"B.J.`s Beach House": The B.J. Palmer Historic Home in Sarasota

Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32, 0.2
9
"B.J.'s Beach House":
The B.J. Palmer Historic Home in Sarasota, Florida
MICHAEL WAYNE*, JENNIFER TROYANOVICH, BA**
AND STEVE TROYANOVICH, DC***
Upon the death of his estranged wife, Bartlett Joshua Palmer, the President
of the Palmer School of Chiropractic and captain of a growing broadcasting
empire, found himself without a legal residence or home to truly call his own.
This situation occurred as a result of the wishes Mabel Heath Palmer expressed
in her will, leaving all her assets to her husband for the length of his natural life
with the stipulation that upon his death all her worldly possessions would pass
to their son, David.
In addition to his interests in chiropractic and radio and television broadcasting, B.J. Palmer also had a passion for circus life. All these factors led to
his purchase of a home in Sarasota, Florida where the Ringling Brothers
Circus held their winter home. This article chronicles the circumstances of B.J.
Palmer's Florida migration and the disposition of his winter home after his
death in 1961 and the transformation of his residence into a memorial and
museum that is managed and maintained by a not-for-profit charitable
foundation.
Introduction
At 8:45 AM on 27 May 1961, B.J.
Palmer died in his home in Sarasota,
Florida, ending a long and prosperous life.
In his later years, Sarasota became his
winter residence and respite from the hustle
and bustle of the chiropractic college and
broadcasting empire he had built in Davenport, Iowa. This article chronicles the
circumstances of B. J. Palmer's Florida
migration and the history of his Sarasota
beach house from his purchase of the home
to the present.
B.J. Palmer: A Life at the Center of a
Storm
The life and accomplishments of Bartlett
Joshua Palmer are well documented by
Keating. 1 Known to many as simply B.J. ,
*Director, BJ . Pa lmer Historic Home Foundation , [email protected]
**President and Executive Director , Central Illi nois Neuroscience Fo undation, 1015 S.
Mercer Ave., Bloom ing ton, IL 61701
*** Private practice of chiropractic, 322 Susan Drive, Suite B, Norma, IL 61761
he was a man whom many in the chiropractic profession credit as the most influential
pioneer in the field.
B.J. Palmer, D.C., Ph.C., was, without
doubt, one of the chiropractic profession's
most eccentric and charismatic personalities. Ever the Renaissance man, he was part
showman, part clinician, part scientist, and
the builder of the first and most prestigious
of the chiropractic colleges: Palmer School
of Chiropractic in Davenport, Iowa. He
was also an inventor of numerous chiropractic instruments and treatment tables.
A collector of countless antiques,
oriental art, and one of the most unusual
osteological collections in the world, B.J.
traveled the globe and penned books about
his adventures.
He was a prolific writer, authoring over
34 volumes of chiropractic textbooks
dedicated to the science, art and philosophy
of his vocation. The perennial leader of the
"straight" chiropractic movement in his
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
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10
role as secretary of the Universal Chiropractors' Association and the founder of the
Chiropractic Health Bureau (the forerunner
of today's International Chiropractors'
Association [ICA]), he authored hundreds
of publications and papers promoting the
profession. He also traveled the world
defending his chiropractic brethren against
charges of practicing medicine without
licensure.
B.l. was also involved in the business of
radio broadcasting during its infancy and
eventually amassed a sizable media empire,
first in radio, stations WOC and WHO, and
.then in television, WOC- TV.
Palmer accomplished all these feats ~
J
despite having little formal education. (
Ultimately, he was a self-made man; strong
-willed, stubborn, street-smart, and
possessing a drive and determination that
left many in awe of his energy and achievements. He was not without detractors both
inside and outside his profession. Perhaps
an equal number of individuals either held
him in high regard or deemed him an
egomaniacal dictator, or both.
A man cannot live life as the center of a
raging storm without straining his health or
ersonal relationships.
William Heath
Quigley.' the blood nephew of B.l.'s wife,
Mabel, lamented that in the latter years of
their marriage, B.l. and Mabel were
unhappy, being estranged towards the end
.of Mabel's life. He reported that their
'marital difficulties arose from a variety of
circumstances, not the least of which was
B.l.'s harsh and demanding treatment of
their only child, David. As a result of this
ongoing discord, Mabel spent the final
years of her life living apart from her
husband in Tucson, Arizona, until her
death on 30 March 1949.
