its strength after heat treating making it your best
choice for applications that experience high forces (e.g.
rotating parts).
Applications: Electro-magnetic shielding, specialty transformer
laminations, toroidal tape wound cores, high quality motor
laminations, stepping motors.
AKA: Carpenter HyMu 801, Hipernom1, Magnifer 79042,
Moly-Permalloy, Permalloy 80
EFI ALLOY 50
Description: A soft magnetic alloy, consisting of 49% Nickel,
balance Iron used where high initial permeability, maximum
permeability, and low core loss is needed.
Applications: Transformer cores, highly efficient motors,
shielding, and specialized electronic devices, such as LF power
transducers, chokes, relay parts, solenoids & oscillators.
AKA: Carpenter High Permeability 491, Magnifer 502, Alloy 47-50
RADIOMETAL 4550
Description: Radiometal 4550 is a Soft Magnetic Alloy
consisting of 45% Nickel, balance iron alloy, and has excellent
permeability with high saturation flux density.
Applications: Sensitive relays that need to respond to very weak
currents. Radiometal 4550 is also widely used in transformers,
chokes and special motors where the properties of silicon-iron
do not provide the required magnetic performance.
Footnotes
1. Trademark Carpenter Technology Corp., Reading PA
2. Trademark VDM Metals Gmbh, Germany
Applications: Special Motors for the Aerospace Industry (e.g.
applications where high magnetic saturation and high strength
is required with as little weight as possible); Electromagnets for
medical applications (e.g. to focus beams for radiation therapy in
medical radiology applications); Electrical Generators; Specialty
Transformers (e.g. electrical circuits and magnetic circuits where
frequencies must be varied); Pole Pieces for Electromagnets;
Magnetic Bearings (e.g. applications where rotating parts are
levitated); High Magnetic Flux Devices and Instruments.
VIM VAR CORE IRON
Description: Carpenter VIM VAR Core Iron is a low carbon
magnetic iron produced using vacuum induction melting plus
vacuum arc remelting practices. Other elements commonly
found in low carbon irons are held as low as possible to ensure
good DC magnetic properties. This double melting technique
controls the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions to a minimum
length and frequency so that thin wall sections will not contain
leaks due to internal discontinuities.
Applications: Carpenter VIM VAR Core Iron is often used in
the manufacture of soft magnetic components where vacuum
integrity is needed such as in power tubes and microwave
devices. In addition, relays, solenoids, and magnetic pole
pieces for scientific instruments may be made utilizing the
qualities of VIM VAR Core Iron.
AKA: Carpenter Consumet Core Iron1
TYPICAL DC MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
EFI Alloy 79
EFI Alloy 50
Hiperco 50
Hiperco 50A
Vim Var Core Iron
Radiometal 4550
Saturation Induction - Gausses
8,700
14,500
24,000
24,000
21,500
16,000
Minimum Mu Max Permeability
230,000
100,000
12,000
15,000
10,000
40,000
Coercive Force - Oersteds
0.015
0.06
0.9
0.4
1.0
0.1
Coercive Force - A/m
1.19
4.77
72
32
79.58
8.0
TYPICAL AC MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
EFI Alloy 79
EFI Alloy 50
Hiperco 50
Hiperco 50A
Vim Var Core Iron
Core Loss W/lb @400Hz & 20k G
N/A
N/A
34
30
N/A
B-40 Permeability @60 Hz
45,000
6,500
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A = not a typical application value. Hiperco 50/50A DC & AC magnetic properties per 0.014” Strip
SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS
Physical Properties
UNIT
EFI Alloy 79
EFI Alloy 50
Hiperco 50
Hiperco 50A
Vim Var Core Iron
Radiometal 4550
Density
lb/cu in
0.316
0.295
0.293
0.293
0.284
0.30
Specific Gravity
8.74
8.18
8.12
8.12
7.86
8.25
Curie Temp
˚F
˚C
860
460
840
450
1724
940
1724
940
1400
760
840
450
Melting Point
˚F
˚C
2650
1454
2600
1427
2600
1427
2600
1427
2790
1532
2600
1427
Electrical Resistivity
micro-ohm-cm
ohm-cir mil/ft
59
349
49
290
41
240
41
240
13
78
45
270
Thermal Conductivity
W/cm ˚C
BTU-in/sq. ft-hr-˚F
0.35
240
0.13
90
0.29
200
0.29
200
0.73
508
0.13
89
Specific Heat
Cal/g-˚C
BTU/lbm-˚F
-
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
Thermal Expansion
ppm/˚F (75˚F to 842˚F)
ppm/˚C (25˚C to 450˚C)
7.5
13.6
5.0
9.0
5.6
10.2
5.6
10.2
8.2
14.7
7.6
13.7
Tensile Strength
ksi
MPa
98
676
75
518
118
814
104
717
50
345
68
470
Yield Strength
ksi
MPa
38
262
23
159
63
435
53
365
27
190
23
159
Elongation
% in 2 in.
40
40
9
7
45
40
Typical Hardness
Rockwell
HRB 85
HRB 80
HRC 20
HRC 20
HRB 60
HRB 80
Modulus of Elasticity
Mpsi
kMPa
31.4
217
24
166
30
207
30
207
30
207
24
166
Iron
Nominal Nickel
Nominal Cobalt
Molybdenum
Carbon
Manganese
Silicon
Vanadium
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chromium
Niobium
Bal
80
0.50
5.0 nom.
0.05
0.80
0.50
0.02
0.01
0.30
-
Bal
49
0.50
0.30
0.05
0.80
0.50
0.03
0.01
0.30
-
Bal
0.25
49
0.025
0.15
0.15
1.9 nom.
0.015
0.010
0.15
0.05 nom.
Bal
0.25
49
0.025
0.15
0.15
1.9 nom.
0.015
0.010
0.15
-
99.8 nom.
0.08
0.02
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.01
0.01
-
Bal
45
0.50
0.30
0.05
0.80
0.50
0.03
0.01
0.30
-
ASTM
MIL
A753 Type 4
N-1441C
Comp 1
A753 Type 2
N-1441C
Comp 3
A801 Alloy 1 A801 Alloy 1
A47182
A47182
A848 Alloy 1 Class 1
-
A753 Type 1
Mechanical Properties
Chemistry
maximum % unless noted
Specifications
Mechanical properties of Hiperco 50/50A per annealed condition.
