Article no. 252109-696

Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie
ISSN 1221-1273, E-ISSN 2065-3409
Year XXV, no. 2/2015 (December), pp. 221-233
Article no. 252109-696
TYPOLOGY OF WOODEN CHURCHES IN THE DRAINAGE BASINS
OF MUREȘ AND ARIEȘ, ALBA COUNTY
Ștefan BAIAS
University of Oradea, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning – TSAC,
1 University St., 410087, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
Maria GOZNER
University of Oradea, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning – TSAC,
1 University St., 410087, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
Grigore Vasile HERMAN
University of Oradea, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning – TSAC,
1 University St., 410087, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
Florin Miron MĂDUȚA
University of Oradea, Department of Geography, Tourism and Territorial Planning – TSAC,
1 University St., 410087, Oradea, Romania, e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The scientific undertaking, focused on a specific methodology, quantified in the
specialist literature, takes shape as a quantitative, qualitative, typological and cartographic
knowledge of what is authentic, traditional and representative for Alba County. The result
allows us to tackle the issue of the wooden churches, considered authentic values for the
inhabitant of this county.
Key words: cultural heritage, wooden churches, tourism
* * * * * *
INTRODUCTION
Situated in the central part of Romania, run through by many streams, having a varied relief
and covered by widespread forests, Alba county has been, since the dawn of time, a territory
extremely favourable for the emergence and development of human communities. In the
traditional way of living of the inhabitants of this area, in the traditional fundamental sides of their
material and spiritual culture, that come into being in the extensive and varied range of
ethnographic phenomena, from the settlement to the faith, one can recognize, even nowadays,
certain elements of an ancient tradition which constitutes the cultural heritage of the Romanian
people in this Transylvanian region (Godea, 1977; Mocean & Cenar, 1980; Anghel et al., 1982;
Mocan, 2011; Tătar & Herman, 2013). In this regard, we can speak about the wooden churches
ranked as historic monuments, erected by skillful craftsmen and by talented painters in the most

Corresponding Author
http://istgeorelint.uoradea.ro/Reviste/Anale/anale.htm
222
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
remote villages of the Apuseni Mountains or in the settlements located in the drainage basins of
Mureș and Arieș. Even though Alba is one of the Romanian counties where the wooden churches
representing historic monuments have not been yet fully registered 1 , a real treasure nestles here,
due to the authenticity and originality of these values, a treasure which deserves to be duly
appreciated. This is why our research focuses on the quantitative, qualitative, typological and
cartographic study of the wooden churches, true „pearls” of the traditional architecture of this
Transylvanian region (Ilieș, 2014).
METHODOLOGY
The information and the data analyzed in this study come from the fields of geography,
architecture, history, official statistical data and on-the-ground research.
The results have been obtained by using the geographical research methods: the method
of bibliographic documentation (Cocean, 2005), followed by the on-the-ground research, with
the help of the adequate techniques - the observation and the description (Ianoș, 2000;
Kothari, 2004; Armaș, 2006; Veal, 2006); the statistical method - collecting the statistical data
and their processing, analysis and interpretation (Andrei & Stancu, 1995); the method of the
analysis - the collected information and data are used in the profile processing (Cocean,
2005), the cartographic method - the information is turned into cartographic representations
through the GIS software (Petrea, 2005; Clifford et al., 2010) and the method of synthesis,
whereby the conclusions were drawn regarding the wooden churches of the drainage basins of
Mureș and Arieș, Alba County (figure 1).
Figure 1. Spatial location of the study area
1
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserici_de_lemn_din_Alba (date of visit: 20.07.2015)
Typology of Wooden Churches in the Drainage Basins of Mureș and Arieș, Alba County
223
THE TYPOLOGY OF THE WOODEN CHURCHES
In the geographic area of Alba county and on the basis of the reviewed documents
(Cristache-Panait, 1987, 1993; Boțan, 2010; Opriș et al., 2001), 33 wooden churches were
identified, that are part of the national cultural heritage (figure 2). Out of the total number of the
wooden churches ranked as historic monuments, 14 churches are dedicated to the „Holy
Archangels Michael and Gabriel”. These historical monuments have more than 200 years of
existence, as the majority of them were built in the 18th century. The oldest wooden church in the
research area is the church of Saint Nicolas belonging to the monastery of Lupșa, the village of
Lupșa (year of construction 1429).