Mabel's death and her wishes regarding
the disposition of the family fortune
ultimately resulted in B.l. looking south for
·a winter home and a new set of distractions
~
!
from the challenges that faced him in his
professional and personal life. In essence,
Mabel willed her interest in the family
fortune, including the family home and all
its contents, to her husband for the length
of his natural life with the stipulation that
upon her husband's death everything
passed to their son, David.
In 1989,
Quigley' wrote:
He [B.1.] hadn't realized that Mabel had
been the sole owner of the residence for years.
The co-ownership had been transferred some
years before during a time of litigation because
their attorneys had advised transfer as a
protective strategy. No one had thought to
have ownership restored to its former state ,
leaving BJ. angered and frustrated , feeling he
had been reduced from the role of home owner
to the status of pensioner. It left him with a
bitterness he was unable to exorcise.
Perhaps a result of Mabel's death, his
fierce indignation with the apportionment
of the estate, or his own declining strength
and stamina, B.l. determined to spend the
winter months in Florida away from the
harsh weather of Iowa. He settled
Saras~ta ?ue in large part to the . fact that
the Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey
,
circus wintered there. 1,2,4
Of all the diversions that B.l. Palmer
was involved with , the circus was arguably
his favorite and a primary reason for his
attraction to Sarasota during the city's
circus heyday in the 1950s. 4 B.l. was no
stranger to Florida, having made countless
trips to the east coast near Stuart, Florida in
pursuit of sailfish. He visited Sarasota
often , enjoying the atmosphere and the
company of circus performers. Frequently
traveling with B.l. was William Heath
Quigley, his nephew by marriage, with
whom he developed a special bond.
Following his graduation from the Palmer
School, Quigley became an instructor there
and, in becoming a part of B.l. ' s inner
circle , eventually helped to run the chiropractic school and affiliated Clearview
OllJ
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Chiropractic History
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11
Sanitarium. Quigley often accompanied
B.l. on his Florida travels.'
Seeing B.l. 's fondness for Sarasota,
Quigley persuaded him to stop staying in
motels and buy a home there so he could
entertain and have a place to go fishing and
relax:
B.J . and I were sunning ourselves one
morning when I broached the matter of a
change. I began by saying something like
this. "I've been here for two weeks, and in
that time you and I know this motel is not
what you need or want, and it's not fitting to
your station. You need a home where you
can work, relax , and entertain. Yesterday,
when we went to the circus , I could see that
you would have liked to have invited some of
your friends for dinner, to visit you in your
own horne. Since you like Sarasota, it's time
for you to buy a home on the water, get a
good sized fishing boat and dock it on your
property. These are things you enjoy. Then ,
you will have a place to work and to write , to
do those things you feel are important. If you
aren't going to enjoy the fruits of your labor
now , when will you?"
He was reclining on a deck chair as I
spoke.hninediately he sat up, looked at me
startled, shook his head , probably wondering
why he hadn't asked himself that obvious
question. He said , "You're right. Absolutely
right! I need a home of my own. ,, 2
Figure 1 is the home as it looked in 1952
from the street. Figure 2 is the home from
across the Pansy Bayou, the inlet waterway
connecting St. Armand's Key to the Gulf of
Mexico. The 60 foot tall flagpole would
Figure 1. View of the B.l's Beach House from
Washington Street in 1952 as the home looked at
the time of purchase.
Figure 2. The backyard of the B.J.'s Beach House
from across Pansy Bayou. Present day.
carry the stars and stripes when B.l. was in
residencc.i
Almost immediately B.l. began to
remodel his new home to reflect his interest
in the circus and circus life. He added a
wing perpendicular to the main house,
dubbing it "Circus Alley. ,,6 This wing included two additional bedrooms and a bathroom, bringing the total number of bedrooms
in the house to four with four full bathrooms.
Circus Alley was decorated with circus
memorabilia from the numerous gifts , letters
and mementos B.l. received from circus
entertainers and promoters.
To add a bit of color to what was then a
neighborhood of standard white houses, B.l.
painted his exterior window frames in the
bright primary colors of the circus. When
the neighbors complained, he would simply
repaint the frames using even more
outlandish color schemes."
