BALIKESİR WIND FARM
Transcription
BALIKESİR WIND FARM
BARES ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT for BALIKESİR WIND FARM in CENTRAL and KEPSUT DISTRICTS of BALIKESİR MGS PROJECT CONSULTANCY ENGINEERING TRADE LIMITED COMPANY ANKARA – JANUARY /2010 Updated APRIL 2010 CLIENT COMMUNICATION DETAILS BARES ELEKTRİK ÜRETİM A.Ş. Ambarlı Liman Tesisleri Marmara Mah. Kumcular Yolu No.33, Yakuplu Köyü, Büyükçekmece/İstanbul Tel Fax : +90 216 468 0034 : +90 216 468 0039 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT PROJECT LOCATION OF PROJECT ASSESSMENT FOR BALIKESIR WIND FARM CENTRAL and KEPSUT DISTRICTS of BALIKESİR REPORT PREPARED BY MGS PROJECT CONSULTANCY ENGINEERING TRADE LIMITED Co. COMMUNICATION DETAILS OF REPORT PREPARER Şehit Cevdet Özdemir Mah. 1351.Sok No:1/7 06460 Çankaya/ANKARA Tel :+90 312 479 84 00 Fax :+90 312 479 84 99 DATE JANUARY 2010 Updated APRIL 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .....................................................................................................................iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................iii List of Annexes....................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................... i 1 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Description and its Necessity ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Physical and Technical Characteristics of Project .................................................. 4 1.3 Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts .....................................15 1.3.1 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................15 1.3.2 Social Impacts...................................................................................................17 1.4 Policy, legal, and administrative framework...........................................................18 1.4.1 National Legislation ...........................................................................................18 1.4.2 International Legislation ....................................................................................19 2 LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...................21 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ...........................39 3.1 Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics .............................................................39 3.1.1 Wind..................................................................................................................39 3.1.2 Other Components ............................................................................................41 3.2 Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics ................................................42 3.3 Structural Geology & Seismicity ............................................................................47 3.4 Ground Survey Analysis........................................................................................48 3.5 Hydrological Characteristics ..................................................................................49 3.6 Ecology and Biologic Life ......................................................................................51 3.7 Air Quality .............................................................................................................70 3.8 Noise ....................................................................................................................77 3.9 Socio-economic Profile .........................................................................................77 3.10 Cultural Heritage ...................................................................................................78 3.11 Landscape ............................................................................................................78 4 WASTES AND WASTE DISPOSAL .............................................................................79 4.1 Solid Wastes .........................................................................................................79 4.1.1 Solid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal ..................79 4.1.2 Solid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal ......................80 4.2 Liquid Wastes .......................................................................................................80 4.2.1 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal ................80 4.2.2 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal ....................81 4.3 Medical Wastes.....................................................................................................82 4.4 Hazardous Wastes................................................................................................82 5 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .........................................................................................................................83 5.1 Construction..........................................................................................................83 5.1.1 Impacts on Soil..............................................................................................83 5.1.2 Impacts on Habitat ........................................................................................84 5.1.3 Dust Emissions .............................................................................................85 5.1.4 Noise .............................................................................................................86 5.1.5 Other .............................................................................................................86 5.2 Operation ..............................................................................................................86 5.2.1 Visual Impacts...................................................................................................86 5.2.2 Noise.................................................................................................................87 5.2.3 Impacts on settlements and socio-economy ......................................................87 5.2.4 Impacts on Natural Protection Areas, Cultural and Archaeological Areas ..........88 5.2.5 Impacts on Forest Lands ...................................................................................88 5.2.6 Light and Illumination Impacts ...........................................................................88 i 6 7 8 9 5.2.7 Impacts on land use, agriculture and animal husbandry, reinstatement of pasture lands after completion of operation period .....................................................................91 5.3 Occupational Accidents and Emergency Plan .......................................................92 5.4 Occupational Health and Safety Measures ...........................................................93 5.5 Community Health and Safety Measures ..............................................................94 5.5.1 Lightning protection ...........................................................................................94 5.5.2 Aviation warning lights ......................................................................................94 5.5.3 Other .................................................................................................................94 5.6 Greviances Mechanism.........................................................................................95 5.7 Monitoring Program ..............................................................................................95 5.7.1 Construction Phase ...........................................................................................95 5.7.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................................96 PUBLIC CONSULTATION............................................................................................97 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................100 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................103 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................104 ii List of Figures Figure-1. Location Map of Balıkesir Wind Farm .........................................................................................3 Figure-2. Simple Layout Map .....................................................................................................................6 Figure-3. Zoning Map .................................................................................................................................6 Figure-4. Wind Electricity System Components .........................................................................................8 Figure-5. Typical Wind Electricity System Work Flow ................................................................................9 Figure-6. Typical Foundation Structure of wind turbines ............................................................................10 Figure-7. Typical Turbine Structure ............................................................................................................11 Figure-8. Main components of Nordex N90/2500 ......................................................................................12 Figure-9. 3-blade turbine sample (Nordex N90 2500) ................................................................................12 Figure-10. Tentaive Work Schedule ...........................................................................................................14 Figure-11. IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability ...........20 Figure-12. Project area ...............................................................................................................................21 Figure-13. Map showing location of alternatives ........................................................................................23 Figure-14. Map showing location of selected alternative, Alternative-3 .....................................................27 Figure-15(a). Different site views of proposed windfarm location ..............................................................33 Figure-15(b). Different site views of overhead powerline route ..................................................................37 Figure-16. Figure showing Turbine Layout and Mast Locations ................................................................40 Figure-17. Comparison of sunshine durations (hours) ...............................................................................41 Figure-18. Map showing general geology ..................................................................................................43 Figure-19(a). Generalised Stratigraphic Section ........................................................................................45 Figure-19(b). 1/100.000 scaled geology map.............................................................................................46 Figure-20. Phytogeographical regions in Turkey (after Davis et. al. 1971) ................................................51 Figure-21. Vegetation Map .........................................................................................................................52 Figure-22. Important endemic species map of Turkey ...............................................................................53 Figure-23. IUCN category relations ............................................................................................................61 Figure-24. Turkish bird migration pathways ...............................................................................................68 Figure-25. Workflow of land reinstatement and rehabilitation ....................................................................84 List of Tables Table-1. Wind speed over months .............................................................................................................4 Table-2. Turbine Location Coordinates (UTM 35S, Eurpoean Datum 1950) .............................................5 Table-3. Potential impacts on environment ................................................................................................16 Table-4. Classification of Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................16 Table-5. Classification of Social Impacts ....................................................................................................17 Table 6(a). Comparison of proposed alternatives showing environmental and social aspects .................24 Table 6(b). Comparison of proposed alternatives showing technical and commercial aspects ................25 Table-7. Sunshine durations in Balıkesir, Bandırma and Ayvalık ..............................................................41 Table-8. Flora of studied area ....................................................................................................................55 Table-9. Determined Amphibians in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ...........62 Table-10. Determined Reptilia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ................62 Table-11. Determined Mamalia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status ...............63 Table-12(a). Determined Brooding Avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status 64 Table-12(b). Determined migrating avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status 66 Table-13. Summary of Baseline air quality measurements ........................................................................70 Table-14. Balıkesir Air Quality Station Measurements between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009 ...................70 Table-15. Baseline Noise Quality ...............................................................................................................77 Table-16. Settlements‟ geographic and demographic indicators ...............................................................78 Table-17. Pasture lands and acquisition amounts .....................................................................................91 iii List of Annexes Annex-1 Annex-2 Annex-3 Annex-4 Annex-5 Annex-6 Annex-7 Annex-8 Annex-9 Annex-10 Annex-11 Annex-12 Annex-13 Annex-14 Annex-15 Annex-16 Annex-17 Turkey Wind Atlas Wind Farms in Operation Energy Production License, Special Provisions and Amendment EIA Not Necessary Statement Site Conditions Assessment Report Balıkesir Energy Production Assessment Report Correspondences with Local Institutions Landownership Maps Social Impact Assessment Report Meteorological Bulletins Baseline Air Quality Report Baseline Noise Quality Report Visual Impacts Assessment Report Correspondence between BARES and EMRA for private land acquisition Sample Complaints Form and Tracking Sheet Environmental Management Plans Drawings, Plans and Documents iv Abbreviations ABBREVIATION EMP EMRA ESIA GH ICRP IEC IFC ILO OHP PPE PS SHW TEIAS TUBIVES TITLE Environmental Management Plan Energy Market Regulatory Authority Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Garrad Hassan International Commission on Radiological Protection International Electrotechnical Comission International Finance Corporation International Labor Organisation Overhead Powerline Personal Protective Equipment Performance Standart State Hydraulic Works Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. Turkish Plants Data Service i ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT Project Description and its Necessity Generating energy from any energy source existing on world surface changes depending on that source‟s own characteristics, abundance and type. While accessing that kind of resource requires huge investments, some can be reached costless. However, operating these resources has different processes and each process has a different cost. Access to energy is essential for good health also. Hundreds of millions of people – mainly women and children – spend several hours daily gathering fuel wood and water, often from considerable distances, for household needs. Because of these demands on their time and energy, women and children are denied opportunities for other endeavors such as economic activities and school attendance, respectively. They also suffer considerable damage to their health, especially respiratory diseases from indoor air pollution, by having to cook indoors on poorly vented stoves. Energy services are essential means to support overall development, rather than an end in itself. The demand for energy services, and thus for energy, is derived from the output of other goods and services. Most economic activity is not possible without energy, and no country in modern times has substantially reduced demands without massively increasing its use of energy. Facing a rapidly increasing energy demand in the world, depletion in existing exhaustible resources and due to environmental problems caused by some resources brought the concept of new and renewable energy sources to scene. Sensitivity raised due to environmental problems caused by electricity generation by means of conventional methods in the world increased energy generation from new and renewable energy sources which are environment friendly, constituting local resourcing, not requiring combustion/fuel costs; since costs governed by used technology to minimize effects caused by conventional methods are very high and the fact that employed resources are not renewable. As per data published by Energy Agency as of November 2002, contribution of use of renewable energy sources is 13,8% of total energy resources. Turkey needs a 2500 MW investment annually in order to compensate energy requirement which is increasing by 8% each year. Among the alternatives to accommodate energy, hydroelectric power plants step into operation in 4 to 5 years, nuclear power plants in 6 to 7 years. Natural gas power plants come into operation in 1,5 to 2 years, however, in this case raw material becomes a major problem. Wind power plants can be taken into operation within 1 year depending on their capacity. Besides short duration of commissioning, it is one of the most preferred means of energy generation due to the method employed to generate energy. Wind energy is a high technology product power source due to the following reasons: It does not cause acid rains or atmospheric (in other words to global) warming; reduces pollution due to CO 2 emission; saves use of fossil fuels; no shortage in raw material; is a continuous and unlimited energy resource; provides economic production; has faster technological improvement and does not have any external dependence. Worlds wind resource is calculated to be 53 TW/year and it is foreseen that increase in energy demand in 2020 will be 25,579 TWH/year world-wide. In order to achieve 1,245 GW world wind resource target in 2020, necessary investment cost is 692 billion dollars. In this period, it is envisaged that energy production costs decrease from 3.79 e-cents/kWh to 2.45 1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM e-cents/kWh. It is also forecasted that 2,3 million employment opportunities will be available world wide in wind energy sector, mainly in fabrication, installation and other lines of business. Wind energy has an important role in our energy future and fighting against climate change. It is still one of the growing industries world wide. Today‟s global energy policy is important not only for climate changes but also increase in energy demand as well as securing energy sustainability. Under these three headings, wind energy is the strongest candidate to become the leader. According to a survey conducted in USA, wind potential in California itself reduces 1,2 million tones CO2 and 15 million tones of other pollutants, which corresponds to a forest with 90 million and 175 million trees respectively to satisfy same air quality. While 12% of total world energy demand can be supplied from wind, 11 billion tones CO2 can be reduced until 2020 according to industry reports. Wind energy plays a critical role in our energy future and contributes mitigation in climate changes. For this purpose, G8 union has to encourage and support use of wind energy worldwide in order to avoid greenhouse gas emissions. Currently available wind power in Europe prohibits generation of more than 50 million tones of CO2 production. Besides, as per Kyoto Protocol, EU committed that greenhouse gas emissions will be decreased by 8% of values in 1990 and that 20% of total energy will be generated from renewable sources. If today‟s growth continues, wind energy will save 109 million tones until 2010 which is already 30% more than the commitment made in Kyoto Protocol. Worldwide surveys indicate that while 80% of countries are in favor of wing energy, only 5% are against it. Oppositions are generally related to cost concerns, visibility and public dissatisfaction. On the other hand, same survey indicates that there exist social benefits as positive recognition for use of a “Greener” source of energy and trend-setter for urban areas of comparable wind classes. Similar to world, energy demand in our country increases due to economic growth, increase in population, etc. Turkey has strategic opportunities to divert into clean energy production considering that it is economic, reduces dependency to imported fossil fuels, commissions faster and it has least environmental pollution. With its commercial dimension and characteristics, wind energy will attract foreign investments on Turkey‟s renewable energy resource and will bring Turkey and Turkish economy to a growing alternative market in terms of wind energy investments. In addition, it will contribute to private sector investments in energy sector and improvement and development of commercial electricity enterprises. Turkey, by popularizing use of renewable and environmental friendly wind energy potential, will gain an advantage in terms of economic and environmental aspects due to the fact that it is located in one of the very wind effective areas over the world. Wind Atlas of Turkey (Annex-1) prepared considering geographical characteristics of our country; shorelines, mountains, valleys as well as wind measurements, land roughness, surrounding environmental data, show that wind energy potential in Turkey is an important source that has to be considered. For this reason, in recent years, operating wind farms in our country increased significantly (Annex-2). When utilization of wind energy becomes wide-spread in the country, 15% of energy demand of Turkey will be compensated in 5-6 years which can be considered very short term. Considering the stated reasons, Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and operate a wind farm in Balıkesir Province Central and Kepsut Districts (Figure-1) in order not 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM only to contribute to national economy but also compensate energy demand of the country. Proposed wind farm will be in 142,5 MW capacity operating with 57 wind turbines of 2,5 MW each. Expected annual energy production is calculated to be 549.200.000 kWh/year. Electricity collected in switch area will be transmitted to national electricity network through Balıkesir – Poyraz II Transformer as approved by Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS) with a 4.5 km long over head energy transmission system (154/kV). Figure-1. Location Map of Balıkesir Wind Farm 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1.2 Physical and Technical Characteristics of Project Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is designing a wind farm in Balıkesir, Central and Kepsut districts by constructing 57 turbines each with 2,5 MW capacity. Total capacity of the plant is forecasted to be 142,5 MW and annual average production is calculated to be 549.200.000 kWh/year. Total cost of project is envisaged to be 250 € millions. Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. applied for license to Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) in order to be granted for energy generation for the said project and Production License (Annex-3) is achieved as of 18/04/2007 coded EÜ/1167-6/839, as per Law on Electricity Market (Law No. 4628) for 49 years. Due to certain reasons, this license is amended (Annex3). As per national legislation, for the planned wind power plant area, Balıkesir Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry issued an “EIA Not Required” statement (Annex-4) in accordance with the fact that the facility is environment friendly and will not consume any fossil fuel nor generate any pollutant. Its associated electric transmission line for transmitting produced energy to national electricity network is designed to be 4,5 km and it is not subject to any environmental approval procedure as per national regulations and legislations. This line will be connected to national electricity network through a new component that will be constructed by TEIAS. Necessary approvals for that connection are already obtained from related authorities. Electric energy to be generated by means of wind turbines are a function of; - Wind speed and frequency, - Area dredged by turbine blades as well as land and surface characteristics of turbine area. In addition, - Surface roughness, - Topography: accessible and eligible for construction, - Extend of land, - Proximity to national electricity network are important factors to be considered while making site selection. 13 months average of wind in the proposed wind farm area is measured. Measurements are taken from 7 different locations for 10-20-30 meters. Average monthly wind speeds are recorded and presented in Table-1. Table-1. Wind speed over months No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Months 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month Speed (m/s) 9,40 m/s 7,50 m/s 7,00 m/s 9,40 m/s 9,50 m/s 7,00 m/s 8,40 m/s No 8 9 10 11 12 13 Months 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month Speed (m/s) 7,40 m/s 6,40 m/s 7,80 m/s 9,70 m/s 9,20 m/s 11,40 m/s Environmental characteristics are also taken into consideration during site selection. During feasibility studies, target production capacity of each production unit, micro-location of turbines and detailed placement plans are defined by considering wind speed, frequency, 4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM prevailing wind direction, surface roughness and turbine power curves obtained from manufacturers. While locating turbines on the defined area for proposed activity, also taking into account of above stated requirements, coordinates for turbine locations are defined and given in Table2 below. For this purpose, detailed technical assessments are made and attached hereto (Annex-5 and Annex-6). Small shifts may take place during construction of turbines due to surface requirements. Simple layout map and zoning plans are provided in Figure-2 and Figure-3 respectively. Table-2. Turbine Location Coordinates (UTM 35S, Eurpoean Datum 1950) Turbine T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 Northing (m) 587612 587831 588596 588780 588967 589174 589375 589597 589901 590192 590421 590725 590955 590625 590744 590997 591257 591644 591796 591983 592174 592382 592612 593030 593325 591001 591431 591664 592030 Easting (m) 4401727 4401645 4401806 4401667 4401529 4401447 4401334 4401294 4401720 4401747 4401719 4401706 4401669 4401025 4400791 4400813 4400831 4400702 4400514 4400405 4400269 4400200 4400141 4400194 4400244 4400475 4400121 4399981 4399602 Turbine T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 T39 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T50 T51 T52 T53 T54 T55 T56 T57 Northing (m) 592443 592671 592913 593118 593334 589032 589255 589435 589587 585104 585289 585493 585688 585845 586033 586172 586294 585214 585497 586671 587107 587296 587503 587765 587912 588252 588515 588717 Easting (m) 4399369 4399308 4399291 4399232 4399178 4400190 4400120 4399981 4399814 4398178 4398035 4397943 4397835 4397650 4397529 4397323 4397108 4397616 4397431 4398074 4398113 4397974 4397869 4397896 4397661 4397609 4397649 4397559 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-2. Simple Layout Map Figure-3. Zoning Map 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Area allocated by proposed wind farm cover 275.610 m², overhead powerline poles 2647 m2 and access roads 283.390 m². Total area will be 561.647 m². 10% of the area crosses forest land, 67,3% pasture land, 10,9% on private land and 11,8% unregistered public land. Institutions are contacted in relation to existing wind farm designs and their provisions are taken considering their short-, medium- and long-term investments (Annex-7). Necessary changes for site selection are made in accordance with their comments. Following, required permissions are granted and land acquisition/rental procedures are initiated. Parcels under private ownership are also subjected to acquisition first by mutual agreement. Where agreement is not reached, court procedure is employed as per national land acquisition laws. Besides, in cases where lands (wind area, access roads, and energy transmission lines) are cropped, crop compensation will be made accordingly. Maps showing landownership are provided in Annex-8, ownership is summarized below: Within administrative borders of Yeniköy; turbines and their access roads are on public lands (unregistered lands) and on a negligible amount of private land, Within administrative borders of Kürse Village, turbines and access roads are completely on pasture lands, Within administrative borders of Gökçeören Village, turbines and access roads are completely on pasture lands, Within administrative borders of Eşeler Village, turbines and access roads are completely on pasture lands, Within administrative borders of Karakaya Village, turbines, switchyard, social facilities, overhead line poles and access roads are completely on pasture lands, Within administrative borders of Ayvatlar Village, turbines and access roads are in majority on pasture lands and partially on private lands. Wind turbines will be imported from Europe. Installation of turbines will be made both in-lands and abroad. Cables, transformers and other electromagnetic equipment will be supplied domestically and/or from abroad. Wind turbines are machinery converting moving energy of air into mechanical energy. Wind turbines used to generate electric energy are 1-bladed, 2-bladed or 3-bladed turbines operating in high frequency. Under the scope of the proposed project, 3-bladed turbines will be employed. Reasons behind high frequency run can be explained by: 1. A high speed wind turbine with equal diameter is lighter than a slower turbine, hence is cheaper. 2. Since rotation speed is high, necessary rotation ratio is lower. For this reason, gear box is relatively lighter. 3. Start-up torque of electricity generators is small. Although start-up torque of a high speed rotor is small, it speeds-up the generator easily. For this reason, high speed wind turbines are very appropriate for this purpose. Turbine blades employed in the system will be in different angles. In some designs, when rotor brake is in charge, a special regulator increasing the angle will be used to ease start-up. Wind rotors are placed in tower either in up-wind or down-wind direction. In first case, startup effect is avoided. Second case is advantageous since the start-up torque is small therefore motor‟s direction finding power will decrease. Under the scope of the project, they will be placed up-wind. Basic configuration of a wind-electric system and workflow are given in Figure-4 and Figure-5 respectively. Mechanical energy generated from moving air is transmitted to an electric 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM generator through an adequate coupling and a gear box. Output from generator is connected to a loader or a network depending on its design. Control device used in this kind of systems detect wind speed and direction, axial-speed and torque, output power and generator heat, then produces signals so that blade angles are checked, directions are controlled and input and output power are equalized by the generator. In addition, it protects the system from cases like system over-loading, electric failures/faults and extreme conditions because of strong wind. In wind-electric systems, total conversion capacity from wind energy to electricity output phase is 25-35%. Figure-4. Wind Electricity System Components 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-5. Typical Wind Electricity System Work Flow It is planned that electricity will be transmitted from turbines to the switch area by underground cable systems and transferred to national electricity network through overhead energy transmission line. Basic components that will be present in wind farm are: 2,5 MW turbines and generator blocks (57 pieces; N90/2500 LS and N90/2500 HS) 80 m high towers (57 pieces) Step-up Transformer Switchboard - Transformer - Control Room - Administrative Unit - Social Unit Protection Equipment Control Equipments Cables and associated equipment Energy transmission poles (13 pieces) to connect switchboard area with national electricity network in Balıkesir – Poyraz II Transformer Area where wind towers will be installed will be excavated by 20x20m with 3 meter depth. Basic foundation structure will be completed following concreting and steeling, and turbines will be located by cranes. Typical foundation structure for wind turbines is provided in Figure6. While preparation of turbine locations and switchyard, excavation waste will be formed. This material will then be used as fill material. There will be no use of additional material which requires external transportation. Any of the activities will not require blasting or hazardous or toxic material. 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-6. Typical Foundation Structure of wind turbines As wind turbine Nordex N90 is planned to be used. Tower diameter of wind turbine is 3m, tower height 80 m, and rotor diameter is approximately 90 m with three blades. Typical turbine structure and main components are given in Figure-7 and Figure-8. 3-blade turbine sample is provided in Figure-9. 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-7. Typical Turbine Structure 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-8. Main components of Nordex N90/2500 Figure-9. 3-blade turbine sample (Nordex N90 2500) 12 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 4,5 km energy transmission line will be composed of 13 pieces. National legislation defines permanent expropriation areas for each type of pole. Poles will be constructed in sizes changing between 11x11m and 19x19. Accordingly total area required for energy transmission poles is 2647 m2. Similarly, excavation amounts for each pole are also calculated. Total amount of excavation will be 778 m2. Electricity poles will be made up of galvanized steel. It is planned that 60 people in construction and 15 during operation phases will be employed. Tentative work plan is provided below, in Figure-10. 13 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 14 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1.3 Summary of Potential Environmental and Social Impacts The project is expected to have a strong development impact by increasing the availability of additional resources to the company and to the country for its development program. These additional resources will be used to develop new energy projects that will help the country reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels and accelerate a change in its energy mix towards more sustainable non - fossil fuels. The project is also expected to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of renewable energy sector of the country. Environmental and social impacts are evaluated in this respect considering power plant area and its associated features. 1.3.1 Environmental Impacts Construction activities for wind energy project include land clearing for site preparation, energy transmission lines and access roads; excavation and filling; transportation of supply materials and fuels; construction of foundations involving excavations and placement of concrete; operating cranes for unloading and installation of equipment; electrification and commissioning of new equipment. Decommissioning activities may include removal of project infrastructure and site rehabilitation. Given by IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Wind Energy, environmental issues associated with these construction and commissioning activities are: Dust and exhaust Noise and vibration, Soil erosion, Threats to biodiversity, including habitat alteration and impacts to wildlife. Due to typically remote location of wind energy conversion facilities, the transport of equipment and materials during construction and decommissioning may present logistical challenges. However, since excavated material will be used as fill material, any additional material transport will not be necessary for the proposed wind farm. In case it is needed, access to land will be enabled through access roads. Environmental issues specific to the operation of wind energy projects and facilities basically include the following: Visual impacts Noise Species mortality or injury and disturbance Light and illumination issues Habitat alteration Water quality Said impacts and proposed mitigation measures are evaluated in detail in Section 5 of this report. Findings are summarized in Table-3 in environmental aspects and their impacts are classified in Table-4. 15 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-3. Potential impacts on environment Component Dust and exhaust Noise and vibration Soil Erosion Potential Impact Only in construction phase with a limited amount Both in construction and operation phases Only in construction phase with a limited amount, technical design is completed considering soil erosion potential Threats to biodiversity, habitat alteration Mortality due to hit the turbines Birds Disturbance on breeding and in food chain areas due to construction of turbines, maintenance and uninstalling process of already operating turbines. Disturbance of habitat due to noise, blade movements, disturbance on food Mammals chain, accidents, electromagnetic affect in close vicinity of switchyard and vibration All livings and Noise and electromagnetic area effect organisms Visual Impacts No impact is envisaged as per social surveys conducted in the activity area Shadow flicker effect is the best known effect given by literature. Lighting and No impact is envisaged as per proper siting of turbines and distance between Illumination turbines and settlements Surface and No impact since no water course or groundwater is crossed in the proposed groundwater sources location Table-4. Classification of Environmental Impacts Impact Dust and exhaust Noise and vibration Soil erosion Threats to biodiversity, including habitat alteration and impacts to wildlife Visual impacts Species mortality or injury and disturbance Light and illumination issues Water quality *3: very serious; 2: serious; 1: not serious Construction √ √ √ √ √ Operation √ √ √ √ √ √ Impact Degree* 1 1 1 1,5 1 1,5 1 0 16 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1.3.2 Social Impacts Similar to environmental impacts, project will cause socio-economic impacts through construction and operational phases of the project inevitably. In order to identify these impacts, a socio-economic research is performed in the area. Details of the research are further given in Annex-9 of this report. Summary of the findings are given below and classified in Table-5. 1. Permanent and/or temporary acquisition of land; 2. Potential loss of income; 3. Reduced use of fossil fuels; in doing so, displace carbon emissions, reducing pollution and contribute to the effort to reduce global warming; 4. Create employment opportunities in the area where the project is located during construction and operation phases; 5. Enable transfer of knowledge as turbine supplier will train site employees in the installation, operation and maintenance of the wind turbines; 6. Contribute to local and regional economy since the cables, transformers, construction equipment, and subcontractors are to be procured locally; 7. Diversify the sources of electricity generation and support Turkey in meeting its growing energy demands; 8. Reduced dependency on foreign sources of energy thereby strengthening Turkey‟s energy security and self sufficiency; 9. Assist Turkey in accelerating the commercialization of grid-connected renewable energy technologies and markets in the country; 10. By size and nature of the transaction, influence Turkey‟s ability to attract foreign investment in the renewable energy sector and position Turkey as an alternative emerging market destination for wind power investments; 11. Contribution to the development of merchant power operations and private sector investment in Turkey‟s energy sector; Table-5. Classification of Social Impacts Item Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Impact Degree (-3: worst negative +3: best positive) -1 -1 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Local Impact Country-wide Impact √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 17 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1.4 1.4.1 Policy, legal, and administrative framework National Legislation Conservation of Culture and Natural Assets and related regulations, No. 2863 changed with No. 5226 and related regulations Environment Law, Law No. 2872 and Law concerning change in Environmental Law, Law No. 5491 and related regulations Regulation on Conservation of Agricultural Lands Regulation for Septic Tanks where In place Sewer System Construction is not Possible Regulation on Protection of Air Quality Stemming from Industrial Facilities Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes Regulation on Facilities to be Constructed in Disaster Areas Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation on Control of Waste Oil Regulation on Control of Excavated Soil, Construction and Debris Wastes Regulation on Occupational Health and Safety for Temporary Employment Regulation on Control of Waste Battery Cell and Accumulators Regulation on Control of Waste Water Regulation on Control of Soil Contamination Regulation on Control of Packing Waste Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise Regulation on Control of Tires Completed Their Lifecycle Land Expropriation law, Law No. 2942 and related regulations Pasture Law, Law No: 4342 Electricity Market Law, Law No. 4628 and related regulations Labor Law, Law No: 4857 and relevant legislations, Law on Use of Renewable energy Sources for Electricity Production, Law No. 5346 and related regulations Soil Protection and Land Use Law, Law No: 5403 Energy Efficiency Law, Law No. 5627 and related regulations Forest Law, No. 6831 and Law on Changes in Forest Law, No. 5192 and relevant regulations Regulation on Electricity Driven Current Facilities 18 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 1.4.2 International Legislation The project is subject to the following international legislations. ICRP - International Commission on Radiological Protection IFC Performance Standards on Social & Environmental Sustainability IFC applies the Performance Standards to manage social and environmental risks and impacts and to enhance development opportunities in its private sector financing in its member countries eligible for financing. The Performance Standards may also be applied by other financial institutions electing to apply them to projects in emerging markets. Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet throughout the life of an investment by IFC or other relevant financial institution: Performance Standard 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management Systems Performance Standard 2: Labor and Working Conditions Performance Standard 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety and Security Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage Performance Standard 1 establishes the importance of (i) integrated assessment to identify the social and environmental impacts, risks, and opportunities of projects; (ii) effective community engagement through disclosure of project-related information and consultation with local communities on matters that directly affect them; and (iii) the client‟s management of social and environmental performance throughout the life of the project. Performance Standards 2 through 8 establish requirements to avoid, reduce, mitigate or compensate for impacts on people and the environment, and to improve conditions where appropriate. While all relevant social and environmental risks and potential impacts should be considered as part of the assessment, Performance Standards 2 through 8 describe potential social and environmental impacts that require particular attention in emerging markets. Where social or environmental impacts are anticipated, the client is required to manage them through its Social and Environmental Management System consistent with Performance Standard 1. IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability are represented in Figure-11. 19 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-11. IFC‟s Policy and Performance Standards on Social and Environmental Sustainability Clients are obliged to comply Part II (Performance Standards) and Part III (Implementation). Therefore, an assessment is made to define applicable standards for the proposed project. Specific to the project area, it is a fact that land acquisition will take place for project area, access routes as well as overhead power lines. Any sensitive area nor any endemic flora or fauna is encountered in the project area during feasibility studies, but additional work is in progress. Additionally, as per provisions received from Ministry of Culture, study area does not hold any significance in terms of cultural heritage. Therefore, applicable IFC Standards would be: PS1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management; PS2: Labor and Working Conditions; PS3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement; PS4: Community, Health Safety and Security; PS5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement; and PS6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management. Compliance with these performance standards are further evaluated in this report. 