The analysis of the wooden churches classified as historic monuments was made taking into
account seven typologies, depending on the entrance, the portal, the orientation of the porch, the
coverings of the exterior walls, the type of the roof, the shape of the helmet and the height.
Figure 2. Spatial location of the wooden churches in Alba County
224
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
The first fundamental criterion in the establishment of the typology of the wooden churches
is the entrance. According to this criterion, we have identified five types of wooden churches in
Alba county: A - wooden churches with entrance on the west side; B - wooden churches with
entrance on the south side; C - wooden churches with entrance on the west side and on the south
side; D - wooden churches with two entrances on the south side and E - wooden churches with
entrance on the north side (table 1).
The statistical analysis of the wooden churches indicates the fact that the wooden churches
with entrance on the south side predominate in the drainage basin of Mureș (45,5%), while those
with entrance on the west side prevail in the drainage basin of Arieș (36,4%) (figure 3).
Table 1. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historical monuments depending on the entrance
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014-2015)
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage basins of:
Mureș
Arieș
Type
A - wooden churches
with entrance on the
west side;
Alba Iulia, Băgău, Fărău, Întregalde,
Mureșului, Noșlac, Pianu de Sus, Șpălnaca
B - wooden churches
with entrance on the
south side;
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery „Sfântul
Ioan Botezătorul” – „Saint John the Baptist”),
Copand, Fărău (in the premises of the Monastery
„Sfânta Treime” – „The Holy Trinity”), Geogel,
Ghirbom, Săliștea, Sânbenedic, Șilea, Tău, Turdaș
Goiești, Runc, Poșaga
de Sus
Găbud
Arieșeni, Sartăș
C - wooden churches
with entrance on the
west side and on the
south side;
D - wooden churches
with two entrances on
the south side;
E - wooden churches
with entrance on the
north side.
50.00%
40.00%
Lunca
Gârda de Sus, Lăzești,
Sub Piatră, Valea Largă
Bârlești, Cojocani, Dealu Geoagiului
Lunca Largă, Lupșa
45.5%
36.4%
36.4%
30.00%
27.2%
18.2%
20.00%
18.20%
13.6%
10.00%
4.5%
0%
0%
0.00%
D.B. Mures
C. with entrance on the west side
C. with entrance on the west side and on the south side
C. with entrance on the north side
D.B. Aries
C. with entrance on the south side
C. with two entrances on the south side
*C – Wooden churches
Figure 3. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historical monuments depending on the entrance
Typology of Wooden Churches in the Drainage Basins of Mureș and Arieș, Alba County
225
During the on-the-ground research, we have identified ten wooden churches whose portals
are adorned with various motifs (table 2). In the drainage basin of Mureș, eight (36,4%) of the
wooden churches have adorned portals and in the drainage basin of Arieș, only two (18,2%) of the
wooden churches have adorned portals (figure 4).
Table 2. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments depending on the portal
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014-2015)
Type
Awooden
churches
with
adorned portal;
B-wooden
churches
with
unadorned
(simple) portal.
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage basins of:
Mureș
Arieș
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery „Sfântul
Ioan Botezătorul” - „Saint John the Baptist”),
Gârda de Sus, Lăzești
Cojocani, Geogel, Ghirbom, Lunca Mureșului, Noșlac,
Sânbenedic, Șilea
Alba Iulia, Băgău, Bârlești, Copand, Dealu Geoagiului, Arieșeni, Goiești, Lunca
Fărău (in the premises of the Monastery „Sfânta Largă, Lupșa, Runc,
Treime” - „The Holy Trinity”), Găbud, Întregalde, Sartăș, Sub Piatră, Poșaga
Pianu de Sus, Săliștea, Șpălnaca, Tău, Turdaș
de Sus, Valea Largă
81.8%
63.6%
36.4%
18.2%
D.B.Mures
C. with adorned portal
D.B.Aries
C. with simple portal
* C – wooden churches
Figure 4. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments depending on the portal
Table 3. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments
depending on the orientation of the porch
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014-2015)
Type
A - Wooden churches with the
porch on the south side;
B - wooden churches with the porch
on the west side;
C - wooden churches with porch on
the north side and on the west side;
D - wooden churches with porch on
all the sides.