FORMS AVAILABLE
EFI Alloy 79
Annealed
EFI Alloy 50
Annealed
Vim Var Core Iron
Annealed
Hiperco 50
Unannealed
Hiperco 50A
Unannealed
High Perm 49FM
Rotor Gr
HyMu 80
Unannealed
High Perm 49
Radiometal
4550
Rod
0.500” - 1.50”
0.0937” - 4.0”
0.500” - 6.0”
–
0.500“ - 3.0”
–
–
–
0.625“ - 1.57”
Sheet
0.010” - 0.062”
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Plate
–
–
–
0.500” - 5.0“
–
–
–
–
–
Strip/Coil
0.004” - 0.025“
Call for Sizes
–
0.004” - 0.020“
–
–
0.006” - 0.014”
0.007” - 0.014”
0.015“
Square Bar
1.812”
1.030” - 2.030”
–
–
–
1.781” - 2.030”
–
–
–
If you do not see the size or form you require listed above please call us. New stock sizes and forms are added often.
REFRACTORY METALS & ALLOYS
MOLYBDENUM
Description: Molybdenum’s unique properties give rise to processes
and applications in electronics, aerospace, nuclear and metal
working industries which would not be possible with many of the
more common metals and alloys. Some of the more interesting
properties of Molybdenum relate to high temperature applications,
such as high melting points, excellent high temperature strength,
and good thermal and electrical conductivity, low coefficient of
expansion and low vapor pressure at elevated temperature.
Applications: In missile industry, nose cones, high temperature
structural parts, nozzles, leading edges of control surfaces, support
vanes, re-entry cones, heat radiation shields. In electronics, cathodes,
magnetron end hats, x-ray tube components. In high temperature
applications, furnace windings, structural furnace members, and
containers for components exposed to high temperatures.
TZM MOLYBDENUM
Description: Molybdenum TZM is an alloy of 0.50% Titanium,
0.08% Zirconium and 0.02% Carbon with the balance
Molybdenum. TZM alloy is manufactured by either P/M or Arc Cast
technologies and is of great utility due to its high strength in high
temperature applications (especially above 2000 F˚). TZM has a
higher recrystallization temperature, higher strength, hardness and
good ductility at room and elevated temperatures than unalloyed
molybdenum. In addition, TZM exhibits good thermal conductivity,
low vapor pressure, and is machinable.
Applications: Structural furnace components; die inserts for casting
aluminum; hot stamping tooling; rocket nozzles; glass to metal
seals; electrodes.
TUNGSTEN
Description: Many practical applications of Tungsten are based on
its high melting point and low vapor pressure. Tungsten not only has
the highest melting point, but the lowest vapor pressure of all metals;
hence Tungsten is an excellent material for high-vacuum technology
and related applications at the highest temperatures. The low
thermal expansion combined with its high melting point and great
dimensional stability at high temperatures makes Tungsten a highly
suitable material for glass seals. Electrical resistance characteristics
of Tungsten make it ideal in high temperature furnace construction.
Tungsten’s high density gives it a high capacity to absorb radioactive
radiation.
Applications: High temperature furnaces, arc lamps, welding
electrodes, glass to metal seals, vacuum deposition, medical
apparatus, lamp components, and lamp filaments. In alloyed form,
sometimes referred to as heavy metal or alloy, it is used in munitions,
radioactive shielding, and counter balances.
TUNGSTEN ALLOYS
Description: Tungsten alloys, which contain elements such as nickel,
copper and iron, produce a host of alloys which have engineering
properties similar to steel, are relatively easy to machine, and can
be plated or painted to enhance their corrosion protection. These
alloys are approximately 50% denser than lead resulting in a higher
concentration of mass in a limited area.
Applications: Tungsten alloys have found wide acceptance
in applications such as radiation shielding, boring bars, and
counterweights in aircraft and racing cars.
Though not stock items, Ed Fagan Inc. can also supply Tantalum,
Niobium, Rhenium, and Lanthanum-Doped Molybdenum.
TANTALUM
Description: Tantalum is famous for its resistance to corrosion by
acids; in fact, below 150°C, tantalum is almost completely immune
to corrosion by aqua regia. Due to its resistance to attack by body
fluids, tantalum provides an excellent material for medical devices.
Another major use of tantalum is for electronic components and due
to its absorption properties, it is an excellent getter of residual gasses
in evacuation tubes. Because of its high melting point and good
thermal properties, Tantalum is frequently used in high-temperature
furnaces.
Applications: Capacitors; surgical implants and instruments; ink jet
nozzles.
NIOBIUM AKA COLUMBIUM
Description: Niobium, also termed Columbium, is a shiny grey metal
that takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature.
Due to its low capture cross section for thermal neutrons, niobium
has application in the nuclear industry. Niobium can be electrically
heated and anodized to a wide variety of colors that makes it
very attractive in the jewelry industry. Niobium is added to iron or
nickel to produce alloys in the aerospace, medical and electronics
industries.
Applications: Jet engines, rocket nozzles, semi-conductor equipment,
reaction vessels, jewelry.
RHENIUM
Description: Among the highest density element and melting point,
Rhenium does not have a ductile to brittle transition temperature and
does not form carbides. High resistivity, combined with low vapor
pressure, it is an ideal material for filament applications. Excellent
resistance to corrosion, resists acid attack and the mechanical
effects of electrical erosion. Rhenium has a beneficial effect as an
alloying addition with other refractory metals as it greatly enhances
the ductility and tensile strength of these alloys.
Applications: Mass spectrometer filaments; grid heaters; cathode
cups; thermocouples; nuclear reactors; semiconductors.
LANTHANUM-DOPED MOLYBDENUM
Description: A Molybdenum alloy containing a very fine array of
lanthanum oxide particles that provide resistance to recrystallization
and high temperature deformation.
Applications: Ideal for applications that require strength and
dimensional stability at temperatures above the capabilities of either
pure Molybdenum metal or Molybdenum-TZM alloy.
REFRACTORY METALS & ALLOYS
Physical Properties
UNIT
Density
lb/cu in
0.37
0.37
0.70
0.60
0.31
0.77
gm/cm3
10.30
10.22
19.30
16.60
8.57
21.20
˚F
4760
4753
6170
5425
4491
5767
˚C
2625
2623
3410
2996
2477
3180
Melting Point
Molybdenum
TZM Molybdenum
Tungsten
Tantalum
Niobium
Rhenium
Electrical Resistivity
micro-ohm-cm
5.20
6.85
5.50
12.40
13.10
13.50
Thermal Conductivity
cal/cm /cm˚C/sec
0.35
0.30
0.397
0.13
0.13
0.39
Specific Heat
Cal/gm/˚C
0.061
0.073
0.032
0.036
0.065
0.033
Recrystalization Temp.
