ANNO XIII Numero 1/2005 Supplemento a Taurus 1/2005

ANNO XIII Numero 1/2005
Supplemento a Taurus 1/2005
Spedizione in A.P. 70% Filiale di Perugia Taxe Perçue
CONTENTS
SUMMARY
ANABIC
Associazione Nazionale Allevatori
Bovini Italiani da Carne
President:
Francesco Lemarangi
Director:
Paolo Canestrari
TAURUS INTERNATIONAL
Editorial Manager:
Paolo Canestrari
Editorial Secretary:
Bernadetta Sensi
With the contribution of:
Roberta Guarcini, Matteo Ridolfi,
Lucio Migni, Giannetto Guerrini,
Andrea Gaddini.
Translations by:
Itaca Servizi Linguistici, Bastia Umbra
Matteo Ridolfi
Pictures by:
Andrea Gaddini, Giannetto Guerrini,
Lucio Migni, Gaetano Panza,
Archivio ANABIC.
PrePress:
Ciab Digital Color
Printing:
Tipolitografia Grifo - Perugia
Editorial office, subscriptions office,
advertisement:
ANABIC
06070 - San Martino in Colle
Tel. 075 6079201
Fax 075 607598
e-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.anabic.it
Perugia - Italy
Bibliography about the Italian works
is available at ANABIC
5
4th World Congress of Italian Beef Breeds
11
WINTER POSTPONEMENT:
the best viaticum for 2005!
15
“A feather in the cap”…
of the Chianina breed
20
The CHIANINA in Sweden
23
Sensory analysis of meat:
the test procedure
3 - Taurus INTERNATIONAL 1.2005
April 29 th • May 1st 2005
CONGRESS
by Roberta Guarcini
Exhibitions Office
4th World Congress of
Italian Beef Breeds
A
lmost a year has gone by since the first
announcement given in Taurus of the
holding in Italy of the 4th World
Congress of Italian Beef Breeds.
In the meantime, a great deal of work has been
done, producing results considerably better
than our expectations. In fact, numerous scientific papers have been received by the
ANABIC, and many universities have been
represented. Participation from foreign countries has been strong, thanks to the presence of
Australia, United States, Mexico, Brazil, South
Africa, Hungary, Albania, Sweden, Holland,
England, and Ireland.
The collaboration of the Italian breeders and
Provincial Breeders’ Associations, involved in
the organisation of various congress initiatives,
has been very important. Great sensitivity has
been shown by the Ministry of Agricultural
Policies and by the institutions we have contacted, who have guaranteed their support of
the event, showing great interest in the Italian
breeds and their breeders.
Two months prior to the date of the Congress,
we are publishing the final programme,
attempting to give as many details and as much
information as possible to all those who are
interested in taking part in the event.
PROGRAMME
• Friday, 29th April 2005
8.30 Opening of the Organisation’s
offices – Registration of congress participants
9.45 - 12.30 Opening
ceremony.
Introductory speech by Dr. Francesco
Lemarangi, Chairman of the ANABIC.
Welcoming speeches by the Authorities
13.00 - 14.00 Lunch at congress venue
14.00 - 15.30 “The Italian meat supply
chain: from genetics to product enhancement”
Presentation of the growth of the Italian
Beef supply chain and its main features:
genetic selection and improvement; the
enhancement and marketing of traditional
quality products; the traceability and certification of meat products; the development
of market services. The reports will be
dealing with the technical, legal and market problems involved.
Speakers:
P. Canestrari – A.N.A.B.I.C. National
Association of Italian Beef Cattle
Breeders, Perugia, Italy; F. Fedeli C.C.B.I. Consortium of Producers of
High-Quality Italian Beef, Perugia, Italy;
S. Mengoli – Consortium for the
Protection of the Central Apennine White
Bullock, Perugia, Italy; M.L. La Torre and
F. Scala - Ministry of Agricultural and
Forestry Policies, Rome, Italy; P. Papa –
Umbria Regional Government, Perugia,
Italy; F. Bianchi and F. Mariotti – 3A Food
and Farming Technology Park, Perugia,
Italy.
15.30 – 16.30 “Italian
beef
breeds
throughout the world” (Part 1)
Illustration of the nature of breeding,
selection and marketing in the various
countries throughout the world where
Italian beef cattle are bred.
Speeches by the Chairmen of the National
Beef Breeders’ Associations of those countries present at the Congress
16.30 - 17.00 Coffee break
17.00 - 19.00 “Italian
beef
breeds
throughout the world” (Part 2)
21.30 Dinner at the “Umbriafiere
Maschiella” trade-fair centre in Bastia
Umbra, Perugia, with the patronage of the
Umbria Food Industries Centre and the
contribution of Umbriafiere SpA.
Visit to the antique fair.
• Saturday, 30 April 2005
Scientific sessions
Session I – “Genetics and improvement”
5 - Taurus International 1.2005
CONGRESS
This session will be looking at the innovative aspects of beef cattle selection; topics
will cover the various characteristics noted
during tests of performance (growth, muscularity, size, reproductive efficiency), in
livestock breeding (longevity, weights,
shape) and in butchering (weights and
growth). Ample space will also be devoted
to research into genetic variability and
molecular genetics.
Writers and Institutes present:
V.R.Vieira – A.B.C.M. Associacao
Brasileira dos Criadores de Marchigiana,
Brazil; M. Fioretti – A.I.A. Italian Breeders
Association, Italy; C. Berti, F. Filippini, F.
Forabosco, L. Migni, R. Palazzo, A.
Quaglia, M. Ridolfi, F. Sbarra –
A.N.A.B.I.C. – National Association of
Italian Beef Cattle Breeders, Perugia, Italy;
R. Panella and A. Petrini – C.C.B.I.
Consortium of Producers of High-Quality
Italian Beef, Perugia, Italy; P. Boettcher –
CNR IBBA Institute of Biology and
Agricultural Biotechnology, Milan, Italy;
G.P. Di Meo and L. Iannuzzi – CNR
ISPAAM Institute of Mediterranean
Livestock Farming, Italy; S. Failla –
C.R.A. Council for Agricultural Research
and Testing, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy; B.
Lazzari, P. Mariani, J. Nardelli Costa, F.
Panzitta – The Po Plain Technological Park
Foundation, University Site, Lodi – Italy; I.
Gera – Hungarian Grey Cattle Breeders
Association, Hungary; G. Bongioni, R.
Capoferri, A. Galli – L. Spallanzani
Research Institute, Milan, Italy;
L. Jàvorka and A. Maroti-Agots – SZIE
Szent István University, Budapest,
Hungary; P. Ajmone Marsan, E. Milanesi,
R. Negrini, L. Silveri – Catholic University
of Piacenza, Italy; G. Bianconi, I.
Cappuccio, A.Crisà, C. Marchitelli, P.
Negretti, L. Pariset, M.C. Savarese, A.
Valentini, M. Verny – Tuscia University,
Viterbo, Italy; D. Cianci – Bari University,
Italy; A. Gentile – Bologna University,
Italy; B. Berì, I. Bodò, A. Radacsi –
Debrecen University, Hungary; R. Bozzi –
Florence University, Italy; M. Casaleggi, P.
Crepaldi, A. De Giovanni, L. De Lorenzi, F.
Fornarelli, M. Fusi, M. Marilli, L. Molteni,
G. Succi – Milan University, Italy; G.
Bittante, R. Mantovani – Padua University,
Italy; R. Cardinal, F. De Martino, L.
Gallastroni, A.M. Gargiulo, L. Sylla, E.
Lasagna, G. Martuscelli, M. Monaci, F.
Panella, F. Parillo, C. Pieramati, E.