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage
basins of:
Mureș
Arieș
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery
„Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul” – „Saint John the
Baptist”), Bârlești, Cojocani, Copand, Dealu
Geoagiului, Ghirbom, Sânbenedic, Șilea, Turdaș
Fărău, Lunca Mureșului, Noșlac, Șpălnaca
Găbud
Băgău
Sub Piatră
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
226
The porch of the wooden churches classified as historic monuments is placed on one side,
two sides or even on four sides (table 3). The wooden churches with the porch on the south side
prevail in the drainage basin of Mureș (60%) while in the drainage basin of Arieș, there is only one
wooden church with the porch on the west side, the church of Sub Piatră (figure 5).
In order to realize the graph of the figure five for the drainage basin of Mureș, the
calculations took into account 15 churches.
60.0%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
26.6%
20.00%
10.00%
6.7%
6.7%
0.00%
D.B. Mures
C. with the porch on the south side
C. with the porch on the west side and on the north side
C. with the porch on the west side
C. with porch on all the sides
* C – wooden churches
Figure 5. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments depending on the orientation of
the porch
During the on-the-ground research, we have identified nine wooden churches (table 4)
whose exterior walls have undergone renovation works (works which resulted in the plastering of
the walls), following the destructive effects of the natural factors. The best preserved are the
wooden churches situated in the drainage basin of Mureș (86,4%), while in the drainage basin of
Arieș, 54,5% of the wooden churches have plastered walls (figure 6).
Table 4. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments
depending on the covering of the exterior walls
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014 - 2015)
Type
A - churches with
wooden walls;
B - churches with
plastered
wooden
walls.
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage basins of:
Mureș
Arieș
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery „Sfântul
Ioan Botezătorul” - „Saint John the Baptist”), Alba
Iulia, Băgău, Bârlești, Cojocani, Lunca Mureșului, Goiești, Lăzești, Lunca
Fărău, Fărău (in the premises of the Monastery Largă, Poșaga de Sus,
„Sfânta Treime” - „The Holy Trinity”), Găbud, Sub Piatră
Geogel, Ghirbom, Noșlac, Pianu de Sus, Săliștea,
Sânbenedic, Șilea, Șpălnaca, Tău, Turdaș
Copand, Dealu Geoagiului, Întregalde
Arieșeni, Gârda de Sus,
Lupșa, Runc, Sartăș,
Valea Largă
The tall roof made of shingles, tiles or corrugated iron, supported by a system of beams and
purlins, often extends over the porch by means of large eaves, a fact which gives the church its
lithe silhouette (Godea, 2008; Baias, 2012, 2013). During the on-the-ground research, we have
identified five categories of churches, depending on the type of the roof: A - wooden churches
Typology of Wooden Churches in the Drainage Basins of Mureș and Arieș, Alba County
227
with the roof of the nave and of the tower made of shingles; B - wooden churches with the nave roof
made of shingles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron; C- wooden churches with the roof of
the nave and of the tower made of corrugated iron; D - wooden churches with the nave roof made of
tiles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron and E - wooden churches with the nave roof made of
asbestos cement tiles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron. As a result of the research, we have
found out that the wooden churches with the nave and tower roof made of shingles predominate in
the drainage basin of Mureș (45,5%), while in the drainage basin of Arieș, the wooden churches with
the nave and roof tower made of shingles and the wooden churches with the nave and roof tower
made of corrugated iron are equally prevalent (36,4%) (table 5 and figure 7).
86.4%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
54.5%
45.5%
13.6%
D.B. Muresului
Churches with wooden walls
D.B.Ariesului
Churches with plastered wooden walls
Figure 6. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments
depending on the coverage of the exterior walls
Table 5. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments depending on the type of the roof
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014-2015)
Type
A - wooden churches with
the roof of the nave and of
the tower made of shingles;
B - wooden churches with
the nave roof made of
shingles and the tower roof
made of corrugated iron;
C - wooden churches with
the roof of the nave and of
the tower made of corrugated
iron;
D - wooden churches with
the nave roof made of tiles
and the tower roof made of
corrugated iron;
E - wooden churches with the
nave roof made of asbestos
cement tiles and the tower
roof made of corrugated iron.
