Wpływ antropopresji na stan lasów w Polsce. - UEF-Wiki

Transcription

Protection areas system
in Poland
Andrzej Macias
Photos source:
Internet
Protection areas system in Poland
Area form:
- National parks
- Nature reserves
- Landscape parks
- Natura 2000 sites
- Protected landscape areas
Individual form
- Nature monuments
- Dokumentation sites = Geosites
- Ecological sites
- Natural and scenic complexes
Plant, animal and fungi species protection
Source: Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
National parks
National park comprises protected areas with particularly
outstanding scientific, natural, social, cultural and
educational characteristics, not smaller than 1000 hectares
where the environment as a whole, including landscape
characteristics, is protected.
A national park is established to preserve biodiversity,
resources, formations and elements of inanimate nature
and landscape values, restoration of a proper state of
resources and elements of nature as well as reconstruction
of distorted habitats: of plants, animals and fungi species.
A national park is established, its area widened or limited by
the virtue of a regulation of the Council of Ministers.
National parks are supervised a minister for environment.
Source: Nature Protection Law Act, 16.04.2004, Jounal of Laws, 2004, No, 92 Item880
National parks
Arrangements and opinions need to create - Reconciliation of Councils of
Municipalities / Cities Region Regional Council, the opinion of nongovernmental organizations, the private land owner's consent or dispossessio
Liquidation or decrease - the Council of Ministers Regulation only if
irreversible loss of natural values
Buffer zone – must be
Fees admission – Law Regulation of the Minister, the price is determined each
Director of Park
Protection plan - protection tasks 1-5 years established by the Director Park,
approved by the Minister; protection plan for 20 years established by the
Director Park approved Minister for Environment
Arrangements protection plan - Opinion of the Authorities of Municipalities/
Cities
Protected areas by IUCN (International Union for
the Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources) World Commission on Protected Areas
- WCPA):
Ia - Strict Nature Reserve
Ib - Wilderness Area
II - National Park
III - Natural Monument
IV - Habitat/Species Management Area
V - Protected Landscape/Seascape
VI - Managed Resource Protected Area
Thus, since all the Polish national parks comply
with IUCN requirements, have been put on the
list:
-15 parks were assigned to the second category,
- 2 parks (Ojcowski and Wigierski) were awarded
fifth class.
- 6 newest parks (Biebrzański, Bory Tucholskie,
Góry Stołowe, Narwiański, Magurski and Ujście
Warty) have not been classified by IUCN yet
More informations about polish national parks (in English):
http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/pnp.htm
Source:Environment 2012. Statistical book, 2012: Central Statistical Office, Warsaw
A nature reserve is an area in which natural or
insignificantly altered ecosystems are
maintained, including natural habitats, as well
as defined species of flora and fauna and
elements of inanimate nature, having significant
scientific, natural, cultural or scenic value.
An area is recognized as a reserve by the virtue
of a local ordinance in the form of the Regional
Director for Environmental
Nature reserves
Arrangements and opinions need to create - on private area the
consent of the owner or dispossession, the state-owned area not required
Liquidation or reduction - RDOŚ decree, only if irreversible loss of
natural value
Buffer zone – can be
Fees admissions - RDOŚ can enter and set the price
Protection Plan - Protection Tasks 1-5 years, establishes and sets RDOŚ;
protection plan for 20 years shall RDOŚ
Arrangements protection plan - Opinion of the Council of Municipalities /
Cities, public participation
Classification of reserves in accordance with
hitherto applied division into 9 types (elaborated
by prof. Z. Czubiński):
1. Fauna reserves
2. Landscape reserves
3. Forest reserves
4. Peatbog reserves
5. Flora reserves
6. Water reserves
7. Inanimate nature reserves
8. Steppe reserves
9. Halophyte reserves
Nature reserves in Poland
Piekiełko
Szkuckie
Pogorzel Peatland
Loess gorge
Photos source:
Internet
Landscape park is the area protected due to
environmental, historical and cultural values. The
purpose of establishing a landscape park is
preservation, popularisation and dissemination of
such the values in the conditions of sustainable
development.
Creation of a landscaped park, or increase its
area by way of a resolution of the voivodship
parliament.