Rossetti, F.M. Sarti, S. Sorbolini - Perugia
University, Italy; G. Stradaioli – Udine
University, Italy; F. Cecchi, V. Cetica, R.
Ciampolini, E. Ciani, E. Mazzanti – Pisa
University, Italy; F. Andreoni, M.E.
Laguardia, M. Magnani, G. Serafini –
Urbino University, Italy; P. Bijma, A.F.
Groen, J.A.M. Van Arendonk, Wageningen
University, Holland;
8.30 - 10.30 Session I – “Genetics and
improvement” (Part 1)
Chairman: Prof. G. Bittante
10.30 – 11.00 Poster presentations
Posting up of the posters by 9.30
11.00 - 11.30 Coffee Break
11.30 – 13.30 Session I - “Genetics and
improvement” (Part 2)
Chairman: Prof. A. Valentini
13.30 – 14.30 Lunch at Congress venue
Session II – “Production and Management”
Presentation of studies of breeding systems, feeding and performance of living
animals, livestock welfare, reproductive
aspects, slaughter yields and sectioning.
There will also be a discussion of questions
relating to the hormonal profiles and
immunological status of beef cattle.
Finally, there will be a presentation of the
results of development projects in Italy and
abroad.
Writers and Institutes present:
F. Filippini, F. Forabosco, F. Lemarangi, R.
Palazzo, F. Sbarra – A.N.A.B.I.C. –
National Association of Italian Beef Cattle
Breeders, Perugia, Italy; M. Bonanzinga –
A.R.S.I.A.
Regional
Agency
for
Development and Innovation in Farming
and Forestry, Florence, Italy; C. Tufi –
A.R.S.I.A.L. Regional Agency for
Development and Innovation in Farming in
Lazio, Rome, Italy; A. Maiwashe, L.E.
Matjuda – Agricultural Research Council,
South Africa; R. Giomini – Provincial
Association of Livestock Breeders of
Grosseto, Italy; A. Di Gennaro – Cassino
Local Health Authority, Italy; M. De Nardo
– Frosinone Chamber of Commerce, Italy;
P. Diaz Rivera – Colegio de Postgraduados,
Campus Veracruz, Mexico; E. Albanesi –
COMES Srl, Ascoli Piceno, Italy; C.
Caproli – “Garibaldi” Agricultural College,
Macerata, Italy; L. Battistacci, P.M.
Mangili, S. Marchi, L. Moscati, M. Sensi –
6 - Taurus International 1.2005
CONGRESS
Institute of Zooprophylaxis of the Marches
and Umbria, Perugia, Italy; S. Beltempo, T.
Carelli, P.L. Cazzola – the Piedmont
Region’s Institute of Experimental
Zooprophylaxis, Turin, Italy; P. Boni, Italy;
S. Piermatti, Italy; F. Tombarelli, Italy; L.
Marini – Marches Regional Government,
Italy; P. Ronchietto, South Africa; M.
Gambacorta, G. Maiorano – Molise
University, Italy; C. Cosentino, E.
Cosentino, P. Freschi, E. Gambacorta, D.
Marsico, A. Perna, L.A. Santarsiere, A.
Satriani – Basilicata University, Italy; K.R.
Bondioli and R.A. Godke – Louisiana
University, USA; S. Mattii and M.F.
Trombetta – Ancona University, Italy; C.
Cocca, L. Di Turi, S. Dimatteo, M. Ragni,
A. Vicenti – Bari University, Italy; G.
Canestrari , A. Falaschini – Bologna
University, Italy; D. Beghelli , G. Fabbrizi,
G. Lebboroni, P. Polidori, A. Valbonesi –
Camerino University, Italy; R. Bozzi, A.
Giorgetti, G. Lorenzini, P. Lupi, A. Martini,
M. Moretti, C. Perez Torrecillas, C.
Sargentini – Florence University, Italy; G.
Bittante, S. Schiavon, F. Tagliapietra –
Padua University, Italy; C. Antonini, G.
Asdrubali, P. Avellini, R. Branciari, P.
Casagrande Proietti, A. Cioffi, R.
Franceschini, G. Fruganti, R. Mammoli, L.
Marenzoni, D. Miraglia, M. Pennacchi, D.
Ranucci, F. Rueca, G. Tacconi, M. Trabalza
Marinucci – Perugia University, Italy; G.
Balestri, M.N. Benvenuti, L. Casarosa, G.
Ferruzzi, L. Giuliotti, J. Goracci, A. Pistoia
– Pisa University, Italy
14.30 – 16.30 Session II – “Production
and Management” (Part 1)
Chairman: Prof. F. Panella
16.30 – 17.00 Coffee break
17.00 - 19.00 Session II – “Production
and Management” (Part 2)
Chairman: Prof. A. Falaschini
20.30 Dinner at Villa Benveduti, Gubbio:
“Traditional regional foods of Italy”
• Sunday, 1 May 2005 – Scientific sessions
Session III – “Product Quality and the
Market”
This session will involve the discussion of
questions related to the effects of different
diets, diverse systems of livestock breeding
and genetic make-up on the quantitative
and qualitative characteristics of carcasses
and meat: physical characteristics, chemical composition and the composition of
fatty acids, and sensorial analyses.
There will also be a presentation of studies
of production costs, market profitability,
the economic value of productive and
reproductive parameters, and the added
value of certified (IGP) beef products.
Writers and Institutes present:
V.R. Vieira – A.B.C.M. Associacao
Brasileira dos Criadores de Marchigiana,
Brazil; F. Filippini, F. Forabosco, R.
Palazzo, F. Sbarra – A.N.A.B.I.C. –
National Association of Italian Beef Cattle
Breeders, Perugia, Italy; G. Giampieri –
A.R.S.I.A.
Regional
Agency
for
Development and Innovation in Farming
and Forestry, Florence, Italy; D. Caimmi –
Ancona Province’s Association of
Livestock Breeders, Italy; F. Cortesi,
Pescara Province’s Association of
Livestock Breeders, Italy; G. Andreghetti –
C.L.A.I., Bologna, Italy; S. D’Andrea, A.
Di Giacomo, S. Failla, S. Gigli , M. Iacurto,
P. Menesatti, M. Mormile, M. Pincu, E.
Rossi, D. Settineri, F. Signorelli, F.
Vincenti – C.R.A. Council for Agricultural
Research and Testing, Monterotondo,
Rome, Italy; E. Corradini, K. De Roest, C.
Montanari – C.R.P.A. spa (Livestock
Production Research Centre), Reggio
Emila, Italy; P. Boettcher – CNR IBBA
Institute of Biology and Agricultural
Biotechnology,
Milan,
Italy;
R.
Fiammenghi, M. Guerrieri, V. Tassinari –
COOP ITALY, Bologna, Italy; C. Federici –
Institute of Services to the Agricultural
Foodstuffs Market, Rome, Italy; L.
Battistacci, L. Moscati, M. Timi – Institute
of Zooprophylaxis of the Marches and
Umbria, Perugia, Italy; G. Brajon, D. Deni,
A. Fagiolo, C. Focardi , M. Mari – Institute
of Experimental Zooprophylaxis of Lazio
and Tuscany, Rome, Italy; M. Bigi, Reggio
Emilia, Italy; C. Del Re – Tuscany
Regional Government, Agricultural and
Livestock
Production
Department,
Florence, Italy; A. Carlucci – Smell &
Taste Association C.A.T. Confesercenti,
Potenza, Italy; C. Cavone, A. Ciarlariello,
C. Di Cesare, G. Maiorano, A. Manchisi,
M.G. Palazzo – Molise University, Italy; A.