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage basins
of:
Mureș
Arieș
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery
„Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul” - „Saint John the
Goiești, Lupșa, Sub
Baptist”), Alba Iulia, Găbud, Ghirbom, Lunca
Piatră, Valea Largă
Mureșului, Pianu de Sus, Săliștea, Șpălnaca,
Tău, Turdaș
Geogel
Gârda de Sus, Poșaga
de Sus
Copand, Dealu Geoagiului, Fărău (in the
premises of the Monastery „Sfânta Treime” „The Holy Trinity”), Sânbenedic
Arieșeni,
Lăzești,
Runc, Sartăș
Băgău, Bârlești, Cojocani, Fărău, Întregalde,
Noșlac, Șilea
Lunca Largă
228
50.00%
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
45.5%
40.00%
36.4%
36.4%
31.8%
30.00%
18.2%
20.00%
18.2%
9.0%
10.00%
4.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.00%
D.B.Mures
D.B. Aries
C. with the roof of the nave and of the tower made of shingles
C. with the nave roof made of shingles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron
C. with the roof of the nave and of the tower made of corrugated iron
C. with the nave roof made of tiles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron
C. with the nave roof made of asbestos cement tiles and the tower roof made of corrugated iron
* C – wooden churches
Figure 7. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments depending on the type of the roof
Table 6. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments
depending on the shape of the bell tower helmet
(Data source: Data collected on the ground between 2014-2015)
Type
Wooden churches located in cities and villages in the drainage basins of:
Mureș
Arieș
A - wooden churches
with round bell tower
helmet;
Săliștea (shingles)
B - wooden churches
with quadrilateral bell
tower helmet;
Alba Iulia (in the premises of the Monastery
„Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul” - „Saint John the
Baptist”) (shingles), Copand (corrugated
iron), Fărău (corrugated iron), Fărău (in the
premises of the Monastery „Sfânta Treime” „The Holy Trinity”) (corrugated iron), Găbud
(shingles), Ghirbom (shingles), Lunca
Mureșului (shingles), Pianu de Sus (shingles),
Sânbenedic
(corrugated
iron),
Șilea
(corrugated iron), Șpălnaca (shingles), Tău
(shingles), Turdaș (shingles)
Lupșa (shingles),
(corrugated iron)
C - wooden churches
with hexagonal bell tower
helmet;
Băgău (corrugated iron), Noșlac (corrugated
iron), Sânbenedic (corrugated iron)
Sartăș (corrugated iron)
Alba Iulia (shingles), Bârlești (corrugated
iron), Cojocani (corrugated iron), Dealu
Geoagiului (corrugated iron), Geogel
(corrugated iron), Întregalde (corrugated iron)
Arieșeni (corrugated iron),
Gârda de Sus (corrugated
iron), Goiești (shingles),
Lăzești (corrugated iron),
Lunca Largă (corrugated
iron), Poșaga de Sus
(corrugated
iron),
Sub
Piatră (shingles)
D - wooden churches
with octagonal bell tower
helmet.
Runc
The bell tower, with ridge turret and a long helmet, stands above the pronaos and shelters
the semantron and the bells, two important means of communication in the village life (Godea,
1996). During the on-the-ground research, we have identified four categories of churches,
depending on the shape of the bell-tower helmet: A - wooden churches with round bell tower
Typology of Wooden Churches in the Drainage Basins of Mureș and Arieș, Alba County
229
helmet; B - wooden churches with quadrilateral bell tower helmet; C- wooden churches with
hexagonal bell tower helmet and D - wooden churches with octagonal bell tower helmet. The
wooden churches with quadrilateral bell tower helmet are predominant in the drainage basin of
Mureș (54,5%), while in the drainage basin of Arieș, 70% of the wooden churches have an
octagonal bell tower helmet (table 6 and figure 8).
80.00%
70.0%
70.00%
60.00%
54.5%
50.00%
40.00%
27.4%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
20.0%
13.6%
4.5%
10.0%
0.0%
0.00%
D.B.Mures
C. with round bell tower helmet
C. with hexagonal bell tower helmet
D.B.Aries
C. with quadrilateral bell tower helmet
C. with octagonal bell tower helmet
* C – wooden churches
Figure 8. Typology of the wooden churches ranked as historic monuments
depending on the shape of the bell tower helmet
In order to realize the graph of the figure 8 for the drainage basin of Arieș, the calculations
took into account 10 wooden churches, because the wooden church of Valea Larga does not have a
bell tower. The figures 9 - 41 below present the wooden churches classified as historic monuments
in descending order by height. The tallest wooden church ranked as historic monument (22 m) is
situated in the drainage basin of Arieș, in Arieșeni, while the smallest church (5 m), is situated in
the drainage basin of Mureș, in the village Șilea, commune Fărău.
