Druppel 16-2 - Dispuut Watermanagement

From the editors
Colofon
Goodmorning! It must be a great morning
when you find this book in your mailbox.
Druppel 2 – 2006 contains an update of
the activities of the student society of
Civil Engineering of the TU Delft.
The ‘Druppel’ is a magazine of the
student society of water management
of the TU Delft. The magazine is
published four times a year.
Editors
M. van Dieren and M. van Ginkel
In cooperation with:
Marjolein van der Kraan, Ronald Bohte,
Cees Kamphuis, Pieter van Berkum,
Jennifer Haas, Wim Luxemburg,
Sebastiaan Kalwij
Lay-out
Jaïr Smits
Printing
Koopman & Kraaijenbrink
The ‘Druppel’ is distributed to
all members of the
Dispuut Watermanagement
Faculty of Civil Engineering
and Geoscience
room 4.74
Stevingweg 1
2628 CN Delft
Telephone 015-2784284
E-mail
In this edition our chairman Marjolein
van der Kraan has written her last story,
for she will soon give the floor to the new
board.
On page 6 one can find an update of
the preparations for the intercontinental
study tour to Vietnam.
In February, twenty students went on
Company Cases to ARCADIS and DHV. A
report of these interesting and instructive
days can be found on pages 8 and 9.
Pieter van Berkum sent us a report of his
Internship in Iran; one can find this story
on pages 10 and 11.
The change in educational system has
had a lot of consequences. For the course
Geohydrology II, the transformation led
to the possibility to take a field practicum
up in the program. An overview of the
practical is given on pages 12 and 13.
On page 14, a simplified version of the
water cycle is given on the basis of Drip
the Waterdruppel.
The last part of the series Clear Danger
is print on the pages 15 to 18.
Druppel 2 - 2006
Volume 16, Number 2, April 2006
Enjoy reading this new Druppel.
Regards,
Maarten&Marloes
[email protected]
Internet
www.dispuutwatermanagement.nl
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Table of contents
Table of contents
Druppel 2 - 2006
From the editors
Table of contents
From the board
Study tour 2006 - Vietnam
Company Cases
Internship Iran
Field Practical Geohydrology II
Water Cycle
Clear Danger III
Sponsors
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
15
19
Sponsor index
KIWA
HKV
FLYGT
WL Delft Hydraulics
VEWIN
Waterschap Rivierenland
Hoogheemraadschap van Delfland
4
2, 19
19, 20
19
19
19
19
19
From the board
The end of being part of the board of the
Society of Water Management is coming
closer and closer for Jair Smits, Ronald
Bohté and for me. Actually, the new board
will be in full operation when you receive
this Druppel.
After a long Christmas holiday and the
exam period, we organized the Company
Cases in the beginning of February. These
were two very interesting and pleasant
days, which will certainly be repeated
next years. Cees Kamphuis wrote a report
about the Company Cases.
I want to thank my fellow board members
for the nice, good and pleasant meetings,
and for all the fun during the different
activities and the effort they have put into
the society.
To end, I want to wish the new board a lot
of fun and success!
Enjoy reading this ‘druppel’!
On behalf of the board of the society of
Water Management,
Marjolein
We are at the end of this study year, and
for the most of you it will probably be the
least busy period, with just a few courses
and exams. So, you’ll have plenty time
to fantasize about the vacation that will
come; for example about the Study Trip
to Vietnam, organized by our society. The
preparation is making more and more
progress; you can read more about the
recent developments in this edition.
Some of us are however working quite
hard at the moment, for example our
Pieter van Berkum (head of the board a
year ago). Pieter is in Iran at the moment
to do his internship.
Druppel 2 - 2006
Eventually spring has come!
Marjolein van der Kraan
I also want to mention a less pleasant
thing. A month ago ir. Krein-Jan Breur
has died of the consequences of cancer.
This is a real loss for the department
and the students of Water Management.
Although I didn’t know him personally, the
cremation ceremony was very impressive
and heartrending.
5
Study tour 2006
Study tour 2006: Vietnam
Ronald Bohté
Druppel 2 - 2006
Less then three months to go. At July
8th, the dispuut will leave to Vietnam for
a three-week study trip. Accompanied
by Vivian Miska, professor Savenije and
professor Van de Giesen, twenty students
will travel from the upper North to the
very South of the republic of Vietnam.
During the writing of the previous
‘Druppel’, the registration was still open.