20 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 2 LOCATION OF PROJECT AREA AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES BARES Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and operate the proposed wind farm at Balıkesir, Kepsut and Central Districts. This area is in western Turkey and has a strong wind potential (Annex-1). Site access is possible through Turkish Highway Network. Wind Farm Figure-12. Project area 21 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM While making site selection for the wind power plant, following aspects are taken into consideration. Technical / Commercial Aspects: o Wind Resource and energy generation potential o Ground conditions o Site access o Electrical connection capability to national electricity network Environmental and Social Aspects: o Current land use o Established easements o Surface and groundwater systems, river basins o Flora and Fauna including migration pathways o Wildlife o Forest areas o Archaeological sites o Protected areas o Naturally conserved areas o Settlements o National Aviation Administration o Recreational uses o Telecommunication Before starting to site selection, a desktop study is performed considering initially the environmental and social aspects together with technical requirements. As a result of this desktop study, 6 different locations are proposed (Figure-13). Commonly, none of the alternatives cross any protected area or any archaeological site. Nearest airport is in more than 100 km distance to the proposed areas. 22 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-13. Map showing location of alternatives 23 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Alternative-1 sits on irrigation area of SHW (State Hydraulic Works) and has lower elevation, therefore not feasible. Although elevations for Alternative-4, Alternative-5 and Alternative-6 are feasible in terms of elevation, all cross forest lands; besides Alternative-4 is very close to Yağcılar Pond constructed by SHW; Alternative-6 sits close to an irrigation area. Remaining alternatives, Alternative-2 and Alternative-3 are two possible locations considering environmental components. They are sufficiently elevated and do not have any potential interference with the listed environmental or social concerns. Therefore, technical considerations became more important in selection between these two locations. Comparison of all proposed alternatives is provided in Table-6. Table-6a. Comparison of proposed alternatives showing environmental and social aspects Environmental and Social Considerations ►:Same ▲:Relatively Positive ▼:Relatively Negative Alt-1 Alt-2 Alt-3 Alt-4 Alt-5 Alt-6 Current land use ► ► ► ► ► ► Established easements ▼ ► ► ► ► ► Surface and groundwater systems, river basins ► ► ► ▼ ► ▼ Flora and Fauna including migration pathways ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ▼ ▼ ▼ ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► Wildlife Forest areas Archaeological sites Protected areas Naturally conserved areas Settlements 24 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Environmental and Social Considerations ►:Same ▲:Relatively Positive ▼:Relatively Negative National Aviation Administration Recreational uses Telecommunication Greenhouse gas emissions reduction Alt-1 Alt-2 Alt-3 Alt-4 Alt-5 Alt-6 ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ► ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ Table-6b. Comparison of proposed alternatives showing technical and commercial aspects Technical / Commercial Considerations ►:Same ▲:Relatively Positive ▼:Relatively Negative Wind Resource and energy generation potential Ground conditions Site access Electrical connection to national electricity network (by distance) Alt-1 Alt-2 Alt-3 Alt-4 Alt-5 Alt-6 ► ► ▲ ► ► ► ► ▲ ▲ ► ► ► ▲ ▼ ► ► ▼ ► ▲ ► ▲ ► ► ► For any potential circumstance, provisions and approvals of public institutions are also requested (Annex-7). These include: General Directorate of Forestry, Balıkesir Provincial Administration Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of Plan, Design, Investment and Construction Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of Development and Urban Improvement T.R. Uludağ Electricity Distribution, Balıkesir Provincial Administration 25 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Balıkesir Special Provincial Administration, General Directorate of License and Control Ministry of Environment and Forestry, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works and its related division (25th Division) Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Directorate of Industry and Commerce TEIAŞ, Turkish Electricity Transmission Inc. 2nd Transmission Group Directorate Balıkesir Governorship, Local Health Authority Turkish Telecommunication Inc., Balıkesir Provincial Telecom Division Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Administration of Agriculture Balıkesir Governorship, Provincial Administration of Environment and Forestry T.R. Ministry of Defense BOTAŞ Petroleum Pipeline Corporation, Department of Land, Survey and Acquisition Stated institutions gave their consent for the construction and operation of proposed project such that their provisions and requirements are satisfied. Project area does not cross any protected area, national park, wildlife area or archaeological site nor major bird migration corridors. In conclusion, Alternative-3, being more close to national electricity network, is selected to be the best alternative. Final location of site and project layout is given in Figure-14. 26 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-14. Map showing location of selected alternative, Alternative-3 27 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Current site views of selected proposed area are provided below. 28 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 29 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 30 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 31 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 32 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-15(a). Different site views of proposed windfarm location 33 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM For the purpose of the project, wind masts are erected and wind measurements are initiated in 1999. The results of long term wind measurements confirmed that the area possesses good wind. Geotechnical drillings for site investigation also showed that there exists no surface water and groundwater level reached into 17 meters depth. Besides, Provincial Administration of Balıkesir Environment and Forestry announced an “EIA Not Required” statement (Annex-4) which already approves that selected area is environmentally sustainable. One remaining item, social aspects, is further evaluated by a social impact assessment performed through a questionnaire in the project affected area. Findings of the study are discussed in upcoming sections. Location of proposed wind farm is very close to main transformer of national electricity network. Transmission of produced energy will be connected to the national network through a 4,5 km long overhead powerline. Due to its short length, powerline is also exempted from EIA process as per national legislation. However, during social impact assessment works on site, local people are informed about not only the power plant but also its associated powerline and access roads. Approval of connection to national electricity network with TEIAS is completed. Site views for the proposed location of overhead powerline are provided below Figure-15b (Please see Annex-17 for more site views). View from Karakaya Village, Switchyard Area 34 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM View from switchyard area looking north View from IP-1 looking NEE 35 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM View from IP-1 looking east View from IP-1 looking SEE 36 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM View from IP-2 looking SEE View from IP-2 looking SE Figure-15(b). Different site views of overhead powerline route 37 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Final step of site selection is approval from EMRA. Once the contractor agreed on location following technical and environmental evaluations, submits the project files to EMRA. Where appropriate, EMRA issues electricity generation license. Depending on its policy, EMRA sometimes rejects such applications due to certain reasons. Balıkesir Wind Farm Power Plant Project already has been granted operating license (Annex-3). 38 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Meteorology and Climatic Characteristics 3.1.1 Wind Wind is the most important climatic component in wind farms. In Turkey it is rare to find sources of long-term reference wind data that are suitable for wind energy applications. Nearest reference locations for long term meteorological measurements are approximately 55 km away from the study area. Therefore, an independent assessment of the meteorological and environmental conditions for turbines at the Balıkesir site is carried out a contractor, by Garrad Hassan (GH). The analysis relies on wind data recorded by masts at the Balıkesir site since November 1999. However, it is noted that for this analysis that the site data has been recorded over a longer period than in typically seen for proposed wind farms. This mitigates the influence of not identifying suitable sources of reference wind data in this case. A description of the meteorological conditions at a potential wind farm is best determined using wind data recorded at the site. Data recorded at the Balıkesir site since November 1999 by the contracting company is provided to GH from four meteorological masts up to a height of 50 m. GH has carried out an energy assessment of the proposed wind farm based on wind data recorded at the site. A description of the site, recorded wind data and wind farm layout are provided in the energy assessment report which should be referred to in conjunction with this report (Annex-6). It is noted that three different turbine models with 80 m to 90 m rotor diameter, 80 m hub height and rated power in the 2.0 to 3.0 MW range were taken into consideration for the analysis. This report presents the most onerous results for the 90 m turbine option under consideration for the wind farm. Based on the current IEC standards, the objectives of the work presented in this report are as follows: To summarise key findings regarding mean wind speeds at the proposed wind turbine locations. To predict the extreme hub height wind speeds for the proposed turbine locations using a Method of Independent Storms based approach. To analyze the turbulence statistics recorded at the site and predict the appropriate levels of effective and representative turbulence intensity for each turbine location. To assess the maximum terrain slope and the expected maximum and minimum temperatures at the site. In the said report, the following items are also evaluated: Turbulence intensity at the site Site air density Extreme wind speed at the site Terrain slope at the turbine locations Soil conditions Access to the site for construction and maintenance activities 39 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM The wind measurement campaign at the Balıkesir site commenced in November 1999 with the installation of the 30 m mast, Mast 5. In August 2006, a further 30 m mast, Mast 81, and two 50 m masts, Mast 80 and Mast 82, were installed. The masts are of tubular construction. A number of other masts have been installed at the site during the measurement campaign but are either not representative of the proposed turbine locations or provide broadly concurrent data with Mast 5, therefore have not been utilized for the wind analysis. A display of measurements used in the assessment, including the grid co-ordinates of the masts, is presented in Figure-16. The masts were observed by GH staff during a site visit in October 2007. The wind data have been recorded using Second Wind Nomad 1 data loggers, NRG Maximum 40 anemometers and NRG 200 P wind vanes. The data loggers have been programmed to record, at hourly intervals, mean, average deviation, minimum and maximum wind speed, and mean and standard deviation wind direction. The anemometers installed at Mast 5 prior to April 2006 have not been individually calibrated. An investigation of the calibration of 472 NRG Maximum 40 anemometers has been reported, the results of which include the following proposed consensus transfer function for this model of anemometer: Recorded wind speed [m/s] = 0.7650 x Data frequency [Hz] + 0.3500 m/s Complete data collection, calibration, processing and analysis with recommendations are available in Annex-6. Figure-16. Figure showing Turbine Layout and Mast Locations 40 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 3.1.2 Other Components Average maximum pressure is recorded in the area is in December, minimum in August. Minimum monthly average relative humidity is recorded in August, maximum in January. Especially in summer, due to northern winds and high temperature effect, evaporation is seen. Maximum precipitation is seen during March. Snow is seen in January, February, March and December. There is neither a registered flood case nor any drought in 2007. There is not any area/feature constituting microclimate. Annual average temperature in Balıkesir is 14.5 °C. Lowest annual temperature in Balıkesir is in January (4,8°C) and highest in July (24,5°C). Sunshine duration surveys are performed in Balıkesir, Ayvalık and Bandırma. Among these three stations, station with annual average sunshine duration is Ayvalık with 7 hours 12 minutes (Figure-17). Table-7. Sunshine durations in Balıkesir, Bandırma and Ayvalık Balıkesir Bandırma Ayvalık Jan 2,7 2,3 3,4 Feb 2,9 3,0 4,0 Mar 4,0 4,3 5,2 Apr 6,6 6,2 6,7 May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct 9,3 10,9 11,8 11,7 7,6 4,7 9,8 9,4 10,6 9,9 7,0 3,6 11,1 11,3 12,2 11,7 8,5 4,8 Nov Dec Average 3,2 3,1 6.5 4,6 2,3 6.1 4,3 3,2 7,2 Source: Regional Directorate of Meteorology Sunshine Duration 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Months BALIKESİR BANDIRMA AYVALIK Figure-17. Comparison of sunshine durations (hours) Meteorological bulletins obtained from Turkish State Meteorology Services are attached to this report showing long term measurements for meteorological elements (Annex-10). 41 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 3.2 Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics General geologic characteristics of Balıkesir area shows that, topography is composed of old and new Quaternary alluviums, Upper Miocene - Pliocene aged Soma Formation with conglomerates, sandstones, marn and limestone, Mid-Upper Miocene aged Yuntdağ volcanites with lava, tuff, silicified tuff, agglomerates and lahars of Tertiary and older units. Geomorphology of the area is formed as a result of fluvial activity with erosion and sedimentation activities on the lithologies. For this reason, it has a rich topography in terms of fluvial erosion and type of sedimentation. Two separate erosion periods are identified. Among these, Pliocene aged erosion surface is a very fragmented and disjointed surface bearing on highest hills in the region. Under this layer lays Lower-Pleistocene erosion surfaces with a larger extend. Transition from erosion surfaces to plains are through four different terraces sets (Tağıl, 2003). Map showing general geology of the area is provided below. 42 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-18. Map showing general geology 43 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM In the basement of Balıkesir area, various different metamorphic rocks and Upper Paleozoic aged Fazlıkonağı Formation characterized with volcanic intrusion which overlies these metamorphic units. Lower-Triassic Karakaya Formation composed of clastic rocks and limestone blocks unconformably lies over that layer. On top of Karakaya Formation, Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Akçakoyun Formation of limestone sits unconformably. Yayla melange (Upper Cretaceous), composed of deposits, metamorphics and ophiolites which does not have any primary relation is tectonically together with Akçakoyun Formation. Tertiary is characterized by Çataldağ which is Paleocene aged older granite and granadiorite, on top of which is unconformably overlain with Upper Oligocene aged Hallaçlar Formation composed of andesites and dacite type volcanic rocks. This level is overlain by Miocene-Lower Pliocene Soma Formation with terrestrial characteristics as well as Yuntdağ Formation laterally and vertically. On top, Pliocene aged older terrestrial deposits are present. Specific to project area, andesites belonging to Neogene series are dominant. Project area covers basically three different formations: Paleozoic aged marble (Pzmr) formation, Cretaceous aged Plateau Mélange (Ky) and Neogene aged Volcanic Rocks (Na). Quaternary aged alluvium (Qal) is located on all the formations. All the turbines, buildings and switchyard structures lay in the volcanic rocks of Neogene. General stratigraphic section of the region and 1/100.000 scaled geology map are provided below. 44 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-19(a). Generalised Stratigraphic Section 45 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-19(b). 1/100.000 scaled geology map 46 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Palaeozoic Marbles (Pzmr) They are grey, white, sugar-textured, thin, and medium layered. They are observed as thick-layered at upper levels. Age of this unit, in which no organic residue has been observed due to metamorphism, has been accepted to be Upper Paleozoic by considering its location and other studies carried out in Western Anatolia. Cretaceous Plateau Mélange (Ky) It is a complex aggregate formed by basic and ultra basic rocks belonging to sedimentary, metamorphic and ophiolite aggregate without primary relationship with each other. The formation has a mottled outlook with dominant colors green, grey, yellow, purple, red and brown. It consists of radiolaritine, mudstone, spilite, tuff, serpentine, diabase, gabbro, dunite, harsburgite, marble, meta sandstone and chlorite in block outlook – lawsonite – glaucophane schist, epidote – lawsonite – glauchophane schist without primary relationship and limestone blocks at various sizes and various ages within them. Plateau Mélange is present on all the old units as tectonic-contacted. Neogene Volcanics (Na) The unit, which consists of Andesite lava, Agglomerate and tuff, is white, grey, light purple and pink colored. It is seen in the area as widely-observed tuff, agglomerates and andesite lava in patches. Andesites usually have a hialocrystalline, porphyritic texture. Lavas contain plagioclase, mica and small amount of quartz. Plagioclases are originally in oligoclase – andesine composition. Micas are mostly biotite. And they are decomposed. Its dough consists of volcanic glass plagioclase microlites and small amount of sanidine micro crystals and it is silicified in patches. Blocks in the agglomerate varies between 1-100 cm. Volcanics are observed as intermediate compounded with neogene sediments. Therefore, it has been accepted to be at neogene age. Quarternary Alluvium (Qal) These are unattached pebble, sand and mud depots formed in stream beds and on plains. Current stream beds are sediments remaining below water basement level. 3.3 Structural Geology & Seismicity The project area and its surroundings and Karakaya Village are in a collapse basin. Sedimentary materials are placed on old folded schists with angular discordance in this collapse area. Movement of sedimentary materials due to ritiolithic dacidic, andesitic eruptions in various phases on the north and the south of Balıkesir has caused lateral and vertical sedimentary volcanic passes. Basement of Neogene lakes start with colored pebbles of basement rock. 47 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM The project area takes place within the 1st degree earthquake zone. It is known that the earthquakes have close relations with the active faults. The active faults that may cause possible earthquakes and affect the survey area are the Manyas, Edincik, Yenice – Gönen and Sarıköy faults according to the Active Faults Map of Turkey, prepared by Şaroğlu, F. and others. Manyas Fault: This fault stretches in the east-westward direction and has a length of 60 km. The fault is a right-lateral direction and caused a major earthquake at a magnitude of 7.0 on 06 October 1964. It is possible to expect this fault to produce an earthquake at a scale of 7.0 – 7.4 in the future. Edincik Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern lateral direction (strike) with an approximate length of 30-35 km. This northeastern- southwestern lateral fault created an earthquake on 04 January 1935 at a magnitude of 6.4. The Edincik fault may be expected to produce an earthquake at 6.0 – 6.5 magnitude in the future. Yenice – Gönen Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern direction with approximate length of 55 km. This fault caused an earthquake on 18 March 1953 at a magnitude of 7.2. There may be an earthquake at 7.0 – 7.4 magnitude in the future according to the relationship in the severity of the earthquake that may be come out in comparison with the length of fault. Sarıköy Fault: This fault has a northeastern- southwestern direction with approximate length of 60 km. This right-lateral fault may produce an earthquake at 7.2 – 7.5 magnitude in the future. Since the project area takes place at the 1st order earthquake zone, it is necessary to design the buildings and other premises to be built or erected therein and conform to the earthquake regulation in their construction. Any earthquake that may occur at the region may be very destructive. The Effective ground Acceleration Coefficient is A0 = 0.40 need to be admitted since the survey area takes place at the 1st order earthquake zone. 3.4 Ground Survey Analysis On the project area, it is planned to construct 57 wind turbines and a Switchyard area. Switchyard area includes 154 kV switchyard and administrative buildings. In order to define the prevailing geological conditions, geological drillings and some laboratory tests have been performed and reported. 21 geological drillings and 18 test pits are drilled in the project area. Analysis with regard to laboratory tests showed that: - Thickness of top soil on the Turbine number 4, 8, 42, 45 and 55 is in the order of 17.00 m. For others Turbines the different depths of the bedrock vary between 0 m and 5,0 m except the turbine No 38 where the bedrock is 15,5 m deep. - The bedrock‟s depth at the switchyard area varies between 1,5 and 3,0 m from the ground-line. - Main rock formation is composed of andesite, agglomerate and tuff with varying degrees of weathering. - Core recovery is generally between 30% and 50%. Only Turbine number T10 is 100%. 