The inside of the home was also painted in
bright primary colors to reflect BiL's interest
in all things circus. To some , it made the
home radiant and inviting, while others
found it excessive. Ultimately, the paint and
decorating echoed the personality of the
home's new owner.
B.l. hired a "home manager" who would
act as housekeeper and guardian of his beach
house. ? Since he did not occupy the home
from April through September, he made the
house available for rent to "guests." Demonstrating his wit and humor, he posted a list of
rules in the house (Figure 3).
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Ch iro practic History
Vo lume 32, No .2
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,
IF BATHROOM S OCCUPIED, USE THE SI K
You can g e wa e1' h el e as --'0 'i ly as in he ba hroom
WE WANT YOU TO FEEL AT HOME
F YOU FEEL SICI{, FI D A BUCKET UNDER THE TABLE
Due in g on e'
h ead in to a bucke o f cold wa e r will revive o ne
uie Jy
\ EVERY'THING FOR YOUR CONVE IENCE" IS OUR MOTTO
F CONVERSATIO LAGS, TALK POLITICS
OU[ rrei crhbors are wai ing for a
i ht to s arlo W e don'
want to
isappoinl h e rn .
IF YOU WANT TO NECK - HOP TO T
W ' [e anxious 0 Ieorn a few riew olcls.
LAY YOUR HATS (and what you brought with you) ON THE BED
WE'RE nor SuPERSTITIOUS
Everythirio but t 1 kitoh on slove has b een laid on 1 .
IF YOUR FEET HURT, TAKE OFF YOUR SHOES
Nohing b o h ers us. W e were born next
0
a c Iue fo e ory.
IF YOU PLAY POKER
T a ke h er in th e back yard. Don't wreck
a l l !'
fur n itu re !
IF YOU PLAY BRIDGE
H erri ernber "Painless Sparker" has 0 live . Knock out sorneories teet .
IF YOU PLA Y SOLITAIRE
You should be a s h a m e d o r yourse I
ME
WILL KISS HOSTESS GOODNIGHT - WOME WILL KISS HOST
This w ill ~f i ve lIS so rn ethin c to figh abou af er you're g o n e .
IF YOU HAVEN'T A CAR TO TAKE YOU HOME - TAKE OURS
The fin a n ce C0 111 any is going to ta k e i 1ex t w e ek anyway .
B. J. Palmer's'rules'for guests staying at his Sarasota Beach House, 1952
Courtesy of the B.J.Pa lmer Historic Home Foundation . www.bjph.org
Figure 3. Beach house rules.
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32 , 0.2
13
While in residence, guests would
frequently occupy the extra rooms; however, B.l. made it clear that his attention
was not a condition of his hospitality.
Speaking in the third person, he wrote:
Friends who call or "drop in," either by
advance arrangement or unexpectedly, must
respectfully note carefully that B.l is here to
meditate, rest, and write-after a long,
strenuous life of struggle. Even tho [sic] he
may consent to your call, if something else
arises which he prefers doing, he mayor may
not be present. His wishes will ALWAYS
take precedence.
By this he means no
offense, regardless of who you are.
He is here not to be entertained by you, or
to entertain you. He will indicate whether
you tire him; if so, make your visit short. It
won't embarrass him-and don't you be
etnbarrassed.5(author'semphasis)
Although a glad host to friends,
colleagues and circus performers, B.l. was
also a private man and, to some degree, his
guests infringed on the solace his winter
home afforded. Perhaps as a compromise,
he added yet another unique feature to his
beach house: the large sun deck on the roof
was remodeled into, essentially, a separate
studio apartment. It included a full bathroom, a combination sleeping and sitting
area, and a small kitchenette. Interestingly,
the studio apartment could not be accessed
from the house proper; it could only be
entered by ascending the steps from a sundeck in the backyard. Thus, this addition
was raised above the level of the house,
had a beautiful view to the west upon the
Pansy Bayou, and was B.l. 's private refuge
away from the house and any guests. He
called this safe haven "The Hideaway.? "
In addition to the work done on the
home, B.l. wished to build a covered boathouse at his dock to protect his 21-foot
Chris Craft cabin cruiser, but the city had
an ordinance against such structures. Defying city hall, he built it in spite of the city's
regulations and ignored officials' demands
to remove it. Eventually, the city govem-
ment tired of the battle and the structure
was grudgingly accepted. The covered
boathouse, the only one of its kind on St.