TYPOLOGY OF WOODEN CHURCHES RANKED AS HISTORIC MONUMENT
DEPENDING ON HEIGHT
Following the on-the-ground research, we have found out that 13 of the wooden churches
ranked as historic monuments are inactive, without liturgical activity.
Figure 9. Arieșeni (22 m)
2
Figure 10. Sânbenedic (17 m)
Figure 11. Goiești (17 m) 2
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Goie%C8%99ti (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
230
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
Figure 12. Gârda de Sus (17 m)
Figure 15. Alba Iulia (15 m)
3
4
5
Figure 13. Fărău (16 m)
Figure 16. Lunca Mureșului (15 m)
Figure 18. Sartăș (15 m)3
Figure 19. Lazesti (15 m)4
Figure 21. Întregalde (13,5 m)
Figure 22. Cojocani (13 m)
Figure 14. Alba Iulia (in the
premises of the Monastery
„Sfântul Ioan Botezătorul” –
„Saint John the Baptist”) (16 m)
Figure 17. Noșlac (15 m)
Figure 20. Lupșa (15 m)
Figure 23. Geogel (13 m)5
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Sart%C4%83%C8%99 (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_L%C4%83ze%C8%99ti (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Geogel (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
Typology of Wooden Churches in the Drainage Basins of Mureș and Arieș, Alba County
231
Figure 24. Lunca Largă (12 m)6
Figure 25. Sub Piatră (12m)7
Figure 26. Băgău (12 m)
Figure 27. Bârlești (11 m)
Figure 28. Dealu Geoagiului (10 m)
Figure 29. Copand (10 m)
Figure 30. Poșaga de Sus (10 m)8
Figure 31. Săliștea (10m)
Figure 32. Runc (10 m)9
Figure 33. Ghirbom (9 m)
Figure 34. Pianu de Sus (7,5 m)
Figure 35. Turdaș (6,5 m)
6
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Lunca_Larg%C4%83 (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Sub_Piatr%C4%83 (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
8
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Belioara (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
9
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Runc ( date of visit: 02.08.2015)
7
232
Ștefan BAIAS, Maria GOZNER, Grigore Vasile HERMAN, Florin Miron MĂDUŢA
Figure 36. Găbud (6 m)
Figure 37. Fărău (in the premises
of the Monastery „Sfânta Treime”
– “The Holy Trinity”) (6 m)
Figure 39. Tău (6 m) 10
Figure 40. Valea Largă (6 m) 11
Figure 38. Șpălnaca (6 m)
Figure 41. Șilea (5 m)
CONCLUSIONS
The 33 wooden churches classified as historic monuments in the drainage basins of Mureș
and Arieș, in Alba County are of special interest due to their diversity, historic and aesthetic value,
but also because of the possibilities to have them valorized. Situated on elevated points, they have
a range of characteristics: entrance on the south side and on the west side, adorned portal, the
porch on the south, west, north side or on all the sides; the majority of the churches have wooden
walls, the nave and tower roof made of shingles and a tower bell with quadrilateral or octagonal
helmet. The tallest wooden church ranked as historic monument is situated in Arieșeni (22 m),
while the smallest church is situated in the village Șilea (5 m). In order to harness their true
potential, further detailed studies are necessary to provide a richer and more important amount of
knowledge regarding the interventions and the modifications undergone by the wooden churches,
their current state and the possibilities to preserve these monuments. This cultural heritage
transmitted from one generation to the next, integral part of the Romanian people emerged since
ancient times in this Transylvanian area, is the living proof of the adaptive capacity and of the
continuity facing the continuous development of the economy and the renewal of the surrounding
world. This is why the tourist valorisation of these „pearls” of the popular architecture is called
for, by their inclusion in the national and international tourist circuits.
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11
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_T%C4%83u (date of visit: 02.08.2015)
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserici_de_lemn_din_Alba https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Goie%C8%99ti https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Sart%C4%83%C8%99 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_L%C4%83ze%C8%99ti https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Geogel https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Lunca_Larg%C4%83 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Sub_Piatr%C4%83 https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Belioara https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_Runc https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_de_lemn_din_T%C4%83u http://cimec.ro/scripts/Monumente/Biserici/sel.asp?Lang=RO&nr=7&NrSel=2&ID=19249 Submitted:
Octomber 15, 2015
Revised:
November 01, 2015
Accepted and published online
November 16, 2015