THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE

Transcription

THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF
THE ROMANIAN – UKRAINIAN TRANS-BORDER
REGION (MARAMUREŞ, SATU MARE, ZAKARPATIA
AND IVANO-FRANKOVSK)
- SUPPORT ACTIONS - STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS -
- 2008 Baia Mare, Maramures County, Romania
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The Strategy
Throughout the stages of drawing up the strategic directions and issuing the herein document, the
aim has been to draw up some directions meant to support the actions undertaken for the purpose of
increasing the economical competitiveness in the regions as well as to strengthen the trans-border
economical cooperation.
In order for this regions to develop from the economical point of view, the entities involved in
drawing up the herein document decided that the objectives must be set and implemented in a
harmonized manner, together with and as per the regional development strategies and, at the same time,
they must rest within the area of control and influence of the involved players. This is the reason why the
herein document proposes only strategic directions for development, without covering the programming
and planning stages.
Thus, an action-orientated strategy has been issued that, besides identifying the objectives and the
results, offers a set of exemplifying actions that can be materialized in possible projects.
The System of Objectives
The vision of the strategy has been defined starting from the territorial analysis and from the SWOT
matrix issued, as follows:
„To support the economical development and the improving of the business environment in
the Romanian – Ukrainian Trans-border Region (Maramureş, Satu Mare, Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankovsk), starting from the analysis of the present territorial situation and relying
on the institutional cooperation of the relevant players at local level.”
The general objective:
“To increase the economic competitiveness in the Romanian – Ukrainian Trans-border
Region (Maramureş, Satu Mare, Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankovsk)”
The analysis of the present territorial situation underlines the issues that the business environment
in the Region is facing. The strategy does not consider elements from the external action environment of
the involved players. Thus, the approach considers some support actions for the business environment.
Specific objectives:
1. To reduce the financial and technological deficiencies;
2. To identify and correlate the deficiencies on the labour market;
3. To strengthen the exchange of business information;
4. To increase the level of the managerial and organizational culture.
The first specific objective of the strategy aims at approaching one of the major problems of the
business environment in the region that affects competitiveness, namely the reduced technological level in
the companies. Even if one of the causes of the technological deficiencies is the lack of financing or the
reduced accessibility to it, both aspects have been analysed and formulated within the same objective
because of the fact that the poor financing affects not only the technological component but also the
development of other sectors (human resources, organizational, financial, promotion etc.).
The second objective considers the human resources component. The analysis made revealed a
high degree of occupation in agriculture, in parallel with a development of the rural environment almost
exclusively from agricultural activities. The decreased level of entrepreneurship, especially marked by the
reduced number of SME-s in the Region, the ageing of the rural population, the decreased level of regional
mobility doubled by a labour force migration outside the region and the deficiencies in the human
resources management, affect the economical development.
The third objective started from the territorial analysis in order to approach the communication
and image issues that the economical environment is facing. Given the absence of some relevant studies at
regional level, European data and statistics have been used with the purpose of substantiating the
conclusions. The following factors hamper the increase of the economical competitiveness: the insufficient
knowledge of the two economical environments, the existence of an ungrounded “mythology” concerning
the two economical environments, the reduced accessibility to relevant business information, the reduced
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level of the business environment visibility within and outside the Region, as well as the existence of the
communication barriers.
The fourth specific objective aims at approaching a less palpable and countable set of issues related
to the business environment. The existence of some differences in the managerial and organizational
cultures between the business environment in the Region and the one, generically named, “European”, are
obvious but difficult to define. However, it is obvious that they aim at affecting the economical
competitiveness. They are nothing but those elements which, practically speaking, either support or
hamper the reaching of the other three objectives and, implicitly, of the general objective. The following
elements have been thus identified: opposition to change, poor confidence in the business relationships,
deficiencies in the organizational management, a reduced degree of associative spirit or a mentality in
which “owner” (entrepreneur) = manager.
The main purpose of setting the objectives is that of offering directions for approaching the most
important issues identified in the Region business environment, exemplifying with actions that once
transferred into practice should provide both sustainability of the long and average term developments and
implementation of the relevant partnerships.
The obtaining of some results supports reaching each separate specific objective:
1. To reduce the technological and financial deficiencies
Results:
- Improving the capacity to access financing sources;
- Increasing the technological level in certain production sectors;
- Stimulating the increase of the innovation level.
2. To identify and correlate the deficiencies on the labour force market
Results:
- Reducing the migration of labour force outside the Region;
- Increasing the labour force mobility inside the Region;
- Making more efficient programs for labour force steadiness;
- Attracting and keeping the young persons in the rural areas.
3. To intensify the exchange of business information
Results:
- Improving the image of the business environment inside and outside the Region;
- Facilitating the access to relevant business information;
- Increasing the two economic and business environments’ visibility;
- Reducing the communication barriers (the language).
4. To increase the level of managerial and organizational culture
Results:
- Accepting the new / the change at organizational level;
- Improving the image of manager’s “profession”;
- Increasing the confidence in the business relationships;
- Improving the organizational management;
- Stimulating the associative spirit.
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VIZIUNE
To support the actions of economical development and the improving of the business environment in the Romania – Ukraine Transborder Region (Maramureş, Satu Mare, Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankivska), starting from the analysis of the present situation and
relying on the institutional cooperation of the relevant players at local level.
OBIECTIVUL GENERAL
To increase the economic competitiveness in the Romania – Ukraine Trans-border Region (Maramureş, Satu Mare,
Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankivska)”
Specific Objective
1. To reduce the
technological and financial
deficiencies
Specific Objective
2. To identify and correlate
the deficiencies on the labor
force market
Specific Objective
3. To intensify the exchange
of business information
Specific Objective
4. To increase the level of
managerial and
organizational culture
Results:
- Improving the capacity to
access financing sources;
Increasing
the
technological level in the
production units;
- Stimulating the increase of
the innovation level.
Results:
- Reducing the migration of
labor force outside the
Region;
- Increasing the labor force
mobility inside the Region;
- Making more efficient
programs for labour force
steadiness;
- Attracting and keeping the
young persons in the rural
areas.
Results:
- Improving the image of the
business environment inside
and outside the Region;
- Facilitating the access to
relevant
business
information;
- Increasing the two
economic and business
environments’ visibility;
Reducing
the
communication barriers (the
language).
Results:
- Accepting the new / the
change at organizational
level;
- Improving the image of
manager’s “profession”;
- Increasing the confidence
in the business relationships;
Improving
the
organizational
management;
- Stimulating the associative
spirit.
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The Methodology of Issuing the Strategy
The starting point for issuing the methodology, the instruments and the working frame for the
herein strategy has been the need to involve in the process the local players belonging to three main
environments: economic, administrative and academic. The need to get information, analyses and
perspectives from as many sources as possible was even bigger as the target was to issue an instrument
with practical applicability, for the benefit of the entities involved as actions promoters. At the same time,
the herein document does not include the planning and programming stages, but only the strategic
directions. These have been detailed with types of exemplifying actions, with risk and stakeholders analyses
so that it could offer a potential portfolio of projects.
The involvement of the players in the three environments is required in order to ground the
analysis in those areas in which the secondary information was missing and the primary one could not be
get through representative means. In the same respect, through consultations with the involved ones, the
strategy set its area of influence of the objectives. Those elements, which are outside the control area of
the involved players (the external environment), have not been approached directly within this strategy
being put either in the external area (OT) of the SWOT matrix or approached indirectly through “lobby”
types of actions. However, they have been taken into consideration in the territorial analysis as elements
meant to affect, either positively or negatively, the economical development.
Moreover, the involvement of the players in the three environments is also required in order to
provide a relevant platform for developing common projects, having as starting point a partnership
structure from the very framing stage.
While issuing the strategy, an important criterion has been that of harmonizing the system of
objectives with the programming documents in force, at different levels. The strategy is based on the
structure, the trans-border development plans, respectively the national and regional plans. The main
document that sets the basis of the territorial analysis is entitled “The European Instrument of
Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania
– Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The Common Operational Program”, the common elements of the two approaches
being considered: the geographical area, the objectives and terms, the mix structure of the players involved
in the drawing up. The analysis in the herein document has been adapted, detailed and updated with
secondary data in order to provide an as coherent grounding of the conclusions as possible. Considering the
common elements of the two documents, the conclusions of the territorial analysis are in agreement with
each other.
In order to provide efficiency, secondary information has been mainly used in the analysis of the
territorial situation (statistical data, development programs, and previous studies at European, regional,
national and county level).
The territorial analysis of the Region uses statistical data from years 2004 –2007.
As far as the methodology is concerned, it covers the following steps:
- Collecting the statistical data, analysing the existing databases;
- Analysing the secondary documents, the planning studies and documents in force;
- The territorial analysis;
- Identifying the strong / weak points, the opportunities and threats, issuing the SWOT
matrix, issuing the problems tree within a workshop attended by representatives of the three
environments in the Region: economic, administrative and academic;
- Issuing the objectives tree, formulating the results, the indicative actions, the specific
objectives and the general objective within a workshop attended by representatives of the three
environments in the Region: economic, administrative and academic;
- Analysing the specific objectives, performing the stakeholders analysis, the risk analysis,
drawing u the objectives charts within two workshops attended by representatives of the three
environments in the Region: economic, administrative and academic.
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THE ANALYSIS OF THE TERRITORIAL SITUATION
General Information
The area of the strategy enforcement is placed at the frontier between Romania-Ukraine
and it includes the following territorial units: Maramures and Satu Mare (Romania), Zakarpatska
and Ivano-Frankovsk (Ukraine).
The strategy area includes approximately 250 km of common frontier with Ukraine and it
covers partially the Romanian – Ukrainian border (366,4 km).
General Outlook
The border with Ukraine, at the level of the North-West Region measures 250 km, out of
which the terrestrial border is of approximately 185 km, and the fluvial (Tisa) one is of
approximately 65 km. The trans-border relations between the two areas, Romanian and Ukrainian,
have important landmarks given by the geographical position. Both areas are part of Tisa basin and
of the mega-region „Carpatica”.
Counties Description
Maramures County1
Brief History
"The Countries" of Maramures, Lapus, Chioar and Codru
have shared over the history a common destiny. The
surrounding mountains, rich in metals, have favoured the
developing of bronze and iron metallurgy. The
archaeological discoveries from Oarta de Sus, Lapus,
Sighet, Sarasau, Lapusel, Tisa and from many other places
revealed many bronze deposits and gold thesauri specific
for Witenberg ( Sighisoara ) and Suciu de Sus “cultures”,
some of the items being ones of the oldest in Europe.
Maramures is attested for the first time in documents in years 1199 and 1231, when, in the
Hungarian legacy diplomas the county is mentioned either as Maramurus, Maramorisio, or as
"terra Maramorus" - "the country of Maramures" in 1299.
The historians characterized Maramures as the "classical country of princes and especially
of voivodes", which could be organized as county only in the second half of the XIV-th century,
being among the last territories conquered by the Hungarian royalty.
After the peace from Oradea, in year 1538, Maramures was attached to Transylvania.
In the inter-wars period, the county residence was Sighet Town. The county had in 1930 a
population of 161.575 inhabitants, out of which 57,7% Romanian, 20,9% Jews, 11,9% Ruthenian,
6,9% Hungarian, 2% German and others. Baia Mare formed part, successively, from Satmar Comitat
and from Satu-Mare County (inter-wars).
Position: to the Northern-Western extremity of Romania, at the border with Ukraine,
nearby parallel 47'55" Northern latitude and the meridian 23'55" Eastern longitude, hence very
close to the geographical centre of Europe.
Administrative and Territorial Organization
The county includes two cities: Baia Mare – which is also the county residence and Sighetu
Marmatiei; 11 towns: Baia Sprie, Borsa, Cavnic, Dragomiresti, Salistea de Sus, Seini, Somcuta Mare,
Tautii Magheraus, Targu Lapus, Ulmeni, Viseu de Sus ; 63 communes and 225 villages.
1
Sources: The National Institute of Statistics, Maramures County Council, Maramures Prefecture, The Maramures Chamber of Commerce and Industry, The Document
“The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The
Common Operational Program”
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Borders
Neighbours: North-Ukraine; West-Satu Mare; South-Salaj, Cluj, Bistrita Nasaud; EastSuceava. Surface: 6304 km2 (respectively 2,6 % of the country territory). The county capital: Baia
Mare.
Population
The total number of population is of 515,610 inhabitants, with a population density of 81.8
inhabitants / km2. There are 76 settlements in the county (cities, towns and communes), out of
which 13 with 500-1999 inhabitants, 62 with 2000-49999 inhabitants and 1 settlement with above
50000 inhabitants.
The Economy (2006)
The Industry
The weight of the industrial branches in the total turnover (as on 31.12. 2006):
- The extraction industry 3,7 %
- The processing industry 94,6 %, out of which :
- Metallurgy 9,5 %
- Food and beverages 6,6 %
- Wood processing 9,5 %
- Furniture and other industrial activities 26,5 %
- Ready-made clothes and garments 4,2 %
- Electrical and thermal energy, gas and warm water 1,7 %
Constructions
The value of the construction works reached in 2006 the amount of 161.204 thousand RON,
the weight being the works of new constructions (64,1 % of the total).
From the point of view of the structure of the new constructions works, the works
performed at the engineering constructions have the greatest weight (61,4%)while the works at the
residential constructions have the smallest weight (3,9%).
Agriculture
Agriculture land: 311.177 ha, out of which:
- Arable land - 84.009 ha
-Pastures - 101.022 ha
- Hayfields - 119.762 ha
- Orchards - 6.154 ha
- Vineyards - 230 ha
As concerns the surface cultivated for the exploitation of the main crops, the surfaces were
occupied in 2006 as follows: Total: 73805 ha, out of which: grains 37927 ha, wheat and rye 6876
ha, barley and two-row barley 549 ha, maize 21410 ha, oily plants 1126 ha, sunflower 1097 ha,
sugar beet 1 ha, potatoes15145 ha and vegetables 2273 ha.
Forestry: 289.179 ha of woods, representing 45,9 % of the county surface and 4,5 % of the
national forestry fund.
Animals:
- Cattle - 94.126 heads
- Porcine - 88.130 heads
- Sheep - 156.977 heads
- Goats - 14.600 heads
The weight of industry, services, agriculture and constructions in the internal gross product
at the level of the North-West Region of Romania in year 2005 was as follows: industry: 24,6 %,
agriculture: 10,1 %, constructions: 5,3 %, services: 60,0 %.
As far as the agriculture is concerned, the agricultural lands summed up in 2005 a total
surface of 3111,5 km2 out of which, arable lands 839,98 km2, pastures 1010,2 km2, hayfields 1197,6
km2, vineyards 2,3 km2 and orchards 61,54 km2. The agricultural lands occupied in 2005 a surface of
46,6 % from the entire surface of the county.
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Tourism
Maramures County offers conditions for alpine climbing winter sports, for mountains
tourism, balneal treatment, and agro-tourism.
Places of touristic interest: the museums in Baia Mare and Sighetu Marmatiei, the
monuments of popular architecture, the Borsa, Izvoarele, Mogosa resorts, the villages on the
valleys of Iza, Mara, Viseu and Tisa rivers, “The Merry Cemetery”, the Monasteries from Sapanta,
Barsana and Rohia.
In Maramures, in 2005, there were 112 touristic units, out of which 21 hotels and motels, 1
touristic chalet, 1 touristic villa/bungalow, 3 school and pre-school camps, 19 touristic boarding
houses, 66 agro-touristic boarding houses and 1 hostel.
In 2005 there were 8899 SMEs registered in Maramures County, with an average number of
17.3 SMEs per one thousand inhabitants.
Nature and Ecology
The relief is predominantly mountainous, generally uneven, the heights reaching between
200 m in depressions and 2.300 m on the mountain peaks (which represent 3/4 of the territory). It
has the aspect of a wide natural amphitheatre. The Maramures Depression is completely
surrounded by mountains, to its South-West being the Volcanic Mountains Oas, Gutai and Tibles, to
East the Maramures Mountains and to South-East the Rodnei Mountains (with Pietrosu Peak of
2.303 m), with sharp and long crests, imposing steep slopes and picturesque valleys. It also includes
parts of the Transylvanian Sub-Carpathians, the Somesan Plateau, and The Western Hills.
