Plant Classification

3/6/2013
Animal Classification
Scientific Classification
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A means of grouping living things
according to their similarities
Basic Ag Science
How Do We Classify Animals?
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Scientifically
By Breed
By Use
Taxonomy
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Taxonomy
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the classification of
living things
Taxis (= arrangement)
+ nomos (= study of)
Carolus Linneaus
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1753
developed our current
classification system
using binomial
nomenclature
Scholars started using Latin

Carnation =
• Dianthus floribus solitariis, squamis calycinis
subovatis brevissimis, corollis, crenatis
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Today Carnation =
• Dianthus caryophyllus
The Classification System
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KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
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Animal Classification
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Binomial nomenclature
• Organism has a two-part scientific name
• Names are in Latin
• Genus & species
• Italicized or underlined
e.g. Sus scrofa L. or Sus scrofa L.
THE FIVE KINGDOMS
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MONERA : One celled organisms
PROTISTA : One-celled or form collection of
cells that may look like plants.
FUNGI : Tiny yeasts to large mushrooms
PLANTAE : Includes over 350,000 plants that
provide food, fiber and shelter.
ANIMALIA : Includes over million kinds of
animals from spiders to chickens.
Main SubPhyla of Chordata
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Vertebrates
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Animals with a
backbone
Sharks to monkeys
All agricultural animals
except earthworms &
oysters
Examples of Scientific names
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Cattle: Bos taurus L.
Pigs: Sus scrofa L.
Horses: Equus caballus L.
Sheep: Ovis aries L.
Dogs: Canis familiaris L.
Animal Phyla
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Arthropoda
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Insects, crustaceans,
spiders
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Mollusca
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Annelida
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Chordata
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Snails, slugs, squid
Earthworms, leaches
Most Agricultural Animals
Classification Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What is the classification system that
consists of two names called?
Who developed the answer to number 1?
What language do we use for scientific
names?
What is the classification after Class?
What are the three ways we classify
animals?
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Animal Classes
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Amphibia: frogs, toads
Reptilia: turtles, snakes, lizards
Aves: birds
Mammalia: horses, cattle, pigs
Artiodactyla
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The order
Artiodactyla has
three suborders.
Suiformes:
hippopotami, pigs
Artiodactyla
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Ruminantia: deer,
cattle, sheep, goats
Order
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The class Mammalia contains eighteen
different orders including
Primates – humans
Artiodactyla – cows, goats, sheep, pigs
• Posess an even number of toes (hooves)
Artiodactyla
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Tylopoda: camels,
llamas
Order Perissodactyla
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Have only one toe (hoof)
Horses
Donkeys
Also zebras and
rhinoceroses
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Families
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Orders and suborders still have to be
broken down smaller. These are called
families.
Animals have a lot in common, but there
are still considerable differences
Bovidae – cattle, sheep, goats
Classification By Breeds
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A breed of animals is defined as a group
of animals with a common ancestry and
common characteristics that breed true
Genus and Species
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The final categories of the scientific
classification system are genus and
species.
These two make up the scientific name
Genus species Author
• e.g. Bos taurus L.
• Bos taurus L.
Classification of Breeds
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Breeding true: means that the offspring
will almost always look like the parents
• A Great Dane and a Chihuahua are both
Canis familiaris
Selective Breeding
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Choosing the best and desired animals
and using those animals for breeding
purposes.
Purebreds
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These are animals whose ancestors are
of only one breed.
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Breed Associations
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Blood Typing
An organization that promotes a certain
breed of animal. They control the
registration process of purebred animals
of that breed.
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Crossbreeding
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Not only physical characteristics are
used in breed identification.
Blood typing is analyzing an animals
blood to determine their history.
Used to analyze an animal’s genetic
history
Example
Sometimes species can be successfully
crossed to produce new breeds.
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One of the first successful breeds:
Santa Gertrudis, which a cross between
Shorthorn breed of cattle with the
Brahman breed of cattle.
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Classification According to Use
Classification of Horses
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Meat Animals
=
Work Animals
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Cutting horses: used to heard and work
cattle
Draft Breeds: used to pull wagons and
heavy loads
Harness Horses: used for pulling sulkies
or light carriages
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Dual-Purpose Animals
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• Cows and Calves
• Sheep
• Goats
THE FIVE KINGDOMS
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Plant Classification
An animal that is raised for more than
one purpose
e.g.
MONERA : One celled organisms
PROTISTA : One-celled or form collection of
cells that may look like plants.
