Blood Cell Guide - IDEXX Laboratories

Blood Cell Guide
All images, unless otherwise indicated,
are representative of a high-power field
of view (100x objective field of view)
Normal canine
Images and information provided by:
Dennis B. DeNicola, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Rick L. Cowell, DVM, MS, MRCVS, DACVP
Michelle Frye, MS, DVM
Nikola Pantchev, DVM
Normal feline
Regenerative
Response
Mild polychromasia
Marked polychromasia
Rapid stain – polychromasia
NMB – canine reticulocytes
NMB – feline reticulocytes
Spherocytes with
no polychromasia
Spherocytes with
polychromasia
Ghost cells
Agglutination (50x)
Rouleaux (50x)
Canine – two Heinz bodies
Rapid stain – Feline – 3 indistinct
(arrows) and 2 obvious Heinz bodies
NMB – Heinz bodies
Eccentrocytes**
Blister cell and keratocyte
Crenation
Acanthocytes
Burr cell
Schistocyte
Basophilic stippling
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Babesia gibsoni
Babesia canis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Normal neutrophil
Band neutrophil
Neutrophil – mild toxicity
Neutrophil – moderate
toxicity
Neutrophil – marked
toxicity**
Normal monocyte
Normal canine eosinophil
Normal feline eosinophil
Normal canine basophil
Normal feline basophil
Normal lymphocyte
Lymphocyte – mild
reactivity
Lymphocyte – moderate
reactivity
Lymphocyte – moderate
reactivity
Lymphocyte – marked
reactivity
Normal platelet count (50x)
Low platelet count (50x)
Platelet clump (50x)
Normal-sized
and large platelets
Large atypical platelet
Immune
Mediated
Haemolytic
Anaemia (IMHA)
Other
Poikilocytosis
Miscellaneous
Morphology
Infectious
Agents*
White Blood
Cells
Platelets
*Infectious agents commonly found on bone marrow, such as Leishmania, are not shown on this chart.
**Illustration reproduced with permission from Reagan WJ, Rovira AI, DeNicola DB, eds. Veterinary Haematology: Atlas of Common Domestic and Non-Domestic Species. 2nd ed. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008. Copyright 2008 Wiley-Blackwell.
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October 08
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Update
Feline HaeMoTRopiC MyCoplasMa
(FHM - FORMeRLy HaeMobartonella)
Diagnosing the cause of anaemia in feline patients can be frustrating and difficult at best. It is not uncommon
y–
to rule out obvious causes such as bleeding and renal failure and be left with a list of differential diagnoses
rder form.
ements
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We’re with you every step of the way:
• A technician review of every slide, not just those with abnormal
automated results
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od
nsure that the newly prepared blood film is completely dried before staining is performed. If humidity is high, dry
†E
the slide with a slow-speed fan without moisture or heat, or simply wave the blood film in the air. Do not blow-dry.
* For specimens with low haematocrits (anaemia), increase the angle between the slides to make a thicker blood film.
For specimens with high haematocrits (dehydration, polycythaemia, etc.), decrease the angle between the slides to
make a thinner blood film.
• Educational opportunities for your entire practice at
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6. L
et the blood film air-dry.†
5. With a steady fluid movement, move
the spreader slide down the entire
blood-film slide, maintaining the angle
without lifting the spreader slide. Blood
from the drop will follow the spreader
slide, placing a thin film on the other
slide. The blood film should be 3 – 4
cm in length.
• Complimentary consultation with an internal medicine specialist
• A pathology review when results are markedly abnormal or when
unclassified cells are seen
4. Let the blood spread along the
contact line between the two slides;
this should take place quickly.
3. Back the “spreader” slide into the
drop of blood.
2. Place a clean glass “spreader” slide
in front of the drop of blood at an
approximate 30° angle to the
blood-film slide.*
1. Place
a small drop of fresh, wellmixed anticoagulated blood on
a clean glass slide approximately
2 cm from one end of the slide.
Complement your in-house haematology with a high-quality blood film
Making a Quality Blood Film
that can be a challenge to work through. Often, feline haemotropic mycoplasmosis (FHM), formerly known as
haemobartonellosis or feline infectious anaemia, remains a possibility. Traditionally, diagnosis of this infection
list price
has relied on microscopically identifying the organism on the patient’s blood smear, which is an insensitive
£35.50
method and can result in misidentification. Response to treatment is a common means of trying to confirm
this diagnosis. A positive response does not actually confirm the diagnosis, and if the cat does not respond,
VetStat® Electrolyte
and Blood Gas
Analyser
precious time is lost trying to identify the true cause of anaemia.
Results in 2 – 7 days
Feline Haemotropic Mycoplasmosis
Feline haemotropic mycoplasmas are parasites that attach to
the outside of erythrocytes and result in anaemia. This organism
was formerly known as Haemobartonella but has been reclassified as a mycoplasma based on recent RNA sequence
analysis. Feline haemotropic mycoplasmas are small (0.3–0.8
R™ FHM Test,
μm) gram-negative bacteria that lack a cell wall and infect a variety
of mammalian species, including people. Damage caused by
parasite attachment and immune response by the host results in
increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction and anaemia. There
are three haemotropic mycoplasmas that have been identified in
cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum and most recently Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis.
t Clin Pathol. 2004;33:2-13.
(Candidatus designation is given to incompletely characterised
d Cat.
strains of Haemobartonella felis
ats in the United Kingdom,
a haemominutum’,
in the United States.
FHM is a common cause of severe haemolytic ane-
Recent studies revealed that 12.7% of healthy blood donor
Haemotropic mycoplasma in red blood cells (1000x), Picture Nikola Pantchev
species.)
tion. On physical examination, mucous membranes are pale and
ed were positive for infection.
anorexia or inappetence, weakness, weight loss and dehydra-
work performed, and 28% of sick cats where FHM was suspect-
mia in cats. Cats with FHM present with depression, lethargy,
cats, 14.5% of healthy client-owned cats having routine blood
IDEXX VetLab® UA™
sometimes icteric. Tachypnea, tachycardia and a heart murmur
form Haemobartonella felis.
eficiency virus coinfection
clinical sign of the disease.
than 4 to 6 years, presentation during summer months, positive
Subclinical carriers of feline haemotropic mycoplasmas show no
include: access to the outdoors, fleas, male gender, age of less
may be present. Fever and splenomegaly are not uncommon.
Risk factors associated with haemotropic mycoplasma infection
Analyser
FeLV status, history of cat bite abscesses and absence of current
The CBC in cats presenting with clinical signs of illness reveals
vaccination.
a haematocrit that is often 50% of normal. The anaemia is usually
hyperbilirubinaemia from haemolysis may be present.
recipient.
profile is usually normal, but increases in ALT from hypoxia and
transfusion with infected blood can result in infection of the blood
CBC may be normal or reveal only a mild anaemia. A biochemical
sive behaviour have been associated with transmission. Blood
illness or infection with FeLV. In cats with subclinical infections, the
lice. Kittens can be infected from the queen. Biting and aggres-
regenerative, but may be nonregenerative if there is concurrent
Transmission can occur through fleas and possibly ticks and
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Blood Cell Guide
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