48 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM - RQD values are above 40% in all boreholes. - RQD values are about 0% and 8% at the switchyard area. - Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values at 3.00 meter deep all the drill holes were found between 95,80 kg/cm2 and 159,09 kg/cm2 - Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) values at 6.00 meter deep all the drill holes were found between 102.9 kg/cm2 and 149.06 kg/cm2 - Underground water level was not observed in any borehole. - The project area is located at the 1st degree earthquake zone and the wind loads are also affecting to the turbines. - Active Ground Acceleration Coefficient A0 is 0.40. - There is no risk of liquefaction in the project area - RMR values were found between 33 and 62. - Rock Sub Grade Reaction all of places is 50.000 t/m³. - Soil Sub Grade Reaction is generally 5.000 t/m³. But, soil sub grade reaction at Turbine No 42 is measured 10.000 t/m³ and at the Turbine No 4 is measured 50 000 t/m3. - Cohesion values of rocks are changing between 3,758 MPa and 7, 57 MPa; internal friction angle of rocks are changing between 18º and 37º experiment of Triaxial Compressive Strength tests. - Allowable bearing capacity of soil or weathered rock is 3 kg/cm² and of rocks is 4 kg/cm². - The thickness of weathered rock at Turbine 4, 8, 42, 45 and 55 is 17 meter. Natural soil was observed between 0,30 m and 0,50 m during the drilling of these boreholes. The weathered rock was cut until the 17,0 m in these holes. In addition, the Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) were applied in these boreholes. The SPT‟s values were observed very high (50 blow). It means this type of foundation will be highly tight. - The turbines on the thick weathered rock foundation areas shall be fixed into the bedrock. The fixing of turbines to this type of foundations shall be applied by jet-grouting or micro-pile. The depth of jet-grouting columns and micropiles shall be determined according to the Contractor‟s calculations. - The switchyard area foundation shall be treated by grouting or excavated until the bedrock - The load bearing capacity shall be revaluate according to the final project of the foundation dimensions. - The earthquake regulations should be fulfilled in design and construction of buildings and plants to be built, 3.5 Hydrological Characteristics Hydrology of the region is also studied both for the wind farm and its associated elements to identify the flood regime in the activity area. For this purpose three methods are employed: Local flood analysis by using the floods flow observations, Regional flood analysis by using the local flood analysis, Synthetic flood analysis methods, by using the precipitation observations and physical river basin parameters. 7 culverts and 7 basins are studied under the scope of the project and 10 and 100 years frequency floods values are calculated. Also rainfall intensities are given for all drainage areas that are corresponding to the culverts are identified. 49 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM As the outcome of the study, culverts, pipes dimensions, flows and intensities are found to be: where, a, b = pipe diameter Q10 = 10 years frequency floods Q100 = 100 years frequency floods I10: Rainfall intensity for 10 years I100: Rainfall intensity for 100 years In addition to this study, it should be reminded that as per the drillings performed over the proposed activity area, underground water level was not observed in any of the borehole which is in 17 meters depth in maximum. 50 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 3.6 Ecology and Biologic Life FLORA In order to perform bioanalysis of an area, a field study has to be performed during nesting, wintering and flowering periods of flora and fauna species. Necessary time period for flora species is two flowering session. It may not be possible even in the best observation season to see every species in a defined area due to certain reasons. Studies related to flora and fauna started with initiation of EIA works with field studies. Detailed field works in relation to flora and fauna is realized by biologist between February – April and July – August with 1 week duration on project area in places where regions vegetation is represented. Due to the fact that meteorological conditions complicated identification of different species in the area, additional information from literature collected in last 5 years are considered and primarily included into the report. While flora section of the report is prepared, Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands of Davis and Turkish Plants Data System (Tubives) database as well as observations-field work outputs are referenced. As per the bioanalysis, identified and potentially available species are given in Table-8. Concerned wind farm is located in Kepsut and Central Districts of Balıkesir. Project area is taking place in A1, A2, B1, B2 square according to the Square Grid System (Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands) prepared by P.H. Davis. While preparing flora section of the report, TUBITAK Turkish Plants Data Service (TUBIVES) is referenced. VEGETATION Turkey is under effect of three different floristic regions due to its topographic and climatic characteristics. Study area falls in Marmara region and sits in intersection of Mediterranean and Europe-Siberia elements (Figure-20). Figure-20. Phytogeographical regions in Turkey (after Davis et. al. 1971) 51 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Prevailing climate in Marmara region shows a transition between terrestrial and Mediterranean climates. As seen in Figure-21 terrestrial characteristics increase when going closer to inner regions. Plant cover is represented by broad-leaved forest at north and thin leaved forests in other regions. In locations close to sea, especially upto 200 meters elevation, scrub flora is dominant. However, in recent years scrub and frigana areas are disturbed and secondary vegetation came out in the area. Dominant vegetation species in the area are: Vulpia muralis, Vulpia myosurus, Vulpia ciliata, Cynodon dactylon var. villosus, Aegilops geniculata, Poa pratensis, Linum bienne, Cerastium comatum, Anagallis arvensis var. arvensis, and Rubia tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia. Major tree species in the forests is Pinus nigra. Figure-21. Vegetation Map ENDEMISM Turkey has a big importance in intercontinental transition area characteristics; hence, it is very rich in the frame of endemic flora. Nearly 30% of plant species identified in our country is composed of endemic species. However, as it is seen from Figure-22 that available species in the area are not species having a narrow range or under restraint, on the contrary they show large distribution. As a conclusion of field works performed in the area, species, endemic species, their abundance and endangerment categories are identified and listed in relevant tables. All identified organisms are abundant but do not have any endangerment status not only for today, but also in the future. Additionally in this field there are no species which are rare, endangered or under protection. 52 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-22. Important endemic species map of Turkey In determination of endemic plant species, “The Red Book of Turkish Plants” prepared by Ekim et al (2000) and IUCN - European Red List (ERL) data are referenced. While the table is prepared, evaluations in Red Data Book updated in 2001 (version 3.1) are also considered in the tables. IUCN Red List categories determined in 2001 are given below: EX- Extinct: If there is no doubt that last example of this species could not be found, this taxon is within this category. Some taxons which are believed to survive in Turkey Flora but could not be determined despite detailed researches are placed in this category. EW- Extinct in Wild: If taxon could not be found during studies realized in areas where it could be found in different periods of a year, lost in the nature and living only in cultivated habitats then its is classified under this category. CR- Critically Endangered: A taxon is critically endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. EN- Endangered: A taxon is endangered when it is not critically endangered but facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. If a species is not recorded under CR, it is placed under EN. VU- Vulnerable: Taxons which are potentially endangered in mid-long terms but are not categorized under CR and EN. Species are categorized under this category which are currently thought not endangered but potentially be endangered in the future in our country in order to be protected and known in a number of localities LR- Lower Risk: A taxon is low risk when it does not satisfy the criteria for the other categories. Species with a good population status and depicted under 5 different locations are under this category. It has 3 sub-categories in accordance with their future endangerment. a) cd- Conservation Dependent: Taxons potentially be in one of the above categories in 5 years are in this category. They require a taxon-specific and habitat-specific conservation programme. b) nt- Near Threatened: Taxons that can not be categorized under the above categories but which are close to qualify for VU. c) Ic- Least Concern: Taxa which do not require conservation and are not threatened. DD- Data Deficient: A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make any assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. DD therefore is not a category of threat or low-risk but depicts that more information has to be acquired. When data is available, taxon has to be classified in the confirming category. 53 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM NE- Not Evaluated: Taxa which can not be evaluated as per any of the above classes are placed in this category. Definitive Information on Some Criteria Additional criteria to be categorized under CR, EN and VU are: For CR Category – For plants which are under risk of extinction in nature in near future, the following criteria can be utilized for taking decisions. A) Population is decreasing due to following treats; a- Change in habitat characteristics and decrease in cloudiness degree of the species; b- Under risk of actual and potential collection; c- Incursion threat of another taxon, hybridization, illness, ingemination, contamination, to be under the effect of competitive and parasites. B) Total dissemination area is lower than 100 km2 and less than 10 km2 in one location; very disjointed or only known for one location. For EN Category - If it is under a high risk in the frame of the above mentioned risks, it is thought that population will decrease by 50% in 10 years or in 3 generations, dissemination is 5000 km2 or to 500 km2 at most in a single location, the number of individuals is under 2500 or is known at most in 5 locations. For VU Category- Species which are thought to decrease by 30% due to stated risks in the last 10 years or within 3 generations, those which have a dissemination area not more than 10 locations, those which have a total dissemination area less than 20.000 km2, and which have a matured individual population less than 10.000 or species which are thought to decrease by 10% of their population within the next 100 years according to field works. Habitat Classes: 1. Forest, clearance and forest edges 2. Scrub 3. Frigana (mostly barbed, short and floc forming plants) 4. Cultivation areas (farm lands, garden, etc), fallow lands 5. Dry meadow and clear areas 6. Humid meadows, marshlands and wetlands, welwitschia steeps 7. Road edges, disolated places 8. Rocky and stoney areas, calcareous slopes Habitat classes and their relative abundancy of flora species existing in the study area are given with their descriptions below. Relative Abundance: Given numbers here represent abundance and density of species. 1 2 3 4 5 Rare Seldom Relatively Abundant Abundant Forms pure population 54 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-8. Flora of studied area Family – Species Name ACERACEAE Acer campestre L. subsp. campestre L. Acer campestre L. subsp. leiocarpum (OPIZ) PAX Acer hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY. subsp. keckianum (PAX) YALT. Acer hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY. subsp. hyrcanum FISCH. ET MEY. Acer trautvetteri MEDW. ALİSMATACEAE Damasonium alisma MILLER ANACARDİACEAE Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. terebinthus L. Pistacia terebinthus L. subsp. palaestina (BOISS.) ENGLER APİACEAE Ammi majus L. Anthriscus nemorosa (BIEB.) SPRENGEL Chaerophyllum byzantium BOISS. Ferula communis L. subsp. communis L. Ferulago sylvatica (BESSER) REICHB Heracleum platytaenium BOISS Daucus carota L. Laser trilobum (L.) BORKH. Pimpinella peregrina L. Sanicula europaea L. Seseli peucedanoides (BIEB.) KOSO-POL. Torilis nodosa (L.) GAERTNER APOCYNACEAE Amsonia orientalis DECNE AQUİFOLİACEAE Ilex aqifolium L. ARACEAE Arum elongatum STEVEN subsp. elongatum STEVEN Dracunculus vulgaris SCHOTT Phytographic Region Locality (m) Endemizm Abundancy IUCN(ERL) Source Europe-Siberia 0-1600 - 3 - L Europe-Siberia 700-2100 - 4 - G,L - 1100-1600 Endemic 1 NT L Europe-Siberia 600-2100 - 2 - L Black Sea 400-2100 - 3 - G,L - 15-1150 - - A,L Mediterranean 0 - 4 3 3 - G,L Mediterranean 50-1100 - 3 - L Mediterranean Mediterranean Black Sea Mediterranean Europe-Siberia Black Sea Europe-Siberia Europe-Siberia - 0-700 500-3200 350-1350 0-50 0-100 0-1500 0-2000 0-1800 0-2500 0-2200 800-2300 0-1000 Endemic - 4 3 2 4 4 2 4 3 4 2 4 2 LC - L L L L L L,G,A L L L A,L L - - 2 3 3 2 - L - 0 0 300-400 - G,L Europe-Siberia 400-1800 - 3 - A,L E.Black Sea 30-475 - 4 - A,L - 55 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Family – Species Name ARALİACEAE Hedera helix L. ARİSTOLOCHİACEAE Aristolochia pallida WILLD Aristolochia clematitis L. Aristolochia sempervirens L. ASCLEPİADACEAE Cionura erecta (L.) GRISEB. Periploca graeca L. var. graeca BOISS. ET HELDR. Periploca graeca L. var. vestita ROHLENA ASPİDİACEAE Polystichum aculeatum (L.) ROTH ASTERACEAE Andryala integrifolia L. Bidens tripartita L. Calendula arvensis L. Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. pycnocephalus L. Carduus nutans L. subsp. trojanus P. H. DAVIS Centaurea athoa DC. Centaurea cuneifolia SM. AGG. Picnomon acarna (L.) CASS. Picris olympica BOISS. Scolymus maculatus L. BETULACEAE Alnus glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER subsp. glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER Alnus glutinosa (L.) GAERTNER subsp. barbata (C. A. MEYER) YALT. BLECHNACEAE Blechnum spicant (L.) ROTH BORAGİNACEAE Alkanna tinctoria (L.) TAUSCH subsp. tinctoria (L.) TAUSCH Anchusa officinalis L. Cerinthe minor L. subsp. minor L. Echium italicum L. Phytographic Region Locality (m) Endemizm Abundancy IUCN(ERL) Source - 0-1500 - 5 - L Europe-Siberia Mediterranean 700-2100 0-1250 500-800 - 3 4 3 - G,L L L E.Mediterranean 0-1100 - 4 - G,L,A E.Mediterranean 0-1200 - 3 - L E.Mediterranean 0-1200 - 3 - L - 0-1500 - 4 - G,L Mediterranean - 0-250 0-1950 0-2000 - 4 4 2 - L G,L G,L W.Mediterranean 0-1000 - 3 - L,A Mediterranean Mediterranean Mediterranean 0 1700 0-850 100-1600 1500-2100 0-1000 Endemic Endemic - 1 4 3 3 2 3 NT LC - L L,G L,G,A L L L Europe-Siberia 0-1600 - 4 - A,G,L Black Sea 0-1700 - 3 - L - 0-1400 - 3 - L Mediterranean 0-800 - 4 - L Europe-Siberia Europe-Siberia Mediterranean 200-1600 2200 0-1950 - 4 3 4 - A,L A,L L 56 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Family – Species Name Myosotis arvensis (L.) HILL subsp. arvensis (L.) HILL Echium russicum J. F. GMELIN Heliotropium dolosum DE NOT. Myosotis sylvatica EHRH. EX HOFFM. subsp. rivularis VESTERGREN Onosma heterophyllum GRISEB. BRASSİCACEAE Barbarea minor C. KOCH var. minor C. KOCH Aubrieta deltoidea (L.) DC. Hesperis balansae FOURN. subsp. mytilensis DVORAK Turritis laxa (SIBTH. ET SM.) HAYEK CAMPANULACEAE Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (WITASEK) HAYEK Campanula persicifolia L. Jasione idaea STOJ. CAPRİFOLİACEAE Sambucus ebulus L. Viburnum tinus L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Cerastium banaticum (ROCH.) HEUFFEL Dianthus arpadianus ADE ET BORNM. Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Sagina procumbens L. CUCURBİTACEAE Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. RICH. CRASSULACEAE Sedum confertiflorum BOISS. CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus excelsa BIEB. Juniperus foetidissima WILLD. CUSCUTACEAE Cuscuta brevistyla A. BRAUN Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. var. scabrella (ENGELMANN) YUNCKER FABACEAE Phytographic Region Locality (m) Endemizm Abundancy IUCN(ERL) Source Europe-Siberia 0-1400 - 3 - L Europe-Siberia - 1550-2200 0-1640 - 2 4 - G,L L Black Sea 1200-2900 - 3 - L Europe-Siberia 950-1700 - 4 - L - 1400-2600 500-2100 - 4 3 - L,G L,G E.Mediterranean 900-950 - 4 - L - 1200-1650 - 3 - A,L Europe-Siberia 0-2700 - 4 - L,G Europe-Siberia Black Sea 0-2000 1600 Endemic 3 1 VU L L Europe-Siberia Mediterranean 500-2000 400 - 3 4 - G,L L,G Mediterranean - 800-2250 1600 30-2500 0-2300 - 3 4 3 4 - L L L,A,G L Mediterranean 0-600 - 4 - G,L Mediterranean 0-900 - 5 - L - 300-2300 700-1900 - 4 3 - L G,L - 700-1700 - 4 - L E.Mediterranean 0-2100 - 4 - L 57 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Family – Species Name Phytographic Region Europe-Siberia - Locality (m) Endemizm Abundancy IUCN(ERL) Source 100-2270 0-1300 - 5 3 - G,L L Europe-Siberia Europe-Siberia Europe-Siberia 600-1700 30-2000 20-1000 - 3 4 3 - L L L - 200 - 3 - G,L,A E.Mediterranean 0-1800 - 4 - A,L - 50-2400 Endemic 1 LC L E.Mediterranean 200-3000 - 4 - L,A - 0-900 - 3 - L,G Europe-Siberia 0-3000 - 3 - L E.Mediterranean Europe-Siberia 0-1400 0-2200 0-1400 0-2900 - 3 4 3 3 - Salvia fruticosa MILLER E.Mediterranean 0-700 - 4 - L L L L,A L Sideritis trojana BORNM. Nepeta italica L. Prunella laciniata (L.) L. Scutellaria albida L. subsp. albida L. LORANTHACEAE E.Mediterranean Europe-Siberia E.Mediterranean 1500-1750 0-1300 0-1800 0-1700 - 3 4 3 4 - - 300-1500 - 5 - 300-1500 - 4 - L E.Mediterranean 150-1550 - 3 - L Mediterranean 50-750 - 4 - L Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca L. Trifolium purpureum LOIS. var. purpureum LOIS. FAGACEAE Fagus sylvatica L. Fagus orientalis LIPSKY Quercus frainetto TEN. Quercus petraea (MATTUSCHKA) LIEBL. subsp. petraea (MATTUSCHKA) LIEBL. GUTTİFERAE Hypericum olympicum L. İRİDACEAE Crocus cancellatus HERBERT subsp. cancellatus HERBERT Crocus biflorus MILLER subsp. biflorus MILLER JUNCACEAE Juncus fontanesii J. GAY APUD LAHARPE subsp. fontanesii J. GAY APUD LAHARPE Juncus articulatus L. LAMİACEAE Marrubium vulgare L. Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata L. Origanum onites L. Prunella vulgaris L. Viscum album L. subsp. album L. MALVACEAE Alcea pallida WALDST. ET KIT. OLEACEAE Fontanesia philliraeoides LABILL. subsp. philliraeoides LABILL. Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (MILLER) - L,G L L L L 58 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Family – Species Name LEHR. Fraxinus ornus L. subsp. ornus L. OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche alba STEPHAN PİNACEAE Abies nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH subsp. nordmanniana (STEV.) SPACH Pinus nigra ARN. subsp. pallasiana (LAMB.) HOLMBOE PLATANACEAE Platanus orientalis L. POACEAE Aegilops markgrafii (GREUTER) HAMMER Agrostis capillaris L. var. capillaris L. Bromus intermedius GUSS. Bromus sipyleus BOISS. Bromus scoparius L. Crypsis schoenoides (L.) LAM. Poa trivialis L. Secale anatolicum BOISS. Triticum monococcum L. RANUNCULACEAE Clematis viticella L. Nigella elata BOISS. Delphinium peregrinum L. SCROPHULARİACEAE Digitalis trojana IVAN. Linaria genistifolia (L.) MILLER subsp. genistifolia (L.) MILLER Misopates orontium (L.) RAFIN. Verbascum mucronatum LAM. Veronica serpyllifolia L. Veronica triloba (OPİZ) KERNER URTİCACEAE Urtica dioica L Phytographic Region Locality (m) Endemizm Abundancy IUCN(ERL) Source Europe-Siberia 100-900 - 5 - L,A - 280-2550 - 3 - L Black Sea 1200-2500 - 4 - L - 300-1200 - 3 - L - 0-1100 - Mediterranean Europe-Siberia E.Mediterranean - 0-1230 200-1800 0-1750 0 0-2250 0-1950 0-2210 0-1300 110-1000 Endemic - 4 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 EN - L L,G L L L 0-900 0-1100 0-1300 - 3 3 4 - L L L E.Mediterranean 90-800 Endemic 1 VU Europe-Siberia 0-2100 - 2 - L,G E.Mediterranean - 0-700 0-1250 0-2200 100-1900 - 3 3 4 4 - L L,A L L Europe-Siberia 500-2700 - 5 - L L L L L L 59 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM FAUNA In accordance with field observations and literature survey performed in and around project area, amphibian is represented in Table-9, reptilian in Table-10, mamalia in Table-11 and avea in Table-12. In said tables, species‟ family, population density, IUCN (ERL) category, Red Data Book category and Bern Agreement Att-2 (fauna species under absolute protection) and Att-3 (protected fauna species) lists status are displayed, for species not taking place in any list, (-) sign has been used. Additionally, fauna studies have been evaluated in accordance with “2007-2008 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision” of T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forest, General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks which became affective as of 6 July 2007 date and No: 26574 as published in Official Gazette. Wildlife species given by Att-I List are under protection as per Article 4 of Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) by Ministry of Environment and Forestry. It is strictly forbidden to hunt, make trade (dead or alive) and transport said animals. Avea and mammals given in Att-II List are under protection as per Article 4 of Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) by Central Hunting Commission. It is strictly forbidden to hunt, make trade (dead or alive) and transport said animals. Game animals given by Att-III List are animals only permitted for hunting by “Game animals permitted for hunting in specified periods determined by Central Hunting Commission” in specified time interval as per Article 4 of Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) by Ministry of Environment and Forestry. For the species placed in the protection lists issued by T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate Central Hunting Decision Commission, measures identified in the said commission decision will be followed. Currently, there is no national red book data for fauna in Turkey. Most recent study related to fauna in Turkey belongs to Ali Demirsoy (2002). Endangerment categories in this study is given in following table. Red Book data categories defined by Demirsoy, A., (2002) E : Endangered Ex : Extinct I : Indeterminate K : Insufficient Nt : Taxon not under threat O : Taxon out of threat R : Rare V : Vulnerable IUCN Red List Categories The following are the latest issued IUCN (The World Conservation Union: The International Union for the Conservation Nature and Natural Resources) Red list categories. In European countries, classification of flora and fauna species started in accordance with IUCN in 1970. IUCN categories and their explanations are given in the following table and displayed in Figure-23. 