Fortunately, the aimed number of twenty
students signed in for the study tour and
the organization didn’t have to expel
anyone. The group is very divers with
some 3rd years students but also students
that are allready finishing their Master.
The most are from the water management
discipline but some are not.
Since the last Druppel, the organization
has been strengthened by two people:
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Study tour 2006
The organization is still working hard on
arranging the visits, the sponsoring and
all the additional activities. We are having
contact with many organisations, in
Holland and also in Vietnam. For example
WL Delft, they had a lot of good ideas
such as the visit of the second red river
basin project, a hydropower reservoir and
a diversion work (flood protection). We
also have contact with the University’s of
Hanoi and Cantho, the Dutch Embassy
and Ph.D. students.
We are still working hard on the
financing of the trip. Many companies
were enthusiastic about our study trip
to Vietnam, but only a few decided to
sponsor the trip. Currently, KIWA, WL
Delft, Norit, ITT Flygt, DG Water/NWP,
PWN, Duinwaterbedrijf Zuid Holland and
Waterleidingmaatschappij Limburg like
to sponsor our trip. This is a good start
but some additional sponsors are very
welcome!
In the second week of May there will
be an informal being together for the
participants of the study tour, some
information regarding the different visits
will be presented and the students can
learn to know eachother . Close to the
start of the trip, the program will be
presented and the program books will be
handed over, so everyone will start the
trip well informed.
Druppel 2 - 2006
Roel van der Zee and Roel Blesgraaf,
so the organization now consists of five
people: Maarten van Dieren, Wouter
Kranenburg, Ronald Bohte and the both
Roels.
We hope the ‘Vietnam 2006’ study trip
will be an unforgettable one, looking to
the accompaniment and the group of
students, this won’t be a problem!
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Company Cases
Company Cases: A visit to ARCADIS and DHV in February 2006
Cees Kamphuis
After a lot of discussion Dispuut
Watermanagement was at the end of
2005 finally ready to organize the so
called Company Cases. A little committee
containing Pieter van Berkum, Geertjo
van Dijk and the undersigned started
organising this company tour.
Druppel 2 - 2006
8
Wednesday February the 6th, 17 students
of the Dispuut gathered at the faculty
and departed in two mini-vans towards
the first company we were going to visit.
After a long ride we finally arrived in
Apeldoorn to visit ARCADIS. ARCADIS is a
big engineering company which operates
all over the world. But instead of on the
world, we were going to focus on a local
problem. After a short presentation about
the company, the group was divided
into two parts. Each group was trying to
find the best solution for the case of the
renovation of a small brook which once
streamed through the centre of Apeldoorn,
but is nowadays filled up because of its
horrible state. After a pretty long day
working, each group got the opportunity
to give a presentation of the results to a
jury, in which a delegation of ARCADIS
and the municipality of Apeldoorn took
part. There was also a group discussion
about the problems the community had
to deal with, when they tried to establish
‘draagvlak’ for the recovery of this brook.
After a few pizza slices we jumped
again in our mini-vans to drive towards
‘Villa Wittenberg’ nearby Loenen on the
Veluwe.
Fortunately the organising committee had
brought enough food and drinks to survive
the night in the middle of the big and dark
forest. After a long evening and a short
night we were already heading towards
Amersfoort to visit DHV. When, after a
few traffic-jams we finally arrived at DHV,
our breakfast had almost got alive.
DHV is also a big advising en engineering
company so we had the chance to compare
this company with our impressions
of ARCADIS. We soon discovered
DHV had much more affection with
presentations than ARCADIS. So after a
lot of presentations we finally got the
opportunity to think by ourselves again.
Firstly we had to make a quotation for a
Company Cases
Druppel 2 - 2006
problem of a client of DHV and after a few
minutes the different groups could already
give a presentation of some results.
Unfortunately the percentage of clichés
and common sense knowledge was pretty
high in these presentations, but the client
seemed to be satisfied. After a short
break we were invited to take part in a
role-play about the negotiations around
the determinations of a ‘peil-besluit’. Each
group had to play a different stakeholder,
and especially Jair did play his role as
farmer tremendously; I hope he once will
get the opportunity to milk a cow and to
irritate the local waterboard. At the end
of the day there were drinks and we got
the opportunity to talk to different people
of DHV, to discover if they could be our
future colleagues.
Back in Delft we finished these two
interesting days with a diner in a Greek
restaurant. We can conclude that
these first company-cases were a great
success!