FUNGI : Tiny yeasts to large mushrooms
PLANTAE : Includes over 350,000 plants that
provide food, fiber and shelter.
ANIMALIA : Includes over million kinds of
animals from spiders to chickens.
Basic Ag Science
The Classification System (Plants)
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Eight Divisions of the Plantae
Kingdom
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Division : Bryophyta - Mosses and
liverworts
Division : Lycophyta - Club mosses
Division : Spenophyta - Horsetails
Division : Pteridophyta - Ferns
Division : Coniferophyta - Trees or
shrubs that bare cones (evergreens)
KINGDOM
DIVISION
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
Plantae Kingdom
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Division : Cycadophyta - Palm-like plants
that grow in tropical areas.
Division : Ginkgophyta - Ginko plants
Division : Anthophyta - Includes all of the
flowering plants
• dicots - fruits, flowers, trees and vegetables
• monocots - onions, corn, wheat, oats, and
sorghum
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WAYS PLANTS ARE USED
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FOOD
CLOTHING
SHELTER
PAPER
AESTHETIC (Beauty)
MEDICINAL
Two groups of Plants
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Nonvascular
e.g. fungi, algae,
lichens, mosses
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Vascular
Seedless
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Gymnosperms
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Angiosperms
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e.g. ferns
e.g. Pine Tree
e.g. Dogwood Tree
Definition:
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Vascular tissue: type of plant tissue
specialized to conduct water
Nonvascular Plants
What is the advantage of being a
vascular plant over being a
nonvascular plant?
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No vascular tissue
No leaves, stems, or
roots
Low growing
Mature quickly
Food produced in
every cell
Spanish Moss
Liverwort
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Vascular Plants
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Vascular, seedless plants
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Has vascular tissue
Has leaves, stems, and roots
Produce food only in leaves
Vascular, seedless plants
Ferns – have roots, leaves, stems
Reproduce with spores
Division Lycophyta – club mosses
Division Sphenophyta - horsetails
Division Pterophyta - ferns
Vascular, seed plants
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Gymnosperms – Naked Seed
Seeds on surfaces of cones
Cycad
Various conifers
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Vascular, seed plants
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Gymnosperms –
seeds on surfaces of
cones
Vascular, seed plants
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Angiosperms – Vessel Seed
Flower bearing plants
Seeds are protected by a fruit
rhododendron
Apple trees
Plant identification
Flowering plants (angiosperms) are divided into two classes based on
the number of cotyledons possessed by the embryo:
Monocots
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Dicotyledons represent broadleaf
plants they are often referred to
as dicots
Monocotyledons (Monocots) include
grasses, sedge, rushes and a few
other groups
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1 cotyledon in a seed
Leaves with parallel veins
Vascular bundles scattered throughout
Root System composed of many fibrous
roots with many hairs
Flower parts in 3’s
e.g. lilies, corn, grasses, palm tree
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Monocot- Zea (corn stem)
Sieve elements
vessels
Air space
Ranunculus root (dicot)
Vascular cylinder
Dicots
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2 cotyledons in each seed
Leaves with network of veins
Root system composed of primary tap
root and many hairs
Flowers in 4’s or 5’s
Vascular bundles form ring outside of
stem
e.g. Oak tree, peach tree, sunflower
Cortex
Epidermis
Xylem
Ranunculus root (dicot) closeup
1st true leaf
1st leaf
cotyledon leaves
crabgrass – monocot plant
henbit – dicot plant
Endodermis – ring of cells
around the cylinder
Casparian strips
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dicot
monocot
Inconspicuous flower on a
monocot
(dallisgrass)
parallel veins are
common to monocots
net veins are found
on dicots
Showy flower on a dicot (Viola)
Location of growing points
The meristem or growing point is
located at the base of grass plants
Dicot meristems are located at
the top of the plant referred to as
the terminal
Plant Lifecycles – Annuals
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Winter Annuals
Germinate in fall
Grow during winter
Set seed and die in
late spring
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Summer Annuals
Germinate in spring
Grow during summer
Set seed and die in
fall
Root systems
Fibrous roots (monocots)
Taproot (dicots)
Plant Lifecycles – Annual Weeds
Winter Annual –
Summer Annual –
Purple deadnettle
Spurge
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Plant Lifecycles –
Biennials & Perennials
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Biennials
Live 2 years
First year germinate
and grow
vegetatively
Second year flower,
set seed & die
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Perennials
Live more than two
years
Reproduce by
vegetative means
Plant Lifecycles –
Biennials & Perennials
Biennial –
Cudweed
Perennial –
Buckhorn plantain
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