60 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM IUCN Categories NE AD DD EX EW CR EN VU NT LC Not evaluated Adequate data Data deficient Extinct Extinct in Wild Critically endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Figure-23. IUCN category relations 61 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-9. Determined Amphibians in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status Family and Species Name BUFONİDAE Habitat Bufo bufo Humid sections of sparse forests Att-III nt LC G,L,A Bufo viridis Under stones, within the soil and holes Att-II nt LC G,L,A Under leaves, meadows Generally on shallow plains, highly planted pools, lakes and slowly meandering rivers Att-II nt LC G,L,A Att-III nt LC G,L,A Att-II nt LC G,L,A RANİDAE Rana dalmatina Rana ridibunda Bern SALAMANDRİDAE Triturus karelinii Stable or slowly meandering, shallow rivers Source: Demirsoy, A. 1996, Aphibia. (*) = Source; G: Observation L: Literature A: Questionnaire Red Data IUCN (ERL) Source (*) Table-10. Determined Reptilia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status Family and Species Name Habitat Bern Red Data IUCN M.A.K.* Source** Att-III nt - Att-1 L Att-II nt LC Att-1 G,L Att-II nt LC Att-1 L Att-II nt LC Att-1 L,A AGAMİDAE Trapelus ruderatus Sparsly vegetated steppes, soiled areas LACERTİDAE Lacerta viridis Stony forest lands and near rivers, farmlands and gardens Brushes nearby water bodies or woodlands Podarcis taurica Forests, woodlands with short plants and scrubs, Lacerta trilineata Podarcis muralis Very shiny, dry and rocky sections Att-II nt LC Att-1 L,A Darevskia (Lacerta) Forests and brushlands, grasslike slopes near rivers Att-III nt Att-1 L praticola Source: Demirsoy, A. 1996, Reptilia. (*) 2009-2010 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision, T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate (**) Source; G: Observation L: Literature A: Questionnaire 62 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-11. Determined Mamalia in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status Family and Species Name ERİNACEİDAE Erinaceus concolor TALPİDAE Talpa europaea LEPORİDAE Lepus europaeus SCİURİDAE Sciurus vulgaris CANİDAE Vulpes vulpes Habitat Bern Red Data IUCN M.A.K.* Source** Brushes and heathes nt - LC Att-1 L, A Meadow and tree areas nt - LC - L Any kind of environment nt Att-III LC Att-3 G, L,A Farmlands, open areas, meadows nt Att-III LC Att-1 L Forests, steppes vegetation covered with stepped, pebbled lands nt - - Att-2 G,A, L SUIDAE Any form of forest with rich vegetation, A,L Sus scrofa scrofa heathes, cropped lands nt SORİCİDAE Crocidura leucodon Open spaces and brushes nt Att-III LC -L Sorex minutus Woodlands, grasslands and meadow lands nt Att-III LC L Sorex araneus Any kind of environment nt LC Att-3 L Source: Demirsoy, A. 1999, General and Turkey‟s Zoogeography “Animal Geography”, Meteksan, Ankara Demirsoy, A. 1996, (*)2009-2010 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision, T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate (**) Source; G: Observation L: Literature A: Questionnaire 63 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-12(a). Determined Brooding Avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status Family and Species Name PODICIPEDIDAE Podiceps ruficollis Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax pygmeus ARDEIDAE Ardea cinerea Egretta garzetta Ardeola ralloides Nycticorax nycticorax THRESTIORNITHIDEA Plataiea leucordia Plegadis falcinellus CUCULIDAE Cuculus canorus STRIGIDAE Asio otus Bubo bubo Otus scops Athene moctua COLUMBIDAE Streptopelia decaocto Streptopelia turtur MOTACILLIDAE Motacilla alba Motacilla flava Phylloscopus collybita Sylvia curruca Hippolais pallida TURDIDAE Luscinia megarhynchos Turdus merula Erithacus rubecula Oenanthe oenanthe PARIDAE Parus major Parus caeruleus Habitat Status Red Data IUCN M.A.K. BERN Source KZ Y A.4 LC Att-1 Att-II L KZ Y A.3 LC Att-1 Att-III L SA G,Y G,Y SA Y Y Y Y A.3 A.4 A.4 A.4 LC LC Att-2 Att-1 Att-III Att-III G,L L LC Att-1 Att-II L SA ÇB OR Y Y A.2 A.1.2 LC LC Att-1 Att-1 Att-II Att-II G,L,A L - G A.3 LC Att-1 Att-III L SA ÇB OR SA ÇB ST OR ÇB Y Y Y Y A.2 A.1.2 A.3 A.3 LC LC LC LC Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-III G,L,A L ÇB ST ÇB Y G A.2 LC LC Att-2 Att-3 Att-III Att-III G,L G,L SA DK OR,ÇB,SA ÇB OR SA ÇB, OR Y G Y, G, T Y G A.4 A.3 - LC LC LC LC Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-2 Att-1 Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-III Att-II G,L L G,L G,L G,L ÇB OR ÇB OR ÇB, OR ST ÇB G Y, KZ Y G A.3 A.3 LC LC LC LC Att-1 Att-3 Att-1 Att-1 Att-II Att-III Att-II Att-II G,L G,L G,L,A G,L OR ÇB OR ÇB Y Y - LC LC Att-1 Att-1 Att-II Att-II L L G 64 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Family and Species Name FRINGILLIDAE Carduelis carduelis Fringilla coelebs STURNIDAE Sturnus vulgaris PLOCEIDAE Passer hispaniolensis Passer domesticus CORVIDAE Corvus monedula Corvus corono cornix Pica pica EMBERIZIDAE Emberiza calandra PICIDAE Dendrocopos medius UPUPIDAE Upupa epops MUSCICAPIDAE Muscicapa striata HIRUNDINIDAE Hirundo rustica Habitat Status Red Data IUCN M.A.K. BERN Source OR ÇB OR ÇB Y Y A.4 - LC LC Att-1 Att-2 Att-II Att-III G,L G,L ÇB ST Y - LC Att-2 - G,L SA ST ÇB Y Y - LC LC Att-2 Att-3 Att-III - L,A G,L ÇB, ST ST ÇB ÇB ST Y Y Y - LC LC LC Att-3 Att-3 Att-3 - G,L G,L G,L ÇB ST Y - LC Att-2 Att-III G,L OR ÇB Y A.3 LC Att-1 Att-II L,A ST ÇB G A.2 LC Att-1 Att-II G,L G - - Att-1 Att-II L,A ÇB Y LC Att-1 Att-II G,L - 65 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-12(b). Determined migrating avea in the project area and its vicinity, Their Protection and Status Family and Species Name Accipiter nisus Anas actua Anas penelope Aquila clallga Buteo buteo Ciconia ciconia Ciconia nigra Columbo palumbus Cotumix coturnix Dendrocopus major Egretta alba Erithacus rubecuJa Falco subbuteo Falco tinnucu Galerida cristata Larus ridibundus Turdus merula Upupa epops Habitat Status* Red Data IUCN M.A.K. BERN Source OR,ÇB SA ÇB ST OR SA ST,DK SA SA OR ÇB OR SA OR ÇB SA ÇB, OR OR,DK,ST SA ST ÇB SA DN ÇB OR ST ÇB Y,KZ Y Y G, T Y,KZ,T YGT GT Y G Y G Y G Y Y KZ T Y, KZ G A.4 A.4 A.2 A.2 A.3 A.2 A.4 A.4 A.3 A.2 A.3 A.4 B.3 A.2 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Att-1 Att-1 Att-2 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-3 Att-3 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-1 Att-2 Att-2 Att-3 Att-1 Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-III Att-III Att-III Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-II Att-III Att-III Att-III Att-II G,L L G,L G,L G,L,A G,L G,L G,L L L G,L G,L,A L G,L G,L,A G,L G,L G,L 66 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Amphibia As a result of studies performed in activity area and literature survey to define amphibian fauna, 3 amphibia species are determined to be in Bern Att-2, 2 in Bern Att-3. Every identified amphibian in the project area is under LC category of IUCN. Amphibia recognized in project area or its vicinity is very abundant and common in Turkey and is not under any threat. Reptilia 4 species out 6 reptilia species identified in the study area belonging to 2 families are in AttII, remaining 2 is in Att-III of Bern Agreement. Although 4 species are displayed in 2008 IUCN Red List Category under LC status, according to studies completed by Demirsoy they are very abundant and common in Turkey, besides not facing any risk. Mammals In the study area, 9 mammal species belonging to 7 families are identified. They are listed in tables as per “2007-2008 Hunting Season Central Hunting Commission Decision” of T.R. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Nature Protection and National Parks General Directorate which became affective as of 6 July 2007 date and No: 26574 as published in Official Gazette. These mammals appear under LC status of IUCN lists. In addition, according to studies completed by Demirsoy (2002), they are very abundant and common in Turkey, besides not facing any risk. Within fauna, species exist which are under absolute protection and under protection according to Bern Agreement Att-2 and Att-3. Protection measures as well as 6th and 7th clauses of Bern Agreement will be employed for the said species. These are; 1- About Fauna which is under absolute protection Any kind of catching, holding, intentional killing acts Intentionally damaging or destroying reproduction and rest places, Intentionally disturbing wild fauna during reproduction, growing and hibernation, which is against this agreement? Collecting eggs from wild environment or intentionally destroying the eggs or holding those eggs even if they are empty. Holding and trade of fauna species dead or alive are prohibited. 2- About Fauna Which is Protected The principles that regulate closed hunting seasons and/or execution, Temporary or regional prohibition when required, in order to increase the number of wild fauna to adequate population rate, Regulations about dead or alive trade, holding, transportation or sale of wild animals, will be followed Aveans Activity area is under administrative borders of Balıkesir. Since this region is located along one of the major bird migration pathways from northwest to Anatolia, it is characterized as a region where every year 3 million birds shelter, accommodate and broode. 67 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Figure-24. Turkish bird migration pathways Ornithologically, Kuş Lake being one of the most important areas is one of the most productive lakes of our country in terms of biologic production. It owns a very rich wild life majority being water birds. Observations performed upto date, 239 bird species are recorded in the vicinity of bird sanctuary national park. Kuş Lake is approximately 70 km away from the proposed activity area. For the identified avea in the region, Red Data Book categories are given below as defined by Prof. Dr. İlhami Kiziroğlu. Explanation of symbols which are in relation with their protection status are as follows: Red Data Book categories A1 : extinct species or species are under extinction threat A1.1 : extinct species A1.2 : species which are available as 1-25 couples in Turkey A2 : species which are available as 26-50 couples and which are under a great risk in the area they are disseminated A3 : species which are available as 51- 200 (500) couples but decreased intensively in some areas A4 : species which have a high population but decreased in tensively in some areas. B : species which are temporarily coming to Turkey and will be under risk with annihilation of biotope. B1 : species which are using Anatolia for winter housing but which are not breeding in Anatolia B2-B3 : species which transiting Anatolia or using Anatolia for winter housing and having a lower risk degree Y : local bird species which are incubating periodically in our country G : species which are migrating after incubated in our country K : species which are not incubating in our country, which are transiting from our country for emigration KZ : winter visitor species which winter in our country The ave species determined in the study area as well as their conservation degree are already provided above under two separate tables. Some important bird species existing in the study area are given below: 68 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Pelecanus Crispus It is the biggest bird in Kuş Lake. It is approximatetly 170 cm by height and 11 kg. wing separation is 3meters. It is differentiated from white pelicans by its curly neck feathers, gray legs and gray-white feathers. They migrate in short distances. They move in concordance wtih the covey. They reproduce in marshlands and shallow lakes along southeast africa and asia-china. Remiz pendulinus It is the only representative of its family in our country and it is the smallest bird of Kuş Lake. It can easily be differentiated from its similars. Its eyes are large, beak is short, conic and sharp. Top of its back is chessnut, rest is in brownish color. While couples resemble each other, males are more bright. Phylloscopus collybita These birds are approximately 10-12 cm in length, they are greenish with white back. It nests in rare brushes and leaves 4 to 7 eggs in. Females brood 13-14 days. They are seen in mild Europe and north of Asia. They are the most well-knowns among old-world sylvia. Not that much similar to other sylvians, they migrate to southern and western Europe in winter. They return with springs and re-migrate in autumn. Phalacrocorax pygmeus Phalacrocorax pygmaeus is a species under Phalacrocoracidae family. They are common in southeast europe and southwest asia. They live in wetlands or mild flowing rivers. They are partially migrant. In majority they stay where they grew up 69 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 3.7 Air Quality An air quality survey is conducted for the proposed wind farm in Balıkesir Center and Kepsut districts in Eşeler, Karakaya and Ayvatlar Villages for PM10. Appropriate sampling points are selected and measurements are taken as of 04.12.2009. An emission report (Annex-11) is prepared in accordance with Regulation on Industrial Air Pollution given by national legislation. Baseline air quality values are represented in Table-13. Table-13. Summary of Baseline air quality measurements Receptor Eşeler Village Karakaya Village Ayvatlar Village 1st Meas. 3 (mg/Nm ) 2nd Meas. 3 (mg/Nm ) 3. Meas. 3 (mg/Nm ) Resultant 3 (mg/Nm ) Threshold Value 3 (mg/Nm ) 0,18 0,20 0,15 0,18 3 mg/Nm 3 Dust (PM10) 0,13 0,15 0,14 0,14 3 mg/Nm 3 Dust (PM10) 0,21 0,15 0,19 0,18 3 mg/Nm 3 Dust (PM10) Type of Pollutant In Balıkesir province, an Air Quality Survey Station belonging to Ministry of Environment and Forestry is available. While sulfur dioxide and particulate matter (PM) measurements are taken, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbon and lead emissions are not performed. Measurement results taken from Balıkesir Station between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009 are provided in Table-14. Table-14. Balıkesir Air Quality Station Measurements between 31/12/2008 and 31/11/2009 Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) SO2 3 (µg/m ) 31.12.08 01.01.09 02.01.09 03.01.09 04.01.09 05.01.09 06.01.09 07.01.09 08.01.09 09.01.09 10.01.09 11.01.09 12.01.09 13.01.09 14.01.09 15.01.09 16.01.09 17.01.09 18.01.09 19.01.09 20.01.09 21.01.09 22.01.09 49 90 126 68 65 86 34 51 195 47 56 46 70 272 275 387 251 72 204 243 250 322 306 9 7 1 3 14 15 13 13 13 15 19 10 34 11 17 19 32 27 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 3 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 0 3 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 160 208 215 204 247 192 179 177 220 171 196 186 198 233 213 167 221 189 226 207 197 171 198 Air Temp. (C°) 1 2 1 4 3 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 8 5 4 0 4 8 8 9 Relative Humidity (%) 70 67 75 80 81 78 77 65 73 69 67 62 60 72 77 66 79 73 78 72 68 68 67 Pressure (Mb) 1015 1010 1005 1002 997 997 996 1003 1007 1013 1010 1015 1017 1015 1008 1006 1000 1005 1007 1001 1001 1002 1000 70 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) SO2 3 (µg/m ) 23.01.09 24.01.09 25.01.09 26.01.09 27.01.09 28.01.09 29.01.09 30.01.09 31.01.09 01.02.09 02.02.09 03.02.09 04.02.09 05.02.09 06.02.09 07.02.09 08.02.09 09.02.09 10.02.09 11.02.09 12.02.09 13.02.09 14.02.09 15.02.09 16.02.09 17.02.09 18.02.09 19.02.09 20.02.09 21.02.09 22.02.09 23.02.09 24.02.09 25.02.09 26.02.09 27.02.09 28.02.09 01.03.09 02.03.09 03.03.09 04.03.09 05.03.09 06.03.09 07.03.09 08.03.09 09.03.09 10.03.09 11.03.09 12.03.09 13.03.09 14.03.09 325 106 90 45 150 77 129 37 27 39 114 243 123 95 101 114 48 66 43 85 22 22 22 29 45 87 109 63 36 31 30 28 29 33 17 45 86 125 143 65 104 154 375 138 70 102 36 66 81 54 64 16 17 17 9 9 11 11 9 8 8 11 26 23 14 9 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 11 13 6 4 4 6 5 5 0 6 15 11 22 9 8 14 10 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 2 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 223 214 237 216 207 207 200 174 180 192 209 196 231 195 212 209 255 193 190 237 216 198 214 159 181 188 191 224 169 148 177 183 181 182 176 166 169 214 189 196 214 217 203 230 199 182 167 204 184 172 227 Air Temp. (C°) 8 10 13 11 11 11 8 7 5 6 6 9 15 13 11 13 12 10 6 8 11 8 7 2 3 4 8 8 5 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 4 5 8 9 11 13 16 11 9 9 10 8 6 5 4 Relative Humidity (%) 72 67 67 67 66 60 70 67 71 68 72 70 44 60 66 63 73 67 74 70 64 74 74 72 65 63 57 69 68 69 70 67 69 68 74 72 66 63 59 73 70 63 53 66 70 67 61 62 74 72 76 Pressure (Mb) 985 981 982 988 997 990 990 993 996 1001 1005 1004 996 994 995 992 988 986 993 991 985 988 984 993 999 1002 997 990 990 1000 999 995 998 1001 996 995 998 1004 1001 1001 1000 990 983 984 987 993 993 1001 997 997 998 71 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) SO2 3 (µg/m ) 15.03.09 16.03.09 17.03.09 18.03.09 19.03.09 20.03.09 21.03.09 22.03.09 23.03.09 24.03.09 25.03.09 26.03.09 27.03.09 28.03.09 29.03.09 30.03.09 31.03.09 01.04.09 02.04.09 03.04.09 04.04.09 05.04.09 06.04.09 07.04.09 08.04.09 09.04.09 10.04.09 11.04.09 12.04.09 13.04.09 14.04.09 15.04.09 16.04.09 17.04.09 18.04.09 19.04.09 20.04.09 21.04.09 22.04.09 23.04.09 24.04.09 25.04.09 26.04.09 27.04.09 28.04.09 29.04.09 30.04.09 01.05.09 02.05.09 03.05.09 04.05.09 70 117 92 44 35 59 87 38 80 92 40 28 46 90 111 135 120 91 69 58 61 73 51 44 52 82 77 65 45 91 93 43 84 76 76 80 84 101 58 26 35 60 45 39 40 71 64 49 28 52 45 4 11 12 7 5 3 11 4 5 9 10 2 5 9 17 24 16 8 4 4 3 3 2 1 5 9 8 6 3 4 4 1 5 7 6 6 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 0 0 1 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 3 215 217 190 170 158 201 203 171 173 190 219 187 174 214 202 195 182 178 181 171 186 214 192 173 171 197 202 198 166 212 150 177 204 197 215 225 212 218 170 174 166 211 175 166 208 189 189 193 230 196 168 Air Temp. (C°) 5 6 7 7 4 5 8 8 6 8 12 8 6 7 9 15 18 15 11 12 10 10 10 10 12 14 13 12 11 13 16 11 12 14 15 18 18 16 14 9 9 11 10 10 13 13 15 14 12 14 14 Relative Humidity (%) 64 59 59 64 67 62 55 71 65 58 57 75 57 55 55 53 55 62 68 59 65 71 76 74 61 52 49 57 62 67 54 71 58 52 48 55 53 63 64 71 56 55 60 60 56 69 60 64 77 68 61 Pressure (Mb) 1005 1005 1004 998 997 1003 997 990 990 992 989 991 998 1003 1006 1002 1000 999 1001 1003 1001 999 995 995 1000 1001 1000 999 999 995 989 992 997 998 1000 1003 1003 998 991 997 1002 1001 1005 1005 999 993 993 991 997 1001 993 72 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) SO2 3 (µg/m ) 05.05.09 06.05.09 07.05.09 08.05.09 09.05.09 10.05.09 11.05.09 12.05.09 13.05.09 14.05.09 15.05.09 16.05.09 17.05.09 18.05.09 19.05.09 20.05.09 21.05.09 22.05.09 23.05.09 24.05.09 25.05.09 26.05.09 27.05.09 28.05.09 29.05.09 30.05.09 31.05.09 01.06.09 02.06.09 03.06.09 04.06.09 05.06.09 06.06.09 07.06.09 08.06.09 09.06.09 10.06.09 11.06.09 12.06.09 13.06.09 14.06.09 15.06.09 16.06.09 17.06.09 18.06.09 19.06.09 20.06.09 21.06.09 22.06.09 23.06.09 24.06.09 28 49 68 54 49 54 60 71 82 89 86 88 79 69 37 30 32 40 57 2 2 3 3 49 61 61 62 103 86 28 45 60 59 64 50 56 50 64 45 33 48 41 59 46 30 44 58 67 47 64 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 172 196 207 203 204 207 200 203 199 206 205 199 187 180 168 180 177 174 209 192 206 189 192 183 192 181 182 190 185 145 199 201 194 198 204 169 183 183 190 170 174 186 188 193 181 170 180 196 169 114 192 Air Temp. (C°) 13 15 15 17 17 17 18 19 21 22 24 25 25 23 18 17 17 19 21 21 21 20 18 19 20 23 21 21 24 25 17 21 23 25 26 24 24 24 25 23 22 22 23 25 24 22 23 25 27 27 26 Relative Humidity (%) 61 60 60 54 45 44 46 44 48 48 49 47 50 56 66 66 63 61 53 59 54 46 48 48 44 41 60 65 51 41 74 57 48 44 42 53 56 52 54 46 40 39 39 41 48 50 55 50 42 41 44 Pressure (Mb) 992 997 999 1003 1004 1004 1001 1001 1000 999 998 998 998 996 996 996 997 998 999 1000 998 998 1000 1001 999 1001 1003 1001 994 989 993 997 998 997 994 997 998 995 993 998 1002 1003 1001 999 1002 1001 997 993 992 993 991 73 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) 25.06.09 26.06.09 27.06.09 28.06.09 29.06.09 30.06.09 01.07.09 02.07.09 03.07.09 04.07.09 05.07.09 06.07.09 07.07.09 08.07.09 09.07.09 10.07.09 11.07.09 12.07.09 13.07.09 14.07.09 15.07.09 16.07.09 17.07.09 18.07.09 19.07.09 20.07.09 21.07.09 22.07.09 23.07.09 24.07.09 25.07.09 26.07.09 27.07.09 28.07.09 29.07.09 30.07.09 31.07.09 01.08.09 02.08.09 03.08.09 04.08.09 05.08.09 06.08.09 07.08.09 08.08.09 09.08.09 10.08.09 11.08.09 12.08.09 13.08.09 14.08.09 41 41 53 45 62 48 49 43 39 42 44 45 53 54 68 62 49 42 22 34 44 41 43 61 57 57 46 36 43 38 67 81 41 35 38 41 37 39 39 41 47 55 73 78 83 40 41 39 38 33 49 SO2 3 (µg/m ) 2 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 3 4 4 4 3 1 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 190 177 188 189 206 194 191 180 168 186 189 201 190 202 204 178 207 184 168 195 195 173 174 195 197 188 175 180 179 166 196 191 186 182 178 181 179 180 185 176 192 201 176 185 180 182 182 179 175 171 190 Air Temp. (C°) 23 22 24 25 24 25 27 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 28 27 25 24 24 24 26 27 28 29 27 25 24 26 27 29 27 25 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 27 26 27 25 24 23 23 22 23 24 Relative Humidity (%) 52 50 46 47 51 50 47 55 55 49 52 43 39 40 43 58 55 63 51 49 51 54 49 38 38 50 47 50 51 49 38 50 54 48 48 51 48 54 57 51 48 55 61 57 54 50 48 45 48 51 48 Pressure (Mb) 992 992 993 993 994 997 997 995 991 988 989 990 992 994 993 992 990 991 995 998 999 997 994 992 992 997 999 998 997 997 995 994 997 998 997 997 996 996 997 997 995 993 991 991 994 996 999 998 997 996 997 74 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) 15.08.09 16.08.09 17.08.09 18.08.09 19.08.09 20.08.09 21.08.09 22.08.09 23.08.09 24.08.09 25.08.09 26.08.09 27.08.09 28.08.09 29.08.09 30.08.09 31.08.09 01.09.09 02.09.09 03.09.09 04.09.09 05.09.09 06.09.09 07.09.09 08.09.09 09.09.09 10.09.09 11.09.09 12.09.09 13.09.09 14.09.09 15.09.09 16.09.09 17.09.09 18.09.09 19.09.09 20.09.09 21.09.09 22.09.09 23.09.09 24.09.09 25.09.09 26.09.09 27.09.09 28.09.09 29.09.09 30.09.09 01.10.09 02.10.09 03.10.09 04.10.09 55 47 44 39 42 56 35 31 41 37 25 39 46 39 50 43 34 26 25 55 81 77 66 19 18 25 54 52 30 37 56 47 43 44 55 27 19 15 22 27 46 63 47 32 26 58 86 102 98 69 52 SO2 3 (µg/m ) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 2 0 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 2 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 2 2 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 195 179 181 179 182 178 179 177 175 177 171 180 180 171 199 191 172 172 173 206 193 207 201 165 173 208 191 186 174 170 199 188 172 186 194 178 177 179 179 179 181 196 186 183 176 186 199 194 185 176 189 Air Temp. (C°) 24 24 25 24 25 26 24 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 24 23 22 23 24 25 24 20 20 19 20 21 21 20 21 22 23 22 22 22 19 17 18 19 19 20 20 19 18 18 18 20 20 22 22 Relative Humidity (%) 55 56 56 53 45 50 48 47 41 46 55 55 53 52 55 49 59 59 49 39 34 33 46 68 71 75 72 75 72 68 61 67 59 58 62 59 57 57 60 54 56 57 62 57 51 55 52 49 47 49 60 Pressure (Mb) 997 996 995 996 999 1000 1001 997 995 994 996 1000 999 997 995 997 999 1001 999 997 997 995 994 993 993 998 999 992 989 996 1000 1001 1000 997 995 996 999 1002 1005 1007 1004 1000 1003 1005 1003 999 999 1001 999 997 997 75 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date 05.10.09 06.10.09 07.10.09 08.10.09 09.10.09 10.10.09 11.10.09 12.10.09 13.10.09 14.10.09 15.10.09 16.10.09 17.10.09 18.10.09 19.10.09 20.10.09 21.10.09 22.10.09 23.10.09 24.10.09 25.10.09 26.10.09 27.10.09 28.10.09 29.10.09 30.10.09 31.10.09 01.11.09 02.11.09 03.11.09 04.11.09 05.11.09 06.11.09 07.11.09 08.11.09 09.11.09 10.11.09 11.11.09 15.11.09 16.11.09 17.11.09 18.11.09 19.11.09 21.11.09 22.11.09 23.11.09 24.11.09 25.11.09 26.11.09 27.11.09 28.11.09 PM10 3 (µg/m ) 71 107 112 58 27 48 65 85 90 69 46 34 25 28 10 16 21 50 40 98 165 157 129 112 81 37 188 202 159 181 156 168 112 253 379 219 225 204 190 SO2 3 (µg/m ) 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 6 1 1 1 3 25 22 21 21 20 20 20 19 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 14 18 12 18 16 15 12 19 26 23 17 15 25 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 1 3 2 2 1 1 0 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 199 178 180 181 202 203 214 181 233 147 186 194 178 192 175 162 195 208 197 187 194 181 172 171 177 175 167 163 168 225 161 192 173 190 188 190 220 219 211 197 236 211 211 243 238 238 220 206 218 255 228 Air Temp. (C°) 19 20 20 19 19 19 19 20 20 16 13 18 20 19 19 19 16 14 16 18 17 19 18 15 15 14 11 8 7 8 12 12 15 16 15 16 16 14 7 10 8 9 9 7 5 6 7 9 6 4 8 Relative Humidity (%) 69 65 54 56 56 55 61 53 58 52 63 65 64 71 69 59 68 70 64 59 69 71 71 74 64 67 71 69 72 68 78 66 65 64 69 70 63 73 73 73 82 77 76 85 85 81 77 73 81 84 75 Pressure (Mb) 1001 1003 1002 1001 1000 1000 998 996 989 996 1002 997 996 996 996 998 1002 1004 1000 996 997 998 997 998 998 997 999 999 998 992 984 998 1002 999 992 997 994 990 1004 1002 1006 1008 1008 1012 1008 1004 1000 1002 1006 1005 1004 76 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Date PM10 3 (µg/m ) SO2 3 (µg/m ) 29.11.09 30.11.09 Minimum MinDate MinTime Maximum MaxDate MaxTime Avg Num Data[%] STD 188 207 10 31.10.09 24:00 387 15.01.09 24:00 74 314 93 61.5 24 22 0 26.02.09 24:00 34 15.01.09 24:00 7 243 72 7.6 3.8 Wind Speed Wind Direction (m/s) (Degrees) 1 1 0 01.01.09 24:00 5 26.02.09 24:00 1 331 98 1.1 177 211 114 23.06.09 24:00 255 08.02.09 24:00 190 331 98 19.1 Air Temp. (C°) 13 11 0 18.01.09 24:00 29 09.07.09 24:00 15 331 98 7.7 Relative Humidity (%) 73 72 33 05.09.09 24:00 85 21.11.09 24:00 59 331 98 10.7 Pressure (Mb) 1004 1006 981 24.01.09 24:00 1017 12.01.09 24:00 997 331 98 5.4 Noise For the said project, a baseline noise survey is conducted as of 04.12.2009. 