The climate is differentiated depending on the diversity of the relief; temperate –
continental, with winds from the direction of South-West and South-East; 275 days from a year
have positive values of temperature; the atmospheric precipitations are among the largest in the
country, about 70% of the county areas benefiting from 900-1000 mm rainfalls per year.
The water flows cross the county like a spider net: Tisa with its affluent rivers: Viseu (with
Cisla, Vaser, Ruscova), Iza (with Mara, Ieud, Botiza), which cross the depression through a wide
valley bounded by terraces, Somes river in South with the affluent rivers: Lapus, Barsau, as well as
the mineral water springs: Borsa, Craciunesti, Breb, Botiza. The hydrography is completed by the
glacial natural lakes situated in Rodnei and Gutaiului Mountains, by the salty ones from Ocna
Sugatag and Costiui, as well as by the ones from Stramtori-Firiza, with approximately 18 million m3
water for the supply of Baia Mare City, and the ones from Runcu-Brazi-Firiza designed for 30 million
m3 water which are going to supply water in Baia Mare and Sighetu Marmatiei.
Maramures County has a valuable natural patrimony that includes 35 protected natural
areas out of which a national park – The National Park of Rodnei Mountains - A Biosphere
Reservation, as well as The Natural Park of Maramures Mountains. Once the Maramures
Mountains were declared through the Government Decision no. 2151/2004 to be a Natural Park,
Maramures County became the second in the country with the largest surface of protected natural
areas. Maramures County has a hydrographical network of over 3100 km, covering the
hydrographical basins of Somes and Tisa and, to a smaller extent the ones of Bistrita and Prut, the
water flows and the lakes occupying a surface of 5.650 ha (4,12 % of the entire county surface). A
large part of the 35 protected natural areas in Maramures County includes wet areas, these having
a special regime of preserving. We mention the following: The National Park of Rodnei Mountains,
The Biosphere Reservation that includes all the glacial lakes in Rodnei Mountains and Muced Mire;
The Blue Lake (Baia Sprie); The Miller’s Lake; The Poiana Brazilor Swamp; The Vlasinescu Peat Bog;
Dumitru’s Mire, The Iezerul Mare Swamp; The Black Mire Peat Bog; The Lapus River Pass (confluent
with Cavnic River); the area of Farcau Peak and Vinderel Lake; Tisa with the main affluent rivers:
Viseu, Iza and Sapanta; Somes with the affluent rivers: Lapus, Salaj and Barsau.
Culture and traditions (2006)
Maramures County offers a thesaurus of popular culture, traditions, customs, folklore and
handcrafts, the researchers characterizing Maramures as “a turn table” of the popular civilization.
In all areas there are real networks of folkloric festivals and customs, of artisans’ fairs, the most
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important ones being the following: The Festivals of Winter Traditions from Sighet and Tg. Lapus,
"The Chestnuts’ Festival” from Baia Mare, The Festivals of National Song, Dance and Costumes
from Somcuta Mare, Asuaju de Sus, Mesteacan, the customs on the occasion of "Gold-Haired
Fairies", and "The Prislop Hora" the Borsa one, "The Tanjaua on Mara" Hoteni, "Spring Harmonies"
Viseu de Sus.
Maramures County had in 2006 3 theatres, 9 cinematographs, 18 museums, 389 libraries
(out of which 69 public), 4 art institutions, 127 clubs and 6 houses of culture. At the same time, the
following universities were operating: “Universitatea de Nord”, Baia Mare – state owned, “Vasile
Goldis” University, Arad, Baia Mare Branch – private, “Bogdan Voda” University, Cluj Napoca –
private, “Spiru Haret” University, Bucharest, Sighetu Marmatiei Branch – private and “Titu
Maiorescu” University, Bucharest, Baia Mare Branch – private.
Mass-media
Written media:
- County daily papers - 5 (6 issues/week);
- Weekly papers – 5;
- Monthly papers – 1.
Audio – visual:
- Local radios – 6;
- TV broadcasters
- Licences for terrestrial broadcasting – 2;
- Licenses for cable broadcasting - 3.
Infrastructure
Means of communication:
Roads:
- 309,1 km of national roads, out of which 295 km are modernized.
- 1265 km of county and communal roads, out of which 250 km are modernized.
- Streets in the cities: 1089 km, out of which 481 km are modernized.
Railway: it provides connection to Ukraine, Slovakia, and Poland. The total length of the railway
network: 207 km, out of which 179 km have normal rail gauge.
Tautii Magheraus Airport provides internal and international rides.
The Romania-Ukraine borderline on the limit line of Maramures County measures 162 km,
with three operational customs points:
1. VALEA VISEULUI – DILOVE – railway transport of passengers and goods,
2. CAMPULUNG la TISA – TERESVA - railway transport of passengers and goods,
3. SIGHETU MARMATIEI – SOLOTVINO - pedestrians, road transport of passengers and
goods;
As concerns the activities of telephone services, at the end of 2006 the number of
telephone subscriptions amounted to 74761.
Satu Mare County 1
Brief History
The creators of the Suciu de Sus culture lived in this area n
the bronze age. A significant role in the development of this
area played the Dacians who, for almost a millennium,
created a flourishing civilization, its peak being at Mediesu
Aurit, where the archaeologists found traces of 13 kilns for
burning kitchenware, the biggest in the country.
1
Sources: The National Institute of Statistics, Maramures County Council, Maramures Prefecture, The Maramures Chamber of Commerce and Industry, The Document
“The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The
Common Operational Program
9
Situated at the intersection of some important commercial roads and possessing numerous
natural wealth and resources, Satu Mare Comitat (attested in 1181) had a tumultuous history. The
powerful strongholds which ruins can be still seen (Satu Mare, Ardud, Mediesu Aurit, Tamaseni,
Carei, etc.), as well as the Romanic churches (Acis sec. XIII) and the gothic ones (Ardud, Eriu-Sincrai,
Beltiug, s.a.) prove the wealth of the inhabitants living in these regions.
In year 1657, the Satmar stronghold and region were occupied by the Polish, the peace
treaty being signed by Ian Sobieski, the future king of Poland. Between years 1660 – 1661 the
county is devastated by the Turkish armies.
The setting up of the Habsburgic domination after year 1711, the year when the wars of
curuti ended, brought about a long age of stability and prosperity for this region. Germanic
populations have been colonized on the Satu Mare territory throughout the XVIII-th century.
The XX-th century was a difficult one for Satmar as well, due both to the two World Wars
but also due to the accomplishment, on December 1, 1918, of Transilvania’s union to Romania.
Position: Satu Mare County is situated in the North-West part of Romania, at the inferior
Somes course, at the intersection of the Western Plain, the Somes Plateu and the Oriental
Carpathians.
The Administrative Structure:
The county includes 2 cities: Satu Mare and Carei, 4 towns: Ardud, Livada, Negreşti Oaş and
Tăşnad and 58 communes, the county residence being Satu Mare that is also the economic, cultural
and educational centre of the county.
Borders
Neighbours: North - Ukraine; West - Hungary; South – Bihor County; South - East – Salaj
County, East – Maramures County. Surface: 4417,8 km2 (respectively 1,8 % of the country
territory). The county capital: Satu Mare.
Population
The total number of the population amounts to 368702 inhabitants, with a density of the
population of 83.5 inhabitants /km2. There are 64 settlements in the county (cities, towns and
communes), out of which 12 with 500-1999 inhabitants, 51 with 2000-49999 inhabitants and 1 with
over 50000 inhabitants.
The Economical Potential
The economic structure of Satu Mare County has an industrial-agricultural character, the
most important branches being the machines construction industry, the food industry, the textile
industry and the wood industry. Nowadays, in an economy that used to depend mainly upon the
agricultural sector, the tertiary sector has a bigger role every day.
In year 2005, the weight of industry, services, agriculture and constructions in the Internal
Gross Product at the level of the North-West Region of Romania was as follows: industry: 24,6 %,
agriculture: 10,1 %, constructions: 5,3 %, services: 60,0 %. As concerns the industrial sector, the
most representative are the auto industry and the connected branches, the industry of electrical
machineries for domestic use, the furniture industry, the light industry, the agriculture – food
industry and the machines construction industry.
As concerns the agriculture, the agricultural lands summed up in 2005 a total surface of
3174,77 km2, out of which arable lands 2217,34 km2, pastures 554,70 km2, hayfields 296,89 km2,
vineyards 34,25 km2 and orchards 71,59 km2. The agricultural lands occupied in 2005 a surface of
71,86% of the total county surface.
The largest part of the cultures is aimed for the cereal crops (maize and wheat). Other
cultures specific for the county are as follows: sugar beet, vegetables and potatoes, sunflower and
the cultures of fruit trees.
As far as the tourism is concerned, the most important touristic areas are the ones from
Tara Oasului and the Codru area, the cities of Satu Mare and Carei, the towns Negresti-Oas and
Tasnad, the communes Mediesu Aurit and Ardud, the villageAdy Endre.
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The Tara Oasului area is a complex one, with special natural landscapes (Luna Ses with
Pietroasa Peak, The Depressions Puturoasa and Camarzana, The Calinesti-Oas Lake), with national
folklore and arts.
The Codru area has the most attractive landscapes at Oteloaia, Valea Bolzii, Hodisa, Pintea’s
spring.
In 2005 in Satu Mare there were 61 touristic units, out of which 9 hotels and motels, 5
touristic chalets, 1 camping and houselets unit, 34 touristic villas/bungalows, 5 school and preschool camps, 3 touristic boarding units, 3 agro-touristic boarding units and 1 touristic halting
place.
In 2005 there were 6795 SMEs registered in Satu Mare County, with an average number of
18.3 SMEs per one thousand inhabitants.
Nature and Echology
As far as the relief is concerned, the county territory is diverse, including plains, as main
form of relief, hills and mountains.
The plains area, component of Pannonia depression, represents 63% of the total surface
and it lays in the West and Southeast part of the county, being crosses by Somes and Crasna rivers.
The mountain area occupies the North-East part of the county, being represented by Oas
Mountains and a small part of Gutai Mountains. The mountains height become higher and higher
from East to West reaching 827 m in Oas Mountains and 1200 m in Pietroasa Peak from Gutai
Mountains. Towards West, the mountains close the depression named as “Tara Oasului”.
The hydrographical network of Satu Mare County is represented by Somes river, with a
length of 60 km on the county territory, Tur 66 km and Crasna 57 km.
The climate is temperate-continental, with warm summers, cold winters and rich rain flows.
The highest maximum temperature reached +39,4°C and it was recorded in August 1952 in
Carei, while the lowest temperature of -30,4°C was recorded in December 1961 in Satu Mare.
The soils are not very diversified, the predominant ones being the brown silvester ones and
the brown-yellow podsol. In the meadow of Somes River, we find alluvial soils and in Eriu Plains, we
find sandy soils.
Culture and tradition
As concerns the cultural life, Satu Mare County has a rich cultural tradition and a series of
cultural institutions, such as: theatres, one philharmonic orchestra, 60 public libraries (at county
level) with a number of books exceeding 1.000.000 copies, 2 cinemas, four multi-functional cultural
clubs, 17 museums (including one dedicated to preserving the national tradition of German origin),
two art galleries and a centre of creation promotion. The cultural life is completed by the annual
editions of some theatre, music and poetry festivals, some of them with international participation.
The education has a long tradition in the history of Satu Mare County, the first medieval
schools being documentary attested in the XIV –th century, and in 1636 the first gymnasium was
set in Satu Mare.
The educational system of the county was carried out in 2005 in 149 institutions of preuniversity education, out of which 26 institutions of pre-school education, 96 primary and
gymnasium schools, 26 high schools and 1 vocational school and post-high school.
In year 2005, in Satu Mare County there were 6 institutions of high education, out of which
we mention: ,,Vasile Goldis" West University Arad, Satu Mare Branch, The Commercial Academy,
,,Babes Bolyai" University, Cluj Napoca, Satu Mare Branch and the Technical University from Cluj
Napoca, Satu Mare Branch.
Mass media is well represented through two daily newspapers, weekly magazines,
literature magazines, radio and TV broadcasters.
Infrastructure
Means of communication:
Roads: - 269 km of national roads;
11
- 1338 km of county and communal roads.
The total length of the railway network is of 220 km.
The Satu Mare Airoport provides internal and international routes.
In the county there are three customs points: Petea-Csengersima and UrziceniVállaj at the Hungarian border (for road transport of passengers and goods) and HalmeuDiakovo, at the Ukrainena border (both road and railway transport of passengers and
goods).
Ivano-Frankovsk region (oblast’)1
History
Ivano-Frankovsk oblast’ (former Stanislavs’ka) was
established on December 4, 1939. On the three-hundredth
anniversary celebrated in November 1962, the regional
centre Stanislaw was renamed in Ivano-Frankovsk.
Political division
Ivano-Frankovsk
oblast’
comprises
14
regions:
Bohorodchansky, Verkhovynsky, Halytsky, Horodenkivsky,
Dolynsky, Kalushsky, Kolomyjsky, Kosivsky, Nadvirnyansky,
Rogatynsky, Rozhnyativsky, Snyatynsky, Tysmenytsky,
Tlumatsky.
The Administrative Structure
The authority of Ivano-Frankovsk oblast’ is structured in regional state administrations and
district state administrations.
The leadership of Ivano-Frankovsk regional state administration is provided by the
President, the first Vice-President of the regional state administration and the Vice-Presidents of
the following sectors: information, religion, nationalities, culture, sport; energy, industry, transport,
and communication; constructions, communal services and motor road economy; territory
development and foreign economic relations; agriculture and food, trade, consumer services of the
population; political and legal issues and organizational staff activity of regional state
administration on organization, legal, personnel and inspection work.
Borders
Ivano-Frankovsk oblast’ occupies the Northeastern part of the Ukrainian Carpathians, the
Pre-Carpathians and partly Opillya. Area – 13,9 thousand sq. km. The region borders L’viv,
Zakarpattya, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions. On the south – frontier with Romania. Administrative
centre – Ivano-Frankovsk.
Population
Total number of the population is – 1393 thousand people, density of the population – 100
inhabitants on sq. km. There are 804 settlements (towns, communes) and 765 villages, out of which
253 with 1-499 inhabitants, 407 with 500-1999 inhabitants, 141 with 2000-49999 inhabitants and 3
with more than 50000 inhabitants. The largest cities are – Ivano-Frankovsk, Kalush, Kolomyya.
Economic potential
Industry
Industry is one of the leading branches of the regional economy. In the national production,
the region takes leading places in the production of potash fertilizers, caustic soda, wood
particleboards, wood fibreboards, cement, slate, asbestos-cement pipes and sleeves, and industrial
gas-meters.
1
Sources: The Ukrainian Government, The State Regional Administration of Ivano-Frankovsk, The Document entitled “The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and
Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The Common Operational Program”
12
Over the last years, it has been observed a stable tendency to increase the industrial
products output in the chemical and petrochemical industry.
The fields of oil and gas and oil refining also hold one of the important places among the
regional branches. In 2001, the share of products manufactured by enterprises from this field made
almost one third of the regional output. In the region, there is a complete production cycle: well
boring, oil and gas extraction and processing as well as transportation and supply.
The woodworking industry is a priority branch in the region. It takes one of the leading
places at the state level. This industry was one of the first to reach the stabilization. This branch is
characterized by the production re-orientation and listed products change. The raising of
production mainly takes place at the enterprises of log-processing, production of building details
from wood and boards, veneers, paper and cardboard, furniture enterprises.
In addition, the state and regional levels measures took during the last years have provided
the stable work of the machine-building enterprises.
The light industry has great potential in production of clothes from the fur, leather goods,
tafting covering, cotton yarn, outer and light clothing, working clothes, knitted wear, curtain nets.
The fur production near the regional centre has been famous for its fur garments for more
than four centuries. Nowadays there are enterprises with integrated production fields vertically
structured, which dresses and dyes skins of rabbit, mink, nutria, astrakhan, fox, polar fox, muskrat,
and lambskin.
Agriculture
In 1999 the gross grain yield in the region amounted to 244,7 thousand tons, sugar-beets –
245,2 thousand tons, sunflower seeds – 0,4 thousand tons, potatoes – 621,6 thousand tons. It also
produced 81,8 thousand tons of meat, 521,7 thousand tons of milk and 236,1 million eggs. At the
beginning of 1999 there were 578 farms in the region.
