SolENERGI

SolENERGI
muligheter globalt og Nasjonalt
NGF’s
Geilo-symposium
20. September 2007
Per Finden
Erik Marstein
Institutt for energiteknikk
28.09.07
Institutt for energiteknikk
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Uavhengig stiftelse etablert i 1948
Bredt energiteknologisk FoU-miljø
520 ansatte (Kjeller og Halden)
Omsetning ca. 550 mill. kr
Kontraktsforskning
Internasjonalt rettet
28.09.07
JEEP II-reaktor, Kjeller
Activities on Renewable Energy at
IFE
• Main focus
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Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Advanced energy systems
Hydrogen Storage Systems
Hydrogen production
• Target groups
• Industry
• Utility companies
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Globale energireserver
28.09.07
Our friend: the Sun
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The Sun in numbers
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R
V
m
ρ
• Tsurface
6,96·108 m
1,41·1027 m3
1,99·1030 kg
1,41·103 kg/m3
5,76·103 K
• Tinterior
13,6·106 K
sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov
28.09.07
Solar energy
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The map shows the yearly
sum of global irradiation in
Europe [kWh/m2]
The color scale ranges from
200 kWh/m2 (blue) to 2000
kWh/m2 (red)
The local variations in the
yearly
sum
of
global
irradiation are large:
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Sahara:
Norway:
kWh/m2
2 500 kWh/m2
700 –
1 100
http://re.jrc.cec.eu.int/pvgis
28.09.07
Energy conversion
Solar energy can be converted into various forms of
energy
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Solar thermal energy conversion
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Photons interact with matter, thereby increasing the kinetic
energy of atoms and electrons
Photochemical energy conversion
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Photons interact with matter, thereby increasing the potential
energy of electrons
A quantum energy conversion process
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Photovoltaic energy conversion
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28.09.07
Photons interact with matter, thereby increasing the potential
energy of electrons
A quantum energy conversion process
Solar thermal energy
conversion
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The energy of the Sunlight
raises
the
converter
temperature, Tcell.
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Tcell can be used to directly
heat e.g. air or water.
A solar thermal converter
can be very efficient as it
effectively can use entire
solar spectrum.
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Up to 80 % conversion
efficiency.
Solarnor
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SOLARNOR
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Fredbo - Auskog Høland - Akershus
Årlig nyttig varmeproduksjon
ca 2000 kWh
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Solar Energy
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The beauty of solar cells
A vast, almost unexploited
resource
Renewable
No emissions during operation
Little or no maintenance
required
Reliable energy production
Distributed energy production
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Around 2 billion people
currently live without access
to electricity…
Solar cell history
Year
28.09.07
Event
1839
Fotovoltaic effect in electrolyte (Becquerel, F)
1873
Fotovoltaic effect in solid state - Se (Smith, UK)
1883
Large area solar cell – thin film Se (Fritts, USA)
1914
1% Se solar cell – self-powered photometer for photography
1954
6% Si solar cell (Chapin/Bell Lab, USA)
1954
6% Cu2S/CdS solar cell (Reynolds/US Air Force, USA)
1956
6% GaAs solar cell (Jenny/RCA Lab, USA)
1958
Vanguard I – first solar powered sattelite
1970
GaAlAs/GaAs heterostructure solat cell (Alferov (Ioffe), SSSR)
1973
Global oil crisis
1994
ScanWafer AS established
2006
> 5 GW solar cells installed, ~ 2.5 GW production capacity
36
32
Efficiency
Crystalline Si Cells
Single crystal
Multicrystalline
Thin Si
28
Efficiency (%)
Spectrolab
Multijunction Concentrators
Three-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Emerging PV
Organic cells
Boeing
Masushita
8
Monosolar
Kodak
Kodak
Boeing
4
RCA
0
1975
UNSW
Spire
Spire
UNSW
UNSW
Stanford
Georgia Tech Sharp
Varian
Solarex
UNSW
NREL
Boeing
AstroPower
RCA
Solarex
NREL
United
Solar
AMETEK
Boeing
NREL
AstroPower
Euro-CIS
ARCO Boeing
United Solar
Photon
Energy
University
California
Berkeley Princeton
University
Konstanz
1985
NREL
NREL
University
RCA
of Maine
RCA
RCA
RCA
RCA
1980
UNSW
NREL
Cu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
Georgia Tech UNSWNREL
University
So. Florida
No. Carolina
State University
12
NREL/
Spectrolab
NREL
ARCO
Westinghouse
16
Japan
Energy
NREL
Thin Film Technologies
Cu(In,Ga)Se2
CdTe
Amorphous Si:H (stabilized)
2
4
20
Spectrolab
1990
1995
NREL
2000
L. Kazmersky – NREL
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The solar spectrum
E < Eg
Visible light
1800
1600
1400
Irradiance
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Wavelength [um]
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3
3,5
4
4,5
Value Chain Solar Electricity
SiO2
Wafer
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Dirty
Si
High Q.
