docPost-Tsunami - Guidelines for long term rebah work
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Post-Tsunami - Guidelines for long term rebah work
1 Tsunami Affected Areas - Rehabilitation - Prashant Hedao Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehabilitation Project Auroville TN Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 2 Contents • Coastal Geography / Satellite Imagery / GIS • Rehabilitation Site Selection Guidelines • Community / Settlement Planning & Design • Shelter/House Designs • Infrastructure Wastewater Treatment Renewable Energy Solid Waste Management Water Harvesting • Ecological Restoration of Coastal Ecosystems Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 3 Coastal Geography • Use of Satellite Imagery & Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in predicting & identifying tsunami affected areas • How it can help in long term rehabilitation planning ? Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 4 Topography of Coastal Area Topography data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 5 Topography – Coastal Districts Topography data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 6 3m & 10m Sea Level Rise Topography data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 7 3m & 10m Sea Level Rise Topography data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 8 Post Tsunami – Damage GIS Modeled Prediction Pre Tsunami Phuket Island, Thailand Courtesy: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 9 Satellite Images Pre Tsunami – Dec 21, 2004 Post Tsunami – Dec 26, 2004 Camorta Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands “Low lying areas under water” Red depicts vegetation, white depicts clouds and shades of blue indicate types of water Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 Courtesy: National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) 10 Satellite Images Gleebruk Village, Indonesia “Low lying areas under water – Elevation from the coast matters, not the distance” Pre Tsunami Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 Post Tsunami Courtesy: DigitalGlobe, Inc. (http://www.digitalglobe.com) 11 Satellite Images Pre Tsunami – Jan 14, 2004 Post Tsunami – Dec 27, 2004 Adyar River, Chennai “River mouths wide open because of loss of sandbars - possible salt water intrusion during high tide” Red depicts vegetation, white depicts clouds and shades of blue indicate types of water. Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 Courtesy: National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Coastal Villupuram (Topography) TINDIVANAM MARKANNAM Kaliveli Tank PONDICHERRY Topography data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – NASA – http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 12 13 Villupuram District Case study of villages where Auroville is working (12 in TN & 7 in Pondicherry) Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 14 Villupuram District Case study - affected villages (Proximity to Sea; 100 to 500m) Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 15 0-3m & 3-5m above MSL Nagapattinam District Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 16 Rehabilitation Site Selection Guidelines • Higher elevations; NOT in low lying area as it will be prone to flooding • NOT in the natural or man-made drainage channel which may flood in monsoons • NOT on steep slopes that are prone to erosion • NOT on aquifer/Groundwater recharge areas • Should have good source of water (not affected by saltwater intrusion) • Should maintain & ensure linkages for livelihood needs, social networks, caste issues and primary / secondary economic networks … all this information can be mapped in a Geographic Information System (GIS) and used in the planning process Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 17 Ecological Restoration of Coastal Ecosystems • Tsunami / Cyclone / Tidal Waves defense preparations should include a range of Coastal Ecosystem restoration projects including: • Mangroves • Sand dune ecosystem • Indigenous fringe forests …all of which have suffered as humans move closer to the sea Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 18 Mangrove Forests • Mangrove forests grow in the intertidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for a diverse marine and terrestial flora and fauna. Healthy mangrove forests are key to a healthy marine ecology • They are one of the most productive and biologically diverse wetlands on earth. Yet, these unique coastal tropical forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world. They may be disappearing more quickly than inland tropical rainforests, and so far, with little public notice Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 19 Mangroves of the World Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 20 Mangroves in India Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 21 Mangrove Forests • Grows in water by trapping silt • Needs right combination of salt & fresh water • Roots above water level for aeration Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 22 Mangrove Forests - Conservation For More information on Mangroves around the world: The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: http://www.ramsar.org/types_mangroves.htm The Mangrove Forest: background paper : http://www.ramsar.org/about_mangroves_2.htm Mangrove Action Project (MAP): http://www.earthisland.org/map/ Mangroves of the World (Map); WCMC: http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/coral_mangrove/marine.maps.main.html Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 23 Sand Dune Ecosystem Sand dune may be simply defined as a mound or ridge formed by the deposition of sand. These geologic landforms develop when an abundance of sand combines with wind, vegetation and geography. The vegetation that is native to sand dunes is very unique; it is tolerant to: • Saltwater spray from sea waves • Can sustain high & salty wind • Can stand high daytime temperatures when the sand gets very hot • Has special roots that can find footing even in loose sand and reach the soil underneath Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 24 Sand Dune Ecosystem People’s indiscriminate use of dunes can damage or destroy thousands of years of geologic processes in one instance. Research has demonstrated that dune vegetation is sensitive to damage by human disturbance. Dunes are vulnerable to wind erosion once the anchoring vegetation on them is damaged or destroyed and without effective conservation measures, we stand to lose an already limited resource. Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 25 Dune Formation Process Stage I – Sandbar is created by deposition from large waves breaking offshore Stage II – Dune formation begins at the thicket line with deposition of windblown sand SOURCE: “Design With Nature” by Ian L. McHarg Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 26 Dune Formation Process Stage III – Secondary dune formation begins as dune grass community is established. Sand is removed from the front of the dune. Stage IV – Dune grass community advances seaward to the high tide line. Primary dune formation begins SOURCE: “Design With Nature” by Ian L. McHarg Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 27 Dune Formation Process Final Stage Stage V Primary dune is established and secondary dune is stabilized • Salt Spray is reduced by primary dune and ground level rises • Xeric thickets replace dune grass • Secondary dune is stabilized. Dune grass is replaced by plants not requiring sand deposition • Fringe forests established behind the stabilized secondary dune SOURCE: “Design With Nature” by Ian L. McHarg Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 28 Sand Dune – Usage Most suitable for development Tolerant BACKDUNE No passage, breaching or building Intolerant SECONDARY DUNE Limited recreation, limited structures Relatively Intolerant TROUGH No passage, breaching or building Intolerant PRIMARY DUNE Intensive recreation No building Tolerant BEACH Intensive recreation Subject to pollution control OCEAN Tolerant …to cross the secondary & primary dune a wooden bridge can be provided for people Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 SOURCE: “Design With Nature” by Ian L. McHarg 29 Sand Dune – Conservation How sand dune conservation is being done in other parts of the world… Lake Huron Center for Coastal Conservation (Canada): http://www.lakehuron.on.ca/coastal/SaubleBeach-Spring.asp UK Biodiversity Action Plan: http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=28 Environmental Protection Agency (Govt. of Queensland): http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/coast_and_oceans/ beaches_and_dunes/coastal_dunes/ Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 30 Indigenous Fringe Forests In case of Tamil Nadu coast it is “Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest” SOURCE: Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund - US Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 31 Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest – Characteristics • One of the very rare ecosystems in the world, most tropical dry forests elsewhere are deciduous (shed their leaves during dry season) • This particular one is evergreen because of extended north-east monsoon and heavy dew formation after monsoons • One can see how it was in original state in sacred groves (lands attached to temples), some remnant forests can also be found in reserve forests on the plains, and around / on hillocks … Unfortunately almost 99% of it is destroyed / converted to agricultural fields over the last few centuries Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 32 Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest – Characteristics …biologically very rich, with diverse flora & fauna Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 33 Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest – Ecological Restoration • Indigenous / native species should be planted • High tolerance to any disturbance, have built-in defence mechanisms • Low and/or no maintenance once it stabilizes • No threat of attacks by pests • May take longer, but it is worth the wait • Species diversity is the key • Should plant at all levels: (ground covers, shrubs, understory, keystone species) • Less chance of getting wiped out in case of a disease outbreak … this will ensure long term survival of the ecosystem and hence protection to coastal communities Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 34 Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest – Auroville Resources Auroville Botanical Garden: http://www.auroville.org/environment/botanical_garden/introduction.htm “Shakti” Herbarium at Auroville: http://www.auroville.org/environment/env_shakti.htm Pichandikulam Bio Resource Centre: http://www.auroville.info/pbrc/index.html Article in “Auroville Today” on TDEF (April 2002): http://www.auroville.org/journals&media/avtoday/april_2002/tdef%20pr oject.htm Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 35 Ecological Restoration – Socio-economic Aspects Protection of the planted areas / restored ecosystems • May need to be fenced in the initial stages • Generate awareness about importance of ecosystems among the communities • Should be incorporated in local schools as environmental education • Communities should own & protect them … ownership by the communities will ensure long term survival of the restored ecosystems Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 36 Ecological Restoration – Socio-economic Aspects … generating awareness & educating the local communities will ensure their safety from natural calamities Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005 37 Tsunami Affected Areas - Long Term Rehabilitation Thanks Questions / Comments Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehabilitation Project Auroville TN [email protected] [email protected] Auroville Tsunami Relief & Rehab Project, March 2005