Principal direction of agriculture development is cattle breeding with unit weight in total
volume of agriculture production 53%. Vegetation: flax, sugar beet, cereals.
Tourism
The climatic conditions of Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast facilitate year-round rest and vacation, as
well as treatment. Snow covers the slopes of the Carpathians up to five months of the year, which
promotes the development of downhill skiing.
In the Oblast there are five resorts and two sanatoriums. For resort therapy, they use
climatic treatment and mineral baths. There are following resorts: lowland: Kosiv, Tatariv,
Yaremche; midland: Vorokhta, and the balneology pre-mountain resort Cherche.
Yaremche is also known as the tourist capital of the Carpathians, and Vorokhta - the winter
sports capital. Both towns have well-developed infrastructures.
The Oblast has a large tourist and recreation base. More than 100 objects (hotels,
sanatoriums, hostels and resorts) are able to accept more than 12 thousand vacationers at a time.
In 2005 there were 147581 tourists registered in Ivano-Frankovsk region.
In 2005 there were 7259 SME-s registered within the region, with an average number of 5.2
SME-s per one thousand inhabitants.
Culture and traditions
Over 10 state and 60 public museums, National reserve "Old Galych" function in the region.
Over 162 thousand exhibits are kept in their funds.
Ivano-Frankovsk Museum of Local Lore is in the Tower, the former house of city selfmanagement that is the original visit-card of our city. Expositions of the museum are rich in
interesting exhibits; special attention is paid to the sarcophagus of Galych prince Jaroslav
Osmomysl.
Ivano-Frankovsk art museum is located in the Renaissance church of the XVIII century,
where unique Galych icons and baroque sculptures, works of Ukrainian artists of the second half of
the XX century, as well as masterpieces of Polish, Austrian and Italian artists of the XVIII-XX
13
centuries, baroque works of Thomas Gudder, Konrad Kutchenreiter, Joana George Pinzel, Mateus
Polejovsky, Dionis StanettЁ, pictures of brothers Unterberg and many others are collected. In the
exposition of the Art Museum a wide palette of decoratively - used arts is presented.
Kolomyja museum of Folk Art of Hutsulshchyna and Pokuttya after J. Kobrynskyj is one of
the oldest storehouses of arts and crafts in the Pre – Carpathians. The confirmation of this fact is
that it is included to the Royal Encyclopaedia of Great Britain as a museum of world masterpieces.
The scientists of this institution contact with the museums and scientific institutions of USA,
Canada, Australia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Russia, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Romania and Austria. The work of cultural - educational establishments goes on the further revival
of spiritual values, ethnic and cultural traditions of our land, disclosing of unknown pages of PreCarpathian history and the state.
A wide spectrum of genres of world and national art masterpieces finds its reflection in the
creativity of the regional music-drama theatre (after I. Franko), the regional theatre of dolls (after.
M.Podhorjanka), the regional theatre of folklore, national holidays and shows, the Kolomyja drama
theatre (after Gnat Hotkevych). Ivano-Frankivs’k region has kept many interesting folk customs,
traditions, legends, crafts that in urbanized society have absolutely disappeared. Modern holidays,
in villages, as well as in cities are held with the participation of national craftsmen, local skilful
people - embroiderers, potters, carpet-makers, carvers, “pysanky” makers - all those who has
inherited the talent from the Halych land.
In the region, there are 1152 religious communities, 13 confessions, 10 cloisters, 2
theological seminaries and theological institute.
Nature and ecology
The region is rich in landscape: the Alps of the Carpathians, the picturesque banks of
foothills. The forests of the region form the greatest part of the forest fund of Ukraine. The water
resources are provided by Nistru and Prut rivers with the correspondent inflows. The soil – forest,
sod-podzol. Minerals: 160 deposits of 24 kinds of minerals have been found. On IvanoFrankivshchyna there are the main oilfields and gas fields of the Carpathian oil and gas province.
The largest deposits are: Dolynske oilfield, Bytkiv-Babchynske oil and gas fields, Bohorodchanske
gas field. Non-metallic mineral resources are represented by significant potassium and magnesium
salt deposits, healing mineral waters.
The Oblast covers a territory of 13.9 thousand square kilometres. The Oblast is divided into
three distinct relief types: plain, foothills, and mountains. The relief gets higher from northeast to
southwest. The plain occupies the southwest area and adjoins the Nistru River. Here the Oblast
centre – the city of Ivano-Frankovsk (255 m above the sea level) is situated. The central part
consists of rolling hills (400-600 m high).
The mountain region is occupied by the Eastern Carpathians, which are divided into four
ridges: Chornohora, Horhany, Hryniava, Chyvchyny. In the Chornohora ridge, there is Mt. Hoverla
(2061 m) – Ukraine’s highest peak.
The climate of the Oblast is continental. Winters are mild and summers are warm. The
average temperature over the year is maximum +210 Celsius and minimum –40 Celsius. In the
Carpathians, the climate is more severe and it changes with the elevation. Average temperatures
are lower than in the pre-mountain zone. Such climatic conditions facilitate year-round rest and
vacation, as well as treatment. Snow covers the slopes of the Carpathians up to five months per
year, which promotes the development of downhill skiing. Most of the rivers are mountain-fed,
thus creating cascades and waterfalls, and they can be used for water tourism. The biggest rivers
are the Nistru River and the Prut River. The source of the Prut River is located in the Oblast close to
Mt. Hoverla.
The Ivano-Frankovsk Oblast is one of the richest forest regions in Ukraine. 41% of the
territory is covered by forests; the plain is covered by leaf-bearing forests and the foothills - with
conifer forests. Among the conifer woods, there is a lot of fir trees. There are sub-alpine pastures
more than 1500 m high.
14
The great variety of habitats provides considerable number of different animals, probably
the richest in Ukraine. Hunting of certain kinds of animals and birds is allowed during the hunting
season. You can hunt wild boars and roes but only if you have a license.
A 503 square kilometre part of the mountainous territory is apportioned for the Carpathian
natural national park. It encompasses the sources of the Prut River and Chornyi Cheremosh River
and Mt. Hoverla. The main role of the Park is to assist in the preservation of the landscapes,
vegetation and wildlife, thereby creating suitable conditions for rest and tourism while introducing
tourists to the Region’s natural resources and monuments of history and culture.
Transport, communication and telecommunication systems
The distance from Ivano-Frankovsk to the checkpoints at Ukrainian borders is between 140
and 180 km.
The total length of the railway network crossing the region is 1.1 thousands km. In the
regional centre, meet railway routs of 6 directions. International trains run between Chernovtsy Peremysl, Saint Petersburg-Sofia, and Moscow-Kyiv-Sofia.
The length of the roads of common use is 4 169 km, including 373 km of roads with the
status of state importance. The bus transport serves 442 routs, including 54 municipal, 116 for long
distance and 19 international. The region has bus connection with a number of towns in Moldova,
Poland, Slovakia, and Czech Republic.
International Airport in the region’s centre offers international flights to Russia, USA and
charter flights to almost any country of the world.
Sixty-eight automatic telephone stations function in the towns of the region and 324 in the
countryside. Their total capacity is of more than 180 thousand phone numbers. The following types
of means of communication are also provided: e-mail, mobile, paging and trucking connection,
Internet, etc.
Zakarpattya region1
History
Zakarpattya is situated on the south of the Ukrainian
Carpathians and over the time it was named in different
ways: “Uhorska Rus’”, “Karpatska Rus’”, “Karpatska
Ukraine”, “Zakarpatska Ukraine” and since 1946 it has
been denominated Zakarpatska oblast’ forming part of the
USSR. Originally, it was a binding bridge between the east
and the west. The past of Zakarpattya is inseparably linked
with the eastern Slavs.
It was an important event in the history of Zakarpattya when it was adjoined in the IX - XIth centuries to the active influential sphere of the powerful east Slavic state – Kyiv Rus’, which at
that time had a high material and spiritual culture.
From the end of the X-th century, it was alienated from its main root – the eastern Slavs
and until the middle of the XX-th century Zakarpattya was a part of the Hungarian Kingdom, the
Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, the Dual Monarchy, the Czechoslovakian Republic, the Hortystka
Hungary but “rusyny” have never lost their Slavonic essence and the economic and cultural
relations with nations on that side of the Carpathians.
At the beginning of 1939 on the territory of the region a new state was established –
Karpatska Ukraine, Seym elected its first president Avgustyn Voloshyn. On March 15, 1939, troops
of Hortystska Hungary occupied the territory and suspended the existence of this state.
1
Sources: The Ukrainian Government, The State Regional Administration of Zakarpattya, The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Zakarpattya , The Document
entitled “The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013,
The Common Operational Program”
15
After the Red Army liberated the region in October 1944, Zakarpattya was proclaimed as an
independent state – Zakarpatska Ukraine with its government – the National Council. This state
existed only until July 1945, the moment of the union with the USSR.
Zakarpattya is a real “Ukrainian window to Europe”. This region is situated at the
geographic crossroad of borders and this is the reason why the border cooperation is a priority
direction.
Political division
Zakarpattya is divided into 13 administrative-territorial units: 4 regions in the towns
(Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Khust, Berehovo) and 13 districts.
Authority
The leadership of Zakarpattya regional state administration is provided by the President,
the first Vice-President and five Vice-Presidents.
According to the Law of Ukraine, the Presidents of the local state administrations decide
the composition of these administrations.
The budget assignments aimed for the support of the corresponding local state
administrations are defined by the Presidents of such administrations.
The number of offices, departments and other structural subdivisions of the local state
administrations as well as other typical provisions are ratified by the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine.
Borders
Zakarpattya region is situated in the western part of Ukraine. Its area covers 12,8 thousand
sq. km. The region borders Lviv and Ivano-Frankovsk oblast’. On the north, west and south of the
region runs the frontier with Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The administrative centre is
at Uzhgorod.
Population
Total number of the population is 1246 thousand people, density of the population – 97.3
people on 1 sq. km. There are 594 settlements (towns, communes) and 765 villages, out of which
164 with 1-499 inhabitants, 286 with 500-1999 inhabitants, 142 with 2000-49999 inhabitants and 2
with more than 50000 inhabitants. The largest cities are Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Svalyava,
Vynohradiv, and Berehove.
Economic potential
Industry
The forestland of the region facilitates the development of the woodworking (furniture,
saw-timber production) and resin (wood charge stock) industries. Additionally, it helps at the
development of such spheres as food industry (wine and cognac making, potted goods), light
industry (shoes, headdresses, ready-made garments, knit work), mechanical engineering
(engineering tools, electric motors, pipelines armature etc.). The segment of food products in the
structure of the ware production of national consumption is 45%.
Agriculture
The basic crops in the agro industrial field are cereals (winter wheat and maize), potatoes
and vegetables, developed gardening and viticulture. In 1999, the gross grain yield amounted to
175.8 thousand tons, the sunflower seeds – 1.3 thousand tons, the potatoes – 378.2 thousand tons.
The region also produced 76.1 thousand tons of meat, 363.4 thousand tons of milk and 241.9
millions eggs. At the beginning of 1999, there were 1400 farms in the region.
Tourism
Today, Zakarpattya is considered an ecological and natural area of Ukraine.
The geographical structure of the region offers the opportunity of recreation all over the
year. Mountain sports, climatic conditions, mineral waters and the curative waters are
opportunities for real development of tourism.
16
More than 100 touristic resorts within the region (hotels, sanatoriums, hostels and resorts)
were able to accept in 2005 more than two thousand persons at a time.
The rural and ecological tourism is developed especially in the mountain areas of Rahiv
district.
In 2005 there were 63796 tourists registered in Zakarpattya region with 266786 nights of
accommodation.
In 2005 there were 8436 SME-s registered within the region, with an average number of 6.8
SME-s per one thousand inhabitants.
Culture and traditions
The cultural originality of Zakarpattya is characterized by the preserved traditions of
rusyniv-Ukrainians, who are ethnically divided into hutsuly, lemky, bojky. Every ethnic group has its
peculiar melody kolomyjky, embroidery techniques, and ceremonies. They live in harmony with the
culture and traditions of the Hungarians, German, Slovaks, Romanians and other nations. One can
find important sources about the history of the region in the chronicles written in Latin, Hungarian,
German, Czech, Slovakian, Old Slavonic and other languages. Zakarpattya is the native land of the
universally known academician Ihor Hrabar, of painters famous in Europe such as Adalbert Erdel’,
Yosyp Bokshaj, Fedor Manaj, Andrij Kotsky, of composers prominent for the Ukrainian culture such
as Dezyderij Zador, Stepan Marton, Yevgen Stankovych, of singer Hizepa Tsipola etc.
Nature and ecology
The landscape of Zakarpattya is one with mountains and foothills covered with deciduous
and coniferous forests and Alpine meadows. The water resources are provided by Tisa, Borzhava,
Tereblya - the largest rivers; there are also several lakes. The soil is predominantly brown detritus
but there are turf soils as well. The climate is moderately continental; the rainfalls debit reaches
700-1000 mm/sq2. Minerals: there are deposits of poly-metal, soda alunite, pearlite, zeolite,
liparite, rock salt in Solotvynsky deposit, kaolin, 13 carbonate strata deposits have been found
(lime, dolomite, marble). About 360 mineral water sources different from the chemical and medical
characteristics point of view have been found and investigated.
Transport communication and telecommunication systems
The traffic system of Zakarpattya region is relatively advanced. The overall length of roads
is more than 3.5 thousand km, 97 % of them being provided with consolidated road surfaces.
International traffic corridor runs on the route Lisbon -Trieste (Terst)-Ljubljana-BudapestKiev-Volgograd connecting the West and East European roads but there are also railways and river
traffic networks aiming to assure the transit load transport also in the Europe-Asia direction.
In the frontier area, 19 border crossings and customhouses are situated on a length of
467.3 km.
The aeronautical international border crossing is operated on the "Uzghorod airport".
The railway system on the given area is 1476 km long. 785 km of them are main railroads
and half of them are electrified. As far as the telecommunication infrastructure is concerned, ZAT„Utel“ covers the Uzghorod town and two operators of mobile phones (UMS and GSM) are the
regional centre of the network infrastructure. There are fourteen Internet providers in the region.
17
THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMMON SITUATION
The surface to which the herein strategy refers reunifies areas and communities sharing strong
historical and cultural bonds. It is also characterized by many common geographical and ecological
features. Thus, the herein strategy has been developed starting from these common characteristics and
being supported on the trans-border cooperation programs carried out in this common border area which
have aimed at eliminating the social and economical disparities and at bringing the populations of these
two neighbouring countries closer. The inhabitants of these separate regions are connected through a
common cultural inheritance and by common religious traditions.
POPULATION1
The surface to which the herein strategy refers includes 3.523.412 inhabitants. Out of this figure,
25% is represented by Romanian citizens and 75% by the Ukrainian ones. The average density of the
population is of approximately 82 inhabitants/km2 in Maramures, 83 inhabitants / km2 in Satu Mare, 97
inhabitants / km2 in Zakarpatska and 100 inhabitants / km2 in Ivano-Frankovsk. These figures give an
average of 94 inhabitants /Km², at the level of Romania’s average, above Ukraine’s average and below the
European one (EU27).
The average figure reveals a slight majority of the rural population (57.9%), in the entire region. The
differences are higher in the Ukrainian part; in the Romanian part, in Maramures county there is a majority
of the urban population as compared to the rural one. When analysing the average figures, one can state
that the structure of the population in the area to which the herein strategy refers is a balanced one; as
compared to the European average EU-27, the differences are not major. As concerns the density of the
population, the rural areas at the level of EU-272 represent 93% of the territory. 20% of the population live
in predominantly rural areas and 38% live in significantly rural areas.
As concerns the area to which the herein strategy refers, the majority of the population lives in the
rural areas in the regions from Ukraine (the average figure up to 60%) and in Satu Mare County (56.7%) and
in urban areas in Maramures County (58.8%).
The age structure
As concerns the age structure of the population, one can state that, in the largest part of the area to
which the herein strategy refers, the ratio of the pre-productive age inhabitants is larger than the ratio of
the post-productive age inhabitants (see the Annexes). The only exception is Ivano-Frankovsk where the
number of the post-productive population is larger than the pre-productive one. However, the age index of
the population in the area to which the herein strategy refers, is relatively high (in average 90.7%, varying
from 65.3% in Maramures up to 108.4% in Ivano-Frankovsk), which shows that the ratio of the preproductive population is larger than the ratio of the post-productive one. The smallest ratio of postproductive population is recorded in Maramures and Satu Mare (11-12%).