Armand's Key, remains to the present.
In another tale of B.l. 's eccentric
behavior in Sarasota, he once decided to
dissect the spine of a dead circus elephant
and have the specimen shipped to his clinic
laboratory in Davenport. He had previously attempted to accomplish this in Iowa
when an elephant in a visiting circus had
died during an excursion to Davenport:
... B.J. was like a kid with a new toy.
He hired a semi-trailer truck to haul the
animal to a Clinton [Iowa] rendering works,
where he proposed that the flesh would be
boiled off the bones. No kettles there were
big enough, and the beast was brought back
to Davenport. Undismayed, B.J. the schemer
approached a Quad-City packing house. He
suggested that they gather together some
"cull" or substandard hogs, starve them for a
couple of days, and then turn them loose
upon the elephant carcass. His reasoning was
that the hungry hogs would devour the flesh
down to the bones. The packing plant turned
him down, and the unhappy B.J. finally
abandoned his plan of getting an elephant
skeleton."
Ever determined in his plans, B.l. had a
recently deceased elephant from a Sarasota
circus hauled to his backyard where he
rendered it in large boiling pots and eventually removed and cleaned the elephant's
spine for transport to Davenport. The
process was reported to be an incredible
mess with a stench that fouled the air of the
neighborhood for weeks. The neighbors
complained and his chauffeur/house
attendant reportedly quit as a result of the
episode.
The End of an Era
During the winter months in Sarasota,
B.l. ran the Davenport school and his
broadcasting affairs by telephone and telegraph. He continued writing, completing
his final two books , The Great Divide and
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Chiropractic History
Volume 32 , No.2
14
?
F ie
Frie
y ---------------------
men __ .
?
rm u e
._~.---- --
.... __ -- 30
....
?
?
eco ds
sec o n d
e
o
crus m
f100 .,
...._....__
to e a
e
gan g
_
r. 30 min.
oa i g,
o
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y
ra ..
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d
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or
h ero rac ic
.
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e
. gli 9
Figure 4. A copy ofBJ.'s "Schedule" posted at the Beach House .
I
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32 , No.2
15
Figure 4.
An emaciated B.l.
Palmer sunning himself in the
back yard of his beach house with
his dock and boathouse on the
Pansy Bayou in the background.
This is the last known photograph
of B.J. prior to his death on 27
May 1961. Photograph courtesy
of the B.l. Palmer Historic HOtTIe
Foundation.
Our Masterpiece, while in residence in
Sarasota. 1 Starting in 1959, B.l. had a
series of health crises but, except for a
couple of extreme instances, refused
medical attention; however, the experiences presaged the inevitable. Quigley
reported that B.l. acknowledged that he
would not live forever.'
In spite of his failing health he was
determined to attend what would be his last
Palmer College Lyceum-the school's
annual homecoming extravaganza for
alumni-in August of 1960. During the
Lyceum, he demonstrated incredible
stamina in his traditional lectures and
customary public appearances. At his last
lecture, he held his audience captive with
an hour-long talk on the philosophy of the
profession, its future and the work still to
be accomplished. As if he knew it was a
final appearance, he spoke with power and
authority and a surge of adrenaline until the
very end. When the presentation was over,
he left the stage and shortly caught a plane
back to Sarasota. In December of 1960, he
finally consented to consult a doctor about
his increasing weakness and generalized
failing health. He was promptly hospitalized and diagnosed with a malignant tumor
in his colon.'
B.l.'s final days were spent with a few
close relatives and lifelong supporters who
came to pay respects. His son Dave had
rarely visited him in his last years, but did
make one final trip to see B.l. in Sarasota.
On 27 May 1961 an era came to an end
when B.l. Palmer died. At the moment of
his death, he was attended by his nephew,
William "Billy" Brownell, D.C. , who
resided in Sarasota only two blocks away
from B.l.'s beach house. "
The Disposition of B.J.'s Beach House
B.l. willed his beach house to- his
nephew, Dr. Billy Brownell, who lived and
practiced in Sarasota. Brownell arranged
for B.l.'s papers and writings to be
removed and sent to Palmer College in
Davenport. He kept for himself a few of
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32, No.2
16
the tapestries that B.J. acquired on world
trips that were displayed in the home, but
having no need for a second house in the
city, Dr. Brownell then listed it for sale."