4 potential locations are identified to determine baseline noise levels in whole area. Points where noise surveys are performed for the closest receptors. Reason behind the fact that no any other locations are selected; (i) the selected points are critical and (ii) noise levels on other potential locations were below the sensitivity degree of device used for typical measurements (less than 30dBA). Hence, in other areas in none of the locations, no background noise is encountered that may affect future surveys. Survey point locations and obtained results are summarized in Table-15. Complete Noise Survey Report is given in Annex-12. Table-15. Baseline Noise Quality No 1 2 3 4 3.9 Survey Points Coordinates Location Northing Easting 592901,70 4398894,96 Eşeler Village 587735,27 4398969,99 Karakaya Village (1) 588014,93 4399366,14 Karakaya Village (2) 584791,35 4396819,68 Ayvatlar Village Equiv. Noise Level (dBA) Category 40,3 41,5 42,8 40,9 A A A A Socio-economic Profile Wind farm area sits on Central and Kepsut districts of Balıkesir. 7 settlements are present in the vicinity of the farm area and it‟s associated above ground installations, i.e. access roads, energy transmission lines. 6 of them are on activity area and remaining 1 near the energy transmission route. Proximity of settlements to the activity area with their population is given below. 77 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Table-16. Settlements‟ geographic and demographic indicators Labor Force* (population between 15-64) Yeniköy 2500 m 910 609 Kürse 1500 m 212 142 Gökçeören 1800 m 890 595 Armutlu 2500 m 268 179 Eşeler 500 m 875 585 Karakaya 800 m 99 66 Ayvatlar 1100 m 278 186 *Interpolated in reference to Turkey‟s labor force distribution, Source TurkSTAT (2008) Village Distance from activity area Population Primary source of living of settlements in vicinity of the proposed project area is agriculture and animal husbandry. Among the villages where social impact assessment is performed, only Yeniköy village is eligible for partial irrigated agriculture. In remaining villages, since their farmlands are not irrigated, while main source of income is animal husbandry most of the labor force in villages is working in temporary jobs in big cities when available. Among households with agriculture labor, households having permanent income as retirement salary, old-age pension or such does not exceed 1% of total households. In general of Kepsut district, valuable mines, mineral deposits (manganese, vollastonite, bentonite, talk) as well as industrial deposits (bor, caolen, clay, bentonite, zeolite, halloysite, dolomite, feldspat, calcite, gypsum, granite, building blocks, marble, perlite, magnesite) and metal deposits (gold, silver, gold-silver, antimuan, molibdenum, manganese, lead-zinc, copper-lead-zinc, copper, iron, mercury, cromium) are present. While none of these deposits are crossed by the project area or its associated elements; any of the households in the vicinity of the activity are not making benefit by operation of these deposits. As per muhtar declarations, average monthly village income is between 450-700 TRL which indicated that welfare status of the villagers is very low. Employment appears to be the major problem. Survey mythology and outcomes of survey for each village is provided in Social Impact Assessment Report (Annex-9). 3.10 Cultural Heritage Any registered cultural asset is not encountered in the area. In order to address protection of cultural heritage where a potential issue has not been identified at earlier stages of screening process, Law on Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets will be in place. 3.11 Landscape Study area is a hilly area due to nature of the proposed project. Current views, in comparison with the proposed project, of turbine locations are provided in Visual Impacts Assessment Report (Annex-13). 78 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 4 WASTES AND WASTE DISPOSAL Formation of wastes is discussed during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project. Respectively 60 and 15 people are planned to be employed in construction and operation durations. Wastes are evaluated under solid, liquid, medical wastes and dust and emissions headings separately for construction and operation phases. 4.1 Solid Wastes 4.1.1 Solid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal Solid wastes to be formed in construction phase can be grouped under: Excavation wastes: Wooden formation wastes, iron/metal plates, metal, reinforcement bars, iron bars, concrete and injection wastes, etc. Domestic Solid Wastes: Kitchen leftovers Other Solid Wastes: Accumulator, battery, tyres, packing wastes, etc. In general, recycling material wastes used in construction will be collected separately in accordance with their chemical characteristics, accumulated and recycled. Some wastes will be sold to their traders considering their standing. For this reason, solid wastes formed in construction (metal, glass, plastic, paper, etc.) will be collected by the contractor in accumulation cans separately considering their characteristics and will be transported for disposal with specially equipped vehicles in accordance with their appearance, smell, dust, leak and such similar factors preventing pollution in the environment. Waste collectors will be kept closed and will be disinfected regularly for re-use. Excavation Wastes: They will be formed with initiation of construction phase. Wooden formation wastes will be collected regularly. In case of a request, they may be given to the villagers since they can be used for heating. Similarly, wastes such as iron/metal plates, metal, reinforcement bars, iron bars, concrete and injection wastes will be collected regularly and sold to their collectors. Solid wastes with proper characteristics will be used as fill material. Domestic Solid Wastes: This kind of wastes will occur from food and kitchen waste, packing paper and plastic bottle when construction activities start. During construction phase of the project, approximately 60 employees will be in charge as per planning. Assuming that daily solid waste formed per capita is 1,34 kg, total solid waste to be formed will be 1,34 kg/day-c. x 60c. = 80,4 kg/day where, Q= q x N Q= Daily total solid waste q= Daily solid waste per person N= Total number of employees Other solid wastes: Repair and maintenance of vehicles, equipment and tools are under the responsibility of the contractor. In cases where these activities are realized in construction site(s), waste material will not be left outdoors, and will be accumulated in temporary areas for which necessary precautions are taken as concreting the basement, and protection against rain. 79 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Among these wastes, accumulators, spare parts, metal sections which are recycling will be sold to their traders. For repair and maintenance, “Regulation on Control of Waste Battery Cell and Accumulators” and “Regulation on Control of Tires Completed Their Lifecycle” will be in place. Non-recycling solid wastes will be transported to places indicated by the municipality and will be disposed as per Regulation on Control of Solid Wastes. 4.1.2 Solid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal During operational phase of the project, only ongoing process will be generation of electricity from wind turbines. Therefore, formation of any solid waste other than domestic type is not expected. It is planned that 15 personnel will be working during operation phase, accordingly assuming that domestic solid waste formed per capita is 1,34 kg, and total solid waste to be formed will be 1,34 kg/c.-day x 15 c. = 20,1 kg/day where, Q= q x N Q= Daily total solid waste q= Daily solid waste per person N= Total number of employees Domestic solid waste to be formed during operational phase will have the same characteristics with wastes formed in construction phase. Therefore, their disposal is subject to the same rules and regulations as defined above. 4.2 Liquid Wastes 4.2.1 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Construction Phase and Their Disposal Under the scope of the project, any water pollution is not expected other than wastes occurred due to construction activities. Potable and utility water will be used - for construction, - by workers in construction sites. Planned number of worker during construction phase is 60. When it is assumed that necessary water requirement per capita is 150 lt/day, daily consumption will be Q = 150 lt/c.-day x 60 c. = 9.000 lt/day = 9 m3/day where, Q= q x N Q= Daily total liquid waste q= Daily liquid waste per person N= Total number of employees If it is assumed that all consumed water will revert to waste, then total domestic liquid waste will be 9 m3/day. Pollutants in a typical untreated domestic wastewater and their average concentrations are given in the following table with calculated pollutant load arising due to the construction of the project. 80 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Parameter pH AKM BOI5 KOI Total Nitrogen Total phosphor Concentration (mg/lt) 6-9 200 200 500 40 10 Pollutant Load N/A 9.000 lt/day x 200 mg/lt 1,8 kg/day 9.000 lt/day x 200 mg/lt 1,8 kg/day 9.000 lt/day x 500 mg/lt 4,5 kg/day 9.000 lt/day x 40 mg/lt 0,36 kg/day 9.000 lt/day x 10 mg/lt 0.09 kg/day Required water to be used during construction phase of the project will be provided via water trucks and they will be subject to “Regulation for Septic Tanks where In place Sewer System Construction is not Possible”. They will be collected in fosseptic holes and will be disposed into municipal network after getting necessary approvals. 4.2.2 Liquid Wastes to be formed in Operation Phase and Their Disposal During operational phase of the project, only ongoing process will be generation of electricity from wind turbines. Therefore, formation of any liquid waste other than domestic type is not expected. It is planned that 15 personnel will be working during operation phase, accordingly assuming that domestic liquid waste formed per capita is 150 lt/day, and total liquid waste to be formed will be 150 lt/day-c. x 15 c. = 2250 lt/day = 2,25 m3/day where, Q= q x N Q= Daily total liquid waste q= Daily liquid waste per person N= Total number of employees If it is assumed that all consumed water will revert to waste, then total domestic liquid waste will be 2,25 m3/day. Pollutants in a typical untreated domestic wastewater and their average concentrations are given in the following table with calculated pollutant load arising due to the operation of the project. Parameter pH AKM BOİ5 KOİ Total Nitrogen Total phosphor Concentration (mg/lt) 6-9 200 200 500 40 10 Pollutant Load N/A 2.250 lt/day x 200 mg/lt 2.250 lt/day x 200 mg/lt 2.250 lt/day x 500 mg/lt 2.250 lt/day x 40 mg/lt 2.250 lt/day x 10 mg/lt 0,5 kg/day 0,5 kg/day 1,13 kg/day 0,09 kg/day 0,03 kg/day Domestic liquid waste to be formed during operational phase will have the same characteristics with wastes formed in construction phase. Therefore, their disposal is subject to the same rules and regulations as defined above. As a result of repair and maintenance works during operation phase, liquid wastes like oil wastes will be formed. For maintenance of turbines, transformer oils will be used which does not contain any hazardous material. Oil wastes will be collected in leak-proof tanks and transferred to disposal units. For these cases, “Regulation on Control of Waste Oil” will be in place. 81 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 4.3 Medical Wastes Medical wastes won‟t be mixed with other wastes, and will be collected in infirmary units separately. Medical wastes that are formed will be packed in red bags with “ATTENTION MEDICAL WASTE” note on each side and be disposed in accordance with “Regulation on Control of Medical Wastes” which came into force by no. 25883 Official Gazette as of 22.07.2005. 4.4 Hazardous Wastes Formation of hazardous material is not expected during construction and operation phases of the project. 82 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 5 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES Initial foreseen analysis of impacts for construction and operation phases is evaluated. Activities related to construction will cause impacts on pasture lands, habitat, generate noise and dust emission as well as wastes. Different than construction, operation phase include visual impacts, noise, habitat alteration, light and illumination issues, as well as social impacts including but not limited to land acquisition and access to land. It is the intent of the proponent to proactively approach each receptor to ensure all potentially impacted neighbors are fully aware of the potential impact of the project. In the event where the impact may not be fully evaluated until the turbines are operational or until the lifestyles of the receptor are understood, the proponent will commit to resolving the problems once they are better defined. 5.1 Construction 5.1.1 Impacts on Soil As per design, area to be covered by concrete for installation of turbines will be 250m 2 at a depth of 3m. Hence total area to be concreted will be approximately 14250 m 2. During earthworks a 5m safety band will be placed around the working area. Total area to be allocated for access roads is calculated to be 283390 m2 of which 145000 m2 lies in pasture land. Similarly, width of access roads in pasture lands will not exceed 5 m. If 5 meter width is exceeded, then pasture characteristic of the land will be further damaged, therefore, maximum width of access roads will be 5 meters. 30m top soil will be stripped in the areas where construction and concreting will take place. This valuable top soil will be stored near to turbine areas to be used in reinstatement and recycling of lands. This step will also be applied for access roads. Top soil to be removed for access roads is approximately 43500 m2. Permanent area to be allocated by power poles will be 2647 m2 and will be on pasture land. Soil protection measures are subject to Regulation on Soil Protection and Land Use. Measures to be taken during installation of towers as per the said regulation in order not to disturb plant pattern on private and public lands includes: A sprinkler will be readily available during earthworks in farm area so that plant respiration is not disturbed and dust emission is minimized. Working area will not be exceeded neither during installation of turbines nor concreting processes in order to preserve existing planting pattern in the area. Width of access roads to be utilized for material transportation and repair works will not be exceeded during installation of turbines. Access and transportation roads will be continuously sprinkled during equipment transportation in order to prevent disturbance on surrounding pasture and agricultural products. 30m top soil will be stripped in the areas where construction and concreting will take place as well as in access roads. This valuable top soil will be stored near to turbine areas to be used in reinstatement and recycling of lands. 83 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Except for the stated requirements, in any of construction activity, Regulation on Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise and Environment Law, Law No. 2872 and related regulations will be in place. Figure-25. Workflow of land reinstatement and rehabilitation 5.1.2 Impacts on Habitat The operation of onshore wind turbines may result in collisions of birds and bats with wind turbine rotor blades and / or towers, potentially causing bird and bat mortality or injury. Potential indirect impacts to birds may include changes in quantity and type of prey species resulting from habitat modification at the wind farm project site, and changes in the type and number of perching and nesting sites due to either natural habitat modification or the use of wind turbines by birds. The impact to birds and bats depends on the scale of the project and other factors including technology considerations (e.g. tower dimension and turbine design), lighting of the wind turbine, and layout of the wind farm. In addition, site characteristics may influence this impact, including physical and landscape features of the wind farm site (e.g. proximity to habitat that may concentrate birds, bats, or their prey), the numbers of birds and bats moving through the wind farm site, the risk behaviors of birds (e.g. soaring height) and bats (e.g. migration routes), and meteorological considerations. Prevention and control measures to address these impacts include the following: 84 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Conduct site selection to account for known migration pathways or areas where birds and bats are highly concentrated. Examples of high-concentration areas include wetlands, designated wildlife refuges, staging areas, rookeries, bat hibernation areas, roosts, ridges, river valleys, and riparian areas; Configure turbine arrays to avoid potential avian mortality (e.g. group turbines rather than spread them widely or orient rows of turbines parallel to known bird movements); Implement appropriate stormwater management measures to avoid creating attractions such as small ponds which can attract birds and bats for feeding or nesting near the wind farm. Project area is not rich in terms of flora pattern and limited with scrub formation. Under the scope of the project, it is a possibility that floral vegetation of the area will be disturbed due to the nature of land preparation and construction activities. This impact, at first glance, will appear in construction phase. Presence of Manyas Bird Lake provides a biodiversity in the province. For fauna species, Kuş Lake and its vicinity enables an appropriate area. But, in Turkey there is no national red book for fauna species. Therefore, literature surveys are not specific to any region but gives general assessment. Presence of an important bird area leads to a long lists in the literature. But, when it is considered together with geographic elements and field observation studies, there exists no species brooding in project and its impact area. Migrating species are using the pathways crossing the activity area in definite time intervals. Some of the conducted studies showed that major impact of wind farms are on fauna species during operation phase. It is observed that wild birds are more dominant in the area and their flight altitude is 700-1000m. Planned turbine height to be constructed is 80 meters and rotor diameter is 75 meters. 30 meters constitutes the empty space under turbines. It is known that migrating/transit going birds do not fly that high. While wild birds are not able to fly with that height. Conducted literature studies showed that flying birds change their pathway when they realize wind turbines and they have a tendency to escape from the turbines. It is realized that changes in air current and noise generated by the turbines cause birds to change their pathway. Nests are found on non-operational turbines and it is concluded that birds realize turbines from noise and air currents. Within a study performed by painting the blades into different colors, it is seen that birds are running in lower-altitudes, below blades. In sections where raptors and Cygnus are present, necessary measures will be taken in order to minimize fatality due to operation of turbines. As a result, in vicinity of study area, species under protection as per Central Hunting Commission and Bern Agreement will be preserved, both in construction and operation phases, necessary measures will be taken as per Environment Law (Law No. 2872) and its regulations, Terrestrial Hunting Law (Law No. 4915) and its regulations, Bern Agreement 6th and 7th Articles and Central Hunting Commission Decision. Potential adverse environmental impacts that may take place during construction and operation phases of the project will be mitigated as per relevant laws and regulation. 5.1.3 Dust Emissions Dust concentration measurements are taken in Eşeler, Karakaya and Ayvatlar Villages considering prevailing wind direction for the proposed wind power plant by Bares Üretim A.Ş. During construction activities, due to the fact that construction activities are very limited, it is not expected that PM10 concentration to exceed 3 mg/Nm3 as given by the national regulations. For this reason, dust emissions will be followed throughout the construction 85 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM period. In unexpected cases, where these values are exceed, necessary measures will be taken in accordance with relevant regulations. 