The highest ratio of pre-productive population is recorded in Zakarpatska and the smallest in Satu
Mare and, in total, the ratio of the pre-productive population in the area to which the herein strategy
refers is of 19.6%. There is a variation of the productive population between 58.7% (Ivano-Frankovsk) u to
almost 71% (Maramures and Satu Mare).
As compared to the European averages EU-273 one can observe that the ratio of the pre-productive
population is higher in the region and the one of the post-productive population is lower. The average
figure of the productive population in the region is below the EU-27 one (62.5 % as compared to 67.2%).
The largest part of the area to which the herein strategy refers can be characterized through a
tendency of population decrease (see Annex 2) caused by the natural losses but there is a high degree of
losses due to migration (52.8% of the total losses). High levels of losses due to migration are recorded in
Maramureş (82.6% of the total losses) and Zakarpatska (76.7% of the total losses). It is to be mentioned
that none of the areas records natural growth, this fact being even further stressed by the high level of
1
The initial source: The document “The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia –
Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The Common Operational Program”
2
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT - Employment in rural areas: closing the jobs gap, Brussels, 21.12.2006
COM(2006) 857 final
3
Eurostat yearbook 2007
18
migration. The high level of migration is very dangerous considering the fact that most of the inhabitants
who are leaving the area are of productive age. It can cause a crisis of the labour force and a significant
ageing of the society in the future. At the same time, the reducing of the labour force migration should be
completed by measures of supporting the labour force mobility inside the area to which the herein strategy
refers.
The nationalities
As concerns the nationalities1, in the Ukrainian part, at the level of Zakarpatska region, the character
of the population presents a multi-national composition. As per the data of the 2001 census,
representatives of more than 100 nationalities and ethnic groups live in the region. The data reveal the fact
the Ukrainians represent the majority in the structure of the population (80.5%), while the Hungarians
represent 12.1%, the Romanians – 2.6% and the Russians – 2.5%. As concerns the languages, the structure
is homogenous. 81% of the population in the region has the Ukrainian as mother language, 12.7% the
Hungarian language and 2.6% the Romanian one.
At the level of Ivano-Frankovsk region, one can find the same multi-national structure of the
population. As reveals the data of the same census, in the region there are more than 90 nationalities or
ethnic groups. In the structure of the population, 97.5% are Ukrainian. The mother language is the official
language for 97.8% of the population in the region, while 1.8% has the Russian language as mother
language.
In the Romanian area subject to the herein strategy, at the level of Maramureş county the population
structure nationality wise, as per the 2002 population census2 was as follows: Romanians 82.02 %,
Hungarians 9.07 % and Ukrainians 6.67 %. As concerns the structure of the population from the mother
language point of view, 83.42 % of the persons living in this county have the Romanian language as the
mother language, 8.80 % the Hungarian language and 6.56 % the Ukrainian one.
At the level of Satu Mare County, the population structure nationality wise, according to the 2002
population census is as follows: Romanians 58.83 % and Hungarians 35.19 %. As concerns the structure of
the population from the mother language point of view, 59.4 % of the people living in this county have the
Romanian language as the mother language and 39.05 % the Hungarian language.
As it can be observed, in the Ukrainian part, the largest amount of the population is of Ukrainian
nationality 80.5%, respectively 97.5%. The important minorities are the Hungarian, the Romanian and the
Russian ones, the weight of the minorities being higher in Zakarpatska. The situation concerning the
majorities is similar in the Romanian part, the population of Romanian nationality representing, in the two
counties, 82.02%, respectively 58.4% of the total population. However, as far as the minorities are
concerned, the regions differ significantly from the value point of view. Three of the four regions part of the
herein strategy are inhabited to a larger extent by minorities, namely: Zakarpatska (Hungarians 12.1 %,
Romanians 2.6%), Maramureş (Hungarians 9.07 % and Ukrainians 6.67 %) but the most clearest case is the
one of Satu Mare County where the difference between the Romanians who are majority and the most
important minority is of only 24 % (Romanians 58.83 % and Hungarians 35.19 %).
The linguistic barriers can affect the trans-border contacts and economic cooperation. Sometimes,
for communicating, the foreign languages are used (most frequently the English language).
The structure of the human settlements
The main urban centres of the region subject to the herein strategy are Satu Mare and Baia-Mare in
the Romanian part and Uzhgorod and Ivano-Frankovsk in the Ukrainian part. The main cities play an
important role at national level and have a trans-border impact regarding the consumption, the culture, the
traffic and the labour force occupation.
At regional level, there are several centres. These cities supply different services to the microregions. However, the level of the services supplied is a reduced one and the institutional and economic
environments are poorer than in the big West European cities.
The small towns did not go through the same development rhythm and they got the status of
representative town at county level only in the past 10 years. In the 90’s the greatest part of these towns
lost their economical basis; presently, the labour force market depends on the economical conditions
1
All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001
19
offered by the big cities or, in the future, by the existence of the local SME-s. Many of these places have a
potential for tourism development, the mountains and the thermal springs offering extraordinary
opportunities for the tourism sector.
The small places in the trans-border region (500 – 2000 inhabitants) are typical human settlements
for the trans-border region: more than 73% of the total number of settlements has less than 2000
inhabitants. Many of them are located in peripheral areas, in mountains or along the border. These
settlements have gradually lost a part of their population and they are marked by poverty. Their economic,
social and occupational situation is a problematic one.
The region subject to the herein strategy comes under the tendencies existing at the level of the
European Union. Over a 15 years period there have not been any major modifications in the structure of
the rural/urban population in any of the four counties /oblast.
However, given the pressure of an urban life style, two large scale processes of demographic
modifications are going on in this area: a tendency of long term urbanization (the extraction of the
population and of some economic activities from the more isolated rural areas towards the urban areas
and the more accessible rural areas) and a reverse tendency of outgoing from the urban areas towards the
more accessible rural areas (this tendency took advantage of the transport and ITC infrastructure
development). As a result, parts of the rural area record economic growth and improvement of the
infrastructure up to the level of the urban ones. In opposition, the other rural areas, mainly the isolated
ones, are “emptied” by population and by the economic activity.
As concerns the age structure, the rural places have a stronger ageing tendency than the urban
places. It is to be mentioned the existence of an increased migration of the labour force from the region,
both from the urban areas but mainly from the rural ones. There are no clear statistical data concerning
such migration, the average estimations being made for tens of thousands persons.
As a conclusion, one can state that the population ageing tendency and the increased ratio of the
rural population, worsened by a general peripheral situation of the regions subject to the herein strategy,
at national level, represent important obstacles in the way of the economical development while the
existence of the common cultural inheritance and the traditions of a peaceful cooperation of the different
nationalities offer, at the same time, unique opportunities.
NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT1
Some reduced parts of the region subject to the herein strategy are plain ones (parts of IvanoFrankovsk, Zakarpatska and Satu Mare), while the hills and the mountains cover the main area of the
region.
At the beginning of the 90’s, the situation of the surrounding environment improved because of the
decrease of the industrial activities that damaged the environment largely.
The water reserves of the described territory belong to Tisa basin. The floods are a real danger for
the population in the region. It has happened several times in the last year that the population could not be
warned about the danger of floods also due, among other reasons, to the non-durable use of the main
forest resources in the respective areas. Thus, the floods control remains one of the major issues in the
border region Romania – Ukraine. In Romania, besides the floods, the soil sliding is considered the main
reason for the emergencies. Many of the inhabited territories are in danger due to the powerful fluvial
erosions.
The ongoing mining activities, the abandoned mines as well as the preserved exploitations represent
another important threat for the water quality ay both local and regional level.
The area subject to the herein strategy possess a wide biodiversity, with well-preserved ecosystems.
There are areas protected due to their natural and cultural values on different levels. There are several
natural parks in the region. The Carpathians provide a unique ecosystem, valuable at European level.
Several systems of natural parks have been created for the purpose of preserving and protecting the
landscapes. The Carpathians host areas of pre-historic forests famous in Europe, unique alpine areas of
1
20
flora and fauna. Many protected areas and important areas populated by birds as well as sites of
Communitarian interest are aimed for protecting the plants, the animals and their habitats.
Moreover, the relative isolation of the areas in the proximity of the borders provides favourable
conditions for various rare and vulnerable species. Until now, the only habitats for these plants and animals
that are going to disappear are those where the movement of goods and population is subject to
restrictions (“the border area effect”).
The use of the land for agricultural purposes characterizes the entire surface of the region. The
present perspectives and scenarios for the development of the agricultural sector are going to have an
important impact on the quality of the natural environment and, thus, over the area attraction in general.
As a conclusion, one can state that the regions owns unique natural resources which exploitation
can contribute considerably to the economic development of the area, mainly through the development
of the tourism sector. However, the systems vulnerability requires a careful approach and a strict
application of the principles of durability.
THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE1
PIB2 (GIP)
In general, the economic development in the region is a critical one. The statistics indicate that the
GIP (gross internal product) per capita in 2004 (date on which there were data available for all the regions)
in each county / oblast of the region was below the national average of each country and the GIP / capita is
below 14% of the EU average. The highest level of GIP / capita was recorded in Satu Mare, 13.8% of the EU
average. An extremely poor level is recorded in the regions from Ukraine, with an average of only 3.2% of
the EU average (Ivano-Frankovsk), respectively 2.6% (Zakarpatska). The contribution of Maramureş and
Satu Mare Counties to the national GIP amounts to 3.3%. The contribution of Zakarpatska and IvanoFrankovsk to the national GIP amounts to 3.6%.
The economic structure differs from one country to another. The laying out of the value added by the
market sectors to the GIP, at national level, at the level of year 20053, indicate the fact that the services
sector has the most important contribution to the GIP of the region, from 57% (in the Romanian area) to
55% (in the Ukrainian area). The value added by the industrial sector varies from 32% from the national
GIP, in the case of Ukraine, to 35% of the national GIP, in the case of Romania. The data follow the same
structure also when referring to the GIP on branches, in the case of Maramureş and Satu Mare counties,
where data are available: Maramureş – 25.56% of the GIP for industry, 13.18 % of the GIP for agriculture,
5% of the GIP for constructions, 56.26% of the GIP for services; Satu Mare – 27.8 of the GIP for industry,
11.4% of the GIP for agriculture, 6.1% of the GIP for constructions and 54.7% of the GIP for services.
The labour force market
The situation of the labour force occupation in the area of the region is not a balanced one, the
occupational degree being higher in the big cities of the region. It is to be mentioned that there is a big
difference between the hired population and the occupied one. According to the Romanian Statistic
Yearbook for 2006, “the occupied population includes (…) all the persons of 15 years and above who carried
out an economic activity of goods or services production for at least one hour in the reference period (…) for
the purpose of obtaining an income in the form of salary, payment in kind or other benefits”4. As the
agricultural activities are, in general, activities of subsistence, this analysis considers the structure of the
occupied population, being a more comprehensive one, and not the one of the employees.
As per the data in the Eurostat Yearbook 20085 more than a quarter (29.4 %) of the small agricultural
farms at the level of EU-27 and more than 1/5 of the labour force in agriculture were located in Romania.
With an occupation degree in agriculture of 40.1% (Maramureş), respectively 41.6% (Satu Mare), as
compared to an average of 6.14% at the level of EU-27 in 2005, the situation is an unbalanced one. The
1
Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (the exchange rate used 1 EUR = 7,62 UAH), The National Romanian Institute of Statistics (the exchange rate used 1 EUR =
3,3395 RON)
3
Source: The World Bank
4
Romania’s Statistic Yearbook 2006
5
Source: Eurostat yearbook 2007
2
21
situation is the same in the Ukraine, with a degree of labour force occupation in agriculture of 36.5% in
Zakarpatska, respectively 36.0% in Ivano-Frankovsk.
As concerns the population in the rural areas, the volume of the population in these areas is not an
issue as it frames within the levels recorded at the level of EU-271, where 20% of the population lives in
predominantly rural areas and 38% lives in significantly rural areas. The main aspect that must be
underlined is the very high degree of occupation in agriculture that reveals both a rural area poor from the
point of view of the tertiary and industrial sectors as well as a labour force without the adequate education
to take over a possible development of such sectors.
As a consequence of the big number of persons occupied in agriculture, the occupational structure in
the four counties / oblast from Romania and Ukraine is unbalanced also from the point of view of the
population occupied in industry: 24.1% in Maramureş, 25.3% in Satu Mare, 14.6% in Zakarpatska and
17.4% in Ivano-Frankovsk and in services: 32.6% in Maramureş, 29.5% in Satu Mare, 42.3% in Zakarpatska
and 41.0% in Ivano-Frankovsk. The European EU-272 averages indicate ~ 22% population occupied in
industry and ~ 68% population occupied in services. The only exceptions are Maramureş and Satu Mare,
which, from the point of view of the degree of occupation in industry, are close to the European averages.
The rate of unemployment increased in the transition period. Most industries have undergone
restructuring processes and the mono-industrial areas faced the need to re-orientate. Consequently, the
unemployment increased rapidly. The unemployment rate in the areas subject to the herein strategy varies
from 3.4% in Satu Mare and 4.5% in Maramureş, to 8.2% in Zakarpatska and 9.8% in Ivano-Frankovsk. There
are differences in the unemployment rate between the regions in the two countries. The two Romanian
counties are below the national average, as compared to the reference year 2005 (5.9%3 or, another
average, 7.2%4), as well as below the EU-27 one (the average unemployment rate at the level of EU-27, in
2005 amounted to 8.9%). Contrary, in the two Ukrainian oblasts5, Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankovsk, the
unemployment rate exceeds both the national one and the EU-27 one (7.2% in Ukraine, in 2005,
respectively 8.9% at the level of EU-27).
The economic structure and the innovation
The regions subject to the herein strategy have an average share of contribution to the national GIP
for each country separately (1.8% Maramureş and 1.5% Satu Mare to Romania’s GIP in 2004, respectively
1.5% Zakarpatska and 2.1% Ivano-Frankovsk to Ukraine’s GIP in 2004). There are significant differences as
far as the number of SME-s per / 1000 inhabitants is concerned. The highest number of SME-s per / 1000
inhabitants is recorded in the Romanian part (Maramureş 17.3 SME-s/1000 inhabitants, respectively Satu
Mare 18.4 SME-s/1000 inhabitants, in 2005) and the smallest number is recorded in Ukraine (Zakarpatska
6.8 SME-s/1000 inhabitants, respectively Ivano-Frankovsk 5.2 SME-s/1000 inhabitants, in 2005). In the
Romanian part, the density of SME-s was situated both below the country average in 2005 (18.9 SMEs/1000 inhabitants6), and much below the EU-27 average (39.3 SME-s/1000 inhabitants7). In the Ukrainian
part, the density of SME-s was situated above the country average in Zakarpatska and below the country
average in Ivano-Frankovsk in 2005 (6.3 SME-s/1000 inhabitants 8 in Ukraine), and much below the EU-27
average.
Concerning the number of employees in the SME-s as compared to the total number of employees,
both Romania and Ukraine record differences at national level as compared to the EU-27 averages. Thus,
compared to an EU-279 average of 66.7% employees in the SME-s sector out of the total number of
employees, in Romania the average is 58.2%, and in Ukraine of only 19.6%. At the same time, the
contribution of the SME-s sector to the value added was 56.9% at the level of EU-27 and of only 44.5% in
Romania. In Ukraine10, out of the total volumes sold in 2005, only 5.5% were realized by the SME-s sector.
1
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT - Employment in rural areas: closing the jobs gap, Brussels, 21.12.2006
COM(2006) 857 final
2
Personal calculations made based on Eurostat data on Employment and unemployment (Labour Force Survey)
3
Romania’s Statistic Yearbook 2006
4
Eurostat yearbook 2007
5
State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
6
Eurostat – Statistics in focus 31/2008 - Enterprises by size class - overview of SMEs in the EU
7
Eurostat – Statistics in focus 31/2008 - Enterprises by size class - overview of SMEs in the EU
8
9
Eurostat – European Business
10
22
Even if it is situated below the European or the national averages, the SME-s sector in the four
counties / oblast in the region to which the herein strategy refer have an important role, as the data above
reveal, concerning the labour force occupation, the income at regional and national level and the economic
development. However, there are a series of barriers in the development of these units and, implicitly,
barriers in reducing the deficiencies of the economic competitiveness. Unfortunately, there are no studies
or analysis available for this region concerning the needs or the obstacle faced by the SME-s in their activity
or development. The only elements that could ground the analysis in this stage refer to the interviews with
the representatives of the business environment and the ones of the local public administrations involved
in all the stages of the strategy development, the studies made by the European Union on representative
samples of SME-s or strategies already framed for different sectors1.
