A.R.P.A. PUGLIA

Transcription

A.R.P.A. PUGLIA

A.R.P.A. PUGLIA
THE APULIA AGENCY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
THE APULIA AGENCY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY - ITALY
“Report on the Quality of Apulian Water Resources: year 2003”
ITALIAN
RUSSIAN INSTITUTE
OF EDUCATION AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
3rd Symposium «Quality and Management of Water Resources»
St. Petersburg, Russia, June 16 - 18, 2005
ARPA APULIA
THE APULIA AGENCY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY - ITALY
“Report on the Quality of Apulian Water Resources: year 2003”*
*Onofrio Lattarulo – Scientific Director
Vito Michele Perrino – Manager of the Environmental Protection
Francesco Piracci – Commissioner executive- unit for waters
2
The institutional aim of ARPA is to coordinate the various institutions involved in environmental protection and those assigned to hygienic and sanitary
protection and so to safeguard environmental conditions, above all protect
public health and the community.
The Agency is a technical body of the Regional Administration with a public
juridic personality and technical, juridic, administrative and accounting autonomy.
ARPA is divided in three Sectors:
1.
2.
3.
Environmental protection
Individual and collective prevention
Training and information
Dealing with all the environmental matrices: air, water, soil, waste, radioactivity ARPA aims to support, from a cognitive and decisional point of view,
all the Regional structures involved in environmental matters.
The Agency's interest in “WATER” as an environmental factor, concerns all
those waters that form the whole “water cycle” and the relevant Services:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Marine-coastal waters
Surface internal waters
Underground waters
Waters for human use
Mineral waters
Water drainage
Waste waters purification
3
Surface water bodies
The Apulia does not have a true mountainous structure and has only short
sections of rivers or small streams.
Analysing the hydrographic structure, “hydrographic basins” are defined
regional or inter-regional according to their extension. Some of these basins
is extended in the neighbouring regions.
The Apulian territory includes five inter-regional hydrographic basins and
five regional basins, where the main systems for the potable-water supply
develop:
Inter-regional hydrographic basins:
•
•
•
•
•
The Bradano Zone (regions involved: Basilicata, Apulia)
The Ofanto Zone (regions involved: Basilicata, Apulia, Campania)
The Jonian-Sinni Complex (regions involved Basilicata, Apulia,
Calabria)
The Saccione Stream Zone (regions involved: Molise, Apulia)
The Fortore Zone (regions involved: Campania, Molise, Apulia)
Pursuant to the Law no. 183 of 1989, concerning the functional and organizational structure of soil, a hydrographic basin is a portion of the earth's surface tributary of a watercourse, delimitated by a superficial watershed and by
a closing section transversal to the watercourse in its lowest point.
Regional hydrografic basins
•
The Gargano Zone
•
The Subappennine Daunian Zone
•
The Bari Littoral and Media Murgia Zone
The Jonian Arch Zone
•
The Salento Zone
•
4
A peculiarity of the Apulian territory, mostly in the areas in proximity to the
Jonian arch, is the presence of the so-called “gravine” (deep gorges with
steep sides) which preserve, at their bottom, traces of natural river-beds
(fig.1) grooved by water and that constituted the river. Towards the sea they
slowly transform into “lame” (wide but not very deep incisions) and then into
river-beds crossing the Taranto countryside. In the Bari area, on the contrary;
the existing “lame” are natural impluvia, now completely without water, and
transport water only after particularly heavy rainfall.
The watercourses of particular importance are characterized by the irregularity of the flow; in winter floods can cause overflowings and even sudden
changes of the course, in summer the water flow is so low that it might not
even reach the mouth. The perennial water downflows are those of the Ofanto
and Fortore rivers.
Fig.1
Section of the Ofanto river
The river-bed is the natural ground along wich a river flous for all its course as for as the estuary
5
The first rises in Irpinia and, marking the borders of Foggia, Bari and Potenza
provinces, it flows for about 50 Km in the Apulian region as far as the
Adriatic Sea, to the north of Bari near Barletta.
The second, rises in the north-west, in the “Subappennino Dauno” area; it
runs through Apulia for 25 Km on a system of important sub-basins, from
north to south, that belong to the Staina, Sente and La Catolo streams.
To be mentioned is the Saccione stream, right on the border with Molise.
Important basins identifiable in the main basin of Candelaro stream (which
flows into the Manfredonia Gulf) are, on the contrary, fom north to south,
those of the Macchione Canal and of the Triolo, Casanova, Salsola, Vulgano
and Celone streams.