5.1.4 Noise Within construction duration, noise will occur in the activity area. However, noise impact will be minimized for the following reasons; construction activities are limited and wind direction will be considered. In addition, noise emissions will be followed throughout the construction period. In unexpected cases, where these values are exceed, necessary measures will be taken in accordance with relevant regulations. 5.1.5 Other Planned electricity cut is not case during construction phase of the project. If such cases occur, potentially effected communities and users of the electricity line will be informed prior to blackout. In cases of additional land needs during construction for certain reasons (force majeure cases, compulsory changes in project design, etc), necessary procedures will be followed as per land type. Accessing to activity area and construction activities will require use of heavy machinery. It may be a possibility that such vehicles damage infrastructures, in particular, irrigation and potable water network. However, under the scope of the said project, owing to the facts that water resources are not high enough and most of the potable water is supplied from wells and drillings, any adverse impact is not expected. In case they occur, necessary measures will be taken. This includes but not limited to the following; fixing the systems, providing water to the effected community. 5.2 Operation 5.2.1 Visual Impacts Depending on the location and local public perception, a wind farm may have an impact on visual resources. Visual impacts associated with wind energy projects typically concern the turbines themselves (e.g. color, height, and number of turbines) and impacts relating to their interaction with the character of the surrounding landscape. Prevention and control measures taken for the project to address visual impacts include: Consideration of landscape character during turbine siting; Consideration of visual impacts of the turbines from all relevant viewing angles when considering locations; Minimization of presence of ancillary structures on the site by avoiding fencing, minimizing roads, burying intraproject power lines, and removing inoperative turbines; Avoiding steep slopes, implement erosion measures, and promptly revegetate cleared land with native species only; Maintaining uniform size and design of turbines (e.g. direction of rotation, type of turbine and tower, and height); Painting the turbines a uniform color, while observing air navigational marking regulations; The wind turbines will be located on 80m tall towers and have a rotor diameter of approximately 90m. Towers will be no closer than 400m to residences. As concluded from 86 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM social impact assessment, response by the public to the visual presence of the turbines is likely to be positive. Visual sight of turbine locations is further given in Visual Impacts section of this report (Annex-13). Local residents in Eşeler (being the nearest location) will generally be able to closely see the turbines, aircraft warning beacons will be visible at night, and will not be opposed to the impact. 5.2.2 Noise Wind turbines produce noise when operating. The noise is generated primarily from mechanical and aerodynamic sources. Mechanical noise may be generated by machinery in the nacelle. Aerodynamic noise emanates from the movement of air around the turbine blades and tower. In addition, the amount of noise may rise with increasing rotation speed of the turbine blades, therefore turbine designs which allow lower rotational speeds in higher winds will limit the amount of noise generated. Measures to prevent and control noise are mainly related to engineering design standards. In order to reduce this impact, following measures are taken: Proper siting of wind farms to avoid locations in close proximity to sensitive noise receptors; Adherence to national or international acoustic design standards for wind turbines (International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC], and the American National Standards Institute). Distance to receptor is the most important issue. Literature surveys show that noise generated on receptors in 200-300 meters proximity is in medium level (less than 50 dBA). Increasing distance between source and receptor naturally decrease the perceived noise, therefore in the case of proposed land farm any adverse impact is not envisaged considering the fact that nearest receptor is 500m away from the source. Additionally, manufacturers of wind turbines generated specific blade types and mechanical component design to minimize noise emissions. Most of them have a noise control system which permits programming the noise emissions according to criteria such as date, time or wind direction. This achieves the goals of local regulation compliance as well as maximum production 5.2.3 Impacts on settlements and socio-economy Project and its associated facilities (i.e. access roads, energy transmission lines) do not have any impact on settlements. No resettlement will take place, only acquisition of land may constitute a problem and it is further discussed in upcoming sections. Construction and operation of wind farm in Balıkesir is also questioned during social impact analysis studies in terms of their presence and know-how degree of local community about renewable energy sources. Analysis of household surveys showed that only 26% of interviewees have knowledge in renewable energy resources. 53% have idea about wind farms while 74% previously saw nearby wind farms. 89% of total interviewed residents are supporting wind farm construction in the area while 5% is against and remaining 6% did not state any opinion (since they do not have any idea about wind energy and wind farms) on that which is in concordance with world-wide surveys. Objections were related to potential impacts on agriculture and animal husbandry issues as 87 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM well as electromagnetic effects. It is stated by people who objected that remaining pasture lands after the construction of wind farms will be behind the activity area, therefore, they will have difficulty in accessing this section of land. As a response, survey team explained that turbines will not be too close to each other obstructing pass-by areas. Electromagnetic effect is the second issue raised. It is for sure that an electromagnetic area will occur, however, this will have a very limited or almost no effect in near by settlement which is closer than 500 m to the switch area since high technology equipment and methodology will be implemented. Besides, nearest settlement to that area is Karakaya village and it is nearly 1 km away from that area. On the contrary of world-wide applications in terms of visibility issues, residents stated that turbines have a nice view especially at night time. They added that they will be happy with its presence. From economic aspects, construction and operation of wind farm will trigger local trading issues as well as employment opportunities. 100% of interviewees expect local employment. Goods will be supplied from neighboring villages which will bring a movement in trading capacity of the area. 5.2.4 Impacts on Natural Protection Areas, Cultural and Archaeological Areas Equally, environmental impact assessment procedure of BARES will cover other performance standards issues related to the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity as well as protection of indigenous people and cultural heritage. This will be complied with the fact that there exists no nature protection area, cultural or archaeological area. In order to address protection of cultural heritage where a potential issue has not been identified at earlier stages of screening process, BARES will develop a general formal „chance find‟ procedure as defined by national legislation to apply all excavation operations, in compliance with PS-8 requirements. 5.2.5 Impacts on Forest Lands Project area lies partially on forest land. Necessary permits for use of these lands will be granted from relevant institutions prior to construction as per Forest Law. 5.2.6 Light and Illumination Impacts One of the major impacts caused by the operation of wind power plants is related to light and illumination issues. Shadow flicker caused by wind turbines is defined as periodic changes in light intensity due to the moving wind turbine blade casting shadows on the ground, stationary objects, or a point of interest such as a window at a dwelling. A flicker shadow will not be cast when the sun is obscured by clouds/fog or when the turbine is not rotating. Shadow flicker is not the sun seen through a rotating wind turbine rotor nor what an individual might view moving through the shadows of a wind farm. The spatial relationships between a wind turbine and receptor, as well as wind direction are key factors related to shadow flicker duration. Other than within approximately two rotor diameters from the base of a turbine, shadow flicker usually only occurs at sunrise or sunset when the cast shadows are sufficiently long. For situations where the rotor plane is in-line with the sun and receptor (as seen from the receptor), the cast shadows will be very narrow (blade thickness), of low intensity, and will move quickly past the stationary receptor. When the rotor plane is perpendicular to the sun-receptor “view line”, the cast shadow of the blades will move within a circle equal to the turbine rotor diameter. 88 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Shadow intensity, or how “light” or “dark” a shadow appears at a specific receptor, will vary with the distance from the turbine. Turbine blades block out larger portions of the sun‟s rays at close distances producing wider darker shadows. Receptors located farther away from a turbine will experience much thinner and less distinct shadows since the blades will not block out as much sunlight. The perceived shadow flicker intensity is further affected by clouds, fog, trees and other obstructions, wind direction, and the orientation of windows and doors in a residence. Shadow flicker is greatly reduced or eliminated within a residence when buildings, trees, or window coverings are located between the turbine and the receptor. Additionally, if a room is illuminated by artificial lighting or by other light sources including windows unaffected by the shadow flicker, the shadow intensity within the room will be greatly reduced. Shadow flicker intensity can also be defined as the difference in brightness at a given location in the presence and absence of a shadow. Some facts about shadow flicker are outlined below: 1. A wind turbine blade is narrow at the blade tip with increasing width up to the rotor hub. When a turbine is located sufficiently close to a receptor such that the wider blade portion covers most of the sun‟s disk (as seen by the receptor) the flicker intensity will increase. At greater distances a lower intensity will occur since the blades cover a smaller portion of the sun‟s disk. At longer wind turbine–receptor distances the cast shadow is “out of focus”. This does not contribute to lower intensity but the flickering is less distinct. Therefore, distance to receptor is important, nearest receptor is not closer than 500 m away from the turbine location. 2. The shadow flicker intensity is lowest when the cast shadow passing over a receptor originates from the rotor tip. This intensity increases as the cast shadow moves in along the blade length to a maximum at the hub/nacelle, to then diminishes as it moves back out along the opposite blade side. 3. Low visibility weather conditions (still sunlight) will result in lower shadow flicker intensity. Therefore, weather conditions are important. Meteorological conditions for the proposed area are described in baseline analysis section. However, it will be appropriate to remind that intense duration of total sunshine in Balıkesir area takes place in July with daily average sunshine as less than 12 hours, annual average being 7 hours. 4. Low shadow flicker impacts are usually indicative of greater receptor-turbine separation distances and incident shadows of low intensity originating from the rotor tips. 5. Shadows are fainter in a lighted room. Consequently, switching lights on will lower the intensity of incident shadow flicker. 6. In terms of health and safety, best known and reported impact due to shadow flicker caused by wind turbines is epilepsy. Shadow flicker from wind turbines does not trigger epileptic seizures in individuals suffering from photo-sensitivity, as some wind energy opponents have claimed. The frequency, or the number of times something happens per second, is measured in Hertz (Hz). Shadow flicker from wind turbines has a frequency between 0.5 Hz and 1.25 Hz, which is equivalent to between 1 to approximately 1.25 alternations per second. This is well below the range of frequencies that can trigger epileptic seizures, which is 5 to 30 Hz, according to the American Epilepsy Foundation. Thus, shadowing from wind turbines poses absolutely no threat to the health of people with epilepsy or other individuals who are photosensitive. 89 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Briefly, wind turbines cause shadow flicker if the following conditions are occur at the same time: 1. The sun must be shining and there is no cloud cover. 2. The moving object must be between the observer and the sun. 3. The observer has to be close enough to the object to be in its shadow. 4. The blades have to be facing directly toward or away from the sun (so they are moving across the source of the light relative to the observer). It is a fact that shadow length can change depending on the angle of the sun in the sky, but even if the object is large and the sun is low in the sky, the shadow will only stretch a certain distance – after that, the light bends around the object and the shadow becomes diffuse. Keeping the information obtained through previous works and literature in mind, BARES conducted an assessment of the energy production of the proposed location. Wind farm lies on seven ridges running approximately from northwest to southeast. The terrain at the site is categorized as complex and features mainly scattered rocky outcrops with sparse vegetation. The surface roughness length of the site and surrounding area was assessed during a site visit made by GH staff in October 2007. Following the Davenport classification, the following general figures are considered appropriate: Site and surrounding areas 0.05 m Settlements 0.5 m Wooded areas 0.5 m Water 0.0002 m These basic assumption already removed the extensive exposure to shadow flicker with the surrounding. Since, turbines to be installed in the context of the project will work on lower rotational speed. This is an impact mitigation measure taken at the source against the shadow flicker. According to the most of the literature sources, shadow flicker does not become effective within a radius of c. 400 m. Nearest settlement being 500m away from the turbine would not bring any adverse impact. Additionally, flicker effect will be minimum in terms of annual daily average sunshine duration in the area. Mitigation measures for a potential shadow flicker effect, following items may be considered: Covering a window (curtains, blinds or shutters) Screening, such as trees Proper siting of wind turbines However, in certain jurisdictions there may be requirements to shut down turbines during specific meteorological conditions to meet defined noise emission, shadow flicker criteria at nearby dwellings, or environmental conditions due to such aspects as birds or bats. Further 90 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM details for the analysis are provided in Balıkesir Energy Production Assessment Report (Annex-6). 5.2.7 Impacts on land use, agriculture and animal husbandry, reinstatement of pasture lands after completion of operation period Under the scope of the project, impacts on current land use, agriculture and animal husbandry are also evaluated. Project area with its access roads cross 10% forest land, 67,3% pasture land, 10,9% private land and 11,8% unregistered land. Given by Pasture Law, pasture characteristics of lands are dropped in title deeds and registered under public land (land under the possession of state). However, this brings losses, hence potential adverse impacts on land use, agriculture activities and animal husbandry. Specific to pasture lands, a report has been prepared by agriculture engineers proposing recycling of pasture lands. Said report is approved by Balıkesir Provincial Administration of Agriculture as of January 2009. Report covers parcels in Ayvatlar, Gökçeören, Kürse, Karakaya and Eşeler villages which are subject to loss of pasture lands due to construction of wind farm. There is no acquisition on pasture lands in Yeniköy. In Yeniköy, required lands are unregistered and belongs to state. Total area of pasture land is calculated to be 318.622,39 m2 and required area is only 2,34% of total pasture area. Since area required for overhead powerlines is negligible compared to total area of pasture lands, they are not considered in this section. However, any damage (temporary or permanent) will be compensated. Table-17. Pasture lands and acquisition amounts Village Kepsut – Eşeler Merkez – Kürse Merkez – Karakaya Merkez – Karakaya Merkez – Gökçeören Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Merkez – Ayvatlar Total Parcel No 122 162 52 23 40 282 305 306 307 309 316 909 910 959 Total Parcel 2 Area (m ) 3.517.298,52 4.799.704,92 524.641,81 236.238,40 601.100,00 311.500,00 167.450,00 2.200,00 3.400,00 1.300,00 14.500,00 103.501,37 663.400,00 2.682.893,23 13.629.128,25 2 Requested Area (m ) 98.386,74 70.072,87 12.225,92 8.305,74 16.385,70 17.607,22 2.022,68 300,00 331,84 253,98 1.178,97 27.504,56 497,42 63.548,75 318.622,39 Requested Area (%) over total area 2,80% 1,46% 2,33% 3,52% 2,73% 5,65% 1,21% 13,64% 9,76% 19,54% 8,13% 26,57% 0,07% 2,37% 2,34% Conclusions reached at the end of the report show that project area crosses, in general, land with low agriculture potential. No adverse impact is envisaged on non-agricultural neighboring lands and agricultural production with the condition that necessary measures are taken during construction and placement of electrical systems. Alternative sites for lands which were subject to acquisition are available, however, their status are equivalent. Integrity for agricultural use will not be disturbed. Land characteristics satisfy Marginal Agricultural Land status due to its slope, soil depth and it yields less product region average. 91 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Consent of communities (Karakaya, Kürse, Gökçeören, and Eşeler) is obtained for changing the status of pasture lands into state lands with the following conditions and considerations: 1. Land is in Class VI-VII capability 2. Land has weak to mid-class pasture characteristics and is very small compared to total area of pasture land 3. There will be no major change in grazing property of the area 4. Energy production is a need and it is for public interest and benefit 5. A commitment to be issued that any damage to environment will be rectified Villagers in Ayvatlar initially did not agree on the issue. Actually, the issue was raised due to acquisition of private lands and was not related to pasture land acquisition. Due to technical requirements, and slope of the area, also approved by EMRA (Annex-14), it was a necessity to cross the private land by separating is into three, other two remaining on each side of the access road to be constructed. This caused an unsatisfaction among the residents, therefore residents of Ayvatlar opposed to acquisition of pasture lands. They were informed that they always have the right to object the acquisition by court, but this was an inevitable technical requirement. Except for this fact, there is no objection from any other villages or communities. Following the completion of construction after necessary mitigation/protection measures are taken, residents are free to use the remaining grazing lands. It should be reminded that only 2,34% of the total pasture lands were subject to permanent acquisition. Since there is no agriculture activity in the area, other than the case in Ayvatlar, any adverse impact on agricultural activities are not expected. Complaints case in Ayvatlar can be rectified by permanent employment of beneficiaries from the said land. Pasture characteristics of pasture land allocated for the construction of towers, excavation and cross-by heavy machinery will be lost not only in activity area but also on access roads. For installation of turbines total 10250m2 pasture lands will be occupied (assuming for each tower 250m2). For this reason, remaining pasture land excluding 10250m2 out of total requested, 318622,39 m2, of which pasture land characteristics will be dropped, will be used for storing the top soil. Stored soil will then be used for reinstatement and rehabilitation of pasture lands. Steps to be followed during this process are: 1. Removal of facilities on damaged pasture lands 2. Laying 30cm thick vegetative soil on disturbed lands on farm area as well as lands on access roads 3. Planting pasture plants 4. Fertilization Following the completion of project lifecycle, all disturbed lands will be reinstated as defined above. 5.3 Occupational Accidents and Emergency Plan Use of very heavy machinery will not be a case in the project. However, it is always a risk that occupational accidents may take place due to certain facts like; carelessness of personnel, not obeying safety regulations, not using safety tools and equipments. In order to reduce occurrence of potential occupational accidents, qualified personnel will be employed and personnel will be trained as required. Toolbox meetings will be arranged in order to 92 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM review daily works and associated risks everyday prior to work start. Planned personnel employment in each phase is as follows: Construction Phase Occupation Number of personnel in charge Engineer 6 Staff 10 Foremen 10 Unqualified Worker 34 Total 60 Operation Phase Occupation Number of personnel in charge Engineer 4 Administrative Staff 5 Operator 4 Security 2 Total 15 There are always potential dangers in any of activities during construction and operation. In order to comply, necessary precautions will be taken as per national and international legislation. Nearest health centers in the area will be identified and announced to employers so that their health related requirements are satisfied. In addition an infirmary unit will be established in construction site for emergency cases. An Emergency Action Plan will be prepared by the experts to be followed in emergency cases during the lifetime of the project. 