Re-engineering has been the key word in this period in the entire region. Starting from the big, state
owned companies, developed on a mono-industrial, geo-economical scheme, the SME-s set up in the
region, either benefiting from the experience gained or even from the specialists of the former state owned
companies, had to adopt in their production process last generation technologies in order to cope with the
competitors or in order to be able to develop themselves. This is the case, for instance, of the food industry
or of the companies producing machines and equipments. Hence, the relatively increased weight of the
small and medium sized companies can mean a modern production basis, prepared for innovation and
development.
The poor level of technologization or the use of some outrun technologies and equipments reduce
the productivity in almost all the economic sectors of the region. This is due mainly to the lack of the
financial resources that also means the impossibility to accede the external financing sources. The SME-s
access to capital is poor and, implicitly, the access to new technologies and the potential to introduce
innovative products is also low. The development of the business infrastructure, including the one in the
innovation field as well as the support services are in an incipient stage, the access of the SME-s to
specialized consultancy being extremely limited.
The managerial culture is still in a stage of “attempts”. The capacities are limited in the sense of
various types of management and the integration of a strategic thinking. The lack of information and of
managerial culture determines most of the companies to adopt a strategy based on reducing the costs
rather than introducing innovative products and increasing the productivity. It is also to be noticed that
these deficiencies existing in the managerial culture superpose both an increased opposition to
organizational change as well as a poor level of delegating the responsibilities to specialized managerial
departments (financial, technical, human resources etc.).
Moreover, just a simple policy of managerial effectiveness can no longer ensure long-term
competitive advantages just as a “process benchmarking” mechanism cannot be accomplished by itself.
Facing the increase of the salary costs, the energetic costs, the lack of qualified personnel, the major
competition from the multi-national companies or from the producers operating in the markets with
cheaper labour force, the companies need to undergo radical changes. The period in which the region was
attractive for its cheap labour force, is over. Dealing with these challenges, the companies must change the
manner of approaching their own development strategies. It is necessary to shift from the entrepreneurialmanagerial cumulated stage to delegating the responsibilities to specialized managers, to creating strong
local brands and trademarks, to integrated actions of debate and information on innovation in order to
underline as much as possible its importance in developing competitive advantages.
Even if one can invoke that the region lacks the specialized personnel capable to generate either
technical or organizational innovation, thus blocking the development, the reduced management mobility
stresses even more this deficiency.
The mechanisms of support, development and promotion of the SME-s in the area (research and
technologic centres, chambers of commerce, inter-company structures etc.), entities meant to provide
services to the business environment, although present, they face difficulties in developing some processes
meant to develop the innovation and to increase the competitiveness. In most of the cases, the
cooperation between such entities, an important condition for the development and implementation of
projects with relevance and with a real impact, is reduced or limited to actions with shallow effects. The
reasons are multiple: reduced experience, lack of qualified personnel, difficulties of financing and
1
The Regional Strategy for the Innovation of the North-West Development Region (The North Transylvania)
23
implementing, poor business infrastructure, problems of image and communication, the difficulty to
exceed a “modus operandi” well known. Besides, once they offer services to the business environment in
the region, the characteristics of this business environment affect directly their activity. Even when the
services offered by these entities are of the best quality, the business environment must be prepared to
take them over and put them in practice.
At the same time, there are some deficiencies in the technology transfer from universities, research
centres and institutes towards the business environment: the poor cooperation with the business
environment; the lack of requests coming from the companies; the reduced number of partnerships for
research and innovation projects; a reduced visibility of the institutional relationships between the
economic environment and the research centres; the low number of intermediary structures or the poor
cooperation with the local public authorities.
Another identified issue is that most of the SME-s develops their businesses isolated from the other
market players. A study performed for Romania1 indicates the fact that only one third of the SME-s has
become affiliated members in an association from the category of extra-company, “business
organizations”. The association spirit is increased with the larger companies. Thus, more than half of the
middle sized companies (54.9%) are members in the generically named “business organizations” while
only 25.1% of the micro-companies participate in such associations. In other words, the isolation of the
SME-s is more striking at the small sized entities, this making them even more vulnerable in front of the
external players; they also lack information sources and experience sharing. Moreover, the SME-s that were
not part of an association group on the date the study was made, had no positive or clearly defined
prognosis. 56.5% of the interviewed companies claimed that they did not intend to become member in an
associative group while for more than a quarter of the SME-s (28.0%) the enrolling in an association was a
decision still under reflection. Only 12.8% were decided to become members in the near future. The study
also indicated that the micro-companies were more determined to choose the statute of member in an
associative form.
As concerns the SME-s expectations as effect of their affiliation and participation within a business
organization, it is to be mentioned that it is more about a bunch of benefits and less about singular or
isolated benefits. The most important set of benefits brings together 96.7% of the SME-s and this set
includes “the exchange of information and experience” and “the possibility to establish communication
relationships with other partners”. Following the association, most of the SME-s expect generic benefits. An
important number of SME-s, respectively 33.8%, seek to obtain even more tangible benefits, concretized in
“services” while 22.5% seek “the need for visibility and recognition in the community” where they operate.
It is relevant to mention at this point the fact that, as far as the last two options are concerned, “services”
and “visibility”, the study does not analyse the forms of inter-company associations, the umbrella type,
associations meant exactly for such purposes, in the interest of the own members / associates. There are
no data / studies known, neither for Ukraine, nor for Romania, concerning the setting u of SME-s namely
for constituting inter-company associations (credit alliances, logistic centres, joint supply companies,
supplier chains etc.).
The observer for the European2 SME-s can supply, in his turn, important information regarding he
average tendencies at European level. Even if Ukraine is not subject to monitoring, we consider that the
results can be applied, for analysis purpose, in this region as well.
The structure of the turnover in the new and old member states indicate significant differences. The
number of SME-s from NMS122 that recorded a turnover smaller than 150,000 EUR is two times bigger as
compared to the SME-s from the states in the EU-153 group. In 2005, in Romania, 59% of the SME-s was in
this category.
As concerns the constraints in carrying out and developing a business, the demand, defined as
“buying power” is the most important constraint of the SME-s, especially of the micro-enterprises (more
than half of the micro-enterprises identified this as a constraint). Besides the issue of demand, there are
other two issues that affect most of the SME-s at the level of the European Union: the administrative and
legislative regulations (36% of the SME-s claim to have faced issues from this point of view in the last two
years) and the issue of availability (35% of the SME-s) and the costs with the qualified labour force (33% of
1
2
3
“The SME-s Association Spirit”– The National Agency for Small, Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Co-operative System (Romania)
NMS12 = 12 New Member States (Bulgaria, Cyprus, The Check Republic, Estonia, Leetonia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary)
EU-15 = Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Great Britain, Holland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden
24
the SME-s). Other barriers indicated refer to the difficulties associated to the limited access to financing
and the lack of qualitative management.
In 2006, the SME-s in the European Union dedicated an average of 69 person-day units for fulfilling
the administrative formalities. An average figure of 8% of the total labour time in the SME-s is dedicated for
this purpose.
As per the revenues from exports (including here the intra-communitarian deliveries), a big number
of the SME-s in the European Union do not export at all. The EU-27 average of the SME-s out of the total
SME-s that record revenues from export sales is of 8%. Romania was below the EU-27 average, with 7%.
The main constraints identified by the SME-s in carrying out export activities are as follows: the insufficient
knowledge about the foreign sales markets; the decrease of prices competitiveness due to the import
tariffs; the differences between the national regulations within the Union; deficiencies in the managerial
resources; the regulations on the non-EU markets; the nature of the products and services offered which
don’t give the possibility to identify an external market; the existence of the communication barriers (the
language).
As far as the external partnership are concerned, an average of 5.2% of the SME-s in the European
Union (EU-27) obtained revenues from external partnerships, either through working points, branches,
affiliates, or joint-ventures. From this point of view, Romania was below the EU-27 average, with 3.3% SMEs, but above NMS12 average, at 2.9%.
The destination of the external partnerships concluded by the SME-s in the European Union is the
European Union itself. 77% of the working points, branches, affiliates, or joint ventures set by the SME-s in
the European Union are situated on the EU-27 territory, while the percentage of the SME-s exporting on
the EU-27 territory is of 72% of the total number of SME-s. Only 4% of the SME-s declared that they export
to Europe, in other states than the ones members of EU-27.
The annual marketing expenses of the European SME-s had a weight of 3.6% of the turnover.
Averagely speaking, the SME-s in the EU-15 member states allocated 3.7% of the turnover to the promotion
budget while the EU-12 member states only 3.0%. In absolute values, the SME-s in the EU allocated
approximately 57,000 EUR/year for the marketing budgets.
As far as the commercial exchanges are concerned, as per the data supplied by the Romanian
Ministry of External Affairs1 the economical relationships between Romania and Ukraine were as follows:
Value (mil. USD)
2005
2006
2007
Total, out of which:
692,1
1131,9
1526,5
Export
167,5
424,3
741,5
Import
524,6
707,6
784,9
Balance
- 357,1
- 283,3
- 43,4
On December 31, 2007, there were 306 Romanian – Ukrainian companies registered in Romania, the
value of the foreign capital invested amounting to 8.64 million US dollars, Ukraine occupying position 54.
Similarly, as per the information provided by the Romanian Embassy in Kiev2, on 30.11.2006, the
volume of the commercial exchanges between Romania and Ukraine amounted to 978.8 million US dollars,
out of which from export activities 370.3 million US dollars and from import activities 608.5 million US
dollars.
The balance of the commercial statement was – 238.2 million US dollars.
The structure of the commercial exchanges was as follows:
Chapter
1
2
4
5
6
1
2
The Category of Goods
TOTAL, out of which:
Living animals and products of the animal
regnum
Products of the vegetal regnum
Food products, beverages, tobacco
Mineral products
Products from the chemical industry and
other associated ones
Thousand$
EXPORT
370299
21
Weight
%
100
0,005
Thousand$
IMPORT
608501
33
Weight
%
100
0,005
1525
957
156620
20447
0,41
0,26
42,3
5,52
536
1078
222566
84775
0,09
0,18
36,57
13,93
The Romanian Ministry of External Affairs: http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=5750&idlnk=1&cat=3
Romania’s Embassy in Kiev: http://kiev.mae.ro/index.php?lang=ro&id=24163
25
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
20
21
Plastics and rubber articles
Dressed / undressed skins, furs and the
associated wares
Wood, charcoal, crib, basketry works
Wood paste, paper, cardboard and the
associated wares
Textiles and the associated wares
Footwear, headwear, umbrellas
Stone, plaster, cement, glass, ceramic
wares
Common metals and metallic wares
Machines, appliances, electrical
equipments
Vehicles, airships, ships and equipments
Optic, photo and measurement appliances
Furniture, home and sport articles
Other goods
20675
1796
5,58
0,48
1823
74
0,3
0,01
7696
1912
2,08
0,52
17193
1634
2,82
0,27
4419
2191
903
1,2
0,6
0,24
1200
1520
11816
0,2
0,25
1,94
19518
56991
5,27
15,39
250590
12771
41,18
2,1
59534
107
5796
190
16,07
0,03
1,56
0,05
155
230
491
11
0,03
0,04
0,08
-
Although the export and import activities between the two countries are increased in the border
areas as compared to the data at national level, they remain insignificant. The same goes for the direct
investments. The level of economical development in the border areas is rather low. As stated before, the
development of the SME-s sector could bring about the acceleration of the economical development in the
area.
The border economic structure is diversified in the four regions from the Romanian and Ukrainian
art. As per the above presented data, a great art of the population is occupied in the agricultural sector (of
a majority in the Romanian part and secondary, after services, in the Ukrainian art), while the main sector
wise VAB1 at national level, in both countries, is that of the services sector. The economic structure in the
Romanian area is agricultural - industrial.
The economy structure in Maramures County is dominated by the services sector, which produces
the biggest part of the county internal gross product - 56.26%, while the industrial sector holds 25.56% of
the county internal gross product.
In Satu Mare County, agriculture plays a major role from the occupation point of view: 41.6%. The
largest part of the county internal gross product - 54.7% originates from services, while the industrial sector
holds 27.80% of the county internal gross product.
The Ukrainian border area has a diversified economical specialization. The main sector wise VAB2 at
national level in Ukraine, applicable for Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankovsk is that of the services sector
(57%), followed by industry (32%) and agriculture (10%).
Tourism
The natural landscapes are the main touristic attractions in the border area. Each art of the regions
subject to the herein strategy has touristic destinations in the mountain areas (the Carpathians). The
protected areas situated in the Romanian part, The “Muntii Rodna” Natural Park (46,399 ha) and “Munţii
Maramureş” National Park (148,850 ha) are considered as attractive touristic destinations.
Moreover, there is an important cultural inheritance. The Romanian wooden churches from
Maramureş have been included by UNESCO in 1999 in the world cultural patrimony. The area to which the
herein strategy refers is rich in resources of mineral and thermal waters (for instance, Solotvyno Mines).
The natural landscapes offered by the mountains, the rivers, the forests, the caves, the rich biodiversity, the cultural inheritance and the health centres located in the region offer good premises for the
development of the different types of tourism, for instance the ecotourism, the thermal tourism, the rural
tourism etc. As concerns the accommodation capacities, more than 70% of the total accommodation
facilities existing in the region are located in Ukraine, out of which Ivano-Frankovsk holds more than 60% of
the total (12500 of approximately 19000 accommodation facilities). As compared to Ivano-Frankovsk, the
1
2
VAB = Gross Added Value
VAB = Gross Added Value
26
other regions have a small number of accommodation facilities (between 2005 in Zakarpatska and 2873 in
Maramureş).
The number of accommodation nights / tourist, indicate a use below the existing capacities. In the
regions from Romania, the average is below the national one, respectively 2.3 in Maramures and 1.6 in Satu
Mare, as compared to an average of 3.2 at national level). Ukraine records the highest values (5.6 in IvanoFrankovsk, respectively 4.2 in Zakarpatska, much above Ukraine’s average of 1.1 in 2005). The lack of
potential utilization in some of the parts is partially due, to a poor promotion of the border area but also to
a critical system of touristic information.
As the development of the tourism sector has an important role in decreasing the migration by
creating new labour places it is very important to meet the tourists’ expectations and to attract a higher
number of visitors in the area.
As a conclusion, one can state that the main features of the economical structures are un-balanced,
the great differences regarding the GIP being the first to be underlined in this respect. The lack of
innovation, the poor development of the SME’s sector, the lack of some impact studies, the deficiencies in
the managerial culture, the unemployment in many fields of activity as well as the great weight of
agriculture in general represent serious blockages in the development process while the dynamics of the
SME-s sector, the existence of a high touristic potential, the existence of some developed cities and of the
labour force can be the basis for a gradual improvement of the economic performances in the region.
THE INFRASTRUCTURE1
The Transport
Because of the geographical location of the border area, its degree of accessibility depends on the
number of roads and on their quality. The roads are relatively well developed but this is not the case of the
main and secondary roads. There are not any qualitative transport connections (highways or express
roads). The roads do not meet the European requirements in any art of the strategy area. The road
transport conditions are inadequate especially in the mountain areas and in the winter season.
The railway transport is well developed in the big cities but the population in many small settlements
do not benefit from the railway connections. At the Romanian – Ukrainian border the railway transport
connections can be characterized through the existence of two railway systems with different rail gauge.
In the Romanian part of the border, Satu-Mare is connected to Ukraine through the European road
E81, and in Maramureş, the secondary roads allow the access to Ukraine through the European roads E81
and E85. Maramureş and Satu-Mare have access to Ukraine through secondary railways.
The air transport in the region is based on the international airports from Baia Mare, Satu-Mare,
Uzhgorod and Ivano-Frankovsk. The number of flights and passengers depends upon the regional traffic.