In the Taranto area (fig. 2) there
are some watercourses, generally
fed by water flowing in the old
surface incisions present on the
Jonian territory and that flow into
the Jonian Sea, in particular the
Lato river. Moreover, the Lenne
river, the Patemisco, the Tara and
the Galeso river also deserve our
attention.
fig. 2
Gravina of Castellaneta:
Watercourse in the deep surface incisions
6
The Natural Lakes of Lesina and Varano (fig. 3), in the Foggia province,
represent the most important Apulian lagoon surfaces. They are appropriately
called “lagoons” from an ecological point of view, since they have the peculiarity of being formed by water coming from numerous underground sources and of saline water, with a slow exchange of waters along the northern
coast of the Gargano Promontory and, for this reason, they are also known as
“waters of transition”. Particularly interesting from a touristic point of view
are the Lakes Alimini in “Fontanelle Area” in the Lecce province, formed by
two lakes close by to the sea.
The Big Lake Alimini is connected directly to the sea; whilst the Small Lake
Alimini, is made up of fresh water.
fig. 3
Lake Varano
in the Cagnano area
The Apulian Artificial Lakes, obtained with great works of water downflows
regulation are the Occhito reservoir, obtained after the damming of the
Fortore river in the Foggia area on the border with the Molise region; the
Locone (fig. 4), in the Bari area, created on the homonym stream, which derives from the Ofanto river through the Traversa di Santa Venere. The lakes
have the function of stocking water to be employed in the system of aqueduct
supply.
7
All the most important existing Humid
Zones are coastal: Torre Guaceto in the
Brindisi province; the Cesine in the
Lecce area and those zones that were
once occupied by the old Lake Salpi.
The latter, which became first a marsh
zone and then was reclaimed, together
with other small neighbouring marsh
lakes, gave rise to the well-known humid
zone of the Saline of Margherita di
Savoia, in the coastal territory of Foggia
and which extends for about 20 km and
forms the exemplary area of the largest
salt lake in Italy.
Groundwater and springs
The Apulian region is classified among
the most important “karst” regions, for
the calcareous nature of the rocks which
form the subsoil and which often outrop
fig. 4 Reservoir of the Locone dam
and are subjected to the erosive action of
running or rain water. Southwards, after the Ofanto course, the rocks reveal,
in a particular way, the phenomenon of fissuring and fracturing (karst phenomenon), both on the surface and in the subsoil, determining the absorption
of the precipitations to the point of leading to the complete disappearance of
a surface network in the whole peninsula of Salento and the creation of waterbearing strata.
A great part of the Apulian region rests on a calcareous layer which is, in fact,
the site of deep underground waters whose quantities are employed for irrigation or alimentary use and are connected to the Apulian Aqueduct's potable water network.
8
The principal “hydrostructures” as regards the analysis of underground water
bodies, which do not always coincide with the areas of hydrographic basins
are represented by four great hydrogeological basins:
The Units of Gargano, Tavoliere, Murge and Salento. Because of their geological formation, they present different permeabilities, which create particular situations as regards the quality and quantity of aquifers (the main water
resource of the region).
Management and Protection of water
In Apulia, the management system of the water resource is very complex
since the shortage of superficial water has led to the need to turn to sources
external to the regional territory. Moreover, in the last few years the region
has suffered because of the deficit of water resources, living in an emergency
which though on the one hand has caused the reduction in the available quantity of water, on the other has been fundamental for the evolution of planning
initiatives undertaken in the specific sector.
The study of water resources in the Region is very complex because of the
presence of an inter-regional administrator of the SII, the Apulian Aqueduct
(AQP S.p.A.) that produces and buys the resource, and distributes it to several regions. The water supply in the region is, in fact, provided by the Apulian
Aqueduct which manages extra-regional sources, as the sources in Campania
(Caposele and Cassano Irpino), the reservoirs built in Basilicata (Pertusillo
and Cutugno Mountain) and in Molise (Occhito) which actually extends over
the Molise-Apulia border.
Today water availability in Apulia derives, above all, from extra-regional
sources. The availabilities referred to the inter-regional zones, or better the
quantity of water regulated in a year in the hydrographic basins, according to
their use and strictly connected with the regional ones, are reported in the following (table 1)
From the elaboration of data reported by IPRES, regarding the volume of
water for various uses in the area of the hydrographic basins, it results that
70% is used for irrigation.