Landscape parks
Arrangements and opinions need to create - not required
Liquidation or decrease - Parliament of the Province resolution, only in the
case of loss of values,
Buffer zones – can be
Admission fees - No
Protection Plan - Prepare the park director, establishes Voivodeship
Parliament
Arrangements protection plan - Not applicable
Landscape
parks in
Poland
Source: Internet
Suwałki Landscape Park
Example of young glacial landscape
Photo source: Internet
Suwałki Landscape Park
Polish first landscape park (1976);
covering an area of 62.84 square kilometres
More informations: http://www.spk.org.pl/
Turtul Esker
Photos source: Internet
Rogalin Landscape Park (Wielkopolska)
A protected landscape area is an area protected
due to particularly outstanding landscape features
of the area of diversified ecosystems, valuable
especially owing to the potential for satisfying needs
connected with tourism and recreation, or owing to
the existing or restored ecological corridors.
Designation of protected landscape area
by resolution of voivodship parliament.
Landscape protection areas
Arrangements and opinions need to create - not required
Liquidation or decrease - Parliament of the Voivodeship resolution,
only in the case of loss of values,
Buffer zones – no
Admission fees - No
Active protection - pursuant to the provisions of local plans
Protection Plan – No
Arrangements protection plan - Not applicable
Landscape protection areas in Poland (light green color)
Source: http://www.konkurs-ekologiczny.pl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/art-6-mapka.jpg
Protected landscape areas in Poland
Krotoszyn Oak Forests
Protected Landscape Area
Source: http://dabrowy.zsp2.krotoszyn.net/
NATURA 2000 sites
Who creates? - The Minister of Environment
Arrangements and opinions need to create - to consult community councils
Liquidation or decrease - Minister of Environment only if it is warranted by natural
developments noted as a result of monitoring and after obtaining the consent of the
European Commission
Buffer zones – no
Admission fees - No
Protection plan/Protection tasks plan – Protection plan and / or plan of protection
tasks for 1-10 years; protection plan for a period of 20 years, sets RDOŚ
Prohibitions - Take action that could materially negative impact on the area;
RDOŚ may allow exceptions because of the necessary reasons of overriding public
interest, in the absence of alternative solutions
Nature monuments are individual objects of animate
and inanimate nature, or their clusters, of scientific,
cultural, historic and commemorative values as well as
unique landscape characteristics distinguishing them
among other objects, especially aged and grand trees
and bushes of native or alien species, springs,
waterfalls, exurgences, rocks,
ravines, erratic boulders, caves.
A nature monument is specified by the virtue of an
ordinance of a commune council.
Tychowo, Nature Monument „Trygław” - the largest erratic boulder in Poland
District of rock is 50 m, length 13.7 m, width 9.3 m, total height of 7.8 meters (including 4 m
under ground), the volume of about 700 m3, the estimated weight of about 2,000 t
Nature Monument „Ferris boulder”
(Bisztynek town, Mazury, north-eastern Poland)
Documentation sites are sites where geological
formations, fossil accumulations or mineral objects
occur as well as exploited and discarded opencast
and underground workings which are not visible on
the surface or can be rendered accessible and are
important for scientific and educational reasons.
Documentation sites include also sites of fossil plants
or animals.
A documentation site is specified by the virtue of an
ordinance of a commune council.
Geosites
Pieniny volcanoes
Myslibórz small organs
Ecological sites comprise the remains of ecosystems
which are worthy of protection and having a significance in
maintaining unique gene pools and environment types,
such as: natural water basins, field and forest ponds, tree
and bush clusters, swamps, peat-bogs, dunes, areas of
unused flora, old river-beds, rock outcrops, scarps, gravelbanks and localities of rare or protected species of plants
and animals, including places of their seasonal stay or
breeding.
An ecological site is specified by the virtue of an regulation
of a commune council.
Ecological sites
Ecological site „Sabnie”
Ecological site „Puszcza Biała”
Natural and scenic complexes are created for the purpose
of protecting extremely valuable fragments of the natural
and cultural environment and preserving their aesthetic
values.
A natural and scenic complex is specified by the virtue of an
regulation of a commune council.