The border line
As per the data supplied by the Romanian Border Police2, on a length of approximately 250 km there
existed 4 customs points:
1. VALEA VIŞEULUI – DILOVE – railway transport of passengers and goods,
2. CÂMPULUNG la TISA – TERESVA - railway transport of passengers and goods;
3. SIGHETU MARMAŢIEI – SOLOTVINO - pedestrians, road transport of passengers and
goods;
4. HALMEU-DIAKOVO – road, goods and railway transport.
As per the same source, in august 2008 only two of the four customs points were operational:
SIGHETU MARMAŢIEI – SOLOTVINO (Maramureş-Zakarpatska), respectively HALMEU-DIAKOVO (Satu MareZakarpatska). VALEA VIŞEULUI – DILOVE and CÂMPULUNG la TISA – TERESVA were declared un-operational.
From the infrastructure point of view, the density of the customs points is a very poor one as there
exist only one customs point every 62 km. However, it is to be mentioned that approximately 100 km of the
250 km of border line are situated in a mountain area difficult to access, plus the natural border of Tisa
river on a length of more than 60 km. If we analyse the density from the operability point of view, the
1
27
density decreases to one customs point every 125 km as the customs points VALEA VIŞEULUI – DILOVE and
CÂMPULUNG la TISA – TERESVA are un-operational.
The technical conditions and the available capacities for performing the customs formalities are
inadequate for a good administration of the traffic volume. The long queues and the expecting hours are
significant for the development of economy and tourism in the strategy area. The visas regime, still in force
for Ukraine, represents an extra burden for the Ukrainian part.
The Environment Infrastructure
The most important factors affecting the environment condition in the strategy area are as follows:
the inadequate water management (the insufficient capacity of the sewerage system and of the
wastewaters treatment stations); the road transport; the industrial emissions (thermal centrals).
In the Romanian part, almost 80% of the urban population has access to the public networks of
sewerage and drinkable water. However, the situation in the rural areas is rather critical. The system of
public utilities is critical. Thus, the situation of the public services in the rural areas (drinkable water supply
(average accessibility 20%) and sewerage facilities) is as follows: in Satu-Mare – 2.4% and in Maramures
5.6%. As long as there are factors that still damage the environment (the waste produced by houses and
institutions, the deforesting and the polluting activities), investments are required for preserving the
ecosystem.
In Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankovsk, only the towns and a few communes have sewerage and waste
waters treatment systems. In the rural settlements, the important common issue is that of the lack of such
systems. In the field of the drinkable water supply, the basic task is that of protecting the resources and the
building of the public water supply system. In Zakarpatska the industrial pollution is decreasing but the
pollution with the communal waste waters is significant. The phreatic waters are strongly contaminated,
which represents a danger for the touristic potential.
The waste management is still an issue on wide areas of the region. The small villages along the
border are in the worst situation from the waste management point of view. Although the implementation
of the waste recycling systems brings a positive tendency, the issue is still unresolved, as there remains the
processing issue.
The Telecommunication Networks
In the last decade, the situation of the telecommunication system improved very fast in the strategy
area. Thus, the use of the mobile phones and the Internet services grew up considerably.
Averagely speaking, in 2005, there were 160 subscribers / 1000 inhabitants with fixed telephone lines
in the Romanian part of the strategy area (155 in Satu Mare and 163 in Maramureş). The figure is close in
the Ukrainian part as well, at least as far as Ivano-Frankovsk is concerned, with an average figure of 167.
The statistics indicated in 2005 4-5 subscribers / 100 inhabitants in the Romanian part of the strategy area,
below the national average of approximately 7 subscribers / 100 inhabitants. In the Ukrainian part, the
Internet access based on subscription is very low (less than 1 person / 100 inhabitants). Despite the
statistics, the studies and analysis indicate growing indicators, the data pointing out the Internet users
being relevant in this respect. Thus, the analysis entitled “The Indicators of the Informational Society”1
show the following tendencies for Romania:
Indicator
Number of fixed telephone lines / 1000 inhabitants
Number of mobile telephone subscribers / 1000 inhabitants
Number of Internet users / 1000 inhabitants
Number of broadband Internet users / 1000 inhabitants
2005
203,1
617,6
207,6
35
2006
194,8
806,2
323,6
82
Another important element is the distribution of the indicators corresponding to this analysis for the
North-West development area, as compared to the national development level, for 2006:
1
The Romanian Statistics Institute - http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/ind_soc_inf.pdf
28
Region
North–West
Total
The weight of the
Internet connected
enterprises in the total
number of enterprises
in the region
-%24,4
25,6
The number of PC-s
for every 100
employees in the
region
23,7
25,4
The weight of the
The number of
Internet connected Internet connected
PC-s in the total
PC-s for every 100
number of PC-s in
employees in the
the region
region
-%70,6
16,7
66,3
16,9
The Ukrainian statistics1 show the same tendency on short term:
Mobile subscribers
cellular
trucking
paging
Altai star-type telephone
subscribers
Cable TV subscribers
Internet subscribers
As of April 1, 2007
total
including
home
50952,4
28227,9
50935,8
28225,9
9,4
0
7,2
2
4,2
1,7
2969,6
1057
2957,6
722,2
As of July 1, 2007
including
home
50946
28082,8
50928,8
28079,7
10,2
1,1
7
2
4,3
1,8
total
3004,7
1124,7
2993
780
As of October 1, 2007
total
including
home
53029,2
29212,6
53012,1
29210,6
10,1
0
7
2
2,6
1,6
3133,7
1227,1
3126,1
869,8
As of January 1, 2008
total
including
home
55240,4
30844,5
55222,2
30842,5
11,3
0
6,9
2
2,7
1,6
3237,1
1374,6
3215,2
997,2
As a conclusion, one can state that, while the big traffic values on the “East-West” direction can
initiate a certain economical development, the most important obstacle in the way of a better
cooperation is the overloading and the poor development of the transport infrastructure, mainly the
serious traffic blockages at the border. At the same time, all types of environment infrastructure are
backward as compared to the European standards.
Both above-mentioned factors are important from the point of view of the regional plans
concerning the economic development.
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH2
As concerns the level of education, the majority of the strategy area population graduated the
secondary education. Approximately 7% of the inhabitants are university graduates. The most important
university centres in the Ukrainian art are located in Ivano-Frankovsk, Mukachevo and Uzhgorod.
In the Romanian part, the high education is well developed, the following universities existing here:
“Universitatea de Vest Vasile Goldis”, “Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai” from Cluj Napoca, Satu Mare Branch,
“Universitatea Tehnică” from Cluj Napoca, Satu Mare Branch and “Academia Comercială şi Universitatea
Spiru Haret” in Satu-Mare County and “Universitatea de Nord”, “Vasile Goldis” and “Bogdan Vodă”
Universities in Maramures County.
In 2005, the budget of the expenses with the research and development activities was relatively low
in the Romanian part of the strategy, especially in Maramureş County. This county was on the last place in
the North-West region of Romania, with a budget of expenses for the research and development activities
of only 264 thousand EUR. In comparison, the total R&D expenses in the Ukrainian part were 18 times
higher only for Ivano-Frankovsk. The highest number of persons working in this field is recorded also in
Ukraine, in Ivano-Frankovsk (2102 persons), followed by Zakarpatska (988 persons). The number of the
employees in the research and development field in the Romanian art of the strategy was of 184 persons,
equally distributed in the two counties (92 persons in Maramureş, 92 persons in Satu Mare)
As a conclusion, one can state that, although the existing innovation capacities are reduced, the
existence of some universities and projects at regional level can be the basis for a gradual improvement
of the performances in this sector. The concordance between the results of the educational system and
the economical demands is far from being perfect; hence, the improvement of the correlation between
1
2
29
the industry requirements and the results of the educational system can bring about effective benefits for
the regional economy.
THE COHERENCE WITH OTHER EXISTING PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES
The hereby strategy has been issued considering the national and regional strategies and programs.
The documents considered are as follows:
Trans-border and regional cooperation programs:
- The Common Operational Program ENPI CBC Hungary-Slovakia-Romania-Ukraine 2007-2013
The global objective of the program is as follows: “the intensification and the strengthening of a
durable cooperation from the environment, social and economic points of view between Ukraine’s regions
Zakarpatska, Ivano-Frankovsk and Chernivetska and the eligible and adjacent areas from Hungary, Slovakia
and Romania”.
The measures within this program are grouped in priorities, each of them with its own target, as
follows:
- Priority no. 1: The promotion of the economical and social development
- Priority no.2: The improvement of the environment quality
- Priority no. 3: The increase of the border management efficiency
- Priority no.4: The supporting of the “people to people” cooperation
This is the program with the highest relevance for the implementation of the herein strategy, the first
two priorities of the program being especially important from this point of view.
- The Neighbourhood Program PHARE/TACIS Romania-Ukraine 2004-2006
This program financed or is still financing projects targeting at the economical and social
development, the development of an integrated infrastructure system in the border area as well as the
“people to people” cooperation.
The first relevant projects in this trans-border region implemented based on this project. It has
offered examples of good practice and taught lessons, important for the implementation of the future
projects.
- The Transnational South-East Europe Cooperation Program 2007-2013
This program includes regions from 17 countries. All the four counties / oblast of the strategy area are part
of the eligibility area.
The general strategic objective of the program is “the setting up of transnational partnerships in
fields of a strategic importance for the purpose of improving the process of territorial, economical and social
integration and for supporting the cohesion, stability and competitiveness”
The priority axis I and IV are relevant for the herein strategy:
The Priority Axis No. 1
The Supporting of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
- The development of the technologic and innovation networks in specific fields;
- The development of a favourable environment for the innovative
entrepreneurship;
- The improvement of the frame conditions and the opening of the way towards
innovation.
The Priority Axis No 4
The development of the transnational synergies of the areas with potential
- The approach of the issues affecting the metropolitan areas and the regional
settlements systems;
- The promotion of a balanced frame of the areas with potential as far as their
accessibility and attractiveness are concerned;
- The promotion of the cultural patrimony for development purposes.
National Programs and Strategies
- Romania’s National Strategic Reference Frame for the period 2007 - 2013
30
The CNSR1 objectives are the following: the strengthening of the economical and social cohesion, the
reducing of the regional disparities and the setting of a correct and adequate connexion to the policies of
the European Commission, especially the Lisbon strategy.
The thematic priorities set within CNSR and relevant for the herein strategy are as follows:
- The long term increase of the economical competitiveness in Romania;
- The development and the more efficient use of the human capital in Romania.
- The National Strategy of Ukraine’s Regional Development in the period 2004 - 2015
The purpose of SNDR2 is that of establishing the conditions for realizing a competitive potential of the
regions, the maintaining of a steady level of development based on new technologies, a high productive
capacity of the industry and the population occupation.
The priority directions within SNDR, relevant for the herein strategy are as follows:
- The restructuring of the economic resources in the regions and the promotion of diversity based on
new technologies;
- The human resources development;
- The regional cooperation development.
Other initiatives and international programs
- The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
In Romania, EBRD supports the investments in infrastructure, the direct foreign investments and the
support of the financial sector. It also supports the strengthening of the public administration and local
authorities’ capacity in using the EU funds.
In Ukraine, EBRD supports the improvement of the business environment and the private sector
competitiveness, the increase of the institutional capacity of the financial sector and the SME-s financing
level, the roads, railways, ports, airports modernization as well as the modernization of the energetic,
petrol and natural gas sectors.
1
2
CNSR = Romania’s National Strategic Reference Frame for the period 2007 - 2013
SNDR = The National Strategy of Ukraine’s Regional Development in the period 2004 - 2015
31
The SWOT Analysis
This chapter presents the SWOT analysis common for the entire region.
Strong points – weak points
STRONG POINTS
WEAK POINTS
- Ethnic diversity
- Poor technological level in certain sectors of
- Resources of raw materials (metallurgic
the production units
industry,
wood
processing
industry,
- Critical organizational management
construction materials industry etc.)
- Decreased level of information changing
- Relief diversity
- Poor acquaintance with the two economic
- Relatively chip labor force
and business environments
- The existence of the protected areas
- Reduced confidence in the business
- Potential for producing alternative sources of
relationships
energy, renewable energies
- Poor image of the economic environment
- Developed academic infrastructure
outside the Region
- An increased level of cooperation between
- The existence of the communication barriers
universities in the Region
(the language)
- Potential for applied research
- Reduced access to relevant business
- The existence of the utilities transport
information
networks (gas, electricity)
- Opposition to change (conservatism)
- Increased level of the transport services
- Reduced level of innovation
(especially on road)
- Poor associative spirit
- Expertise in attracting financing sources and
- Reduced capacity to access financing sources
implementing relevant projects
- The labor force migration outside the Region
- Strong and consolidated partnership and
- The lack of concordance between offer and
associative structures, representative for the
demand on the labor market
business environment
- The lack of efficiency of the labor force
- The existence of the Carpathian Euro-region
steadiness programs
- Entrepreneurial spirit
- Reduced mobility of the labor force inside the
- Tradition in viticulture, fruit growing and
Region
animals breeding
- The labor force ageing in the rural areas
- A common background of the economic
- The mentality that manager (entrepreneur) =
development and experience
“owner”
- Available production spaces
- Relevant start-up market
- Complementary typology of the industry and
services
- A great replication capacity
- The development of the agro and balneal
tourism
- Experience in organizing common economic
events
32
Opportunities and Threats
OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
- Opening Consulates (at Sighetul Marmatiei
- Maintaining the customs restrictions between
the two states
and Uzghorod)
- Bilateral agreements mutually favoring the
- Preserving the visas regime (for the Ukrainian
citizens)
investments and the commercial exchanges
between the two countries
- Unstable or un-stimulating taxation at the
level of fiscal policies
- Investments in the field of environment
protection
- Maintaining a reduced number of customs
points between the two states, at the level of
- The increase of legislative stability
- The increase of the investment policies at
this Region
- Restrictive environment policy
central and local levels
- The development of the real estate market
- Certification / standardization policies
- Inflation increase
- The macro-economic stability
- Preserving the trend of economic growth
- The increase of the unloyal competition, the
black labor and the undergound economy
- Reducing the unemployment
- The increase of competition as a
- The investments relocation affecting the
horizontal economy
development engine
- The stability of the foreign currency market
- Withdrawing investments from the market
- Preserving politics of the “paternalist state”
- Improving the country ratings, seen as an
opportunity to attract investments
type, both at public level as well as at the level
of
expectations
from
the
business
- The increase of the stock exchange market
environment
- The change of the attitude towards work
- The reduced speed of new technologies
- The development of CSR policies
implementation
- The promotion of the local and cultural values
- The differences in the technological
- The increase of cultural tolerance
development between the rural – urban
- The development of the technologies for
environments
renewable and unconventional energies, as
an opportunity for economic development
- Improving the mechanisms of know-how
transfer
- The development of IT&C (Internet)
technologies
- The development of the green technologies
Improving the mechanisms for applying the
results of the technological research –
development in the real economy
33
THE OBJECTIVES ANALYSIS
The vision of the strategy has been defined starting from the territorial analysis and from the SWOT
matrix issued, as follows:
„To support the economical development and the improving of the business environment in
the Romania – Ukraine Trans-border Region (Maramureş, Satu Mare, Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankivsk), starting from the analysis of the present territorial situation and relying
on the institutional cooperation of the relevant players at local level.”
The general objective:
“To increase the economic competitiveness in the Romania – Ukraine Trans-border Region
(Maramureş, Satu Mare, Zakarpatska and Ivano-Frankivsk)”
1. To reduce the financial and technological deficiencies;
2. To identify and correlate the deficiencies on the labour market;
3. To strengthen the exchange of business information;
4. To increase the level of the managerial and organizational culture.
The reaching of each separate specific objective is supported by the obtaining of some results:
1. To reduce the technological and financial deficiencies
Results:
- Improving the capacity to access financing sources;
- Increasing the technological level in certain production sectors;
- Stimulating the increase of the innovation level.
2. To identify and correlate the deficiencies on the labor force market
Results:
- Reducing the migration of labor force outside the Region;
- Increasing the labor force mobility inside the Region;
- Making more efficient programs for labor force steadiness;
- Attracting and keeping the young persons in the rural areas.