7 - Taurus International 1.2005
CONGRESS
Braghieri, C. Cosentino, E. Cosentino, E.
Gambacorta, A. Girolami, D. Marsico, M.
Musto, F. Napolitano, C. Pacelli, A. Perna,
A.M. Riviezzi, L.A. Santarsiere –
Basilicata University, Italy; S. Mattii and
M.F. Trombetta – Ancona University, Italy;
A. Falaschini – Bologna University, Italy;
R. Bozzi, G. Campodoni, C. Sargentini –
Florence University, Italy; M. Albenzio, M.
Caroprese, R. Marino, A. Muscio, A. Sevi –
Foggia University, Italy; F. Grasso –
Naples University, Italy; P. Avellini, R.
Branciari, C. Cavaletti, A. Cioffi, F. Cozza,
A. Dal Bosco, V. D’Ovidio, A. Frascarelli,
F. Giordano, E. Lasagna, C. Lomartire, M.
Maidani, R. Mammoli, D. Miraglia, L.
Morbidini, F. Panella, M. Pauselli, P.
Pollidori, D. Ranucci, E. Rossetti, R.
Rossi, D.M. Sarti, F.M. Sarti, D. Servili –
Perugia University, Italy; P. Avellini, R.
Branciari, C. Cavalletti, A. Cioffi, F.
Cozza, M. D’Agata, O. Fabiani, C. Lenzi,
M. Mele, S. Pellegrini, A. Pirone, G.
Preziuso, C. Russo, A. Serra – Pisa
University, Italy; A. Formigoni, G.
Martino, P. Pezzi – Teramo University,
Italy; P. Bijma, J.A.M. Van Arendonk –
Wageningen University, Holland.
8.30 - 10.30 Session III – “Product
Quality and the Market” (Part 1)
Chairman: Prof. S. Gigli
10.30 – 11.00 Poster presentations
11.00 - 11.30 Coffee Break
11.30 – 13.30 Session III – “Product
Quality and the Market” (Part 2)
Chairman: Prof. A. Giorgetti
13.30 – 15.00 Lunch at Congress venue
16.00 – 19.00 Tour of Gubbio
21.00 Gala evening at the Congress
venue with the patronage of the CCBI –
Consortium of Italian Quality Beef
Producers – and the Consortium for the
Protection of the Central Apennine White
Bullock.
SOCIAL PROGRAMME FOR
ACCOMPANYING PERSONS
During the Congress a special social programme has been organised, including visits to places of historical and artistic interest in Umbria, and to a selection of shops
selling the best of Italian products.
• Friday, 29 April 2005
8.30 - 16.30 Guided tour of Perugia
“
• Saturday, 30 April 2005
8.30 - 16.30 Guided tour of Assisi and
Spello
POST-CONGRESS
ZOOTECHNICAL TOUR
MARCHIGIANA BREED
• Monday, 2 May
9.00 Departure from Congress venue
10.00 Visit to ANABIC – Genetic Centre,
S. Martino in Colle, Perugia
12.30 Buffet lunch at ANABIC
14.00 Departure for tour of livestock
farms
16.00 Visit to Butcher’s “Macelleria IGP
di Ricciotti Lina”, Castelbellino, Ancona
17.00 Visit to Armando Donninelli’s livestock farm (loose-housing), Falconara
Marittima, Ancona
18.30 Visit to Franco Salciccia’s livestock farm (fixed-housing), Osimo, Ancona
20.00 Dinner and overnight stay in
Osimo, Ancona
• Tuesday, 3 May:
8.30 Departure for Chieti
10.30 Visit to Jubatti Carlo’s “Soalca”
meat-sectioning plant at Pretoro, Chieti
12.00 Departure for Pescara
13.00 Lunch in Pescara
8 - Taurus International 1.2005
CONGRESS
14.30 Visit to Renato Ciarcelluti’s livestock farm (loose-housing) at Loreto
Aprutino, Pescara
15.30 Departure for Morrovalle, Macerata
17.00 Visit to the “Mei Pio Eredi” livestock
farm (loose-housing) at Morrovalle,
Macerata followed by dinner on the farm
21.30 Transfer to hotel in Macerata
• Wednesday, 4 May:
9.00 Visit to the “Fratelli Mei Carni” livestock farm (loose-housing) in Civitanova
Marche, Macerata
11.00 Visit to the Bull Centre for Artificial
Insemination of the A.P.A. in Macerata
12.30 Lunch in Macerata
14.30 Visit to the town of Recanati
18.00 Departure for Perugia, dinner and
overnight stay at the “Le Querce” Hotel, S.
Martino in Campo, Perugia
CHIANINA BREED
20.00 Arrival at the hotel, dinner and tour
of the town
• Tuesday, 3 May
9.00 Visit to the Faralli Butcher’s, Arezzo
10.00 Visit to Giovanni Pucci’s livestock
farm (fixed-housing), Cortona, Arezzo
12.30 Lunch in Cortona
14.00 Departure for Livorno
16.00 Visit to Remo Mecherini and Fosco
Mecherini’s livestock farm (loose-housing),
Bibbona, Livorno
17.00 Visit to Edilio Giannellini’s livestock
farm (loose-housing), Venturina, Livorno
Dinner at the farm
20.00 Departure for Siena, overnight stay
in hotel
• Wednesday, 4 May
9.00 Visit to the Fabbrini Brothers’ livestock farm (loose-housing), Vico d’Arbia,
Siena
11.00 Visit to the “La Fratta” farm, owned
by Galeotti Ottieri (loose-housing),
Sinalunga – Siena
Lunch at the farm
16.00 Visit to the Farm guest-house “Il
Forteto” (free range pasture), Vicchio,
Florence
18.00 Visit to the “Le Querce de’ Chiari”
livestock farm (free range pasture),
Mugello, Florence
Dinner at the farm
21.00 Departure for Perugia, dinner and
overnight stay at the “Le Querce” Hotel, S.
Martino in Campo, Perugia
ROMAGNOLA BREED
• Monday, 2 May
9.00 Departure from Congress venue
10.00 Visit to ANABIC – Genetic Centre,
S. Martino in Colle, Perugia
12.30 Buffet lunch at ANABIC
14.00 Departure for tour of livestock farms
14.30 Visit to Luchetti Basilio’s livestock
farm (loose-housing), Collazzone, Perugia
17.00 Visit to the “Conestabile della
Staffa” livestock farm (loose-housing),
Montemelino, Perugia
18,30 Departure for Arezzo
9 - Taurus International 1.2005
CONGRESS
• Monday, 2 May
9.00 Departure from Congress venue
10.00 Visit to ANABIC – Genetic Centre,
S. Martino in Colle, Perugia
12.30 Buffet lunch at ANABIC
14.00 Departure for tour of livestock farms
15.30 Visit to Mascheri Marinello’s livestock farm (free range pasture), Verghereto,
Forlì
18.30 Visit to the “Iper Montebello” supermarket (Finiper Group) - IGP Romagnolabreeds meat counter - Savignano sul
Rubicone– Forlì
20.30 Arrival and dinner at the hotel in
Ravenna
• Tuesday, 3 May
9.00 Visit to Renzo Scozzoli’s livestock
farm (loose-housing), Villa Pianta, Forlì
11.00 Visit to the “CLAI” Butchering Plant
in Faenza, Ravenna
12,30 Lunch in Mezzano, Ravenna
14,30 Visit to the GianMichele Graziani’s
“La Viola” livestock farm (loose-housing)
Santerno, Ravenna
18,30 Visit to the Babini Brothers’ livestock farm (loose-housing) at Godo di Russi,
Ravenna
20.00 Arrival in Ravenna, dinner and
overnight stay
• Wednesday, 4 May
9.00 Departure for Bologna
10,30 Visit to Mario Rimondi’s livestock
farm (fattening centre), Sala Bolognese,
Bologna
12.00 Lunch in Calderara, Bologna
14.00 Tour of the ancient town of Dozza
17.00 Departure for Perugia, dinner and
overnight stay at the “Le Querce” Hotel, S.