Dr. Jack Parkman, a chiropractor from
New Hampshire purchased the beach house
and all of its furnishings. Parkman, a longtime admirer of B.J., had spent time in the
home with his mentor. He had practices in
both New Hampshire and Sarasota, and it
seemed a natural fit for him to make his
Florida residence in the former home of his
sage."
Parkman, along with his wife and three
children, moved into the beach house in
1962. Sometime thereafter, the Parkman's
youngest daughter got over or through the
chain-link fence in the backyard and
drowned in the Pansy Bayou. Finding it
too emotionally painful to remain in the
home where the tragedy occurred, the
Parkman family moved back to New
Hampshire, carefully storing all of B.Jo's
possessions and furnishings in the bam on
thcir property.I'Aftcr listing B.J.'s beach
house for sale, it passed through multiple
ownerships, was foreclosed upon at least
twice, and - legend has it - was used as a
bordello for several years.i"
Finally, the home came to be in the
hands of a Midwestern landlord who rented
it out on an annual basis. By 1979, without
a permanent and invested resident in the
place, the home fell into great disrepair.'
deteriorating property:
Oil and grease covered the signature B.J.
had drawn in the cement. As he looked at
this "desecration" of B.J.'s name,Dr. Williams came to a realization-if someone did
not come forward to save the property, the
home and its heritage would be forever lost
to the chiropractic community. He therefore
began the necessary negotiations to purchase
the property under the auspices of Life
Chiropractic College."
Drs. Sid and Nell Williams oversaw the
repairs and renovations.
This included
rewiring the home, fixing the plumbing,
structural repairs to the walls and ceiling,
extensive painting, sun shade installation in
the living room, and remodeling the
kitchen by converting the carport into a
dining area.
In 1989, at significant
expense, the living room and library were
painstakingly painted back to the bright
circus colors and striking patterns B.J. had
during his ownership. The original restoration of the paint job was accomplished by
carefully matching the patterns from
pictures donated by the Parkman family."
In 1981 Dr. Cameron Cassan and his
wife, Audrey, were invited to be the live-in
caretakers of B.Jo's beach house and were
tasked with transforming the home into a
memorial museum. They arrived in their
Historic Home and Museum
In 1979 , International Chiropractors'
Association President, Dr. Sid Williams,
discovered that BiL's beach house was
once again for sale.
He assessed the
• As a long-time resident of Sarasota, and having
knowledge of the city and neighborhood in which
the home is located, one of the authors (MW)
considers the latter report highly unlikely.
Figure 5. The living room of the B.J. Palmer
Memorial Home. Photograph courtesy of the B.J.
Palmer Historic Home Foundation.
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32 , 0.2
17
Figure 6. B.l.'s bedroom
has been restored to the
way it appeared on his
death in May of 1961.
Note the circus lamps on
the bureau and dressing
table. Photograph courtesy
of the B.l. Historic Home
Foundation
motor home and moved into the empty
beach house first sleeping on cots and in
sleeping bags. The Cassans would serve in
this capacity, preserving the home and
conducting tours, until 1991. 6
Over time, through the generous donations of many individuals, the home was
decorated with B.l. Palmer memorabilia.
For example, Dr. Parkman returned many of
B.l.'s original beach house furnishings and
belongings that he had carefully stored at his
home in New Hampshire. Parkman's
donations included B.l.'s bedroom furniture,
nine lamps depicting various circus performers in their brightly-colored costumes, and
B.l.'s fedora in its original hat box."
The library just off the living room was
outfitted with locking bookcases to secure
treasured memorabilia, antiques and tomes.
An entire set of B.l.'s published works was
donated by Dr . David Below of Alabama
and is housed within the library. 8
In an unpublished accounting of the
home's restoration, Audrey Cassan reports
that many of the donors were students at the
Palmer School at the time of B.l.'s death.
Much of the memorabilia donated by Palmer
alumni were items they retrieved after
having been discarded by the school.