Si
Ingot
Solar Cell
Module
Energy
System
Mono- and multicrystalline silicon
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Monocrystalline Si
+ Very pure and almost
defect-free
+ Gives very efficient Si solar
cells
- Expensive
- Round wafers
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Multicrystalline Si
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Gives good Si solar cells
Square wafers
Relatively inexpensive
Contains impurities and
defects
Topsil (left) IFE (right)
28.09.07
Main solar activities at IFE
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Feedstock
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Crystallization
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Modelling of solidification
processes
Design of solidification
processes with respect on
particle inclusions, fluid flow,
stresses and cracking
Solar cells
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Production of high purity silicon
by decomposition of silan in
different types of free space
reactors
Isotope production
P-doping of ingots
Process development
Process optimization
Characterisation and modelling
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Solar modules
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Solar energy systems
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Energy system analysis
Energy system testing
Education
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Material characterisation
Lamination (later this year)
Design
M.Sc./M.Tech., PhD, Post. Doc.
UNIK 4450 – Solar cells
Personnel
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20 fully dedicated persons
10 partly involved
Norwegian companies involved
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Feedstock
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Elkem Solar
REC Silicon
Norsun
Other pilot projects
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REC Scanwafer
REC Sitech
Norsun
Wafering
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REC Scanmodule AB
Energy systems
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REC Scancell
Module production
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REC Scanwafer
Norsun
Solar cell production
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Crystallisation
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SilanSil
NSR
Swirl ­process, IFE
IsoSilicon, IFE
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REC Solar vision
Solkraft AS
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Sub suppliers
• Orkla Exolon, Metallkraft,
CruSiN,....
PV laboratories at IFE today
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A silicon production laboratory
An industrial R&D process line for
crystalline silicon solar cells
A laboratory for characterising of
wafers and solar cells
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Structural
Electrical
Optical
A PV - system laboratory
Characterisation equipment
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Electrical characterisation
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I-V measurements
Bulk resistance
Sheet resistance
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LBIC mapping (405, 850, 950, 980)
Diffusion length mapping
Serial and contact resistance mapping
pn testing
Micro-PCD mapping
QSSPC
Fe-B pair splitting mapping
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Equipment for measuring spectral response
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Reflectance
Transmittance
IQE
EQE
Ellipsometer (to be innstalled at the end of 2007)
Structural
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4 probe and m apping
FEG-SEM, EDS, XRD, AFM, NAA, Infinite
microscope (SIMS and TEM at UiO)
Processing equipment
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2 Etch stations
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1 Diffusion furnace
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Emitter formation
1 Plasma etcher
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Damage etch, texturisation, characterisation preparation
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Edge isolation
2 PECVD reactors
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Hydrogenation, SiNx amorphous silicon, SiC, SiOx .
Another new system will be installed early next year.
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2 Screen printers
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standard
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Hot melt ink
1 Sputtering system (Q1 2008)
1 Tube furnace (Q1 2008)
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2 firing furnaces
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1 Laser
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High and low speed firing
Cutting, scribing...
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New solar cell laboratory
• A new advanced solar cell laboratory is planned
• Build for development of future high efficient silicon based
solar cells
• Will contain clean rooms, advanced R&D solar cell
processing line and advanced characterization facilities
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Different kinds
of stand alone systems
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Tuscon Electric Power's Springerville
Generating Station Solar System
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UNIversidad VERde
Spain
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LÆREKURVER
2005
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Technology shares
100 %
13
4, 1
10, 1
4, 3
9, 6
5, 6
7, 3
6, 2
4, 6
4, 4
51, 6
57, 2
5, 9
3, 3
6, 5
7, 6
2, 9
2, 6
54, 7
52, 3
80 %
60 %
42, 1
48, 2
50, 2
46, 5
Thin f ilm
R&S Si
mc-Si
40 %
20 %
sc-Si
40, 8
37, 4
1999
2000
34, 6
36, 4
33, 2
36, 2
38, 4
2004
2005
43, 4
0%
2001
2002
2003
2006
Year
Photon Int’ l (2007)
28.09.07
Market growth
3000
2536
MWp of solar cells produced
2500
2000
1815
1500
1256
1000
750
560
500
202
287
401
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
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2004
2005
2006
Photon Int’ l (2007)
Market potential Solar Electricity
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Over 3 billion NOK in turnover for 2006 in Norway
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In 2010 expected turnover to in the range 12-15 billion NOK in Norway
100 % export
Annually about 40% increase in production volume the last 5 years
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World wide production volume in 2006 about 2.4 GW
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Current price of solar modules: ~ 3 – 5 $/Wp
28.09.07
Takk for oppmerksomheten!
28.09.07