9
Tab.1
Water availability according to different uses in regional and inter-regional basins (by IPRES 2000)
From the data given by the Administrator of SII, referring to the period 19972001, it is possible to obtain information regarding the entity of the water use.
Although this information only regards the drinkable use, it is still of significant importance if we consider the inter-regional characteristic of water,
managed by the Apulian Aqueduct. It is well-known that the water produced
by the territory itself, is often limited to stratum-waters.
The drawing of water from the reservoirs represents about half of the total,
that is 47% (tab.2). Over the years this value has increased both in absolute
terms and in percentage, as regards the total catchment (tab.3), with some
slight increases during 1999; but in the year 2001, marked by water emergency, there was an increase of exploitation of the stratum because of scarce
availability of surface water, with a percentage variation of 1.2 units.
tab.2
Drawings of water by type of source reported by the Service Administrator (by AQP)
10
Hydro-potable Use
On the basis of the exploration carried out by the manager of SII,
according to the Galli Law, the quantities of water put forward to ATO
APULIA in 1999 are reported in the
Plan of Ambit (tab. 2.3). The total
volume for potable use is equivalent
to 538.88 Million cubic metres and
around 58% of these resources derive from other regions. The local
resource, the remaining 42%, comes
prevalently from underground stratum (about 21%) and from the regional reservoirs (Locone and Occhito)
to which we have to add the minimal
contribution from small communal
aqueducts.
Source
Reservoir
Stratum
tab.3
Annual volumes supplyed by type of source in 2001
Irrigation Use
Always characterized by a clear passion for agriculture, the productive activity of the region has over time diversified and intensified and now represents a significant “demand” for water use. However, in Apulia the great part
of water for irrigation derives from private wells. By estimations carried, it
has been calculated that for every hectares of land irrigated by public source,
at least 2.3 hectares are irrigated by private wells.
Industrial use
In Apulia the most active productive sectors are the manufacturing and commercial sectors with a complex of small and medium-sized firms that carry
out activities that require water.
11
The drawings of the hydric resource for industrial
use (tab. 4) amount to a total of 203 million cubic
metres per year and they show values lower than
those foreseen for the industrial consumption of
1986.
Volumes collected for industrial use
tab. 4
Volumes collected for industrial use in the various shires (by IPRES)
12
Density of Wells
The density of wells, when particularly concentrated in definite areas, can
cause a lot of problems to the underground water resource, accelerating the
phenomena of saline contamination due to water coming from the sea. This
problem has become particularly serious in the layers near the Apulian coastline. It is therefore necessary to control the presence and drilling of wells, to
avoid the exploitation of the underground water resource.
The majority of the existing wells, in all region, are for irrigation use.
(tab. 5)
tab. 5
Number of authorized wells for iirigation for shires (by IPRES)
The distribution of wells is more marked in those territories controlled by
Land-Reclaiming Consortiums (fig.5) where the drawing of water through
wells is more intense, as in the Salentine peninsula and in Murge, and where
the situation of the groundwater stratum is particularly serious.
13
fig.5
Density of wells in the Apulian Region
Water availability per person
The consumptions are proportional to the
size of the resident population, though it
is necessary to take into account the craftwork and industrial activities that partially affect this amount. The Italian
domestic, medium consumption is about
220-250 litres per person per day. (tab.6)
In Apulia, the water availability is about
165 litres per person per day. (tab.7)
14
tab.6
Water availability for person assered by the SII Administrator- years 1997-2001 (by AQP)
tab.7
Water availabilituy for person for Shire
In Apulia there is the problem of finding alternative sources of water supply
in order to reduce the drawings from the stratum to prevent further damage
to the hydrological balance of aquifers, above all in the Salentine area which
is particularly affected.
Another way of intervention to solve the problem of the scarcity of water
resource is to reuse the waste waters.
The reuse of purified waste waters is a critical element since it makes great
quantities of water available again for irrigation and industrial use. Moreover
this recycling helps avoid waste and helps protect the environment from pollution.
The installation of plants for the reuse of waste waters, however, presents
objective difficulties because of the high costs for the water treatment for
which funds have already been set aside.
15
Quality of surface waters
In order to determine the minimum quality objectives, the existing legislation
(D.Lgs. 152/99) obliges each region to identify the ecological and environmental state of each significant body of water and their capacity to maintain
the natural processes of auto-depuration.