9
Internship Iran
Internship in the country of roses and poets
Pieter van Berkum
Druppel 2 - 2006
10
Introduction
As a part of my study in Water Resources
at the TU Delft, I do an internship in
Iran at the Water Research Institute
(WRI). The WRI is located in Tehran as
a technical department of the ministry
of energy. At this institute I work on an
Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRM) project for the Sistan area. The
area is located close to the Afghanistan
border and receives all it’s water from the
Afghanistan’ mountains. The amount of
water that is provided by a treaty between
Iran and Afghanistan does not support all
activities in the area at least during the
dry periods of the year. Drinking water is
needed for some cities, water is necessary
for irrigated agriculture, fishery and the
protection of the valuable Hamouns
(swamps). To “solve” this complicated
problem the WRI carries out a study in
cooperation with WL | Delft Hydraulics.
Ribasim
In an earlier stage WL | Delft Hydraulics
made a simulation model for the area
in the Ribasim program. This program
is comparable to Weap, which is used
for the course of Integrated Water
Management. Somehow it is similar to a
bookkeeping program. All water resources
and demands are indicated, priorities
are assigned and the available water is
distributed over all demands. Although its
principle is simple, the gathering of useful
in- and output isn’t that easy. Especially
for countries like Iran and Afghanistan
mayor assumptions have to be made due
to the lack of data. Calibration of the base
model has been carried out, so playing
with the future can start.
Figure: Ribasim model of the Hirmand
basin in Afghanistan
Future development
Since the future allows so many variables
to change, a smart strategy is essential
for success within the available time.
Mayor water demands and their growth
over the years are indicated. For example:
The production of Opium in Afghanistan is
rising. To what degree does this influence
downstream flow? The irrigated area is
growing (demand). What is its influence
on the quantity of water in the lake? A
new upstream reservoir is build. What
is its influence on the salt concentration
of a lake downstream? These and other
questions have to be answered to foresee
unwanted developments and to take
measurements for further development.
At the Office
Every morning at 6.55h I take the bus
to the Institute. Arrival at 7.55h after a
crowded trip through the city center.
Tea is being served (forget the coffee).
Small talks with colleagues, work etc.
12.10h Lunchtime (Kebab as usual). Men
eat separately from the women. A stroll
through the nice garden. Talks about
the Netherlands, freedom, Iran, history,
government, music, (wo)men, colleagues,
etcetera. At 15.55h the bus takes off for
the center.
the Islamic government that the people
live in (at least) two worlds. One is the
public area with scarves, chadors, no
alcohol, no freedom of protest, fast food,
poorly looking buildings and a lot of
police. The other one is the nice and clean
family house, with music, dance, alcohol,
freedom of opinion, freedom of clothing
for men and women, delicious food and
intense social interaction. Fortunately I am
able to live in both of these worlds. Two
antagonistic worlds of which explanation
and insight lies in past. A history of Kings
for over three thousand years…
Figure: Visit Necropolis, grave of great
Persian Kings
Druppel 2 - 2006
Internship Iran
There is a lot more to tell. For those who
are interested the address of my weblog
is http://life-in-iran.blogspot.com/
Life in Iran
An internship in Iran is not just an
internship. As soon as preparations
started the trouble began: Change of
regime, cold nuclear diplomacy, cartoons
of the prophet, visa troubles… Not the
usual stuff! But as usual, after a closer
look, things are not as bad as they look
like a thousand miles away. In general
the people are just great; friendly, highly
civilized, well educated and extremely
welcome to foreigners. It is because of
11
Field Practical Geohydrology II
The new field practical of Geohydrology II
Jennifer Haas and Wim Luxemburg
Druppel 2 - 2006
12
Most students will have noticed that
many courses of watermanagement have
changed in setup and content. This is
due to the new structure of the masters:
still lectures, but also a lot of exercises,
practices, and field works. In this new
structure, it perfectly fits in the course
Geohydrology II to see by yourself what
is meant by a pumping test, to see that
there is salt water under the dunes, and
that it is possible to distinguish different
deeper soil layers with measurements
at the soil surface. All these subjects
are dealt with in the lectures and are
investigated during the field practical of
16 March in the Amsterdam Waterwork
Dunes near Zandvoort.
In this beautiful nature reserve prepurified river water of the river Lek is
infiltrated. After a subterranean residence
time of 3 months the water is pumped
up again and then further treated until
it is drinking water. The area therefore,
contains innumerable observation- as
well as production wells.