˚C
1100
1400
1350
1900
800
-
Coefficient of
in/in/˚F x 10
4.9
4.9
4.3
6.5
7.1
6.32
Linear Thermal Expansion
m/m/˚K x 10-6
4.8
4.8
4.6
6.3
7.3
6.8
KSI (Mpa)-RT
150 (1035)
110 (750)
250 (1725)
50 (345)
40 (275)
200 (1380)
2
-6
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength
KSI (Mpa)-500˚C
75 (515)
-
150 (1035)
35 (240)
30 (205)
135 (930)
KSI (Mpa)-1000˚C
25 (175)
-
75 (515)
15 (100)
10 (70)
70 (480)
Elongation
% (in.) 1.0”
12
15
-
20
30
2
Typical Hardness
DPH
RC
230
21
220
300
41
200
130
-
Modulus of Elasticity
ksi
Gpa
45,000
310
48,000
320
58,000
400
27,000
185
15,250
105
67,150
483
99.95 Mo
99.20 Mo
0.08 - 0.12 Zn
0.40 - 0.50 Ti
99.95 W
98.99 Ta
99.60 Nb
99.97 Re
B386 type 361
B386 type 364
-
B365
B392
-
B387 type 361
B387 type 364
-
-
B393
-
7800
7817
7898/7899
7849
7850
-
Chemistry
minimum %
Specifications
ASTM
AMS
TUNGSTEN ALLOY GRADES
EFI GRADE ASTM B 777-07
GRADE
EF17
1
EF 17N*
1
EF175
2
EF175N*
2
EF18
3
EF18N*
3
EF185
4
NOMINAL
DENSITY
GM/CC
17.00
17.00
17.50
17.50
18.00
18.00
18.50
NOMINAL
% TUNGSTEN
90
90
92.5
92.5
95
95
97
MINIMUM
ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
KSI (MPa)
110 (758)
94 (648)
110 (758)
94 (648)
107 (738)
94 (648)
100 (689)
MINIMUM
ELONGATION %
5
2
5
2
3
2
2
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
(KSI)
45,000
45,000
48,000
48,000
50,000
50,000
52,000
* N - N on-M agnetic Compos itions N ote: Typical Hardness for all grades is R C 32 M A X
FORMS AVAILABLE
Molybdenum
TZM Molybdenum
Tungsten
Tungsten Alloys**
Tantalum
Niobium
Rhenium
Rod
0.001” - 4.0“
0.020” - 2.0“
0.035” - 2.0“
0.060” & up
*0.001“ - 2.0”
*0.001“ - 4.0”
*0.100” - 4.0“
Sheet
0.005” - 0.187”
0.005” - 0.187”
to order
*0.005” - 0.187“
*0.010” - 0.125”
*0.001” - 0.30”
Foil/Strip/Coil
-
-
-
to order
*0.010” - 0.062”
*0.010” - 0.070”
*0.001” - 0.005”
Plate
0.1875” - 1.0”
0.1875” - 0.50”
0.1875“ - 1.0”
to order
*0.187” - 1.0”
*0.187“ - 1.0”
*0.150” - 0.30”
*0.005” - 0.187”
If you do not see the size or form you required listed above please call us. New stock sizes and forms are added often.
*Products listed in italics are special order and not standard stock items. Please call for availability. **Tungsten Alloys also available as crankshaft weights, boring bars, and other shapes.
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC NICKEL
Physical Properties
Nickel 200
Nickel 201
Nickel 205
Nickel 233
Nickel 270
NICKEL 200/201/205/233
DENSITY
lb/cu in
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
0.321
0.321
0.321
0.321
0.321
8.89
8.89
8.89
8.89
8.89
CURIE TEMP
˚F
680
680
680
680
680
˚C
360
360
360
360
360
˚F
2624
2624
2624
2624
2624
˚C
1440
1440
1440
1440
1440
micro-ohm-cm
8.5
8.5
9.5
7.7
7.5
ohm-cir mil/ft
51
51
57
46
45
W/cm ˚C
0.79
0.79
0.75
0.81
0.86
BTU-in/sq. ft-hr-˚F
550
550
520
565
600
Cal/g-˚C
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
BTU/lbm-˚F
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
0.108
MELTING POINT
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
SPECIFIC HEAT
THERMAL EXPANSION
ppm/˚F (75˚F to 842˚F)
7.2 (212˚F) 7.2 (212˚F)
7.2 (212˚F)
7.2 (212˚F)
7.2 (212˚F)
13 (100˚C)
13 (100˚C)
13 (100˚C)
13 (100˚C)
13 (100˚C)
65
65
65
65
65
449
449
449
449
449
20
20
20
20
20
138
138
138
138
138
40
40
40
40
40
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
HRB 80
Mpsi
30
30
30
30
30
kMPa
207
207
207
207
207
Iron
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
0.005
Nominal Nickel
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.5
99.97
Nominal Cobalt
-
-
-
-
0.001
Carbon
0.07
0.02
0.07
0.10
0.02
Silicon
0.25
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.001
Sulfur
0.01
0.01
0.008
0.008
0.001
Chromium
-
-
-
ppm/˚C (25˚C to 450˚C)
Mechanical Properties
Description: Commercially pure, un-alloyed
Nickel; used in electronics for packaging,
leads, and lids.
Applications: Electronics industry, getter
tabs, heating element sheathing, anodes,
special purpose electron tubes, fuel cells,
Ni-Cd batteries, transistor enclosures, spark
gaps, terminals, anodes, cathode shields,
semi-conductor supports, etc.
AKA: The Huntington Alloys
NICKEL 270
Description: Commercially pure, un-alloyed
Nickel; used in electronics for packaging,
leads, and lids.
Applications: Electronics industry, anode
plates, hydrogen thyratron components,
passive cathodes, cathode shanks, plater
bars, and transistor enclosures.
TENSILE STRENGTH
ksi
MPa
YIELD STRENGTH
ksi
MPa
ELONGATION
% in 2 in.
TYPICAL HARDNESS Ann.