Following B.l.s death, David Palmer
ascended to the school's presidency and
issued an edict to modernize the. Palmer
School. 6 Cassan' s report appears credible
given the following account by David
Palmer printed in a book published by the
Palmer College of Chiropractic:
One of Dr. David Palmer's initial steps
toward academic acceptance was to change
the corporate name of the Palmer School to
Palmer College of Chiropractic. The next
step was a complete modernization of the
college image-both internally and externally.
In a flurry of activity, the campus was
modernized, classrooms renovated and
remodeled, wall-to-wall carpets laid down ,
modern teaching aids installed-and.the new
Palmer academic image began to take shape .'
Cassan reports that these Palmer School
faithful kept these items because they were
compelled to preserve the history of the
school they felt was being lost by David
Palmer's order to dispose of items he
considered old, worn out, or embarrassing.
In regard to these donations, Cassan stated,
"We always felt as though the -donors felt
the same excitement and contentment to
have found a rightful home for their treasure
as we felt receiving them.?"
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
VOIUl1le
32, No.2
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Figure 7. The library just
off the living room separating the main house from
Circus Alley. Photograph
courtesy of the B.1. Palmer
Historic Home Foundation.
The B.J. Historic Home Foundation
In order to continue the home's status as
a museum and memorial to the
"Developer" of chiropractic, the B.J.
Palmer Historic Home Foundation was
formed in 2002. Dr. Sid Williams negotiated the transfer of ownership to the nonprofit foundation with the mission to
preserve the home and the iconic legacy of
B.l. Palmer.
The B.J. Palmer Historic Home Foundation operates as a 501.(c).3 not-for-profit
organization with a ·six-member board of
trustees, constitution and bylaws.
The
board of trustees meets a minimum of one
time per year to discuss issues related to
the management of the home such as
ongoing maintenance, promotion, and
fundraising to achieve the foundation's
mISSIon.
Conclusion
Historically a young city, Sarasota was
sporadically built at the tum of the 20th
century by pioneer farmers and fishermen.
Real estate booms brought wealth to the
area in the 191Os-20s, including financiers
and circus brothers, Charles and John
· 1·mg.'91011
:
In 1927, after the death of
R mg
his brother, John Ringling moved the
winter quarters of the circus from Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Sarasota.V:':' It is
reported that by 1940, the circus brought
over 100,000 visitors to the area, increasing
its visibility as a tourist destination." Not
surprisingly, Sarasota attracted the
attention of BJ Palmer who, in 1951,
purchased a home on the Pansy Bayou
blocks from St. Armand's Circle.
"B.J. 's Beach House" remains today as
eclectic as its former owner. A multicolored Florida ranch-style house, it is
decorated with a mixture of chiropractic
and circus memorabilia, B.J. 's personal
items, books and writings. It maintains a
local connection to circus lore and
preserves its chiropractic heritage.
Reprinted by Permission of the AHC
Chiropractic History
Volume 32, No.2
19
Meticulously restored, the home is now
owned and maintained by the B.l. Palmer
Historic Home Foundation and continues
to be a gathering place for friends and
members of the chiropractic profession.
The Foundation is working to secure designation for the home as a local and regional
historic site to promote its rich history and
preserve the architectural integrity of the
structure.
The B.l. Palmer Historic Home is available for tours, business meetings, family
reunions and gatherings, weddings, or may
be retained as a vacation destination. The
home is located a short five-minute walk
from St. Armand's Circle and its Ring of
Fame, a tribute to the circus greats the
world over. Information regarding the B.J.
Palmer Historic Home and Foundation can
be found online at http://www.bjph.org
Notes
I Keating, J.C. (1997). B.J of Davenport:
The early years of chiropractic. Davenport, IA: Association for the History of
Chiropractic.
2Quigley,W.H. (1989). The last days of
B.J. Palmer: Revolutionary confronts reality. Chiropractic History, 9(2), 11-19.
"Cassan; A. (19 91). History of the B.J
Unpublished
Palmer Memorial Home.
manuscript, Archives of the B.l. Palmer
Memorial Home Foundation, Sarasota, FL.
7(2011, August). Extreme makeoverchiropractic version!
The Chiropractic
Journal, pp. 1.
8pr itner,
K. (1983). The Palmer memorial
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