Martino in Campo, Perugia
105 presentations, including 71 oral and 34 poster, broken down into the various Congress
sessions, constitute the body of reports that the Scientific Committee of the Congress has
examined over the past few months. The photographs show the subcommissions at work during the recent meeting of 2 February.
10 - Taurus International 1.2005
AUCTIONS
by Lucio Migni
Genetic Centre Director
WINTER POSTPONEMENT:
the best viaticum for 2005!
F
inally, in spite of the forced one-month
postponement caused by the blue tongue
outbreak, the winter auctions were able to
take place as planned. The postponement to
January undoubtedly contributed to increasing
the anticipation for the outgoing bulls which,
once again, fully lived up to the expectations. In
fact, the animals in the competition showed, without breed distinction, an optimum combination of
genetic indexes, growth, morphology, and depth
and originality of pedigree: the ideal preamble for
the successful outcome of the auctions, which
were lively and followed by a numerous audience.
The first in the arena was the Marchigiana, with
8 sires divided into 5 qualified for artificial
insemination and 3 suitable for natural insemination, coming from breeding farms in Ascoli
Piceno, Macerata, Pescara, Ancona, and Pesaro.
Particularly significant was the fact that 2 animals
had reached ADGs of over 2 kg. The top price,
4,350 euro, was obtained by Pergolo from Ascoli,
son of Gomero and Fidenza, a gigantic Cirio,
bred by Giovanni Maurizi and purchased for
4,350 euro by the APA (Provincial Breeders’
Association)-Bull Centre of Macerata. Pergolo
had a stellar BSI and ADG (151.2 and 151.1,
respectively) and an ADG equal to 2,089 grams.
As for the morphology, the bull stood out for the
strength and length of his trunk, rump width, and
uniformity of his muscle covering. Next, 3,750
euro was the price knocked down for Poseidone
del Conero, bred in Osimo by Franco Salciccia
and purchased by Antonello Balchesini, a breed
outsider from Arezzo, considering that he breeds
in Sestino, a locality where the Chianina is traditionally seen. Poseidone showed a respectable
ADG, which touched 1,900 grams, a BSI of
123.3, and a score of 85 points in the morphological evaluation, with an Excellent for muscle
development. This bull is a son of Mirino 2nd and
Lussy, the Erode of the Manola family, which has
arrived at its third son tested and qualified for artificial insemination. The next-highest price was
attained by Potente, bred in Pescara by Camillo
D’Agostino and purchased for 3,550 euro by
Serafino Coalizzo of Chieti. This young bull, a
stand-out for size and trunk length, boasts an
ADG of 1,887 grams and a Muscle Development
Index of 143.9. Potente, son of Mugello, originates from the family of Mazza, an Erro that has
appeared successfully in the rings of national
shows.
Next comes the price knocked down for Ponente,
the last of the animals suitable for artificial
insemination, son of the well-known Lupo and a
Belindo, bred in Macerata by Franco Cingolani
and purchased for 3,400 euro by the Giuseppe Di
Girolamo farm of Latina. Noteworthy, in this
bull, is the ADG of 2,026 grams and a score of 85
points for morphology, with an Excellent for
muscle development. Lastly, worthy of note
Priamo, Top Price of the Chianina auction
11 - Taurus International 1.2005
AUCTIONS
among those suitable for natural insemination is
the price of 3,550 euro attained by Paestum, an
outbred son of Caucaso, which was, however,
defended by his owner, the farm of the Mattei
Brothers of Pesaro. The remaining animals suitable for natural insemination attained prices
around 3,000 euro.
The second day of auctions featured a particularly numerous group of participants gathering
around the Chianina, more than ever expected to
confirm the brilliant results of the year just ended.
The event was preceded by a short message of
greetings by ANABIC Director Dr. Canestrari,
who made an affectionate special mention in
memory of Massimo Guerrieri and Dr. Furio Fè,
two well-known breeders in the circle of this
breed, who recently passed away, and to whom
those present dedicated a heartfelt round of
applause.
Afterwards, the event got into full swing, with 11
very uniform bull calves, of which 8 are suitable
for artificial insemination and 3 qualified for natural insemination, sons of extremely topical
breeding animals and coming from the nest
Tuscan and Umbrian breeding farms. The shouting started immediately on entrance into the arena
of the first bull, and continued incessantly until
the last animal, registering a “full house” and an
average price knocked down of 5,045 euro per
lot! It was undoubtedly the “ideal auction”, the
way we would like all those that take place at the
Genetic Centre to be.
The day’s top price was obtained by Priamo from
Livorno, son of Mandrillo out of Iovoso, bred by
the Cason Vecchio farm of Frosini and purchased
by the Galeotti Ottieri’s Sienese farm “La Fratta”.
This animal, of great vigour, with exceptional
longitudinal and transverse diameters and exemplary muscle development, really heated up the
auction, and was knocked down for 8,100 euro.
This is not surprising, considering his head-spinning selection (153.4), growth (151.7), and muscle development (139.3) indexes, the ADG
touching 2 kg, and the score of 87 points for morphology, with an Excellent in dimensions, which
qualify him for artificial insemination. Protti thus
repeated the awards received by his father
Mandrillo, one of the most interesting sires in the
present Chianina breed panorama. The secondhighest price, 6,300 euro, was knocked down by
Pluto dè Chiari, a muscular son of Mirko and
Figlia, a Dono protagonist in the arena in the
recent past, presented by “Querce dè Chiari” of
Florence. Pluto, qualified for artificial insemination with a BSI of 132,3 and an extremely high
Muscle Development Index (143.9), was purchased by the Poggiovalle farm of Terni. The next
price was for Prado di Moglie of Todi, who had
very “heavy” credentials, being a full brother of
Nurso, the recent top price earner in the same
ring. Therefore, once again the old Eugenio
showed his value on a par with Edaca, the Icarus
of Giancarlo Marcucci, a true “goose that laid the
golden egg”. Pardo stood out for his exceptional
ADG in tests, 2,154 grams, high Growth Index
(139), and the considerable vigour, borne out by
a score of 85 points for morphology. Winning
him, for a price of 5,650 euro, was the Ferri
Marini farm of Sestino. The respectable threshold
of 5,000 euro was reached by 2 more animals
bred in Perugia: these are Lamberto Lombardi’s
Patroclo and the Basilio Luchetti farm’s Plutone.
The first is a son of Macigno, a sire not new to
aficionados, responsible for various interesting
animals coming out of the Genetic Centre. This
bull calf showed a remarkable ADG (2,013
grams), BSI (142.6), and Muscle Development
Index (141.7), in addition to the morphological
score of 85 points, with two Excellents for muscle development and dimensions. Winning him
was Karl Egger’s “La Selva” farm in Grosseto.
The second animal, Plutone, son of the wellknown Moriero and a Fondo, can boast in his
pedigree two national champions, and was noted
for his long, cylindrical trunk and striking muscle
development.