Rockwell
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Chemistry
maximum % unless noted
-
-
Titanium
0.05
0.005
Magnesium
0.01- 0.10
0.01- 0.10
F-3 Gr 2
F-3 Gr 3
Specifications
ASTM
AMS
B-160 /
B-160 /
B-162
B-162
5555
F-3 Gr 4
FORMS AVAILABLE
Nickel 200/201
Nickel 205/233
Nickel 270
Rod
0.125” - 3.0”
*
0.125” - 3.5”
Sheet
0.030” - 0.125” *
Plate
*
Strip/Coil
0.010” - 0.062” 0.010” - 0.062” *
Photo-Etch *
*
*
*
*
*Though not a standard stock item, we may be able to supply you with
the exact size, shape & quantities you require. Please call.
HARD-TO-FIND SPECIAL PURPOSE METALS, ALLOYS & MATERIALS
Are you having trouble locating hard-to-find, exotic, or special purpose metals, alloys,
or material? Is your material requirement is too small to be of interest to the big
producers? Look to Ed Fagan Inc. and our Material Locator service. We’ll use our
buying power and expertise to source the materials you need.
Since 1965, Ed Fagan Inc has supplied specialty metals, alloys, and hard-to-locate
materials to high technology industries such as:
•
Aerospace & Aviation
•
Lasers
•
Analytical Test
& Measurement Equipment
•
Lighting
•
Automotive
•
Magnetic
•
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•
Medical
•
Defense
•
Microwave
•
Electronics
•
Optronics
•
Heat Treating
•
Petrochemicals
•
Industrial Equipment
•
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We have long relationships with the manufacturers of materials for these industries, and
we are experts in sourcing all kinds of materials. EFI maintains a broad inventory of the
highest quality glass sealing, controlled expansion, electrical, electronic, soft magnetic,
magnetic shielding, refractory metals and alloys including material from VDM Metals
Gmbh and Carpenter Technology Corp. We stock these materials in the forms and
conditions you require including sheet, plate, coil/strip, rod, bar, wire, and foil. When
you need standard stock materials quickly, we can have it shipped within 24 hours,
and all materials can be certified with shipment. If you’re looking for something that we
currently do not stock, we will contact our sources and try and locate it for you. And we
have three locations to serve you – Franklin Lakes NJ, and Los Alamitos, CA, and Devon,
UK.
It was near the very
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Our specialty is solving the inventory management for our customers. When you have a technical problem relating to a
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www.material-locator.com
EFI’s formula of high quality products and ISO Certified, world class service has differentiated us in today’s competitive
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www.material-locator.com to work and find the materials you’ve been looking for.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS
The Nickel-Iron Alloy Family generally includes INVAR,
KOVAR®, Alloys 42, 46, 48, and 52, Alloy 42-6 and the
magnetic shielding alloys such as MuMetal.
CHARACTERISTICS
This group of alloys is not hardenable by heat treatment. They
can be made harder through cold working only. The annealed
hardness for these alloys is generally in the range of RB 70/80,
whereas the 1¦4 H to 1¦2 H range for this group of metals,
can run between RB 80/96. Material in the annealed condition
will be more difficult to machine because it is soft and gummy.
The tools tend to plow the metal instead of cutting into it, and
do not easily form chips. Surface scale oxide is tightly adherent
and penetrates the surface to a greater extent than stainless
steels. Machining is considerably improved by descaling the
material. If there were standard machinability ratings applied
for this series of alloys, Alloy AISI-B-1112 being measured as
100%, the following percentages could be suggested for these
chemistries:
TURNING
If steel cutting tools are used, try a feed of approximately .010”
to .012” per revolution and a speed as high as 35/FPM could
probably be attained. Some of the angles on the cutting tools
would be as follows:
•
End cutting edge angle - Approximately 7°
•
Nose Radius - Approximately .005”
•
Side cutting edge angle - Approximately 15°
•
Back rake - Approximately 8°
•
Side rake - Approximately 8°
When cutting off, high speed tools are better than carbide
tools, and a feed of approximately .001” per revolution
should be used. The cutting tools should have a front clearance
of about 7° and a fairly big tip - larger than 25° would be
helpful.
INVAR 36 FM (ASTM F-1684) – 60%
KOVAR (ASTM-F15) – 40%
ALLOY 48 (ASTM F-30) – 40%
COOLANT
It is important to control heat buildup, the major cause of warpage.
Suggested coolants are Keycool 2000 or Prime Cut. Whatever
lubricant is used for machining, it should not contain sulphur.
Sulphur can effect the performance of many sealed electronic
parts.
TOOLING
T-15 Alloy, such as Vasco Supreme - manufactured by
Vanadium Alloys Company, M-3 Type 2 such as Van Cut Type
2 - manufactured by Vanadium Alloys Company.
For machining with carbide tools, a K-6 manufactured by
Kennemetal, Firthite HA manufactured by Firth Sterling, or
#370 Carboloy could be used, or a K2S manufactured by
Kennemetal, or a Firthite T-04 manufactured by Firth Sterling
would be satisfactory. One thing of prime importance is that all
feathered or wire edges should be removed from the tools. They
should be kept in excellent condition by repeated inspection.
DRILLING
When drilling a 3/16” diameter hole, a speed of about 40/
FPM could possibly be used, and the feed should be about .002”
to a .0025” per revolution, for a 1/2” hole, approximately the
same speed could be used with a feed of about .0040” to .005”
per revolution. The drills should be as short as possible, and it
is desirable to make a thin web at the point by conventional
methods. By conventional methods, we mean do not notch or
make a crank shaft grind. It is suggested that heavy web type
drills with nitrided or electrolyzed surfaces be used. The hole,
of course, should be cleaned frequently in order to remove the
chips, which will gall, and also for cooling. The drill should be
ground to an included point angle of 118° to 120°.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING NICKEL-IRON ALLOYS
REAMING
REAMING
Reaming speeds should be half the drill speed, but the feed
should be about three times the drill speed. It is suggested that
the margin on the land should be about .005” to .010”, and
that the chamfer should be .005” to .010” and the chamfer
angle about 30°. The tools should be as short as possible, and
have a slight face rake of about 5° to 8°.
SIZE
SFM
FEED
Under 1/2”
57
.0030
Over 1/2”
57
.0045
TAPPING
T.P.I.
SFM
In tapping, a tap drill slightly larger than the standard drill
recommended for conventional threads should be used, because
the metal will probably flow into the cut. It is suggested that on
automatic machines, a two or three fluted tapping tool should
be used. For taps below 3/16”, the two fluted would be best.