5.4 Occupational Health and Safety Measures The Project will employ 60 workers during construction period, and 15 during operation phase. Non-discrimination and equal opportunity is the major principle. Turkey already with its national labor legislation complies with ILO Conventions on forced labor (Conventions No. 29 and 105), child labor (Conventions 138 and 182) and discrimination (Convention No. 100 and No. 111). National law offers protection in each of these areas. National Labor Law stipulates that the employer is obligated to take all measures necessary to effectively protect the lives and health of workers, maintain adequate safety and health conditions, and provide the necessary tools to prevent occupational accidents and diseases. The contractor, and any subcontractors will be required to comply with all relevant local legislation (including laws and regulations on acceptable conditions of work, monthly minimum income and maximum permissible work-week). Construction contracts will specify occupational health and safety commitments to be observed by the contractors and subcontractors, as well as monitoring responsibilities. During the construction phase, contractor will contractually ensure that hiring of local labor is maximized particularly for semi-skilled and unskilled work. During the construction phase, all contractors will be required to apply their respective occupational health and safety programs. This includes a set of operating objectives based on the identification and quantification of workplace risks and specific health and safety procedures covering aspects applicable to the project such as heavy equipment operation; earth excavation and movement; use of manual and mechanical tools; driver safety; cementing; etc. Work-inheights / fall prevention procedures and electrical safety procedures will be in place. The project will require that contractors train employees in understanding workplace risks and their prevention and control, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), hazardous materials handling, and emergency response. Incidents and accidents will be investigated and followed up by the contractor according to a documented procedure so that steps can be taken to prevent re-occurrence. 93 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM As per contractual requirements, compliance to the internationally accepted standards in the areas such as life and fire safety, earthquake safety, structural, mechanical, environmental, geotechnical, electrical codes are defined at design and engineering phase. The company will define minimum applicable standards and regulations compliant to the internationally agreed norms which will apply to all project activities, will review and extend accordingly its internal and external inspection and control mechanisms for design and construction processes to ensure compliance. In this manner, safety and quality will be systematically ensured. 5.5 Community Health and Safety Measures 5.5.1 Lightning protection Although it is not possible to provide absolute protection during a direct strike, precautions must be taken against damage from lightning strokes. The sensors must be connected with screened cables which, together with the logger and mast, will be connected to a local earth. The installation of a lightning rod at the top of the mast is recommended, providing a protection umbrella of 60 degrees to instruments mounted at the top of the mast. However, the lightning rod shall be not installed upwind of the anemometers mounted at the top of the mast for a prevailing wind direction. 5.5.2 Aviation warning lights Depending on local regulations and the height of the mast to be erected, the installation of aviation warning lights close to the top of and at selected heights lower down the mast may be a requirement. It is recommended that this issue be taken up with the appropriate local authority. If aviation warning lights are required, this is likely to require either mains electricity supply to the mast or the provision of a mobile electric generator. If a mains electricity supply is to be used, this may limit the possible locations for the proposed mast. Any aviation warning light should be mounted according to the requirements of local standards as regards height relative to the structure being illuminated, visibility etc; however, within these local standards, care should be taken to ensure that the light is mounted sufficiently far from all anemometers to ensure that the wind speed measurements are not affected by the presence of the aviation warning light. If regulations allow, any aviation warning light close to the top of a measurement mast should be at least 1.5 m below the anemometers at the mast top, and lights mounted further down the mast should be at least 1.5 m vertically from the closest anemometer. If necessary, modest adjustments to the mounting heights specified above are permissible in order to meet with any height requirements for aviation warning lights, provided the instruments remain well spaced and the mounting heights of the instruments are correctly recorded in the mast installation documentation. 5.5.3 Other During operation, third parties will be allowed to utilize lands for grazing purposes. In order to satisfy their safety, switchyard and necessary above ground installations will be fenced. Access to these places will be strictly forbidden for third parties, will be only accessible by authorized personnel. Warning signs and plates will be hung to critical locations as necessary. Repair and maintenance works will be performed by their specialists. 94 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Additionally, the control system of each turbine is equipped with components (hardware and software) for remote data monitoring. All data and signals are transmitted via an ISDN connection and are accessible through an internet browser. This makes it possible to monitor data (externally and internally) as well as active remote control system (as start-up and switch off) of everyday turbine operating worldwide to the center of operation. In case of an emergency, operation of turbine will be interrupted immediately. 5.6 Greviances Mechanism A grievances tracking system is a standard component of local and international legislations. Basic aim of this system is to ensure that any complaint, request or recommendation coming from the stakeholders are taken into consideration formally throughout the lifetime of the project including construction phase. Grievances mechanism will include the following: 1. Any complaint, request or recommendation coming from shareholders and/or affected communities will be accepted written and registered. For this purpose, a template will be used both for complaint and tracker (samples are provided in Annex15). Ideal response duration to the registered grievances is 2 weeks. However, depending on the works to be performed to comply the issue, this period may be extended given that the compliant owner is notified. 2. Registered items are updated regularly (monthly, biweekly or as required) as attachment to the monitoring report. 3. Complaints form will be filled in two copies; one to be kept in records of BARES and the other to be given to the complaints owner. 4. Follow-up of grievances mechanism will be under the responsibility of community relations representative dedicated by the construction site manager. 5.7 Monitoring Program An Environmental Monitoring Plan is prepared for monitoring issues of the project and given in Annex-16 of this ESIA Report. The environmental monitoring activities are determined for two different phases of the Project, namely those of construction and operation. The plan includes the parameters to be monitored and determines the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the realization of the project. 5.7.1 Construction Phase The construction contractor will prepare Monthly Environmental and Social Monitoring Reports in which performance of the project is evaluated as per ESIA commitments. Said reports will include outcomes of grievances tracking tool (filled complaints templates, complaints register, if any). In first month of construction phase a noise and dust emissions survey will be conducted to see impacts on baseline noise and air quality and will be reported in relevant Monthly ESIA Report. In addition, requests of villagers will be implemented as identified during social impact assessment works. Findings of social survey, conducted under ESIA works are already presented in this report. 95 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 5.7.2 Operational Phase In the operational phase of the Project, relatively less environmental impacts are expected compared to the construction period. Thus, annual environmental audits and reporting will be sufficient. Similar to construction, a noise emission will be performed once when the turbines are operational. Furthermore, in the operational phase of the Project, grievances mechanism will be in place throughout the lifetime of the project. 96 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION As an extension of social impact assessment works performed at site, small scaled public participation meetings are organized in each settlement. Providing a written or verbal response to resident‟s concerns is a critical part of the public consultation process because of the potential that such development projects are to affect people‟s lives in some way. By enabling the public to raise concerns and ask questions about the project, a greater understanding of the opinions, perceptions and concerns of the public is achieved by the project team. In Public Participation Meeting, information is provided to local community and participating institutions related to project, then comments and provisions of them are received. Generally speaking, attitude towards wind farms in the project area is positive. It is found out that during public consultation meetings and social impact assessment works, most of the community members were aware where the wind farm, access roads and its associated transmission line are located from previous studies performed in the area. Local communities asked for in majority; employment, improvement of sewage systems, compensation/assistance for some requirement in villages like village house, djemevi, sports arena and its spectator turbines, improvement or construction of village roads to access their lands. The latter is a big issue in Yeniköy since Turkish Highway Authority constructed double-lane road network and prohibited direct access to lands. Questions raised and comments received from the community are summarized below: 1. What are the employment opportunities? 2. Will there be a electromagnetic field when switchyard in operating? 3. Would this electromagnetic effect influence nature of our animals? Will there be a change in their breeding capability? 4. Are we able to use our lands during operation phase of the project? 5. We are happy with the presence of the wind farm here, since we will have a good sight view, especially at night time. 6. It would be better if there is a possibility to use an electromagnetic distribution mechanism so that we feel safer. 7. We would like to have some improvements to be made in our village such as improvement of village roads, improvement in sewage systems, etc. 8. What is the operating life of the wind farm and what will happen at the end of this period? 9. How will the land acquisition process continue? Especially for privately owned lands? What happens when we are not happy with the current acquisition procedures? 10. We want to be notified prior to physical construction activities so that we can be prepared. Satisfactory responses are provided to the community. Items raised by the community are already inspected in EIA Report, mitigation measures and regulations are committed to minimize potential impacts of the activity. It is also stated to the community that for any further claim or complaint, there will be a permanent community relations office in construction site during construction and operation phases of the project. Any raised issue will be followed through the complaints mechanism and will be responded. Below shows photographs taken during participation meeting. 97 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Meeting in Ayvatlar Village Meeting in Eşeler Village Muhtar Consultation in Gökçeören 98 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM Meeting in Karakaya Village Meeting in Kürse Meeting in Yeniköy 99 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Compared to the environmental effects of traditional energy sources, the environmental effects of wind power are relatively minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution, unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months of operation. Energy production from wind is superior that other resources due to the following reasons; it is clean, contributes reduction in air pollution, secures energy availability, increases energy diversity, minimizes fuel import, does not require fuel costs. Wind energy also is modular and faster to be constructed compared to other systems, it does not generate carbon emission hence contributes to climate change. It should be kept in mind that global wind source potential is larger than global energy demand. Technical surveys and investigations show that total available global wind resource is more than twice of total global energy demand. Danger to birds and bats is a concern in some locations of windpower projects. However, studies show that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible compared to the number that die as a result of other human activities, and especially the environmental impacts of using non-clean power sources. Bat species appear to be at risk during key movement periods. Almost nothing is known about current populations of these species nor the impact on bat numbers as a result of mortality at windpower locations. Aesthetics have also been an issue in some areas. It is a known fact that some projects are delayed for years partly because of aesthetic concerns. Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no emissions directly related to electricity production. Operation does not produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, particulates, or any other type of pollution, as do fossil fuel power sources. Wind power plants consume resources in manufacturing and construction. It is sometimes said that wind energy does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions because the intermittent nature of its output means it needs to be backed up by fossil fuel plants. Wind turbines do not displace fossil generating capacity on a one-for-one basis. But it is unambiguously the case that wind energy can displace fossil fuel-based generation, reducing both fuel use and carbon dioxide emissions. Unlike fossil fuel and nuclear power stations, which circulate or evaporate large amounts of water for cooling, wind turbines do not need water to generate electricity. However, leaking lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid running down turbine blades may be scattered over the surrounding area. This occasion does not cause any environmental impact since the area is very far from potable and/or groudwater source. World-wide surveys indicate that while 80% are in favor of wing energy and only approximately 5% are against it. Oppositions to the wind projects are due to cost concerns, visibility and public dissatisfaction. They are already aware that wind energy has social benefits as positive recognition for use of a “Greener” source of energy. Considering the above facts, Bares Elektrik Üretim A.Ş. is planning to construct and operate a wind farm in Balıkesir Province Central and Kepsut Districts in order not only to contribute to national economy but also compensate energy demand of the country. Proposed wind farm will be in 142,5 MW capacity operating with 57 wind turbines of 2,5 MW each. Expected annual energy production is calculated to be 549.200.000 kWh/year. Electricity collected in 100 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM switch area will be transmitted to national electricity network through Balıkesir – Poyraz II Transformer as approved by Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS) with an approximately 4,5km long over head energy transmission line (154/kV). BARES wind farm, when it is operational, the project will: increase Turkey‟s electricity output from wind energy; in doing so, displace carbon emissions, reducing pollution and contribute to the effort to reduce global warming; by size and nature of the transaction, influence Turkey‟s ability to attract foreign investment in the renewable energy sector and position Turkey as an alternative emerging market destination for wind power investments; contribute to the development of merchant power operations and private sector investment in Turkey‟s energy sector. Project has a limited number of environmental and social impacts which can be avoided or mitigated by adhering to generally recognized performance standards, guidelines or design criteria. The project impacts are inherently positive as the project will generate energy from a renewable resource. 49 turbine locations out of 57 are located either in non-registered public lands, forest lands or pasture lands. Necessary inspections on the acquisition of such lands are performed by an agricultural engineer in the field and sufficient mitigation measures are identified. Most important point on this issue is that, only 2,34% of total pasture area will be subject to permanent acquisition for 49 years. In the time of operation, land will be used by their previous owners and/or users with some restrictions in order to comply public health and safety requirements. When lifecycle of the project is completed, project area will be reinstated; wind turbines will be removed, concrete will be cleaned up, and vegetative soil will be placed over the area with 30 cm thickness and planted accordingly. These aspects are already considered in the EIA studies. There will be no direct or indirect economic displacement. A small piece of land for access roads and transmission lines will involve acquisition of some small plots with private ownership. This will be done on a willing-seller and buyer basis, where applicable, at market rates consistent with IFC requirements. If that criteria is not met with agreement, national legislation court cases will have to apply. No sensitive areas or natural habitats are expected to be impacted as per the perceptions of the institutions. An additional field work is performed but no possible surface impact is envisaged. Activity area is of no ecological significance, nor does it contain any protected flora or fauna. As defined by the biologists, activity area does not involve any endemic species. In order to minimize this impact, maximum measures will be taken in order not to disturb the nests, hunting and resting areas of the living organisms. Activity area does not cross any surface, ground or irrigation water resource hence no impact is envisaged. There are no indigenous groups or individuals present in the project area nor are there any cultural resources or property in the area. In order to address protection of cultural heritage where a potential issue has not been identified at earlier stages of screening process, BARES will develop a general formal „chance find‟ procedure as defined by national legislation to apply all excavation operations, in compliance with IFC requirements. Regarding the project, including the wind farm, access roads and approximately 4,5km transmission line, socio-economic impacts associated with land acquisition arised only in one 101 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM village, Ayvatlar. However, acquisition of private land for a small portion of access roads was inevitable due to technical requirements. These kinds of issues will be rectified by small scaled community investment programs or employment opportunities. There is strong local support for the project among local community. Major expectation is employment. During public participation visits, importance of local employment is re-iterated almost in all villages. As long term impacts during operation, visual impacts, noise, habitat alteration, light and illumination issues and impacts on water quality are also considered. Most of the local community, who previously saw a wind farm, agreed that wind farms have a good appearance. Noise level will be followed during construction and operations phases and necessary actions will be taken in case that threshold values are exceeded. Similarly, it is not expected that a shadow flicker affect will take place during the operation of wind farm due to proper siting of turbines. Nearest turbine is more than 500m away from the settlement which is out of the influence distance given by literature and software used for modeling already took that detail into consderation. With construction and operation phases of the project, wastes will occur due to nature of project lifecycle. These include solid wastes, liquid wastes and medical wastes. They will be treated in accordance with national regulations. Construction activities do not require use of explosives nor generation of hazardous waste is not expected. Planned employment schedule is 60 people in construction and 15 in operation phase. Workers will be hired locally. 102 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 8 REFERENCES Lawrence Technological University - The Importance of Wind Turbine Shadow Flicker http://www.ltu. edu/cm/attach/165D79C3-DD14-41EC-8A7FCFA2D0C272DE/FlickerHandout.pdf Danish Wind Industry Association - Shadow Casting from Wind Turbines www.windpower.org/en/ tour/env/shadow/ WIND Engineers, Inc. - Shadow Flicker Briefinghttp://www.efsec.wa.gov/wildhorse/deis/apendices/ 05%20Wind%20Engineers%2011-2003%20memo.pdf Epilepsy Foundation - Shedding Light on Photosensitivity, One of Epilepsy’s Most Complex Conditions - http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/epilepsyusa/photosensitivity20060306.cfm (Noble environment Power) European Best Practice Guidelines For Wind Energy Development GeodataScape Inc., Varınca K. B., Varank G., Rüzgâr Kaynaklı Enerji Üretim Sistemlerinde Çevresel Etkilerin Değerlendirilmesi Ve Çözüm Önerileri, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü www.un.org www.wikipedia.org Özkaya, M.G., Variyenli H.İ., Uçar S., Rüzgâr Enerjisinden Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi ve Kayseri İli İçin Çevresel Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Teknik Eğitim Fakültesi Makine Eğitimi Bölümü, Teknik Okullar, Ankara www.ifc.org www.epdk.gov.tr www.noblepower.com www.planningni.gov.uk www.windenergyplanning.com www.windturbinesyndrome.com www.rapid-response-consulting.com www.gileadpower.com www.soreal.biz www.nap.edu www.biddigi.com/windsolarpower www.ruzgarenerjisibirligi.org.tr www.soleaenerji.com/linkler.asp www.eie.gov.tr www.efsec.wa.gov www.gov.pe.ca www.windyhillscaledon.org DMİGM, 2004: Ortalama, Ekstrem Sıcaklık ve Yağış Değerleri, T.C. Başbakanlık, Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. Müezzinoğlu, A.,1987: Hava Kirliliğinin ve Kontrolünün Esasları, İzmir. Özgüven, N.,1986: Endüstriyel Gürültü Kontrolü, TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Yayın No: 118, Ankara. Hassan G,. Groundsurvey Summary Report Hassan G,. Site Soils Conditions Report Dolsar Engineering, Hydrology Report Hassan, G. Groundsurvey Report Aslan, V. Mera Arazisi Gerdönüşüm Projesi 103 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR BALIKESİR WIND FARM 9 ANNEXES 104