His BSI was 123.5, while his ADG touched 1,900
grams. Plutone will remain in the province of
Perugia, since he was purchased by the “I
Girasoli” farm in Umbertide. The panorama of
this exciting auction continues with two more
interesting bull calves, sharing the knock-down
price of 4,750 euro. The first, Palladio, bred by
Silvia Baroncelli of Florence, is a son of Nurso
and Giostra, the “Dono del Colle”, a celebrated
championess and mother of champions. This animal, suitable for artificial insemination, brought
to the auction a considerable Growth Index
(146.6), together with an ADG of slightly less
than 1,900 grams and a morphology mainly interesting for its dimensions. The purchaser was
Giuseppe Mazzocchi of Sestino, Arezzo. The
next lot to obtain the same price was the Pisan
bull Palco di Maria Bianca, whose breeder, Pietro
Paletti, is accustomed to brilliant successes in
auctions. Palco is the son of Lio, the bull of the
moment, and of a Ghiotto, with an interline pedigree on Urpino and a BSI of 117.7, which qualifies him for natural insemination. Worthy of note,
for this fine animal, is a harmonious and attrac-
12 - Taurus International 1.2005
AUCTIONS
tive morphology for distinction, quality, trunk
length, and fineness of the bony base, confirmed
by the score of 86 points and the qualifications of
Excellent for the breed traits and dimensions.
Palco will return to Pisa, since he was purchased
by the Minutella Brothers of Gianfaldoni.
Slightly lower, 4,600 euro, was the final price for
the Sienese Padrone, a Diro out of Iovoso with a
score of 89 points, presented by the Palazzi farm
of Nardi, suitable for artificial insemination and
purchased by the Tosti Brothers of Pietralunga,
Perugia. Muscular and correct, Padrone stood out
for his muscle development and limb correctness,
as well as for his respectable ADG of 1,882
grams.
Another interesting animal, purchased for 4,100
euro, was Pippo Accattatane, bred in Livorno by
Donatella Favilli, qualified for natural insemination and purchased by Pietro Paoletti of Pisa. Son
of Ligio and a Deodato, Pippo stood out for his
muscle development and rump width.
The two remaining animals, Penso, a Galluro
owned by Conte Bartolo and Pegaso della
Favorita, an Ammiraglio owned by Danilo Migni
from the Creola family, respectively brought
prices of 3,550 and 3,700 euro, winding up a perfect auction in grand style.
The “three days” ended with the Romagnola,
with 8 bull calves, of which 7 suitable for artificial insemination and one qualified for natural
servicing. It was expected to be a “hot” auction,
considering both the high average quality of the
group and the lively competition among the
numerous buyers. The top price for the winter
was obtained by Piro from Ravenna, a son of
Mercurio Babini out of a Tonante of the Batani
Brothers. His balanced data in tests were supported by the open pedigree and a first-rate morphology, with noteworthy transverse diameters and
muscle development, as seen by his 86-point
score. His purchaser was the Sensi-Belluzzi
breeding farm of Verghereto, Forlì-Cesena, after
a “fierce” competition ended by the auctioneer’s
hammer at 8,100 euro. This respectable price
equals the top price obtained by the Chianina in
the same brilliant auction triptych, an event that
has happened rarely up to now, and which makes
Romagna aficionados proud. The second highest
price was brought by Patroclo, son of V.U.
Imbattibile and an Assalto owned by Giuseppe
Mariani. The elegance, muscle development, and
correctness of this animal were supported by the
BSI of 122.6, an ADG of slightly less than 1,800
grams, and a noteworthy morphology, with 87
points obtained at the end-of-test evaluation.
Patroclo was purchased for 6,400 euro by Astro
Turrini of Sassoleone, Bologna.
The third price, in descending order, 5,850 euro,
was brought by Picador della Radice, a son of
V.U. Imothep and Ilde, a lovely Emiro, presented
by veteran Renato Stoppa and purchased by
Mauro Salimbeni, of Verghereto. Picador had an
interesting BSI (124.4) and Muscle Development
Index (123), in addition to showing a modern
type in style, breed expression, muscle development and trunk length, traits that won him a score
of 85 points in the morphological evaluation.
It was Pegaso of Forlì, a son of Denaro from the
family of Furia, presented by Piero Tassinari,
who brought the price of 5,050 euro, which sanctioned his sale to the Cooperatriva Territorio
Ambiente di Premilcuore, Forlì-Cesena.
A muscular, correct animal, with wide transverse
diameters, Pegaso had a high ADG (1,816 grams)
and a Growth Index (127.5) among the highest in
this group of bulls. Not content with the brilliant
result obtained by Piro, the Batani Brothers presented another animal, Pippo, a son of V.U.
Inverno characterized by a particularly long
trunk, who boasted in his pedigree 3 Excellent
cows. Pippo, with a BSI of 121.3, which qualifies
him for artificial insemination, was purchased for
4,400 euro by Angelo Dongellini of Bologna. A
slightly lower price was obtained by Pavel, a
Giosuè out of Eros, presented by Silvano Fabbri
of Ravenna, who opened the auction with a BSI
of 126 and a respectable Muscle Development
Index (130.5), confirmed by an Excellent for this
morphological trait. Pavel was purchased for
4,050 euro by the Onofri Giuseppe farm of
Monteaguzzo, Forlì-Cesena.
Another interesting animal, Petrarca, son of V.U.
Navaho and Edda, a Bartolo of the Scozzoli farm,
one of the most anxiously awaited because of his
unusual pedigree, was withdrawn by his owner,
but then acquired under an agreement with
Semenitaly. On these notes of barely hidden satisfaction falls the curtain on the winter auctions,
which, after having initially caused us concern,
even forcing us to postpone them, gave us the
pleasure of finding the breeders motivated and as
determined as ever and, considering the course of
the auctions, satisfied by the quality of the outgoing bulls.
It was the injection of confidence we had been
awaiting for some time and now, on the wings of
enthusiasm, it’s only a matter of continuing to
believe!
14 - Taurus International 1.2005
TECHNOLOGY
by Roberta Guarcini and Matteo Ridolfi
Exhibitions Office – Morphological Evaluations Office
“A feather in the cap”…
of the Chianina breed
The series of articles devoted to those farms
which, for the genetic quality of their livestock and the managerial skills of their breeders, represent the best in Italian breed raising,
continues today with the Chianina. We would
like to present Le Querce de’ Chiari, in Borgo
San Lorenzo, in the province of Florence.
W
hatever he does, Mario Chiari wants
to do it as best as possible. And he
is rightly proud of CHI-MA, the
industrial laundry which he has developed
and consolidated over the years starting from
a small family activity, and which today,
thanks to his talent and inventiveness, has a
hundred employees.
But he has the countryside and animal breeding in his blood, and down through the years
he has successfully tried his hand at breeding
pigs, Suffolk sheep, trotting horses, and
Chianina cattle, obtaining great
Mario Chiari
satisfaction with this activity, as
can be seen by the number of THE FARM
ribbons, trophies, and photographs exhibited around the Azienda Agricola Le Querce de’ Chiari di Mario Chiari.
Locality: Borgo San Lorenzo (Florence)
house and the farm.
His passion for the Chianina was Farm area: 200 hectares
born in 1996 when, on the occa- Herd size: 80 head of Chianina cattle
sion of the Fair of Gonzaga, he
15 - Taurus International 1.2005
Chianina calves at pasture
was able to see quality cattle that struck him
for its elegance and beauty; he thus purchased
his first cow, Elda, from the Vanni Ottorino
farm (Arezzo), deciding to start up a breeding
farm for selection purposes. During the following years, he purchased breeding animals
from many excellent farms of the provinces of
Siena and Livorno (Massi Emilio, La Fratta,
Fabbrini, Fontarronco, Il Pollaiolo, Mecherini
Fosco, Giannellini Edilio) and used many of
the best available bulls (Deodato, Dono,
Eugenio, Fanfullo, Ammiraglio) in artificial
insemination.