Grind the face hook angle to 8° to 10°, and the tap should
have a .003” to .005” chamfered edge. If possible, if binding
occurs in the hole in tapping, the width of the land may be too
great, and it is suggested that the width of the heel be ground
down. Again, it is suggested that nitrided or electolyzed tools
be used. Speed should be about 20/FPM.
3-7 1/2
8
8-15
10
Over 16
16
HIGH SPEED TOOLS*
TURNING AND FORMING
THREADING
TAPPING
T.P.I.
SFM
3-7 1/2
6
8-15
7
16-24
11
Over 25
16
CUT-OFF TOOL
SFM
FEED
BROACHING
1/16”
65
.0010
SFM
FEED
1/8”
67
.0012
8-12
.001-.005
1/4”
69
.0016
FORM TOOL
SFM
FEED
1/2”
67
.0012
1”
63
.0010
1 1/2”
63
.0009
DRILLING
DRILL DIA
SFM
FEED
3/8”
43
.0030
3/4”
45
.0036
MILLING
SFM
FEED
35-70
.002-.005
TURNING SINGLE POINT & BOX TOOLS
TOOLS
SFM
FEED
High Speed
60-65
.0029
Carbide
160-215
.025-.080
*When using carbide tools, surface speed feet/minute (sfm) can be
increased between 2 and 3 times over the high speed suggestions. Feeds
can be increased between 50 and 100%.NOTE: Figures used for all
metal removal operations covered are average. On certain work, the
nature of the part may require adjustment of speeds and feeds. Each
job has to be developed for best production results with optimum tool
life. Speeds or feeds should be increased or decreased in small steps.
The information and data presented herein are typical or average values
are not a guarantee of maximum or minimum values. Applications
specifically suggested for material described herein are made solely for
the purpose of illustration to enable readers to make their own evaluation
and are not intended as warranties, either express or implied, or fitness
for these or other purposes.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING
MOLYBDENUM & MOLYBDENUM ALLOY
GENERAL
Molybdenum and molybdenum alloys can be machined by all of the common metal machining processes. No special equipment
or procedures are required to produce parts with accurate dimensions with excellent finishes. Molybdenum may be machined to
achieve simple parts, very complex parts/shapes, and very small intricate parts.
TOOLS
The choice between high-speed steel and sintered carbide (C2 Grade) depends largely on production quantities. In either case, tool
life is shorter than would be expected with steel because molybdenum is considerably more abrasive than steel at the same hardness,
and molybdenum has a tendency to chip while being machined. High-speed steels are generally used for small quantities or for
roughing cuts on uneven surfaces. The preferred carbide grades are the C2 types recommended for cast iron. Work should be firmly
chucked; tools sharp and well supported; machines should be rigid, sufficiently powerful, and free from backlash.
LUBRICANTS
Many types of machining are done without lubrication; but cutting fluids may be used to extend tool life, increase cutting speeds,
remove heat from the tool and work-piece, and remove fine molybdenum particles that wear the cutting edges of tools. When a
lubricant is used, various high-chlorinated oils and solvents have proved satisfactory.
Soluble oils are very effective in hacksaw and band saw cutting operations, but not effective for turning, drilling, reaming, or
tapping. Sulfur-base oils and highly chlorinated cutting oils are very effective in drilling, tapping, or thread chasing; and some
machinist use these oils for finishing cuts in lathe operations to yield a smooth bright surface. Highly chlorinated cutting oils
are most effective in reaming operations. Sulfur-base cutting oils cannot be used in machining electronic parts because of their
deleterious effect on final properties.
SAWING & SHEARING
Molybdenum saws readily with high-speed-steel band or
hacksaws; the practice is similar to that normally used in
superalloys and no coolant is necessary but use of a soluble oil
coolant in the hacksaw or band saw cut will remove chips and
lengthen blade life. High-speed steel blades with only the tooth
area hardened are the most effective. Hand hacksawing is
suitable for light gages only. On power hacksaws, cutting rates
are about 80 strokes/min at 0.004-in feed; and on band saw
equipment, 100 fpm with a 6-tooth blade at pressure setting
a 2 ½. About 1/8” in. is generally allowed for the kerf and
3/16 in. for camber on heavier sections. Flat patterns and
formed molybdenum sheet sections can be cut on a band saw
with a fine tooth blade at very high speeds.
Abrasive cut-off wheels may also be employed. Wheel
recommendations are indicated under grinding. Flame cutting,
on the other hand, produces a very irregular edge.
Slitting and shearing may be done at room temperature for gages up to 0.025 in; heavier sections should be heated to about
400/1000 F. Shearing is feasible on sections up to about 1/8-in. thickness or diameter. Shearing camber can normally be held
to about 1/8 in. in five feet (on 3/32-in. sheet); heavier sections, however, will show considerable drag.
Sections over 3/8-in thickness or diameter should be edge machined on a shaper or milling machine rather than sheared.
Machining should be done along the edge rather than across, and it may be desirable to hold between steel plates during
machining to avoid chipping the edges.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING
MOLYBDENUM & MOLYBDENUM ALLOY
TURNING
Roughing
Finishing
Speed, sfpm
Feed, ipr
Depth of Cut, in.
high-speed steel
45/75
0.008/0.020
0.125/0.25
C2 carbide
175/600
0.003/0.015
0.050/0.125
C2 carbide
400/600
0.005/0.010
0.003/0.015
Previous studies indicated that a positive side rake angle in the range of 20/25° was essential; and other recommendations
included a lead angle of 0° or slightly positive, relief angles of 7°, nose radii of 0.031/0.062 in., and honing all edges of the
cutting tool at approximately 45° to the rake angles to give a 0.003/0.005-in. flat on cutting edge. A tough grade of straight
tungsten carbide was found best with feeds of 0.005/0.010 ipr, while a general-purpose, C2-carbide grade could be used
successfully on lighter finishing operations to obtain longer tool life.
Chlorinated oil and sulfur-base cutting oil can be used. If lubricants are not used, tool wear will be excessive. Sulfur-base oils
cannot be used for machining electronic parts.
MILLING & SHAPING
Speed, sfpm
Feed, ipr
Depth of Cut, in.
Rough Milling
C2 carbide
110/150
0.003/0.005*
0.050/0.010
Finish Milling
C2 carbide
300/400
0.003/0.005*
0.005/0.060
Shaping
C2 carbide
25/50
0.003/0.010
0.005/0.060
*per tooth chip load
Milling and shaping are preferably done with C2 carbide
grade tools of the design normally used for cast iron. Where
production quantities make it desirable to use high-speed steel,
shaping is preferred to milling, as sharper tools with a generous
positive rake last longer and are easier to regrind.