The classification of surface water bodies in five classes from the best to the
worst state, is defined on the basis of the ecological state (through bio-monitoring) and how able the bodies are to eliminate chemical pollutants and
return to their natural state. According to the legislation, waters must be
represented on the basis of the “specific functional destination” and are divided in:
•
•
•
•
Surface fresh waters for the production of drinkable water
Waters for bathing
Fresh waters which require protection and improvement to become
suitable for fish life
Water suitable for mollusc life
Potability
Surface waters require some treatments, since they could present a certain
degree of cloudiness and colour owing to suspended solids, particularly with
the increase in pollutants. It is therefore necessary to disinfect the waters.
The parameters to be measured are:
•
•
•
•
16
Physical and organoleptic
Chemical and bio-chemical
Chemicals referable to phenomena of contamination
Microbiological
Waters suitable for fish life
The pollutants which could be present in waters and compromise fish
life, might come from widespread
sources of pollution or precise sources. The main causes of water pollution are the agricultural or zootechnic
activities and the huge quantity of
civil waste waters which often and up
being discharged into surface waters.
The monitoring carried out has
shown the situation in Apulia to be
rather critical.
Underground waters quality
Lately, pollution problems have worsened the quality of a great part of
Apulian underground waters, which are contaminated by nitrates contained
in fertilizers and phytosanitaries used in agriculture; drains located in industrial areas and by the intrusion of salt water coming from the coastal zones.
Potability
Clearly, underground water destined to human consumption is that which
arouses most concern as regards possible contamination.
Controls carried out by ARPA in the period 2000-2002, have shown only a
few cases of wells at risk of temporary contamination.
For each provincial area four parameters have been considered: Temperature,
Ph, Calcium and ion nitric concentrations (nitrates). (tab. from 8 to 11)
17
tab.8
Temperature in the wells of potable water
In the various Apulian shires. Year 2002
tab.9
pH in the wells of potable water
18
tab.10
Calcium in the wells of potable water
tab.11
Nitrates in the wells of potable water
19
Salinity
The underground water salinity is, today, a very common problem due to the
increase of salt in it. The principal cause is due to the high number of wells
present on the territory.
The oscillation of the piezometric surface, determined by the increase of
water extraction, are strictly connected to water salinity caused seawater
intrusion, above all in the coastal zones.
Data examinations reveal that the sea intrusion phenomenon in the region is
particularly serious, as the following maps, concerning the distribution of
chlorides and electrical conductivity, demonstrate.(Fig.6-Fig.7).
Point of the monitoring network
Fig.6
Salinity in Apulia:concentrations of chlorides and electrical conductivity in cells
20
Fig.7
electrical conductivity in cells
The zones mostly affected by this phenomenon are those near the coast from
the Adriatic Sea to the Jonian sea and, in particular, in the Salento where the
water-bearing stratum is salty also inland, just 190 metres below the surface
(Fig.8).
Drains and waste water purification
Waste waters are the main sources of pollution coming from various human
and productive activities. All the drains must respect the limits fixed by law
and which must take into account the quality of the water bodies and their
final use.
21
Fig. 8
Existing drains
In the provincial Land-Offices the number and the different types of authorized drains clearly point to a critical situation in Apulia. (tab.12).
Civil
Sewage
treatment plants
Productive
rainwaters
n.c.
Total
tab.12
Number of authorized drains by type ( by CNR-IRSA)
22
Drains represent an important problem of pressure to deal with, because of
the high quantity of pollutants discharged into the receiving body of water.
(tab.13)
Surface water
body
Sewage
purification
plants
Sea
Soil
Subsoil
n.c.
tab.13
Number of authorized drains by type of receiving body ( by CNR-IRSA)
At a regional level, there are 271 drains which discharge into the subsoil 35%
of the total and half of which are located in the Lecce area and are, at present,
subjected to checks and derogations which aim at achieving conformity to
existing regulations.(tab.14) The Bari province presents the greatest number
of purification plants (Fig. 9 - Fig.10) which discharge the treated effluent
into marine-coastal waters, whilst in Foggia area, in which the great part of
Apulian watercourses is located, waste waters are prevalently discharged into
surface water bodies. These bodies, therefore, represent the final destination
into which the purification plants discharge waters.
