Technology

University of Applied Sciences
Technology Perspective for
Offshore Wind Energy
Prof. Dipl. - Ing. Henry Seifert
University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven
Offshore Wind Energy in the Netherlands
December 1-2, 2009, Den Helder, The Netherlands
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Ref: DFVLR
Offshore in Germany today
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The upscaling of wind turbines
In the last 20 years the rotor diameter of a serial
produced wind turbine increased by a factor of 7.5
and the installed power increased by a factor
of 100
5,000 kW
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Rotor diameter, m
20 years is the design
service life of a wind
turbine
4,500 kW
Serial-WT
Prototypes
120
2,500 kW
100
1,500 kW
600 kW
80
500 kW
60
300 kW
40
50 kW
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year
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The technology used today
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Today’s wind turbines are characterized by:
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MW to Multi MW size
horizontal axis
3 blades
full span pitch control
variable speed operation
upwind rotor
tip speed less than 80 m/s
rotor blades in composite design
steel or concrete towers
tripods, tripiles, jackets as offshore foundations
grid connected operation
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Which are the requirements today?
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as large as possible with high installed power,
low amount of material,
high structural stiffness,
easy to transport and erect,
high aerodynamic, mechanical and electrical efficiency
without significant acoustic noise for
20 years of operation with only a
few maintenance hours whilst operating during
extreme external conditions.
• low investment and low O&M costs and
• easily to be disposed or recycled after its use
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Where are the limits in the future?
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size
mass
dynamics
aerodynamics
materials
external conditions
grids
• economics
• ecology
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Which questions do we have to ask?
Which questions do we have to answer?
Which is the road map to an
optimised offshore wind turbine?
How can we achieve this goal?
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For the optimisation process we have to
fine - tune many parameters which cannot be
changed solely
Nearly all parameters are interdependent
We have to cover the whole
SYSTEM wind energy technology
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Samples of technological parameters to be
tuned at future offshore wind turbines:
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Load assumptions for the design of very large wind turbines
Computer models
Environmental friendly materials
Production process
Test and measurement procedures
Grid connection
Control and monitoring
Access systems
Ships, cranes, jack-up rigs
Logistics
O&M
Education and training
Life time
Recycling and disposal
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Samples of technological parameters to be
tuned at future offshore wind turbines:
© H.Seifert
ex
am
pl
e
Load assumptions for the design of very large wind turbines
Computer models
Environmental friendly materials
Production process
Test and measurement procedures
Grid connection
Control and monitoring
Access systems
Ships, cranes, jack-up rigs
Logistics
O&M
Education and training
Life time
Recycling and disposal
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Load assumptions
for the design of very large offshore wind turbines
Scaling up the design of large 3-bladed rotors leads to ......
blades become very slender, no “space” for standard material
change to carbon fibres to increase stiffness
requires higher production quality
qualification of material
change of lightning protection
increase of costs in material, production facilities and personnel
different way of disposal ...................
or
change to 2 blades
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We need the smart rotor blade
By courtesy of A&R Rotec
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Reduce material amount and loads
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• Cyclic blade pitch control can reduce unsymmetrical
loads in wind farms and can yaw the turbine
• Self tuning control and supervisory systems learn to
tune the control parameters and the supervisory system
• Aero elastic tailoring or flaps can act faster and locally
than full span pitch control
• Reduction of the number of blades reduces costs and
improves the transport and erection
• A teetering hub compensates the disadvantages
• Improved simulation models increase safety
• Validation of load assumptions by load measurements
improves the simulation models
• On line load monitoring for life time observation
can improve the ecology and safety
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Reduce material amount and loads
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• A nacelle with two mounted blades fits through a lock
Dimensions of the lock
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Reduce material amount and loads
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• A nacelle with two mounted blades can be pulled up
completely in one step
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To be disposed/recycled after 20 years
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Blade material, to/a
60,000
fibres
resin and coating
core material
others
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Year
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Ref.: WindEnergy-Study 2006, fk-wind-data base
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Avoid transport over streets by
production close to harbours
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Improve the manufacturing process
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• Optimisation of production
• Improvement of quality assurance
• Improvement of thick laminates and
bonding
• Less and new materials and material
combination (LCA)
Ref.: Enercon Windblatt
Improve test procedures
• Material tests
• Component and full scale
tests
• In situ measurements
• Online load monitoring
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Optimisation of inspection procedures
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Can we handle the mass effects?
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Reduction of loads and mass at the blades
reduces the loads and masses of the hub
reduces the loads and masses of the drive train
reduces the loads and masses of the machine bed
reduces the loads and masses of the tower
reduces the loads and masses of the foundation
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This saves energy in production, transport,
erection, repair and dismantling and
improves the harvest factor of the whole system
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Foto: Windpower Monthly
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Aim: Reduce costs by increasing the ecological
and structural quality
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3 or 2
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Ref.: www.iec.ch
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Improvement and adoption of Standards
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IEC 61400 - 1 ed 3 Design requirements
IEC 61400 - 2 Design requirements for small wind turbines
IEC 61400 - 3 Design requirements for off-shore wind turbines
IEC 61400 - 11 Acoustic noise measurement techniques
IEC 61400 - 12, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 Power performance measurement techniques
IEC 61400 - 13 Measurement of mechanical loads
IEC 61400 - 14 Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values
IEC 61400 - 21 Power quality requirements for grid connected wind turbines
IEC 61400 - 23 Full - scale structural blade testing of rotor blades for WT
IEC 61400 - 24 Lightning protection for wind turbines
IEC 61400 - 25 Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants
DIN/ISO/IEC 81400 - 4 Design requirements for gearboxes for wind turbines
IEC WT 01 System for conformity test and certification of wind turbines Rules and procedures
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Ref.: www.iec.ch
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In the example most of the parameters have
been touched:
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University of Applied Sciences
Load assumptions for the design of very large wind turbines
Computer models
Environmental friendly materials
Production process
Test and measurement procedures
Grid connection
Control and monitoring
Access systems
Ships, cranes, jack-up rigs
Logistics
O&M
Education and training
Life time
Recycling and disposal
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Which are other “perspectives”?
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• Harmonisation of offshore access systems
• Swimming offshore foundations
• Combined wave and offshore wind energy
• Combined wind farms and storage systems
• Improved safety and quality by
education and training
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More questions to answer:
•Where is the “end of size”?
•How can availability, safety and life time
be increased and the costs diminished?
•Is more research necessary?
•Do we need full scale test facilities for nacelles?
•Do we need more education?
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Wind energy has a future
Let us use the wind to advance
Production of Offshore - foundation on land
Transport of Offshore foundation
Ref.: DOTI
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Transport offshore
Picture: DOTI
Offshore Foundations
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Sea level
Sea ground
Ref: WAB,
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BARD 5 MW Tripile at Hooksiel
Offshore Wind turbine types
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Test site Alfa Ventus in the North Sea
Source: DOTI 2009
Test site Alfa Ventus in the North Sea
Source: DOTI 2009
Test site Alfa Ventus in the North Sea
Source: DOTI 2009
Wind energy creates jobs
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Foto: BIS Bremerhaven
Many wind energy companies settled at Bremerhaven in the last
few years accompanied by education and vocational training
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Wind energy creates jobs
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Wind energy creates jobs
Training of maintenance staff
Ref.: DOTI
Wind energy creates jobs
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Bremerhaven
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