Face milling is effective for machining plane surfaces on
molybdenum parts. Face-milling cutters designed for machining
cast iron with carbide tipped cutters are preferred, and soluble
cutting fluids are essential for economic tool life.
Material
Locator
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING
www.material-locator.com
MOLYBDENUM & MOLYBDENUM ALLOY
For customers outside of North America, contact
DRILLING, REAMING & THREADING
Tel +44 (0) 1548 858 770 • Fax: +44 (0) 1548 856 516
www.edfagan.co.uk • email: [email protected]
Drilling
Reaming
Tapping
Screw Cutting
8.3.08
Speed, sfpm
Feed, ipr
high-speed steel
25/150
0.003/0.005
C2 carbide
40/175
0.003/0.005
high-speed steel
15/20
0.005
C2 carbide
20/30
0.003/0.007
high-speed steel
15/20
–
C2 carbide
20/30
–
high-speed steel
30/40
0.003/0.005
C2 carbide
not recommended
In drilling, two-lipped carbide drills are generally used.
Cutting oil should be used for all drilling, reaming, tapping, or
threading operations. When high-speed or carbide-tipped drills
are used, the fact that molybdenum has a lower coefficient of
expansion than steel makes it particularly important to keep
the drills sharp and cool. It is worthwhile to regrind frequently
to avoid difficulty and delay from binding. Special precautions
are necessary with deep holes (more than three times the
drill diameter) because of the abrasive molybdenum chips.
These precautions may involve carbide wear strips along the
shank, relieving the drill, feeding the drill from below or use of
pressurized coolant.
Reaming is difficult, and tool life is very low compared to that
obtained in machining heat-treated, low-alloy steel.
Threading can be done in various ways. Thread cutting with a
single tool, grinding and roll threading are perhaps the most satisfactory. Die threading is not recommended, and tapping is not
as easy as threading with a single-point tool. Coarse threads are preferred over fine threads, as very fine threads have a tendency
to break. When coarse threads are developed, the depth of the thread needs to be only about 75% that normally cut in steel. For
roll threading, the molybdenum should be heated to about 300 F.
SPECIAL MACHINING METHODS
Most special methods can be applied to molybdenum. Holes 1/8 in. ID by 12-in long, can be EDM machined, using brass electrodes
and machining from both ends. Holes, 7 to 1000 microns in diameter, have been made in molybdenum by micromachining with
“virtual electrode” in a 10% potassium-hydroxide electrolyte. Electron-beam machining is also applicable for holes in this size
range.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING
MOLYBDENUM & MOLYBDENUM ALLOY
GRINDING, BUFFING & HONING
Molybdenum is relatively easy to grind with conventional machinery and practices to any degree of finish and tolerance desired.
It is important to use sharply dressed wheels with generous amounts of coolant since localized overheating can produce cracks in
the surface of molybdenum. Soluble oils in emulsions of 1:40 to 1:60 are typically recommended.
The following grinding procedures are suggested as starting points; necessary changes, if any, will be evident from the results
obtained in preliminary work.
Operation
Surface
Surface
Cylindrical
Cylindrical
type of grind
dry
wet
wet or dry
wet
wheel speed (surface fpm)
6000
6000
6500
6500
infeed (in./pass)
0.002
0.005
0.001
0.0005
work speed (surface fpm)
------
------
100
100
table speed (fpm)
50
50
1/3*
1/6*
crossfeed (in./stroke)
0.032
0.032
-----
-----
finish (microin., rms)
10
20
30
12
*width of wheel face/revolution of work
Consult your local tool distributor for the most current grinding, buffing, and honing model available.
(Tool manufacturers include Iscar, Kennametal, Sandvik, etc.)
ELECTROPOLISHING & PHOTOETCHING
Molybdenum can be electropolished in a number of different solutions. Commercially the two most commonly used are phosphoric
acid – sulfuric acid and straight sulfuric acid. The first solution requires a much higher current density than the latter but also gives
a better finish. Both baths are used at room temperature with molybdenum as the anode.
Photoetching of molybdenum is readily done by conventional means. The unexposed portion is etched either chemically or
electrolytically. It is possible to make parts too intricate or complicated for die stamping by this method with absolute uniformity of
all parts and remarkably close tolerances. Generally photoetching is limited to sheet thickness from 0.001 to 0.010 in., with the
minimum hole or mesh size never less than the thickness of the sheet.
FIRST
4 gal
1 gal
4 gal
SOLUTION
phosphoric acid
sulfuric acid
water
SECOND SOLUTION
2 parts sulfuric acid
1 part water
10/14 amp/sq.in.
dip in denatured alcohol
prior to water rinsing
100/300 amp/sq ft
film of blue oxide formed, removed
by immersion in alkaline cleaner
or caustic-soda solution
Photoetching of molybdenum is readily done by conventional means. The unexposed portion is etched either chemically or
electrolytically. It is possible to make parts too intricate or complicated for die stamping by this method with absolute uniformity of
all parts and remarkably close tolerances. Generally photoetching is limited to sheet thickness from 0.001 to 0.010 in., with the
minimum hole or mesh size never less than the thickness of the sheet.
MACHINING GUIDE FOR TUNGSTEN ALLOYS
[as per ASTM B 777-07, EU RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC Compliant]
Tungsten Alloys* are alloyed with different elements such
as nickel, copper, and iron to produce a large variety of
grades. Many of these alloys have engineering properties
similar to steel and are relatively easy to machine. These
alloys can be drilled, milled, turned, and tapped using
standard tools and equipment, while using speeds and
feeds similar to Grey Cast Iron. Tungsten Alloys can also
be plated or painted to enhance their corrosion protection.
Tungsten Alloys have found wide acceptance in applications
such as radiation shielding, medical equipment, boring
bars, vibration dampening, sporting goods, as well as
counterweights in aircraft and racing cars.
PARAMETERS AND TOOLING TO ACCOMPLISH PROPER MACHINING:
TOOLS:
GRINDING:
C-2 Grade carbide tooling is recommended. Use as generous
a nose radius as possible.
Use Aluminum Oxide type wheels (“J” grade typical) with
coolant to remove grinding material rapidly.
OPERATIONS:
MILLING:
•
Turning/Boring: Positive rake is recommended
Roughing: 0.050”/ 0.200”
Depth of Cut: 0.008”/.010” Feed.