23
Marine coastal water
Surface water bodies
Subsoil
Soil
Sea
tab.14
prurification capacity of treatment plants by type of receiving body ( by AQP)
-Marine coastal water
-other
-surface water body
-lake
-subsoil
-soil
-inhebited places
-hidrografy
Fig. 9
Treatment plaints of the Apulian Aquedict on the regional territory
24
Receiving body:
-
Marine coastal water
surface water body
lake
subsoil
- soil
- other
Fig. 10
Position of purification plants alone the Apulian coast line (by AQP 1999)
Water suitable for mollusc life
Strictly connected to eutrophication index, waters suitable for mollusc life
determine the quality level of the marine-coastal and breackish waters.
In Apulia, particular attention should be given to the Lesina and Varano
lagoons and the section of coast near Taranto where there are mollusc-breeding plants.
25
26
Quality of coasts
The percentage of Apulian protected coast (Fig. 11), over a total of 865 kilometres, amounts to 650 kilometres about 75% of the total.
In the Apulian region 900 kilometres of coast constitute about 12% of the
entire Italian coastline (8,000 km) and they are characterized by a great naturalistic and morphological diversity.
The controls of marine-coastal waters, as regards bathing, have been over the
years carried out by the ex PMP, now Provincial Environmental Departments
(DAP) of ARPA APULIA.
It is possible, therefore, affirm that for what concerns the marine and coastal
waters the data available are quite homogeneous.
Fig. 11
Coast in Apulia Protected coasts of Apulia
27
Quality of marine-coastal waters
For what concerns the regional regulated coastal zone forbidden to bathing,
93%, due to pollution problems
the situation is quite positive, since this situation has improved on the 11.9%
of 2001.
The most negative conditions are to be found where waters from canals,
rivers and the like discharge into the sea or near medium-large sized coastal
towns, as for example along the Bari coast as far as the Manfredonia Gulf.
In tab.14 reports the ratios between bathing and non-bathing coasts for each
Apulian province.
Bathing coast (km)
Non bathing coast (km)
tab.14
Data on bathing coast by 2002.
28
Fishing resources
Aquaculture is also important for Apulia.
For what concerns fish farming, and in particular mollusc-breeding, the number of regional firms involved is above 50 and they are essentially located in
the Taranto Gulf and Gargano areas.
In Apulia, by 1998, 22 plants were operating, five of which in floating cages,
with a production of 2,000 tons. This reality represents about 28% of number
of plants in Italy and 20% of the national production.
Another important activity for Apulia is fishing, which is second only to
Sicily on the national scale, with a production of about 73,000 tons of fish,
molluscs and crustaceans, equivalent to 18% of the total production.
Anthropogenic Pressures
The harbour infrastructures are of great importance for regional tourism.
Information about harbour merchant and touristic infrastructures has been
given by the Apulian Harbour-Office. Harbours are a strong element of
Pressure, with a very negative consequence on soil, water and biodiversity.
As regards the marinas, in Apulia there are 7,855 moorings subdivided per
province in the following way:
Bari 2,194; Brindisi 584; Foggia 1,065; Lecce 3,425; Taranto 587.
The Adriatic coast, in the Bari area and in the Lecce area, are the best equipped coastal zones. (Fig. 12)
As regards fishing the situation is reported in figure 3.8 in which the distribution of fishing-boats in Apulia is put in evidence. (Fig. 13)
29
Fig. 12
Distribution of moorings in Apulia
Fig. 13
Distribution of fishing-boots in Apulia
30
For the Environment the assessment of population density and the maximum number of tourists in the coastal zones is also important. (Fig. 14)
The most critical areas are, certainly, the Bari coast, that of the Salentine province and the Jonian Arch.
The resident population in the regional capital, Bari, and in the communes
along the Bari coast (for more than 147 Km) is about 500,000 inhabitants.
The effects of this high density of population may be found in great amount
of urban waste discharged into the sea; in the sewages of the productive activities; in the fishing, particularly active in this zone.
In the Salentine peninsula, however, there is a discontinuous urbanization
made up essentially of summer residences. The effects are, therefore, to be
found in the considerable concentration of tourists in summer time, above all
in the coastal communes.
31
Fig. 14
Population density in coastal inhabited placet ( by ISTAT 1999)
The most critical pressures on the coastal zones are due to the Apulian purifying plants that discharge into the marine-coastal waters and into surface
water bodies.
The most critical plants discharge directly into the sea and they are, essentially, concentrated along the Bari coast and the northern part of the Gargano.
Also critical are those purifying plants which discharge into a surface water
body at a maximum distance of 10 Km from the coast.
32

A.R.P.A. PUGLIA

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