Today his breeding farm has around 80 excellent animals. The 200 hectares of magnificent
woods and grazing land rented from the
Province and the Curia are located in the
municipalities of Scarperia, Firenzuola and
Borgo San Lorenzo and ascend up to
the 960-metre altitude of Passo del
Giogo. The quality of the livestock is
extremely high, with 22 cows scoring
between 86 and 91 morphological evaluation points and none under 83.
The exhibition career of Querce de’
Chiari started in 1997, with its first participation in the National Exhibition of
Bastia Umbra (Perugia); since then the
farm has never missed an important
event for the breed. In 1998 and 1999,
both in Bastia Umbra and in Ponte a
Tressa (Siena), many of its animals
placed first, and it started to gain a certain
fame among insiders; this was also thanks to
the skill of Mauro Rimini, a collaborator of
the farm and a handler of class, who won the
title as Best Handler in Show.
At the National Exhibition in Ponte a Tressa
in 2000, the farm had its first big success with
Fadia, the beautiful daughter of Eugenio, purchased by the Massi Emilio farm (Siena) and
proclaimed 1st place winner of the 7th category, as well as Senior Female Grand Champion
of Show.
Of striking femininity and breed typicity, correct, muscular and extremely powerful, Fadia
won over competitors of extremely high level,
giving the province of Florence a great victory (photos in Taurus 5/2000, page 14).
After the suspension of the 2001 shows due to
16 - Taurus International 1.2005
TECHNOLOGY
Mirko di Polledraia
foot-and-mouth disease, the farm entered the
ring once again in 2002, more competitive
than ever.
With Mammuth del Chiostro, a handsome son
of Dazzo from the Fabbrini farm, it won first
place in the 5th males category; Isonzo dei
Chiari, an extraordinary son of Fanfullo and
Fadia – very typical, long, and muscular, presented by the Atanasi
(Perugia) farm – won the
title of Senior Male
Grand Champion of
Show. The beautiful
Fadia repeated the success of 2000 and, in spite
of her no longer young
age, she was proclaimed
the Senior Female Grand
Champion of Show.
After a new suspension
of the 2003 fairs due to
blue tongue disease, in
2004 the farm arrived
punctually
at
the
appointment in Bastia
Umbra, scoring a nice
success with Ostia, a
daughter of Isonzo who
placed first in the fourth
category and obtained various other good
placings. Flanking Mauro Rimini and Stefano
Chiari in handling the animals was Massimo
Generini, a very young new collaborator who
won the Young Handlers competition with his
debut performance.
Alongside his brilliant exhibition results,
Chiari has achieved other important goals:
Isonzo de’ Chiari
18 - Taurus INTERNATIONAL 1.2005
TECHNOLOGY
Fadia
very early on he joined the circuit of breeders
that provide the Genetic Centre with calves,
where he has obtained excellent auction prices
for a number of his animals, such as Narciso and
Isonzo de’ Chiari.
In particular, in the January 2005 auction, the
second best price, 6,300 euro, was obtained by
Pluto de’ Chiari, qualified for artificial insemination with a BSI of 132.3 and a very high Muscle
Development Index (143.9),
and purchased by the
Poggiovalle farm of Terni.
Mario Chiari has also purchased a number of excellent breeding animals from
the Genetic Centre, including Mammuth del Chiostro
and Mirko di Polledraia,
currently on his farm. A true
volcano of ideas and energy,
Mario is also a Director of
the Consortium for the
Protection of the Central
Apennine White Bullock, the Alto Mugello
Butchery Cooperative, the Provincial Breeders’
Association, and the Provincial Farmers’ Union
of Florence.
Work, determination, intelligence, and the support of a close-knit family are the ingredients that
have enabled him to achieve prestigious goals,
not only in breeding, but in every aspect of his
life.
19 - Taurus INTERNATIONAL 1.2005
AUCTIONS
by Giannetto Guerrini
National Marchigiana Breed expert
The CHIANINA in Sweden
We are happy to continue to follow the experience of the Abrahamssons four years after the
introduction of Chianina cattle to their farm
THE FARM MEETING.
In October 2004 I had the pleasure of representing the ANABIC on the occasion of the second
Chianina Breed meeting organized at the
Abrahamsson family’s Geddeknippeln farm, in
southern Sweden, a few kilometres from the
town of Uddevalla.
The Abrahamssons did a great job of organizing
the event, presenting for the occasion purebred
and crossbred Chianina fattening animals in
feedlots: one area was reserved for F1 and F2
fattening male crossbreeds, another sector was
for crossbred females to be used for producing
F2s, and a third sector was for pregnant purebred heifers and one adult bull.
The animals were all in excellent shape, which
once again proves the great professional skill of
Eskil Abrahamsson, to whom I express my compliments. In spite of the bad weather and low
temperature, the visits of the breeders interested
in seeing the Chianina took place just the same,
and continued through to late afternoon. During
my talk, I presented the morphological and
functional traits of the breed, its qualities in
crossbreeding, and the kind of breeding carried
on in Italy. The Swedish breeders showed a
great deal of interest in the Chianina breed,
which for most of them was completely
unknown. It was a pity that there were no bulls
available for sale at that time, otherwise a number of successful sales of breeding animals
would have certainly been made. The breeders
interested in crossbreeding were forced to resort
to purchasing seminal material.
THE SWEDISH LIVESTOCK BREEDING
SITUATION AND THE PROSPECTS FOR
THE CHIANINA
In Sweden, as in all of Europe, the effects of the
decoupling of the CAP will be felt, entailing different choices and a renewal of farm strategies.
This goes for beef cattle breeders as well. In
Sweden, 90% of all beef cattle are the product of
crossbreeding of beef breeds on dairy breeds.
The purebred farms for meat production mainly
focus on the Charolaise and Blonde d’Aquitaine
breeds. Recently, following the drop in the sale
price of cow’s milk and the increase in its production costs, many breeders have reconverted,
and are still converting, their cattle farms from
dairy to meat breeds. This means that there is
room for the Chianina in Sweden. It is clear that
at this time we are still at the dawn of the spread
of the breed, since there are few purebred animals and only around twenty farms practising
crossbreeding with Chianinas using artificial
The meeting
20 - Taurus International 1.2005
AUCTIONS
and natural insemination. But the first
results are encouraging: the slaughter
yields are high, as are the weights of
the carcasses, and their classifications
with the EEC grid are interesting
(Table 1).
THE STAGES OF THE SPREAD
OF THE CHIANINA IN SWEDEN
- 2000, Ingmari and Eskil
Abrahamsson, after shutting down
their Friesian breeding farm, come
to Italy and visit the ANABIC and
several top Chianina breeding
farms.
- 2001, following the positive visit of
Fiora, one of the farm’s purebred heifers
the previous year, the Abrahamssons
import the first embryos and seminal materi- - 2004, another import of seminal material and
second farm meeting for presenting purebred
al for crossbreeding.
and crossbred beef animals for slaughter.
- 2002, second visit by the Abrahamssons to
Italy, on the occasion of the Ponte Presale - 2005, last import of embryos and semen.
Unfortunately, for health reasons relating to
(Arezzo) show, and their second import of
paratuberculosis, it is impossible to import
embryos and semen.
live cattle to Sweden from continental
- 2003, another import of Chianina breed
Europe.
semen and first farm meeting for presenting
This has forced the Abrahamssons to import
the purebred Chianina breed and its F1 crossembryos, a route that is longer and more difes to local breeders. Also in October 2003, the
ficult for the dissemination of a breed than the
ANABIC, with the Abrahamssons’ support,
direct importing of young breeding animals.
participates in the Jönköping fair, Sweden’s
main livestock show.