For the first experiment 12 pumping
wells were switched on especially for our
measuring purpose. In three observation
wells in the neighborhood a drawdown
was observed subsequently. Jennifer
Haas and Hendrik Meeuwise, who do their
internship at this company, had already
installed data loggers in four other wells
for this purpose.
Field Practical Geohydrology II
After that, we started at a different
location with geophysical tests, with which
we wanted to determine the soil layers.
We used two different methods. The
first method was the Slingram method:
two coils with which an electro-magnetic
field is generated by which the resistivity
through the ground can be measured. In
this way one can find anomalies in the
field, such as boundaries of layers and
other subsurface structures. The second
method was the VES method, which could
measure much deeper underground. With
this method an electrical current is sent
into the ground and the electrical potential
difference is measured. The measurement
result is the natural resistivity of the
ground over which the electrical field is
put. In steps the distance between the
electrodes is increased until a distance of
300 m, due to this increase the potential
field reaches deeper and deeper. A dept
of 150 m could be measured effectively.
The distinguishing of layers did not take
place in the field, but happened at the
work out afterwards at home.
At the end of the day the flow system,
in a west-east cross section through the
dunes, was determined. This was done
by measuring the heads in wells, from
the beach till the inner dune border, in
filters at different depths.
It was an educational day, but very cold
this year. Better luck next year!
Druppel 2 - 2006
Although a common visitor may
question why there are so many closed
‘wastebaskets’ in the area, it appears
to us that these are observation wells.
After opening such a well, it appeared
that there were 8 smaller pipes in it,
that all had their well screen (filters) at a
different depth. On the basis of the cross
section of the area, with the location of
the different wells given, prof. Olsthoorn
explained which layers were aquifers, and
which were clay layers. He also explained
to us in which layer they pump water and
where salt water could be found. With a
plumb line the groundwater levels were
measured. It appeared, by measurements
with the tongue, that there were indeed
salt water layers: the deepest on 100 m
depth (this is as deep as the length of the
Civil Engineering building).
13
Water Cycle
Druppel 2 - 2006
‘Drip, de waterdruppel’, Julie Gosling, Tilburg/Uitgeverij Zwijsen B.V., 1974
14
Clear Danger III
Clear Danger part III
Sebastiaan Kalwij
[email protected]
Mombassa, Kenya
The port-officials in Mombassa are known
for their strictness. In order for the ship
to be cleared and for passengers to
be allowed ashore they have to see all
certificates of yellow fever vaccination.
Even the captain has been down to the
medical centre a few times to make sure
all crewmembers have been vaccinated.
I wasn’t worried about the crew. The
passengers are the main problem. On the
voyage around the world we left Dover,
UK in January 2002 and on the way
we went to Brazil, Chile, Easter Island,
Australia, Singapore, Malaysia and the
Seychelles. And this is where the problem
comes from. Many passengers only do a
part of the world cruise, few stay on board
for the entire duration of the journey. A
popular choice is to fly to the Seychelles,
stay on the beach for a few days and
than join the ship and sail back to the UK
via Mombassa, Zanzibar and Cape Town
back to Dover. Yellow fever vaccines are
difficult to buy in the first place and once
a file is open its shelf life is very short. We
don’t want to over-stock and in principle
we only vaccinate the crew. Passengers
are advised to see their own doctor back
home. Of course many passengers take
all the necessary precautions, but some
are completely blasé about the whole
thing. So we only had two days to go
to make sure that we have all the right
documentation and to organise a mopup vaccination campaign. One thousand
crew and passengers - Enough reason for
a headache.
Druppel 2 - 2006
Rectification
The editors of Druppel 1 want to apologize to Pieter Bol and Sebastiaan Kalwij
for the mistakes they made during the editing of the text Clear Danger. To rectify these mistakes we publish the text that has been left out and also publish
the conclusion again. Part I can be found in Druppel 4 - 2005 and Part II can
be found in Druppel 1 - 2006.
We hope that our cooperation with Pieter Bol will endure and want to thank
him for all his effort so far.
Figure: Yellow fever certificate
15
Clear Danger III
The same mosquito transmits both
dengue and yellow fever: the Aedes
Egypti. Dengue is a virus infection, which
can develop after one has been bitten by
this particular mosquito. Symptoms are:
fever, (acute) headache, muscular pains
and joint pains, hence the nickname
break-bone fever. Complications can
be severe with bleeding disorders and
shock.