3. To intensify the exchange of business information
Results:
- Improving the image of the business environment inside and outside the Region;
- Facilitating the access to relevant business information;
- Increasing the two economic and business environments’ visibility;
- Reducing the communication barriers (the language).
4. To increase the level of managerial and organizational culture
Results:
- Accepting the new / the change at organizational level;
- Improving the image of manager’s “profession”;
- Increasing the confidence in the business relationships;
- Improving the organizational management;
- Stimulating the associative spirit.
Each specific objective has been detailed with types of actions and exemplifying actions, with risk
and stakeholders analysis.
The next step was the issuing of the charts for each specific objective.
The results are as follows:
34
EXEMPLIFYING ACTIONS
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 1 - 1. TO REDUCE THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND FINANCIAL DEFICIENCIES
Improving the capacity to access
financing sources
The increase of the
technological level of the
companies
Stimulating the increase of the
innovation level
Organizing Project Management courses
Setting up data base and associated materials regarding the financing sources
Developing programs and mechanisms of communication with the public and private financers
Consultancy concerning the business plan, the feasibility studies etc.
Assistance in drawing up documentations
Information events on the financing opportunities
Developing mechanisms for the promotion of the good practice examples
Courses of financial management
Proposing and promoting fiscal facilities for technological development
Developing mechanisms for the facilitation of the know-how and/or production licenses transfer
Promoting/supporting the training of the highly qualified specialists with the support of the universitary environment
Promoting the structures of “spin-off” type
Developing mechanisms for cooperation between the academic and business environments
Setting up centers of technological transfer
Developing mechanisms for the practical application of the research projects
Organizing technological scholarships
Setting up data base with the potential partners in the research projects.
Organizing competitions of innovative projects among students
Assistance in drawing up research projects in the academic environment or in companies
Organizing training sessions on innovation
Organizing themes based conferences
Developing mechanisms for promoting the innovation within companies (events, campaigns)
35
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 2 - 2. TO IDENTIFY AND CORRELATE THE DEFICIENCIES ON THE LABOR FORCE MARKET
Reducing the migration of labor
force
Increasing the labor force
mobility
Drawing up more efficient
programs for labor force
steadiness
Attracting and keeping the
young people in the rural areas
Proposing and developing measures aimed at supporting the development of the companies in the Region
Proposing and promoting measures for populating the difficult areas
Promoting the improvement of the working conditions
Promoting the policies for providing salaries based on specializations, fields of activity etc. in the private environment
Organizing courses for developing the entrepreneurial abilities among young people
Organizing events such as “projects competition” among young people
Organizing courses for improving the financial management in the companies within the Region
Organizing fairs of the trans-border working places
Lobby – Actions for simplifying the customs formalities in the case of small traffic of persons
Lobby - Actions for developing the customs infrastructure (opening new customs points in the Region or developing the existing ones)
Promoting the setting up of mix companies dealing with the selection and placement of labor force
Proposing and promoting the development of real estate projects in the field of “dwellings for employees”
Proposing and promoting the improvement of public transport on short, medium and long routes
Proposing and promoting the opportunity to develop the packages of salary bonuses for the companies’ employees
Promoting the H.R. specialists and consultants
Awareness campaigns regarding the importance of human resources
Organizing courses for the specialization in the field of Human Resources Management
Promoting and supporting the setting up of entities such as professional associations
Organizing courses for the development of the entrepreneurial skills
Promoting and supporting the setting up of entities such as agricultural associations
Proposing and promoting sets of measures for supporting the young people in the rural areas
Developing mechanisms of promoting the investment opportunities in the rural areas in order to attract direct investments
Promoting the improvement of the living standards in the rural areas
Organizing courses for supporting the development of small and micro businesses in the rural areas
Developing consultancy packages for supporting the development of small and micro businesses in the rural areas
36
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 3 - 3. TO INTENSIFY THE EXCHANGE OF BUSINESS INFORMATION
Improving the business
environment image inside and
outside the Region
Facilitating the access to
relevant business information
Increasing the visibility of the
two economic and business
environment
Reducing the communication
barriers (the language)
Issuing some strategies to promote the economic opportunities in the Region
Attending international relevant events, such as fairs - exhibitions, with stalls or common events
Developing common events following the pattern “MADE IN …”
Setting up, outside the Region, promotion points for the economic environment in the Region
Issuing and communicating the evaluation mechanisms for the “health condition” of the business environment
Promoting innovative instruments of communication among companies (branding, image development etc.)
Developing data basis following the KOMPASS model.
Developing B2B electronic communication instruments (sites, portals)
Unitary promotion campaign for the economic impact events organized in the Region
Organizing events for promoting the impact information on the business environment (legislative, fiscal, customs, commercial etc.)
Developing relevant and specialized consultancy packages
Promoting and training independent consultants in various fields
Organizing economic missions
Organizing business fairs
Joint organization of fairs – exhibitions or attending such events
Media campaigns
Developing mechanisms for the promotion of the investment opportunities
Developing investment guides (taxation, start up, customs, commercial etc.)
Constituting, developing, supporting and promoting the networks of translators (En-Ro-Ukr)
Lobby – Actions for developing the customs infrastructure (opening new points in the Region or developing the existing ones)
Organizing events such as “summer schools” with a relevant structure for business development
Organizing courses of communication, facilitation, mediation and negotiation
Issuing dictionaries in En – Ro – Ukr for the economic, commercial, technical and juridical fields
37
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 4 - 4. TO INCREASE THE LEVEL OF MANAGERIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Accepting the new / the change
at organizational level
Improving the image of
manager’s “profession”
The increase of confidence in
the business relationships
Improving the organizational
Management
Stimulating the associative spirit
Identifying, promoting and training specialists in the management of change
Promoting the opportunity to realize impact studies for the change processes with a major impact
Organizing courses/events in the management of change
Promoting the successful cases
Promoting the case studies
Identifying and promoting patterns
Developing and implementing communication campaigns
Organizing events with joint participation (economic delegations, fairs, business events)
Promoting the successful cases
Constituting and developing data base with business incidents
Promoting the opportunity and issuing an ethical code and a code of good business practice
Promoting the mechanisms to solve the commercial litigations of the “Commercial Arbitrage Courts” type
Organizing specialized courses
Organizing specialization probation periods
Organizing experience exchanges
Promoting scholarships for managers
Promoting the good practice cases and the successful ones
Involving the specialized managers in the academic environment (associated academic staff)
Promoting the necessity to exist managerial skills at entry, middle, top levels
Supporting the constitution of specialized professional associations
Organizing events in partnership
Promoting the successful cases, especially concerning the projects implementation and development
Promoting the associative spirit through the education system
Promoting and facilitating the associations between companies for the development of public / private projects
Organizing joint events “of society” for the business environment
Promoting and supporting the setting up of “integrating” companies (purchase, sales, supplier chains) and specialized companies for the
performance of specialized services for the own members
38
STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS
STAKEHOLDERS
PRIMARY
1. THE COMPANIES IN THE REGION
2. THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES (POPULATION)
3. THE EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION
SECONDARY
4. INSTITUTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL, AVERAGE AND ACADEMIC
EDUCATION
5. LOCAL AND REGIONAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
6. CENTRAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
7. THE COMPANIES ON HORIZONTAL
8. NGO’s REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
(CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE, ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
9. TRADE UNIONS
10. RESEARCH INSTITUTES
11. BANKING SYSTEM (REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS)
12. OTHER FINANCERS, MAINLY NON-REFUNDABLE
13. MEDIA
14. CONSULTANCY COMPANIES
INTEREST
EFFECT +, - ,
+/-, ?
PRIORITY 1 (the
most important) –
5 (the least
important)
- increase of competition
- increase of business
- profit maximization
- increase of revenues
- the improvement of working conditions
- the increase of buying power
- the situation of the working places
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/-
1
- the adapting and diversification of the educative package
+/-
4
- budget revenues
- social issues
- regional development
- budget revenues
- business preserving
- development and increase of the representation degree
+
+/+
+
+/+
4
5
2
3
+
+
+
+
+
3
4
1
2
4
2
- the preserving of the working places
- projects development
- capital/credits placement
- reaching objectives
- publicity
- businesses development
4
2
39
1. THE COMPANIES IN THE REGION
2. THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES (POPULATION)
4. INSTITUTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL, AVERAGE AND ACADEMIC EDUCATION
5. LOCAL AND REGIONAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
7. THE COMPANIES ON HORIZONTAL
8. NGO’s REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE,
ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
9. TRADE UNIONS
10. RESEARCH INSTITUTES
11. BANKING SYSTEM (REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS)
12. OTHER FINANCERS, MAINLY NON-REFUNDABLE
13. MEDIA
14. CONSULTANCY COMPANIES
40
STAKEHOLDERS
EFFECT +, - ,
+/-, ?
PRIORITY 1 (the
most important) –
5 (the least
important)
- improving the working conditions
- improving the skills
- reducing the labour force migration
- increasing the benefits
- increasing the competition on the labour force market
- the labour force stability
- the increase of businesses
- improving the quality of the labour force
- reducing the labour force deficits
- increasing the revenues
- improving the working conditions
- reducing the labour force migration
+
+/+/+
+/+
+
+
+
+
+
+/-
1
SECONDARY
4. THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES (including the
rural ones)
- the social impact
+/-
1
5. THE CENTRAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
6. TRADE UNIONS
7. CONSULTANTS
8. EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (all levels)
9. THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (at local, county and central level)
- increasing the revenues
- reducing the migration
- framing within the policies of labour force promotion
- protecting the members
- developing the businesses
- adjusting and diversifying / developing the educational package
- offering support in the development of legislative propositions for
lobby activities
+
+/+/+
+
+/+/-
4
1
2
4
2
+
2
- diversifying the services performed
- developing the businesses
+/+
+
2
4
+
+
3
5
PRIMARY
2. THE EMPLOYERS IN THE REGION
3. THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES (THE POPULATION)
11. COMPANIES SPECIALIZED IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
12. REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS (Banks, other financial institutions,
IFN etc.)
13. MAINLY NON-REFUNDABLE FINANCERS
14. MEDIA
INTEREST
- financing viable projects for reaching the undertaken objectives
- publicity
1
4
41
2. THE EMPLOYERS IN THE REGION
3. THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES (THE POPULATION)
4. THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES (including the rural ones)
6. TRADE UNIONS
7. CONSULTANTS
8. EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (all levels)
9. THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT (at local, county and central level)
ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
11. COMPANIES SPECIALIZED IN THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
12. REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS (Banks, other financial institutions, IFN etc.)
14. MEDIA
42
STAKEHOLDERS
PRIMARY
1. COMPANIES FROM THE REGION
2. COMPANIES FROM OUTSIDE THE REGION
3. LOCAL COMMUNITIES (THE POPULATION)
SECONDARY
4. THE LOCAL AND REGIONAL PUBLIC AUTHORITIES
6. EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (mainly high education)
7. CONSULTANTS (PR, communication strategies, branding etc.)
8. THE POLITIC AL ENVIRONMENT (at local, county and central level)
9. COMPANIES SPECIALIZED IN ORGANIZING EVENTS
11. MEDIA
13. REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS (Banks, other financial institutions,
IFN etc.)
INTEREST
- promoting their own businesses
- opportunities of businesses development
- increase of competition
- identifying potential business partners in the Region
- identifying new markets
- identifying investment opportunities
- improving the living standards through economical development
- the increase of visibility and the promotion of the region
- economic development
- framing within the policies of economical development (exports and
commercial exchanges)
- the development of the educational package
- the businesses development
- offering support in the development of legislative propositions for
lobby activities
- publicity
- financing viable projects for reaching the undertaken objectives
EFFECT +, - ,
+/-, ?
PRIORITY 1 (the
most important) –
5 (the least
important)
+
+
+/+
+
+
+
1
4
5
+
+
+
1
+/+
+/-
5
2
4
+
+
2
1
+
+
+
4
2
5
5
43
2. COMPANIES FROM OUTSIDE THE REGION
7. CONSULTANTS (PR, communication strategies, branding etc.)
8. THE POLITIC AL ENVIRONMENT (at local, county and central level)
ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
11. MEDIA
13. REIMBURSABLE FINANCERS (Banks, other financial institutions, IFN etc.)
44
STAKEHOLDERS
PRIMARY
2. THE EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION (middle and
top)
SECONDARY
6. NGO’s REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENT (CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE,
ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
7. COMPANIES SPECIALIZED IN ORGANIZING
EVENTS
8. CONSULTANTS
9. TRADE UNIONS
10. EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (mainly high
education)
12. MEDIA
INTEREST
EFFECT +, - , +/-, ?
PRIORITY 1 (the most
important) – 5 (the least
important)
+/+/+/-
2
1
- the development of abilities
- improving the living standards through economical
development
+
+
4
- economic development
- framing within the policies of economical development
+
+
+
2
4
1
- the employees training
+/+
2
- the development of members’ training
- change of mentalities
- the development of the educational package
+
+
+/+
2
3
3
3
+
3
+
5
- the staff training
- the development of the managerial abilities
- financing viable projects for reaching the undertaken
objectives
- publicity
45
2. THE EMPLOYEES IN THE REGION (middle and top)
ASSOCIATIONS ETC)
8. CONSULTANTS
9. TRADE UNIONS
12. MEDIA
46
OBJECTIVE 1 CHART
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
The increase of economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian – Ukrainian
Trans-border Region
(Maramureş, Satu Mare,
Zakarpatska and IvanoFrankovsk)
To reduce the
technological and
financial deficiencies
Improving the capacity
to access the financing
sources
The increase of the low
technological level in the
production units
Stimulating the increase
of the innovation level
ACTIVITIES
Organizing Project Management Courses
Setting up data base and associated materials regarding the financing
sources
Developing programs and mechanisms of communication with the
public and private financers
Consultancy concerning the business plan, the feasibility studies etc.
Assistance in drawing up documentations
Information events on the financing opportunities
Developing mechanisms for the promotion of the good practice
examples
Courses of financial management
Proposing and promoting fiscal facilities for technological
development
Developing mechanisms for the facilitation of the know-how and/or
production licenses transfer
Promoting/supporting the training of the highly qualified specialists
with the support of the academic environment
Promoting the structures of “spin-off” type
Developing mechanisms for cooperation between the academic and
business environments
Setting up centres of technological transfer
Developing mechanisms for the practical application of the research
projects
Organizing technological scholarships
Setting up data base with the potential partners in the research
projects
Organizing competitions of innovative projects among students
Assistance in drawing up research projects in the academic
environment or in companies
Organizing training sessions on innovation
Organizing themes based conferences
Developing mechanisms for promoting the innovation within
companies (events, campaigns)
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
Organizing courses,
training programs
Legislative propositions,
other measures and lobby
Organizing event
(promotion, business
contacts, conferences etc.)
and media campaigns
Setting up data basis
Consultancy and
assistance
Projects of institutional
development in the
innovation field
47
OBJECTIVE CHART – SUPPOSITIONS / RISKS ANALYSIS
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The increase of economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian – Ukrainian
Trans-border Region
(Maramureş, Satu Mare,
Zakarpatska and IvanoFrankovsk)
THEN
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
To reduce the technological and financial
deficiencies
Improving the capacity to access the
financing sources
THEN
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
IF
THEN
The increase of the low technological
level in the production units
IF
Stimulating the increase of the
innovation level
IF
EXTERNAL FACTORS
AND
- The increase of the disloyal competition, the
black labor and the underground economy
shall not have a major effect on the economic
growth;
- Certification / standardization policies;
- Improving the investment policies at central
and local level;
- The development of the technologies for
renewable and unconventional energies, as an
opportunity for economic development;
- Macroeconomic stability;
- The stability of the foreign currency market;
- Preserving the trend of economic growth;
- The relocation of investments for horizontal
economy shall not have a major effect on the
economic growth
AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
AND
- The increase of competition, as a
development engine;
- The increase of the legislative stability;
- The improvement of the know-how
transfer mechanisms;
- The development of IT&C (Internet)
technologies;
EXTERNAL FACTORS
- there shall exist financing sources
- the relevant partnership structures shall be consolidated
- there shall exist the necessary expertise
- the relevant partners shall prove availability for financial
involvement
- there shall exist openness on the side of the final
beneficiaries
The herein Objective Chart is completed by the STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS due to SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 1 - 1. TO REDUCE THE TECHNOLOGICAL AND FINANCIAL
DEFICIENCIES presented above.