Arkadia natural & scenic complex
Plant, animal and fungi species protection is targeted at
ensuring preservation and proper condition of protection
of wild plants, animals and fungi as well as habitats, rare
endemic endangered or protected species, specified
in international agreements, and also preservation of
specific and genetic diversity.
Species protection of animals and plants is introduced by
the virtue of regulation of a minister of environment.
National parks in Poland
Source: http://www.parki.pl/noclegi/mapa_parkow_1.jpg
Wolin National Park
Example of the sea coast landscape
Cliff coast near Międzyzdroje
Photo source:
Internet
Wolin National Park
More informations about this park:
http://www.wolinpn.pl/index.php?page=45
Photo source:
Internet
Słowiński National Park
Example of dune landscape
Łącka dune (43 m above sea level). In the background Łebsko lake
(with an area of 71.42km², it is the largest Pomeranian lake).
Photo source:
Internet
Słowiński National Park
http://slowinskipn.pl/en/
Wigry National Park
Example of lakeland landscape
Wigry lake. Peninsula (former island) with
the ex-kamaldul monastery complex
Wigry National Park
http://www.wigry.win.pl/index_en.html
Photo source:
Internet
Biebrza National Park
Example of the landscape of the river valley
Biebrza river
Photo source:
Internet
Biebrza National Park
http://www.biebrza.org.pl/
Photo source:
Internet
Ujście Warty National Park
Example of lowland landscape
Photo source:
Internet
Greylag geese (Anser anser)
Photo source:
Internet
http://www.pnujsciewarty.gov.pl/118,general-information-about-the-park.html
Photo source:
Internet
Wielkopolska National Park
Warta river
Photo source:
Internet
Wielkopolska National Park
http://www.wielkopolskipn.pl/index.php/park/change_lang/eng
Photo source:
Internet
Ojców National Park
Example landscape of limestone highland
Photo source:
Internet
More informations about this park: http://www.ojcowskiparknarodowy.pl/
Photo source:
Internet
Famous Cudgel of Hercules. In the back the castle Pieskowa Skała
Photo source:
Internet
Roztocze National Park
Example of highland landscape
http://www.roztoczanskipn.pl/angielski/aboutpark.html
Photo source:
Internet
Roztocze National Park
Polish wild horses (descendants of the tarpan Equus ferus ferus)
Świętokrzyski National Park
Example of old mountains landscape
Świętokrzyski National Park
http://www.swietokrzyskipn.org.pl/?lang=en
Babia Góra National Park
http://www.bgpn.pl/en
Pieniny National Park
Example of limestone mountains
landscape
http://www.pieninypn.pl/index.html?lang_id=UK
Dunajec river and
Trzy Korony Peak
Border National Parks
1. Białowieża National Park Poland/Belarus
2. Tatra National Park Poland/Slovakia
3. Sudety National Park Poland/Czech Republic
4. Bieszczady National Park Poland/Ukraine/Slovakia
Białowieża National Park
Example of forest landscape
Białowieża Forest is
one of the last and
largest remaining parts
of the immense
primaeval forest that
once stretched across
the European Plain.
European bisons
in Białowieża
National Park
Białowieża National Park (Poland/Belarus)
http://bpn.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=104&Itemid=178
Source: http://bpn.com.pl
Karkonosze National Park
Example of high mountain landscape
Śnieżka Peak (1602 meters above sea level) with
the meteorological observatory
- http://www.kpnmab.pl/
- http://cikpn.kpnmab.pl/wycieczka/
Krkonossky National Park (Czech Republic)
Nature protection plan
Source: http://www.krnap.cz/
+
issues - protection of nature: different approaches, the
Czech Republic trails are off for a certain period of time
(for the rebirth of vegetation) in Poland does not
change in the Czech Republic strictly protected
areas to partially protected without an agreement
with Poland
Tatry National Park
Example of high mountain landscape
Photo source:
Internet
Tatry National Park
Tatry National
Park
Tatry National Park
More informations about this park: http://tpn.pl/
Tatry National Park (Poland) – Nature Protection Plan
Source: http://tpn.pl/
Tatra National Park - TANAP (Slovakia) – Nature protection plan
Source: www.tanap.org/english
Tatra reserve biosphere (1992)
+
issues - protection of nature: different
approaches such as hunting bears
forbidden in Poland, Slovakia acceptable
Bieszczady National Park
Example of mountain landscape
More informations about this park: http://www.bdpn.pl/
Bieszczady National Park – Nature Protection Plan
Source: http://www.bdpn.pl/
East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (1992)
Covering an area
of 2,080.89

km ²
1,087.24 km ² part of Poland,
407.78 km ² - Part
Slovak
585.87 km ² - part
of Ukrainian
Source: http://ts3.mm.bing.net/th?id=H.5013379036481790&pid=15.1
International Biosphere Reserve "Eastern Carpathians" is faced with numerous
difficulties, resulting from the need to reconcile the requirements of economic and
ecological problems of cross-border cooperation.