Druppel 2 - 2006
Figure: Aedes Egypti Mosquito
Yellow fever, as the name implies, is also
a viral infection causing fever and joint
and muscle ache, but also jaundice as it
affects the liver. Mortality is high.
The main problem to control these
infections is that mosquitoes only need a
tiny amount of water to survive. A bit of
water left in a flowerpot or a beer can, can
be enough. The ship in itself is a potential
source to carry countless mosquitoes,
despite being at sea for at least 2 weeks
since Singapore. There have been cases
of residents of Los Angeles, California,
being diagnosed with dengue after having
been infected by mosquitoes travelling in
old car tires from Malaysia to a car tire
dump in the outskirts of the city.
Of course we sprayed the ship and tipped
out all water from empty paint tins and
other potential reservoirs. It is easy
enough to do on a ship with enough
16
housekeeping staff. On a city scale you
can imagine the enormity and complexity
of the task. Singapore takes dengue
control very serious. It has extensive
campaigns on TV and radio. Children are
being educated in school how to take care
of ones own immediate environment and
the government deploy the army who
have the powers to conduct door-to-door
inspections. Heavy fines are handed out
to those residents who don’t empty their
flower- pots and leave empty tin cans on
their windowsills or balconies. Not only is
dengue a big burden on the individual and
their families but also on the economy as
those who are infected will be off work for
many weeks. In a country like Singapore
with a highly educated work force this
would be disastrous. Singapore has got
the financial and organisational resources
to implement control measures. For
countries like Kenya this is more difficult,
hence the strict vaccination criteria for
entering the country.
Figure: Anopheles Mosquito
Malaria is perhaps the most notorious
of all tropical infectious diseases.
Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito
it is worldwide the biggest killer. It has
been estimated that more than 2 million
people, mainly children die of malaria
each year.
Clear Danger III
Malaria has been eradicated successfully
from many parts in Europe (Italy, Greece,
Turkey) and most of the Caribbean Islands.
In the rest of the world the problem only
seems to get bigger. Population growth
is one reason. People building houses in
areas, which are unfit for settlement is
another reason. As I mentioned before,
successful irrigation projects (e.g. rice
fields, water reservoirs or canals) attract
large numbers of people to areas, which
by nature are unsuitable for human
living. Poverty is the main reason for the
majority of these people. Telling them not
to go is extremely difficult.
Eradicating any infectious disease is
difficult, expensive and time consuming.
It often takes decades to eradicate certain
diseases, like polio, measles or smallpox.
Once infectious diseases have been
eradicated a vast network of laboratories
and administration is needed to monitor
it all. All too often the money runs out
quickly and funds are allocated to other
equally important projects.
Figure: Malaria Distribution 2000
Druppel 2 - 2006
It is not only people living in an endemic
area but also tourists from colder climates
get infected. In the UK alone about 30
people die of malaria each year. There
are several reasons for this, first of all
the symptoms of malaria resemble those
of the flu. So if tourists return home in
the middle of a flu outbreak, his or her
symptoms may be overlooked. Also
many tourists choose not to take malaria
prophylaxis against the advice of medical
professionals. Many immigrants living
in Europe think that they are immune
to malaria so don’t need any malaria
prophylaxis. Immunity does exist but
is very short lived. All this can lead
to ignoring some vital symptoms and
seeking medical help too late.
Figure: Yellow Fever Distribution 2002
Figure: Dengue Distribution 2001
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Clear Danger III
Druppel 2 - 2006
Conclusion
By providing examples to each of the
four categories of water-based infections
I hope to have explained the complexity
of controlling infectious diseases. It is
difficult enough as it is. Ironically man
has introduced many diseases indirectly
and unintentionally. Ambitious projects
can create a perfect habitat for many
different organisms playing an important
part in disease transmission. As future
engineers of such projects it is important
to realise that by solving one problem,
e.g. a lack of water, one can introduce
another, much bigger problem, e.g.
malaria or bilharizia.
18
Prior to planning and constructing new
projects it is important to consult experts
in Infectious Disease Control.
Special thanks to Dr P.Bol
Reference work:
Dion R.Bell
Lecture
notes
on
Tropical Medicine. Blackwell Science
1995.
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Dispuut watermanagement - Faculteit Civiele Techniek en Geowetenschappen - TU Delft
Steviweg 1, kamer 4.74
2628CN Delft