•
Finishing: 0.010”/0.030”
Depth of Cut: 0.003”/0.005” Feed.
•
Turning Speed: 250/350 Surface feet per minute.
Feeds and Speeds should follow Grey Cast Iron
recommendations.
Feeds: 0.003” per tooth as a starting point.
Speed: 75 - 750 sfpm with carbide tools; adjust to depth of cut.
End Milling: Slight “climb” is best starting point.
Note: For above operations, air is the preferred method of
cooling tools; coolant can be used.
Note: For above operations, air is the preferred method of
cooling tools; coolant can be used.
DRILLING/TAPPING:
EXOTIC OPERATIONS:
•
Drilling: Use Carbide tipped or solid carbide drills
with air or coolant such as Molydisulfide cutting fluid.
Drill tap holes to 50-55% of thread hole requirement.
•
Tapping: Use straight flute, high alloy taps. For small
threaded holes, thread forming taps can be used.
Nitrided or solid carbide taps will extend life of tap
on long run jobs.
Wire EDM; Solid EDM; Waterjet Cutting can be performed on
tungsten alloys.
*Tungsten Alloys are also known as Mallory 1000, Densalloy, Fansteel 77 and Densimet.
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS
GENERAL
Soft Magnetic alloys can be machined by all of the common metal machining processes. No special equipment or procedures are
required to produce parts with accurate dimensions with excellent finishes.
Soft Magnetic alloys that are primarily Nickel-Iron alloys (e.g. EFI Alloy 79, aka Magnifer 7904, HyMu 80, Hipernom, MolyPermalloy and Permalloy 80, EFI Alloy 50, aka Magnifer 50, High Permeability 49 and Alloy 47-50 and Radiometal 4550) can
be machined in accordance with the information found in our Machining Nickel-Iron Alloys available from our website.
This machining guide covers the machining of Hiperco 50, Hiperco 50A, and VIM VAR Core Iron.
HIPERCO 50/50A
TOOLS
The choice between high-speed steel and carbide tools depends largely on production quantities. When using carbide tools,
surface speed feet/minute (SFPM) can be increased between 2 and 3 times over the high-speed suggestions, Feeds can be
increased between 50 and 100%.
The following charts include typical machining parameters used to machine Hiperco 50A. The data should be used as a guide for
initial machine setup only.
TURNING –
SINGLE POINT & BOX TOOLS
DRILLING
SFPM
IPR
Drill Diameter
SFPM
IPR
High Speed Tools
30 - 40
.003 - .010
3/8”
30
.005
Carbide Tools
120 - 130
.005 - .010
3/4”
30
.010
SFPM
IPR
TURNING –
CUT-OFF & FORM TOOLS
REAMING
Cut-Off Tool Width
SFPM
IPR
1/16”
25
.001
Under 1/2”
65
.005
1/8”
25
.002
Over 1/2”
65
.010
1/4”
25
.003
Form Tool Width
SFPM
IPR
1/2”
25
.004
1”
25
.0025
1-1/2”
25
.002
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS
HIPERCO 50/50A continued
DIE THREADING
TAPPING
Threads per Inch
SFPM
Threads per Inch
SFPM
3 – 7-1/2
8
3 – 7-1/2
6
8 – 15
10
8 – 15
7
Over 16
15
16 – 24
11
Over 25
15
MILLING
BROACHING
SFPM
IPR
20 - 30
.001 - .005
SFPM
IPR
Chip Load
8 - 15
.002
Over 25
15
VIM VAR CORE IRON
The following charts include typical machining used to machine Electrical Iron. The data listed should be used as a guide for initial
machine setup only.
TURNING
SINGLE POINT & BOX TOOLS
Depth
of Cut,
in.
High-Speed Tools
Carbide
Speed,
ipm
Feed,
ipr
Tool
Material
Brazed
.150
80
.015
M-2
.025
110
.007
M-3
Speed, ipm
Throw Away
Feed,
ipr
Tool
Material
350
400
.020
C-6
400
490
.007
C-7
CUT-OFF & FORM TOOLS
Speed,
fpm
Feed, ipr
Cut-Off Tools Width, Inches
Tool
Material
Form Tool Width, Inches
1/16
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
1-1/2
2
70
.001
.0015
.002
.0015
.001
.001
.0007
M-2
250
.003
.0045
.006
.003
.0025
.0025
.0015
C-6
DRILLING
Speed,
fpm
70
Feed, ipr
Tool
Material
Nominal Hole Diameter, Inches
1/16
1/8
1/4
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
.001
.002
.004
.007
.010
.012
.015
.018
M-42
GENERAL GUIDE TO MACHINING SOFT MAGNETIC ALLOYS
VIM VAR CORE IRON continued
TAPPING
Speed, fpm
Tool Material
15 - 20
M-1; M-7; M-10
DIE THREADING
Speed, fpm
Tool Material
7 or less
8 to 15
16 to 24
25 and up, T.P.I.
8 - 20
10 - 25
15 - 30
20 - 35
M-1; M-2; M-7; M-10
MILLING – END PERIPHERAL
Depth
of Cut,
In.
.050
High Speed Tools
Speed,
fpm
60
Carbide Tools
Feed - Inches per tooth
Cutter Diameter, Inches
1/4
1/2
3/4
1-2
.002
.003
.005
.006
Tool
Material
M-42
Figures used for all metal removal operations covered are
average. On certain work, the nature of the part may require
adjustment of speeds and feeds. Each job has to be developed
for best production results with optimum tool life. Speeds or
feeds should be increased or decreased in small steps.
HEAT TREATING FOR OPTIMAL
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Items as supplied from the mill exhibit only a fraction of the
soft magnetic properties which they are capable of attaining.
To optimize their full magnetic properties, further heat treatment
is a necessity.
Optimal heat treating procedures vary depending on the type
of soft magnetic alloy – recommended heating temperatures,
hold times, cooling rates, cycles, and types of atmospheres are
all specific to each alloy. For the recommended heat treatment
procedures for your material, please contact your Ed Fagan
Inc. sales representative.
Speed,
fpm
300
Feed - Inches per tooth
Tool
Material
Cutter Diameter, Inches
1/4
1/2
3/4
1-2
.0025
.004
.006
.008
C-6
SERVICE YOU CAN DEPEND ON
JUST-IN-TIME DELIVERY
All standard stock items can be shipped within 24 hours – and
are often shipped the same day. All materials can be certified
with shipment.