Crisis of the nature protection in Poland
1. Failure to natural conventions and international agreements.
2. Poor progress in the implementation of the Natura 2000 network..
3. Illusory national strategy for biodiversity conservation (so called
„lifeless/dead document”).
4. Strategic and planning documents in the economy does not take
into account the protection of nature.
5. Poor status of protection of nature in the state administration.
6. Poor cooperation administration with scientists.
7. The lack of clearly designated responsibility for the state of
nature.
8. For 15 years there was created any national park, but for 20
years it is planned to create three next (lack of money, opposition of
local authorities)
Source: Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation - http://www.mos.gov.pl/;
Crisis of the nature protection in Poland (2)
10. Poland gave one of their most important rights (and obligations)
for the conduct of coordinated nationwide efforts to preserve
natural heritage in the hands of unprepared local authorities (lack
of knowledge, human resources and finance). According to the
current rules, can not be create or enlarge a national park, nature
reserve, landscape protected area without the consent of the local
authorities. Local authorities also have the right of veto in the
preparation of protection plans of Natura 2000 sites, as well as
great opportunities to block the establishment of plans for the
protection of other forms of nature. It can cause paralysis locally
conservation, and makes it difficult to carry out its international
obligations. Just dislike a one local government that values the

importance of national or the world could not be effectively
protected.
11. Rules of species protection inconsistent of natural EU
Directives.
12. A small degree of enforcement of criminal laws.
Crisis of the nature protection in Poland (3)
13. Ineffective protection of ecological corridors.
14. Lack of buffer zones, and their little much protection.
15. The crisis of landscape protection. Poland does not respect the the
European Convention on Landscape and failed to convert it into Polish
law. The Nature Protection Act struck most provisions for the protection
of the landscape.
16. Lack of conservation plans or their failure.
17. Insufficient environmental monitoring.
18. Unfinished national system of protected areas in Poland.
19. Anti-natural government campaign.
20. Poaching.
1830 r.
Puszczykowo town
&
Wielkopolska
National Park
town partially

located
within a national park
changes in land use
in the years 18302010
Source: Macias et al. (2011)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 - forests, 2 - arable land, 3 - grassland
and greenery areas, 4 - built up areas, 5 surface water, 6 - roads and railways
References:
- Kowalik, T., Świątkowski, P., Cieślik T., 1996: Parki Narodowe. National Parks. Parcs Nationaux. The
Guide Book of the European Ecological Centre. Warszawa
- Chojnacka, I., 1995: Environmental Protection in Poland, Krajowy Zarząd Parków Narodowych.
Warszawa
- Rąkowski G., 2009: Parki narodowe w Polsce (National Parks in Poland), Instytut Ochrony
Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Walczak M., Radziejowski J. , Smogorzewska M., 2001: Obszary chronione w Polsce (Protected areas
in Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rakowski G., Smogorzewska M., Janczewska A., Wojcik J., Walczak M., Pisarski Z., 2004: Parki
krajobrazowe w Polsce (Landscape parks in Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in
Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Wójcik J., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., Brodowska M., 2005: Rezerwaty przyrody w
Polsce Północnej (Nature Reserves in Northern Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in
Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., 2006: Rezerwaty przyrody w Polsce Środkowejj (Nature
Reserves in Central Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Rąkowski G., Walczak M., Smogorzewska M., 2007: Rezerwaty przyrody w Polsce Południowej
(Nature Reserves in Southern Poland), Instytut Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa [in Polish]
- Report of the State Council for Nature Conservation; http://www.mos.gov.pl/
- http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pnp/pnp.htm
Thank you for
your attention!