48
OBJECTIVE 2 CHART
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 2 - 2. TO IDENTIFY AND CORRELATE THE DEFICIENCIES ON THE LABOUR FORCE MARKET
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian –
Ukrainian Transborder Region
(Maramureş, Satu
Mare, Zakarpatska
and IvanoFrankovsk)
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
To identify and
correlate the
deficiencies on
the labour force
market
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
Reducing the
labour force
migration
Developing mechanisms for promoting the investment opportunities in the rural areas in order
to attract direct investments
Developing consultancy packages for the support of the small and micro businesses in the rural
areas
Organizing courses for developing the entrepreneurial abilities among young people
Organizing courses for improving the financial management in the companies within the Region
Organizing specialization courses in the Field of the Human Resources Management
Organizing courses for the development of the entrepreneurial skills
Organizing courses for the support of the small and micro businesses development in the rural
areas
Lobby - Actions for developing the customs infrastructure (opening new points in the Region or
developing the existing ones)
Proposing and promoting sets of measures for supporting the young people in the rural areas
Proposing and developing measures aimed at supporting the development of the companies in
the Region
Proposing and promoting measures for populating the difficult areas
Organizing fairs of the trans-border working places
Organizing events such as “projects competition” among young people
Awareness campaigns regarding the importance of human resources
Promoting the H.R. specialists and consultants
Promoting and supporting the setting up of entities such as professional associations
Promoting the policies of providing salary packages based on specializations, fields etc. In the
private area
Promoting and supporting the setting up of entities such as agricultural associations
Promoting the setting up of mix companies of labour force selection and placement
Proposing and promoting the improvement of the public transport on short, medium and long
routes
Promoting the improvement of the life standards in the rural areas
Proposing and promoting the opportunity to develop packages of salary indemnities for the
employees
Promoting the improvement of the working conditions
Proposing and promoting the development of real estate projects for “job dwellings”
The increase of
labour force
mobility
Making the
programs for
labour force
stability to be
more efficient
Attracting and
keeping the
young people in
the rural areas
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
Consultancy and
assistance
Organizing courses,
training programs
Legislative
propositions, other
measures and lobby
Organizing events
Actions of promotion
and support
49
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 2 - 2. TO IDENTIFY AND CORRELATE THE DEFICIENCIES ON THE LABOUR FORCE MARKET
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness THEN
In the Romanian –
(Maramureş, Satu
Mare, Zakarpatska
and IvanoFrankovsk)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
To identify and correlate the
deficiencies on the labour force
market
Reducing the labour force migration
The increase of labour force mobility
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
IF
THEN
Making the programs for labour
force stability to be more efficient
IF
THEN
Attracting and keeping the young
people in the rural areas
IF
AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
AND
AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
EXTERNAL FACTORS
- Maintaining the trend of economic
growth
- The development of the real estate
market
- Macroeconomic stability
- The change of the attitude towards
work
- Bilateral agreements mutually
favouring the investments and the
commercial exchanges between the
two countries
- Opening new Consulates in the
Region
- Reducing the customs restrictions
between the two states and
simplifying the visas regime
- The increase of the customs points
between these two states at the level
of this Region
- Reducing the differences of
technological development between
urban-rural areas
- the relationships with the political environment shall be strengthen for
supporting the lobby activities
- the required expertise shall be available
- the relevant partners shall be available for a financial involvement
- the final beneficiaries shall prove openness towards change
The herein Objective Chart is completed by the STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS due to SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 2 - 2. TO IDENTIFY AND CORRELATE THE DEFICIENCIES ON
THE LABOUR FORCE MARKET.
50
OBJECTIVE 3 CHART
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian –
(Maramureş, Satu
Mare,
Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankovsk)
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
To intensify the
exchange of
business
information
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
Improving the
business
environment image
inside and outside
the Region
Lobby – Actions for developing the customs infrastructure (opening new points in the Region or
developing the existing ones)
Facilitating the
Access to relevant
business
information
Increasing the
visibility of the two
economic and
business
environment
Reducing the
communication
barriers (the
language)
Media campaigns
Promoting the communication innovative instruments among (branding, image development
etc.)
Issuing dictionaries in En – Ro – Ukr for the economic, commercial, technical and juridical fields
Developing B2B electronic communication instruments (sites, portals)
Developing data basis following the KOMPASS model
Issuing a strategy for the promotion of the economic opportunities in the Region
Developing mechanisms for the promotion of the investment opportunities
Developing investment guides (taxation, start up, customs, commercial etc.)
Constituting, developing, supporting and promoting the networks of translators (En-Ro-Ukr)
Issuing and communicating the evaluation mechanisms for the “health condition” of the
business environment
Developing relevant and specialized consultancy packages
Unitary promotion campaign for the economic impact of the events organized in the Region
Setting up, outside the Region, points for the promotion of the economic environment in the
Region
Organizing events for promoting the information that have an impact on the business
environment (legislative, fiscal, customs, commercial etc.)
Organizing business fairs
Attending international relevant events, such as fairs - exhibitions, with stalls or common events
Promoting and training independent consultants in various fields
TYPES OF
ACTIVITIES
Legislative
propositions,
other measures
and lobby
Promotion
campaigns
Institutional
development and
development of
promotion
mechanisms
Organizing
events, courses
and training
programs
Joint organization of fairs – exhibitions or attending such events
Organizing economic delegations
Developing common events following the pattern “MADE IN …”
Organizing events such as “summer schools” with a relevant structure for the business
development
51
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian –
(Maramureş, Satu
Mare,
Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankovsk)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
To intensify the exchange of business
information
Improving the business environment
image inside and outside the Region
TYPES OF
ACTIVITIES
IF
THEN
THEN
Facilitating the Access to relevant
business information
THEN
Increasing the visibility of the two
economic and business environment
AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Reducing the communication barriers
(the language)
IF
IF
EXTERNAL FACTORS
AND
- Maintaining the trend of economic
growth
favouring the investments and the
commercial exchanges between the
two countries
- The increase of competition, as a
development engine;
- The development of the IT&C
(Internet) technologies
- Improving the investment policies
at central and local level;
EXTERNAL FACTORS
AND
- Opening new Consulates in the Region
- Reducing the customs restrictions
between the two states and simplifying
the visas regime
- The increase of the customs points
between these two states at the level of
this Region
- Reducing the fiscal instability or the unstimulating fiscal policies
- the relationships with the political environment shall be strengthen in
order to support the lobby activities
- the required expertise shall be provided
- the final beneficiaries shall prove openness
The herein Objective Chart is completed by the STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS due to SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 3 - 3. TO INTENSIFY THE EXCHANGE OF BUSINESS
INFORMATION.
52
OBJECTIVE 4 CHART
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian
– Ukrainian
Trans-border
Region
(Maramureş,
Satu Mare,
Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankovsk)
SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVE
To increase the
level of
managerial and
organizational
culture
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
Accepting the new / the change
at organizational level
Promoting the good practice cases and the successful ones, in various fields
Promoting the mechanisms to solve the commercial litigations of the
“Commercial Arbitrage Courts” type
Promoting the opportunity to realize studies of change impact for the change
processes with a major impact
Developing and implementing communication campaigns
Promoting the necessity to exist managerial skills at entry, middle, top levels
Promoting and supporting the setting up of “integrating” companies (purchase,
sales, supplier chains) and specialized companies for the performance of
specialized services for the own members
Constituting and developing some data bases containing business incidents
Promoting and facilitating the associations between companies for the
development of public / private projects
Promoting the opportunity and issuing an ethical code and a code of good
business practice
Supporting the setting up of specialized professional associations
Identifying, promoting and training specialists in the management of change
Promoting scholarships for managers
Organizing specialization probation periods
Organizing courses/events in the management of change
Organizing specialized courses
Involving the specialized managers in the academic environment (associated
academic staff)
Promoting the associative spirit through the education system
Improving the image of
manager’s “profession”
The increase of confidence in the
business relationships
management
Organizing events with joint participation (economic delegations, fairs, business
events)
Organizing experience exchanges
TYPES OF
ACTIVITIES
Promotion
campaigns
Institutional
development and
support actions
Courses, training
programs and
complementary
actions
Organizing events
Organizing events in partnership
Organizing joint events “of society” for the business environment
53
GENERAL
OBJECTIVE
The increase of
economic
competitiveness
In the Romanian
– Ukrainian
Trans-border
Region
(Maramureş,
Satu Mare,
Zakarpatska and
Ivano-Frankovsk)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
RESULTS
ACTIVITIES
To increase the level of
managerial and organizational
culture
Accepting the new / the change at organizational
level
Improving the image of manager’s “profession”
TYPES OF
ACTIVITIES
IF
THEN
THEN
The increase of confidence in the business
relationships
THEN
management
AND
IF
EXTERNAL FACTORS
IF
AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
EXTERNAL FACTORS
- Maintaining the trend of
economic growth
favouring the investments and
the commercial exchanges
between the two countries
- The increase of competition,
as a development engine;
- Diminishing the policies of the
“paternalist state” type, both at
public level as well as at the
level
of
the
business
environment expectations.
AND
- Opening new Consulates in the Region
- Reducing the customs restrictions between the two
states and simplifying the visas regime
- The increase of the customs points between these
two states at the level of this Region
- Reducing the fiscal instability or the un-stimulating
fiscal policies
- Developing the associative spirit
- Implementing the innovation elements among the
final beneficiaries, companies from the Region.
- the required expertise shall be provided
- the final beneficiaries shall prove openness
The herein Objective Chart is completed by the STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS due to SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 4 - 4. TO INCREASE THE LEVEL OF MANAGERIAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.
54
ANNEXES
Annex 1. – Basic Characteristics (2005)
Territorial Units
Surface
(km2)
Number of inhabitants
(persons)
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska
Ivano-Frankovsk
6304
4418
12800
13900
515610
368702
1245500
1393600
Out of which:
in the urban areas
persons
(%)
303119
58.8
169597
46.0
462081
37.1
590886
42.4
Total
Romania
Ukraine
EU (27 countries)
37422
3523412
1525683
43,3
42
Out of which:
in the rural areas
persons
(%)
212491
41.2
199105
54.0
825642
62.9
802714
57.6
The Density of
population
(inhabitants / km2)
81.8
83.5
97.3
100.0
2039952
94,2
94,1
78
114,3
57,9
58
Sources:
- The European Instrument of Neighbourhood and Partnership, the Program of Trans-border Cooperation, Hungary – Slovakia – Romania – Ukraine 2007 – 2013, The Common Operational Program, Final Project, October 19, 2007;
- Eurostate
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division
- COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT - Employment in rural areas: closing the jobs gap, Brussels, 21.12.2006 COM(2006) 857 final
- The Zakarpatska Regional State Administration
- The Ivano-Frankovsk Regional State Administration
- Maramures County Council
- Satu Mare County Council
55
Annex 2. – The natural migration of the population and the distribution of inhabitants age wise (2005)
Territorial
Units
Natural
growth
(persons)
Migration *
(persons)
Migration /
Total
1000
growth / loss
inhabitants
(persons)
Total
growth /
loss
/ 1000
inhabitants
The preproductive
population
(age 0-14)
persons
%
The productive
population
(age 15-64)
persons
%
The postproductive
population
(aged above 65)
persons
%
Indicator for
the
population
ageing **
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska
IvanoFrankovsk
(2004)
-130
-590
-706
-3039
-620
-877
-2333
-1167
-1,2
-2,4
-1,9
-0,8
-750
-1467
-3039
-4206
-1,5
-4
-2,4
-3
91866
65137
259973
275167
17,8
17,5
20,9
19,8
364729
263141
756699
817092
70,6
70,8
60,8
58,7
59967
43481
225942
298631
11,6
11,7
18,1
21,5
65,3
66,8
86,9
108,5
Total /
the average
EU-27
-4465
-4997
-1,4
-9462
-2,7
692143
19,6
2201661
62,5
628021
17,8
90,7
16
67,2
16,8
*only the internal migration
**the indicator of population ageing: the post-productive population /the pre-productive population
Sources:
- Eurostate Yearbook 2008
56
Annex 3. – The structure of the human settlements considering the number of inhabitants (2005)
Territorial Units
1-499
inhabitants
500-1999
inhabitants
2000-49 999
inhabitants
above 50 000
inhabitants
Total
Maramures (2004)
Satu Mare (2004)
Zakarpatska
Ivano-Frankovsk
0
0
164
253
13
12
286
407
62
50
142
141
1
1
2
3
76
63
594
804
Total
417
718
395
7
1537
Sources:
57
Annex 4. –Economical Statistics (2004)
Territorial Units
The Gross
Internal
Product
(mil €)
The Gross
Internal
Product
per
Capita(€)
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska
Ivano-Frankovsk
1349
1094
695
959
2616
2968
556
687
EU27
Ukraine
Romania
10529351
45290
73804
21503
954
3405
% of the
GIP
average
per capita
in EU27
% of the
national
GIP
12,2
13,8
2,6
3,2
1,8
1,5
1,5
2,1
The
industrial
sector VAB
from % GIP
(at national
level)
(2005)
35
35
32
32
The
agricultural
sector VAB
from % GIP
(at national
level)
(2005))
10
10
10
10
The
services
sector
VAB from
% GIP (at
national
level)
(2005)
55
55
57
57
The GIP
structure/
fields
Industry
(2005)
The GIP
structure/
fields
Agriculture
(2005)
25,56
27,8
Nedet
Nedet
13,18
11,4
Nedet
Nedet
The GIP
structure/
fields
Constructions
(2005)
5
6,1
Nedet
Nedet
The GIP
structure/
fields
Services
(2005)
56,26
54,7
Nedet
Nedet
Sources:
- State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (the exchange rate used 1 EUR = 7,62 UAH)
- The National Institute of Statistics from Romania (the exchange rate used 1 EUR = 3,3395 RON)
- World Bank
- Eurostate
58
Annex 5. – The Labour Force (2005)
Territorial Units
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska
Ivano-Frankovsk
The occupation rate
(%)
The unemployment
rate (%)
Total number of
registered
employees
(thousand persons)
Population occupied
in industry
%2
Population occupied in
agriculture
%2
56,01
56,01
58,7
54,5
4,5
3,4
8,2
9,8
92,7
69,1
537,8
361,7
24,1
25,3
14,6
17,4
40,1
41,6
36,5
36,0
Population
occupied in
the tertiary
sector
%2
32,6
29,5
42,3
41,0
1 Note: the average figure at the level of the North – West Region
2 The values corresponding to the Ukrainian regions have been calculated as per All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001
Sources:
- All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001
- Romania’s Statistic Yearbook for 2006
59
Annex 6. – Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (2005)
Territorial Units
Number of SME-s
Maramures
8899
Number of SME-s /
1000 inhabitants
17,3
Satu Mare
6795
18,4
Zakarpatska
8436
6,8
Ivano-Frankovsk
7259
5,2
Sources:
60
Annex 7. – The Tourism (2005)
Territorial Units
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska
Ivano-Frankovsk
Accommodation capacity for
the entire year
2873
2304
2005
12500
Tourists Arrivals (persons)
Nights of Accommodation
91000
64000
63796
147581
209000
102000
266786
826450
Nights of Accommodation
/tourist
2,3
1,6
4,2
5,6
Total
Romania
Ukraine
19682
282661
106048
366377
5805000
17630760
1404236
18373000
19737000
3,8
3,2
1,1
Sources:
61
Annex 9. TIC (The Technology of Information and Communication) (2005)
Territorial Units
Telephone
Subscriptions*
Special access to
the internet
Maramures
Satu Mare
Zakarpatska.
Ivano-Frankovsk
84023
57297
uncounted
233000
23017
20599
uncounted
uncounted
Employed in C&D
activities
(number of
persons, at the
end of the year)
92
92
1100
2102
Romania
Ukraine
3957870
12341000
1463239
955700
41,035
130,400
Employed in C&D
activities / 10000
employees
Total expenses
with the C&D
activities
(thousand €)
4,6
6,3
uncounted
uncounted
264
510
4776
49
6
326896
737776
*Note: telephone subscriptions in the fix ROMTELECOM network
Sources:
- “Universitatea de Nord” Baia Mare
- Ivano-Frankovsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
62

THE STRATEGY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE

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