CUSTOM STOCKING PROGRAM
We can save you time and money by taking a mill order
minimum, putting it in our inventory and shipping it to you in
required quantities as you need them. So you can maximize
your yield or save manufacturing time by ordering material to
your specific needs.
MATERIALS PROVIDED TO
YOUR SPECIFICATIONS
EFI can cut, shear, slit, or centerless grind materials to your
exact specifications. We also have tremendous versatility when
it comes to custom sizes, packages, and unusual materials.
OVER 40 YEARS OF EXPERTISE
Ed Fagan Inc has been solving the inventory problems of
Aerospace/Aviation, Defense, Electronics, Magnetic, Medical,
Lighting, Optical, Telecommunications, Ceramics, Heat Treating,
and other high-technology industries since 1965. EFI’s formula
of high quality products and ISO Certified, world class service
has differentiated us in today’s competitive market.
CONSIGNMENT PROGRAM
EFI can help you streamline your manufacturing process,
reducing your costs and improving your service. Our
consignment program puts inventory on your floor and:
•
Cuts down your administrative burden
•
Enables you to pull material as you need it
•
Reports usage and adjusts inventory monthly.
USEFUL CONVERSIONS
fraction inches
1/64
1/32
1/16
1/10
1/8
3/16
15/64
1/4
mm
0.0001
0.003
0.0003
0.0005
0.0010
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.015625
0.0197
0.0200
0.0250
0.0300
0.0313
0.0350
0.0394
0.0400
0.0500
0.0591
0.0600
0.0625
0.0700
0.0780
0.0800
0.0900
0.0930
0.0984
0.1000
0.1090
0.1150
0.1181
0.1250
0.1378
0.1450
0.1500
0.1575
0.1640
0.1750
0.1772
0.1875
0.1969
0.2000
0.2344
0.2362
0.2500
0.2756
0.006
0.013
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.13
0.25
0.38
0.40
0.50
0.51
0.64
0.76
0.79
0.89
1.00
1.02
1.27
1.50
1.52
1.59
1.78
1.98
2.03
2.29
2.36
2.50
2.54
2.77
2.92
3.00
3.18
3.50
3.68
3.81
4.00
4.17
4.45
4.50
4.76
5.00
5.08
5.95
6.00
6.35
7.00
fraction inches
9/32
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
11/16
3/4
7/8
1
1 1/16
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 3/8
0.2810
0.2953
0.3125
0.3150
0.3346
0.3543
0.3750
0.3937
0.4134
0.4331
0.4375
0.4528
0.4724
0.5000
0.5118
0.5512
0.5906
0.6250
0.6299
0.6693
0.6870
0.7087
0.7480
0.7500
0.7874
0.8268
0.8661
0.8750
0.9055
0.9449
0.9843
1.0000
1.0236
1.0630
1.1024
1.1250
1.1417
1.1811
1.2205
1.2500
1.2598
1.2992
1.3386
1.3750
1.3780
1.4173
1.4567
1.4961
mm
7.14
7.50
7.94
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.53
10.00
10.50
11.00
11.11
11.50
12.00
12.70
13.00
14.00
15.00
15.88
16.00
17.00
17.45
18.00
19.00
19.05
20.00
21.00
22.00
22.23
23.00
24.00
25.00
25.40
26.00
27.00
28.00
28.58
29.00
30.00
31.00
31.75
32.00
33.00
34.00
34.93
35.00
36.00
37.00
38.00
fraction inches
1 1/2
1 5/8
1 3/4
1 7/8
2
2 1/8
2 1/4
2
2
2
2
3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
2 7/8
3
3 1/4
3 1/2
3 3/4
3 15/16
4
4 1/2
5
5 1/2
6
6 3/10
7
7 1/2
7 7/8
8
9
10
11
12
1.5000
1.5354
1.5748
1.6250
1.7500
1.8750
1.9685
2.0000
2.1250
2.2500
2.3622
2.3750
2.5000
2.6250
2.7500
2.7559
2.8750
3.0000
3.1496
3.2500
3.5000
3.5433
3.7500
3.9370
4.0000
4.5000
4.7244
5.0000
5.5000
5.5118
6.0000
6.2992
7.0000
7.0866
7.5000
7.8740
8.0000
8.6614
9.0000
9.4488
10.0000
10.2362
11.0000
11.0236
11.8110
12.0000
mm
38.10
39.00
40.00
41.28
44.45
47.63
50.00
50.80
53.98
57.15
60.00
60.33
63.50
66.68
69.85
70.00
73.03
76.20
80.00
82.55
88.90
90.00
95.25
100.00
101.60
114.30
120.00
127.00
139.70
140.00
152.40
160.00
177.80
180.00
190.50
200.00
203.20
220.00
228.60
240.00
254.00
260.00
279.40
280.00
300.00
304.80
LINEAR
To Convert:
Multiply by:
inches into centimeters
2.540
inches into meters
0.0254
inches into millimeters
25.4
feet into meters
0.3048
feet into centimeters
30.48
millimeters into feet
0.00328084
millimeters into inches
0.03937
centimeters into inches
0.3937
meters into feet
3.281
MASS
To Convert:
Multiply by:
ounces into grams
28.3495
pounds into grams
453.592
pounds into kilograms
0.453592
tons into kilograms
1016.047
grams into ounces
0.03527
kilograms into pounds
2.2046
TEMPERATURE
To Convert between degress
Farenheit (˚F) & degrees Celcius (˚C):
˚C = (˚F – 32) x 5/9
˚F = ˚C x 9/5 + 32
Special Purpose Alloys
www.edfagan.com
EASTERN OFFICE
Ed Fagan Inc. 769 Susquehanna Avenue
Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417
Phone: 201-891-4003
Fax: 201-891-3207
East Coast Toll Free Service: 800-335-6827
WESTERN OFFICE
Ed Fagan Inc.
10537 Humbolt Street
Los Alamitos, CA 90720
Phone: 562-431-2568
Fax: 562-598-7122
West Coast Toll Free Service: 800-782-9657
EUROPE
Ed Fagan Europe Ltd.
Unit 3a South Hams Business Park
Churchstow, Kingsbridge Devon, UKTQ7 3QH
Phone: +44 (0) 1548 858 770
Fax: +44 (0) 1548 856 516
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.edfagan.co.uk
6/2016
THE MATERIALS YOU NEED, WHEN YOU NEED THEM