TYPE OF
CROSS
CHIXHER
CHIXCHA
CHIXCHA
CHIXCHA
AGE IN
MONTHS
15,2
14,7
14,6
14,4
CARCASS
WEIGHT
403
403
448
468
CARCASS
CLASSIFICATION
U
U+
U
U
CHIXCHA
CHIXCHA
CHIXKRS
CHIXKRS
14,3
13,3
13,3
12,8
445
377
435
372
U+
U+
EU
3332+
CHIXANG
CHIXHER
CHIXKRS
CHIXHER
14,2
12,7
12,7
14,3
415
369
422
384
R+
R+
UU-
4433
CHIXKRS
CHIXKRS
CHIXCHA
CHIXKRS
12,6
14,2
13,3
12,9
426
402
412
401
UUU
U+
333
3-
CHIXKRS
CHIXKRS
CHIXCHA
Means:
13,4
12,9
12,5
13,6
400
403
378
409,1
R+
U
U
3
32+
CHI = Chianina - HER = Herford - ANG = Angus - KRS = Red Swedish
21 - Taurus International 1.2005
FATTENING
STATE
3
333
MEAT & QUALITY
by Andrea Gaddini
Agriculturist
Sensory analysis of meat:
the test procedure
Photo 1
I
n previous articles we described, in
general terms, the parameters considered in the sensory evaluation of meat
(panel tests) and the procedure for selecting and training the members of the
groups of tasters. Here we will analyse the
practical details of the holding of the taste
tests, such as the procedures, the premises, and the equipment, attempting to focus
on several errors that should be avoided.
THE NEED
FOR CONCENTRATION
All those who eat meat have the experience of collective sensory evaluations of
that food, especially during parties or
reunions with friends or relatives, with
meats of particular quality and special
preparations. In these situations the psychological factor has a great impact on the
judgment expressed: there are expectations about the meat even before tasting
it; there is the influence of the dietary
habits and traditions of the family, in particular the cooking method and condiments, which can be adjusted to taste;
there is also the influence of the side dishes and the accompanying wines, which
may or may not exalt the dish; and, most
of all, the judgment expressed by other
diners may lead some to change their initial impression, especially persons who
are easily influenced.
This all leads to the expression of an
affective rather than an analytical judgment.
The judgment of the member of a panel
must be of an entirely different nature.
First of all, it must be individual and free
of any external influence; it must refer
only to the meat, without the changes
brought by additional ingredients (including salt); it must be separated from any
cultural or traditional influence; it must be
expressed on meat cooked in a standardized manner, in order to be comparable to
other judgments; and, most of all, it must
be an expression of the specific technical
preparation received by the expert, which
23 - Taurus International 1.2005
MEAT & QUALITY
Photo 2
requires the utmost concentration during the
tasting.
As a result, an accurate planning of the test is
necessary, as is the preparation of suitable premises, in order to guarantee that the tasters will be
as isolated as possible from one another and
from the outside environment, and thus be able
to express an analytical judgment.
ORGANIZATION OF THE TEST
Tasters are notified well ahead of time of the
date and time of the test, which in most panel
tests takes place in the late morning hours,
between 10.00 and 11.00, both because the
morning is the time of greatest perceptive efficiency, and in order to be far enough away from
both breakfast and lunch, since hunger and fullness have a considerable influence on judging
foods.
Following the directions of the European Union
Regulations on virgin olive oil tasting (no.
2568/91), it is advisable to ask tasters not to
smoke for the 30 minutes prior to the test, not to
use soaps or perfumes that leave lingering
smells, and not to eat during the hour preceding
the test.
They are also asked to notify the panel supervisor of the existence of any temporary problems
that may hinder their perception or particular
psychological conditions that hinder their concentration, so that the possibility of their exclusion from the test may be assessed.
Various cooking methods are used: on an electric hotplate (photo 1), in the oven, stewed in a
pressure cooker, fried or steamed by bain-marie,
with different impacts on the parameters to be
assessed. Therefore it is advisable to use that
which is most common internationally, the electric hotplate – possibly double – in order to standardize the results and render them comparable
with the tests carried out by other research
groups. The hotplate must be heated for at least
10 minutes to reach the working temperature.
All the meat samples must, in any case, be given
to the tasters at the temperature envisaged for
the test (usually 70°C), keeping them from cooling down, since in meat most aromas develop
with heat.
The temperature must be controlled during
cooking with high-precision probe thermometers, calibrated often and accurately, and it is
necessary to avoid going over the set temperature, in order to avoid modifying the aroma and,
above all, the juiciness of the meat.
While cooking, it is important not to soil the hotplate, in order to keep the last samples from
acquiring a burnt taste.
The best solution to this problem is to wrap the
slices to be cooked in aluminium foil (photo 2).
For organizational needs, it may be convenient
to cook in advance the slices of meat from
which the samples will be cut, then wrapping
them one by one in aluminium foil to prevent
drying, and keeping them at the temperature
chosen for tasting in thermostat-controlled
chambers.
If it is decided to give out all the samples at the
start of the session, which is useful for limiting
the contact of the panel members with the outside and thus limiting distractions, it is possible
to use devices such as those used for melting
depilatory wax, filled with sand (photo 3), and
24 - Taurus International 1.2005
MEAT & QUALITY
set up at each tasting station. If, on the other
hand, it is decided to give out the samples one at
a time, it is possible to use the types of food
warmers used in restaurants or any other similarly suitable device.
The plates on which the samples are served
must be of earthenware and always kept very
hot. For this reason, after a certain number of
tastings, they must be replaced with others, kept
in plate warmers or any other device serving the
same purpose. The replacement times will be
experimented empirically, since they depend on
the cooling speed of the plates, and thus of the
environment.
It is a good idea to make sure that plates and flatware do not carry traces of the odour of the
detergent used to wash them.
As seen in a previous article, the samples are
identified with numbers, but in order to prevent
these numbers influencing judgment either positively or negatively, they must not be in
sequence, but random, and consist of three digits.
Moreover, the position of each sample in the
sequence must be random and different for each
taster, in order to minimize certain disturbance
effects that cannot be eliminated, such as the
position effect, which leads to an underassessment of the samples tasted last, and the contrast
and convergence effects, through which a sample influences the assessment of those coming
after it. The order, if the samples are given out
all together, is read by the taster on the assessment sheet provided him, and it is advisable to
remind him to follow the sequence scrupulously.
In order to avoid reciprocal influences, it is necessary to tell the tasters that the order of the samples is different for each one of them, and that
therefore their neighbours will be tasting different meats than they are each time.
In any case, a test sample, not to be judged, must
be administered at the beginning, in order to
avoid the “first sample disturbance” effect and
to “calibrate the instrument”.
Each time the quantity of meat available allows
it, it will be advisable to provide each panel
member with at least two samples of each piece
of meat, in order to minimize errors; but this is
obviously very difficult for small cuts, such as
with veal or, even more so, with lamb.
Photo 3
25 - Taurus International 1.2005
MEAT & QUALITY
Photo 4
Profile Sheet
(for the taster’s use)
PERCEPTION OF NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES
INTENSITY
Fusty
Musty – Humid
Winey – Vinegary
Muddy
Metallic
Rancid
Others (specify)
PERCEPTION OF POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES
Fruity
Bitter
LENGTH OF THE SESSION
The conditions of the test help the taster concentrate only on certain sensory characteristics of
the meat and isolate him, as much as possible,
from external influences. But it must be remembered that the capacity for concentration of an
individual on a complex task such as that of a
judge or organoleptic evaluator cannot be very
prolonged, and this limits the number of samples that can be submitted for tasting in each single session.
