Ultra High Energy Neutrinos in the Mediterranean: detecting n and n
Transcription
Ultra High Energy Neutrinos in the Mediterranean: detecting n and n
Ultra Ultra High High Energy Energy Neutrinos Neutrinos in in the the Mediterranean: and nnmmwith with Mediterranean: detecting detecting nntt and 33 telescope aa km km telescope Gennaro Miele Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II” [email protected] XII International Workshop on “Neutrino Telescopes” Reference: JCAP02(2007)007 1 33 Why to detect UHEn at a Km Why to detect UHEn at a Km Neutrino Neutrino Telescope? Telescope? At ultra high energy extragalactic n-flux dominates Astrop. Phys. 20 (2004) 507 AMANDA Sensitivity ICECUBE Sensitivity G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 2 Two Main reasons for UHE • The extragalactic contribution dominates: extragalactic astronomy • It is possible to measure simultaneously the neutrino flux and the n-Nucleon cross section, at energies and kinematical regions never tested. Events nt and n m induced. Final results: The sensitivity increases for proper km3-NT shape and orientation G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 3 UHE UHENeutrinos Neutrinosare areproduced producedvia via ••The TheAcceleration Acceleration mechanisms mechanismsof ofUHE UHEcharged chargedparticles particles ••The ThePropagation Propagationin inthe thecosmo cosmoof ofUHE UHEparticles particles • p + gb ö p + e- + e+ proton pair production •N + gb ö N + n p photo-production of single or multiple pions •n ö p + e- __ + ne neutron decay Due to neutrino oscillation and UHECR we expect almost the same UHE fluxes for ne , nm ,nt. But the fluxes are still unknown! G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 4 The nt chances: two kinds of tracks Earth-skimming nt a real chance t tracks in water (air) Fiducial Volume t tracks in rock t interaction range larger or similar to the decay length •K.S.Capelle, Capelle,J.W. J.W.Cronin, Cronin,G.G.Parente Parenteand andE.E.Zas, Zas, •K.S. 1998. 1998. •F.Halzen Halzenand andD.D.Saltzberg, Saltzberg,1998. 1998. •F. •F. Becattini and S. Bottai, 2001 •F. Becattini and S. Bottai, 2001 •Beacom,Crotty, Crotty,Kolb, Kolb,2001 2001 •Beacom, •D. Fargion, 1999, 2002, 2005 •D. Fargion, 1999, 2002, 2005 •X.Bertou, Bertou,P.P.Billoir, Billoir,O.O.Deligny, Deligny,C.C.Lachaud, Lachaud,A.A. •X. Letessier-Selvon., 2002 Letessier-Selvon., 2002 •J.L. Feng, P. Fisher, F. Wilczek and T.M. Yu, 2002 •J.L. Feng, P. Fisher, F. Wilczek and T.M. Yu, 2002 •D.Fargion, Fargion,P.G. P.G.De DeSanctis SanctisLucentini Lucentiniand andM. M.De De •D. Santis, 2004 Santis, 2004 •C.Aramo, Aramo,A.A.Insolia, Insolia,A.A.Leonardi, Leonardi,G.G.Miele, Miele,L.L. •C. Perrone, O Pisanti, D.V. Semikoz, 2005 Perrone, O Pisanti, D.V. Semikoz, 2005 •Z.Cao, Cao,M.A. M.A.Huang, Huang,P.P.Sokolsky Sokolskyand andY.Y.Hu, Hu,2005 2005 •Z. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 5 •M.M.Guzzo Guzzoand andC.A. C.A.Moura, Moura,2005 2005 •M.M. •G. Miele, S. Pastor and O. Pisanti, 2006 •G. Miele, S. Pastor and O. Pisanti, 2006 EeV neutrinos have interaction lenght ~ 500 Km water equivalent in rock Let us consider a Km3 in all the three sites proposed in the Mediterranean • Just a cube as fiducial volume • No experimental details (Simplicity ansatz: each charged leptons crossing the fiducial volume is detected) • Underwater surface profile We generate possible neutrino tracks which account for the characteristics of Earth surface profile. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 6 3 The The rate rate of of tt events events in in 11 Km Km3 r dN τ dΦν ( Eν ) ( ) ( = D ∑ ∫ dΩ a ∫ dS a ∫ dEν dE ε ( E ) cos θ k E , E ; r τ τ a a ν τ a , Ωa ) ∫ dt dEν dΩ a a a = W, E, S, N, U, D Same calculation for Auger FD in PLB634:137-142,2006 Fiducial volume, no experiment characteristics, just able to recognize a t G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 7 For Fornnttcrossing crossingthe therock rock(Earth-skimming) (Earth-skimming) or orwater. water. r r r r w k a (Eν , Eτ ; ra , Ω a ) = k a (Eν , Eτ ; ra , Ω a ) + k a (Eν , Eτ ; ra , Ω a ) is the probability that an incoming neutrino crossing the Earth (rock “r” events) with energy En and direction Wa, produces a lepton emerging with energy Et , which enters the fiducial volume through the lateral surface dSa at the position ra. Similar definition for (water “w” events) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 8 r k (Eν , Eτ ; ra , Ω a ) r a Takes three contributions, the main one is: r r k a (Eν , Eτ ; ra , Ω a ) = z max ∫ 0 f Eν dz ' dE ∫ τ P1 P2 P3 P4 + .... 0 This process occurs if 1. the nt survives for some distance z in the Earth ( P1 ) 2. nt ô t in z, z+d z ( P2 ) 3. the t comes out from the Earth before decaying ( P3 ) 4. the t is able to reach the fiducial volume ( P4 ) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 9 Et z P1 = Exp − ν λCC (Eν ) λνCC (Eν ) = P2 = E’t 1 σ νCC (Eν ) ρ s N A z nt dz λνCC (Eν ) 1 mτ 1 ' − P3 = Exp − cτ τ βτ ρ s Eτ f Eν t ( − βτ ρ s (z smax − z ) ' δ Eτ − f Eν e ( 1 mτ 1 ' − βτ ρ a z amax P4 = Exp − − ' δ Eτ − Eτ e cτ τ βτ ρ a Eτ Eτ ) ) zamax and zsmax are the total lengths in water and rock for a given track. It depends on the real surface profile. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 10 ETOPO2 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 2001. 2-minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2) The horizontal resolution is 2-minutes of latitude and longitude (1 minute of latitude = 1.853 km at the Equator). The vertical resolution is 1 meter. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 11 Satellite Radar Bathymetry: The surface of the ocean bulges outward and inward mimicking the topography of the ocean floor. The bumps, too small to be seen, can be measured by a radar altimeter aboard a satellite. Over the past year, data collected by the European Space Agency ERS1 altimeter along with recently declassified data from the US Navy Geosat altimeter have provided detailed measurements of sea surface height over the oceans. These data provide the first view of the ocean floor structures in many remote areas of the Earth. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 12 NESTOR Site Nestor Site Pylos • Site Location 36°21’ N, 21°21’ E • Average Deep ~4000 m (4166 in our simulation) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 13 Antares Site Toulon Antares Site • Site Location 42°30’ N, 07°00’ E • Average Deep ~2600 m (2685 m in our simulation) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 14 NEMO Site Etna Nemo Site • Site Location 36°21’ N, 16°10’ E • Average Deep ~3500 m (3424 in our simulation) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 15 W N Nemo W Apertures Aperturesfor fortt tracks trackscrossing crossing the therock rockin inNemo Nemo E S Matter MatterEffect! Effect! S D N E U G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 16 Apertures Aperturesfor fortt tracks trackscrossing crossing only onlywater waterin in Nemo Nemo G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 17 Comparison of Apertures Auger FD Nemo water Nemo rock G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 18 G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 19 Perfoming the exercise for some neutrino fluxes Cosmogenic neutrino flux per flavour Kalashev et al. 01, 02, Semikoz & Sigl, 03 G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 20 ~10-20% of difference among the three sites G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 21 # of yearly t events crossing the rock and the water for a WB flux at Nemo. The same for other sites. Even Evenaafactor factor10 10 for formore more copious copious fluxes! fluxes! Surface D U S N W E Total Nemo-r 0.006 0.000 0.026 0.023 0.034 0.019 0.11 Nemo-w 0.000 0.213 0.177 0.182 0.169 0.188 0.93 Mainly a shadowing effect! G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 22 Rock/water events is a good estimator of n-Nucleon cross section Unless t does not decay in the NT it cannot easily disentangled from m G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 23 Work in Progress! The real observable is the energy lost (DE) in the detector summing muons and tau’s contribution. An appropriate binning in arrival direction and energy deposited provides a way to disentangle neutrino flux from neutrino-Nucleon cross section, DE = 105 - 108 GeV DE > 108 GeV snN(Standard), f(GZK_WB) 3 snN(Standard), f(GZK_WB) snN(Standard), f(GZK_H) G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 00-600 600-850 850-1800 24 00-600 600-850 850-1800 Distribution in arrival direction/energy loss rate for nt & nm G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 25 Dependence of the event rate upon the shape of the NT detector for a fixed total volume of 1 km3. CUBE PARALLELEPIPED Consider the E and W surfaces enlarged by a factor 3 in the horizontal dimension, and the N and S surfaces being reduced by the same factor, keeping the height of towers still 1 km. rock events per year is enhanced by almost a factor 2, from 0.11 to 0.18 for the GZK-WB flux (enhancement enlarges for more energetic neutrino fluxes). Moreover, the expected rate of water events increases by a factor of the order of 50%, from 0.93 up to 1.40 per year. G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 26 Conclusions • UHE neutrino detection allows for extragalactic n-astronomy, and makes possible the simultaneous measurements of the nN cross, section at energy ranges never explored before (New Physics?), and the value of neutrino flux. This depends on the different behavior of the rock and water events on these quantities (work in progress). • To performe the measurement one has to enlarge the number of rock and water events already too small. This can be done by working on the shape of NT, in correlation with the position of the coast line (shadowing effect). G. Miele @ Neutrino Telescope 2007 27