The interval between one sample and the next
should be two or three minutes: a shorter time
causes a too rapid overlapping of sensations,
while a longer time decreases concentration.
Even when the samples are given out all at the
beginning of the test, the panel member must in
any case be asked to start each tasting only when
the panel supervisor tells him to do so.
As for the frequency of the sessions, twice a
week is more than sufficient, to avoid tiring the
panel members and creating problems for them
due to absence from their jobs.
The number of parameters to be analysed must
be limited. Generally speaking, tasters are asked
to express themselves only on three parameters:
tenderness, juiciness, and aroma, even if more
information could be obtained from the meat,
such as, for example, a description and evaluation of the single components of the aroma, or
the detection of anomalous aromas and flavours.
It is necessary, however, to evaluate the panel’s
degree of training in order to understand how
much information can be asked for on meat
samples weighing just a few grams, and in just a
few seconds of chewing.
If it is decided to examine the sensory profile of
the meat, the single components of the aroma
and flavour can be identified by the panel members themselves, in a joint session.
Each of them can indicate which aromas or
flavours he perceives in the sample, and the
panel supervisor can choose those with the highest number of “votes”, in any case limited in
number, to include them in a form for a subsequent evaluation in which the intensity of each
odour can be assessed.
The most widespread trend today is to assess the
intensity of aromas and odours using an unstructured scale, showing where the sample being
examined is situated along a line segment, with
respect to the ends of the segment.
Photo 4 shows an example of a form with this
type of scale, taken from EC Regulation
26 - Taurus International 1.2005
MEAT & QUALITY
Photo 5
no.796/2002 on olive oil, which amended the
already-mentioned Regulation 2568/91.
THE SENSORY
TEST PREMISES
The concentration required for the sensory evaluation of meat may be disturbed by external
stimuli. For this reason it is necessary for the
premises where the taster is working to distract
him as little as possible from his task. The best
situation is where there are premises used solely
for panel tests, furnished with single booths
(even dismountable) or stations separated by
dividers (photo 5), which isolate the tasters from
one another and from the outside environment.
Otherwise it is necessary to attempt to use whatever premises are available, trying in any case to
approach as much as possible a condition of sensory isolation from the surrounding environment, assigning the tasters stations separate
from each other and, in any case, binding them
all to total silence during the test.
The booths or stations must be of comfortable
dimensions for the taster. The above-mentioned
European Union Regulation no. 2568/91 recommends the following dimensions: width: 0.75 m
(0.85 m with sink), table depth: 0.50 m, extra
separator length: 0.20 m, minimum height of
separators from table surface: 0.60 m, table
height: 0.75 m. There may be a small sink in the
booths or stations, which may be replaced with
a basin, to permit the taster to spit out the sample, which is necessary for tasting wine or oil,
but much less so in the case of meat.
The walls of the booths or premises must be of
a uniform colour, neutral, better if white, and of
easily washable materials.
In the case of a meat-tasting panel, the lighting
must be low and, generally speaking, red light
bulbs are used, in order to prevent perception of
the sample’s colour, so that the panel member is
not conditioned in his judgment of other parameters.
This obviously does not apply in the case of
colour evaluation, which, instead, requires optimum lighting.
Acoustic insulation from the outside is necessary, and where soundproof booths are not available, it is necessary to insulate using alternative
means. In the case of panel tests held in temporary settings, these should be situated in places
with low background noise.
It is possible to plan for the playing of background music if it aids the concentration of the
panel members, who can be asked what they
prefer.
Olfactory isolation from the rooms where the
meat is cooked must be ensured at all costs, for
example using ventilation systems that maintain
a flow of air directed from the tasting room
toward the cooking areas.
This is a specific problem of the tasting of
cooked foods, and in particular meat which, during cooking, especially on a hotplate, emits very
intense odours that may strongly condition the
organoleptic evaluation. It is also necessary to
make sure that the rooms and surfaces are not
cleaned using scented detergents, which may
leave lingering odours.
Also, in the case of premises not used permanently as tasting rooms, it is necessary to avoid
choosing those where activities that leave olfactory traces, such as, for example, lab experiments, are carried out, and it would also be
advisable to avoid rooms where people smoke
regularly.
The tasting rooms must have a comfortable temperature, which does not force the tasters to
become distracted because of excessive cold or
heat.
Therefore, since the tastings may take place during different periods of the year, it is necessary
to have heating and air conditioning systems for
guaranteeing comfort in any season. The abovesaid Community regulation no. 2568/91 recommends a temperature of 20-22°C and relative
humidity of 60-70 %.
The premises used for the panel tests must be
28 - Taurus International 1.2005
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Special thanks to Granfranco Carapia
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VILLE UNITE ROMAGNOLA
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MEAT & QUALITY
suitably protected from the accidental entrance
of strangers, through visibly prominent signs or
the presence of specific personnel.
Access to the tasting room during the test must
therefore be permitted only to those involved in
the test, and in any case must be limited as much
as possible.
For this reason the tasting booths or stations,
where possible, should have devices for giving
the samples and withdrawing the soiled plates,
such as double sliding windows (photo 6), rotating or overturned cylinders and, in any case,
lacking these devices, it is preferable for just one
person to distribute the samples, passing them to
the tasters from behind and in silence.
We must remember, in any case, that no one
must inform the panel members as to what they
are tasting.
In order to avoid disturbing the other panel
members, the contacts between tasters and the
organization of the test preferably take place
using light signals, such as the lighting of
coloured lamps.
For example, the taster may turn on a red light
to signal that he has finished his tasting and,
when all the red lights are turned on, the organizers may communicate using a green light that
the plates may be returned or that another sample has been given out, to be withdrawn through
the window, or else that the test is over.
If a taster needs to clear up any doubts or report
problems to the panel supervisor, he must do so
on a separate form, in order to avoid disturbing
the other panel members.
As an alternative to the paper forms, the evaluation may be expressed by computer, possibly
connected online, with the advantage of not
requiring the subsequent typing in of data, with
considerable savings in time for the organizers.
But it is obvious that this requires the availability of a high number of computers, often difficult to obtain by Research Institutes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASPA - Associazione Scientifica di Produzione
Animale (1996), Metodiche per la determinazione delle caratteristiche qualitative della
carne. Università degli Studi di Perugia.
Cross, H.R., Durland, P.R., Seideman , S. C.
(1986), Sensory qualities of meat. In “Muscle as
food” compiled by P.J. Bechtel, Academic
Press, Orlando, USA.
Gaddini, A., Iacurto, M. (2004) La valutazione
sensoriale della carne. Taurus, 1:13-17.
Gaddini, A. (200..) Analisi sensoriale della
carne: la valutazione degli assaggiatori. Taurus.
5-2004.
Lawrie, R.A. (1983), Scienza della carne.
Edagricole, Bologna p. 271-281.
Commission Regulation (EEC) No. 2568/91 of
11 July 1991, relating to characteristics of olive
oil and olive pomace oils as well as methods of
analysis. Official Journal of the European
Communities no. L 248 of 05/09/1991, page
0001 - 0083
Commission Regulation (EC) No.796/2002 of 6
May 2002 amending Regulation (EEC) No.
2568/91 relating to characteristics of olive oil
and olive pomace oils as well as methods of
analysis and complementary notes in annex to
the Regulation (EEC) No. 2658/87 of the
Council on the customs and statistical tariff
nomenclature and common customs tariffs.
Official Journal of the European Communities
no. L 128/8 of 15/5/2002.
Photo 6
30 - Taurus INTERNATIONAL 1.2005