OALE

What is Wilderness Therapy?
What
is Wilderness Therapy?
The Wikwemikong Outdoor Adventure Leadership Experience (OALE)
Leadership Experience (OALE)
Stephen Ritchie
PhD Candidate in the School of Rural & Northern Health
PhD
Candidate in the School of Rural & Northern Health
and
Assistant Professor in the Outdoor Adventure Leadership Program
School of Human Kinetics
1
What is Health?
What is Health?
“aa state of complete physical, state of complete physical
mental and social well‐being and g
not merely the absence of disease or infirmit ”
or infirmity.”
‐ Word Health Organization, 1948 4
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
What is Health?
What is Health?
“aa state of complete physical, state of complete physical
mental and social well‐being and g
not merely the absence of disease or infirmit ”
or infirmity.”
‐ Word Health Organization, 1948 5
Wikwemikong OALE
What is Therapy?
What is Therapy?
• “treatment especially of bodily, mental, or behavioral disorder
mental or behavioral disorder” – Merriam‐Webster’s Online Dictionary
6
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
What is Wilderness Therapy [WT]?
What is Wilderness Therapy [WT]?
“The
The Outward Bound process offers one of the Outward Bound process offers one of the
most flexible and multifaceted paradigms existent in education and mental health It has
existent in education and mental health. It has the ability to involve every aspect of the participant to be truly holistic to cut quickly to
participant, to be truly holistic, to cut quickly to the heart of the problems, and to do all this in a context – wilderness context wilderness – that is simultaneously that is simultaneously
pragmatic and sublime.” Stephen Bacon, 1983 p
,
7
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
WT & the Health Continuum
WT & the Health Continuum
Wellness
Prevention
Promotion
Th
Therapeutic
ti
8
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Illness
Disorder
Dysfuntion
Th
Therapy
Definitions – Wilderness Therapy
Definitions Wilderness Therapy
Naming Conventions
“Wilderness Therapy”
“Adventure Therapy” “ d
“Adventure‐Based Counseling”
d
l ”
“Experiential Challenge”
“O td
“Outdoor Adventure Pursuits”
Ad t
P
it ”
“Therapeutic Adventure Programs”
Therapeutic Camping
Camping”
“Therapeutic
“Wilderness‐Adventure Therapy”
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What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Interdisciplinarity
Outdoor Education
Social W k
Work
10
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Psychology
Alvarez & Stauffer Definition 2001
Alvarez & Stauffer Definition, 2001
“Adventure
Adventure Therapy [WT] is any Therapy [WT] is any
intentional, facilitated use of adventure tools and techniques to d t
t l
dt h i
t
guide personal change toward desired therapeutic goals”
11
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Gass Gillis and Russell Definition 2012
Gass, Gillis and Russell Definition, 2012
“Adventure
Adventure Therapy [WT] is the Therapy [WT] is the
prescriptive use of adventure experiences provided by mental health
experiences provided by mental health professionals, often conducted in natural settings that kinesthetically
natural settings that kinesthetically engage clients on cognitive, affective, and behavioural levels ”
and behavioural levels.
12
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Types of Programs
Types of Programs
•
•
•
•
•
Adventure therapy programs
py p g
Personal growth programs
C ll
College adventure programs
d
Recreation programs
p g
Camping programs
(Davis Berman & Berman 2000)
(Davis‐Berman & Berman, 2000)
18
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Therapeutic Continuum
Therapeutic Continuum
Intentional Health
Camping
Programs
College
Adventure
Programs
Recreational
Programs
Wilderness
py
Therapy
Programs
Personal
Growth
Programs
Incidental Health
(Adapted from Davis-Berman & Berman, 2000)
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What is Wilderness
Therapy?
Walsh & Golins Outward Bound Process
Walsh & Golins Outward Bound Process Model (OBPM), 1976
What is Wilderness
Therapy?
The Wikwemikong O td
Outdoor Adventure Ad t
Leadership Leadership
Experience (OALE)
Experience (OALE)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Research Objective
Research Objective
To develop, implement, and evaluate To
develop implement and evaluate
the impact of a 10‐day outdoor adventure leadership experience (OALE) on the resilience and well‐
(OALE) on the resilience and well
being (R&WB) of youth from Wik
Wikwemikong Unceded Indian ik
U d d I di
Reserve.
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Wikwemikong OALE
CO‐REVISING
CO‐TRAINING
C
Community‐
Based Participatory p
y
Research
Well‐Being
SPIRITUAL PHYSICAL
Elderly
Holistic
Adults
Relational
Youth
Harmony
Growth
Infants & Children
Integrated
Balance
Community
C
i
Nature
N
EMOTIONAL MENTAL
Note: Adapted from the Aboriginal Healing & Wellness Strategy of Ontario, 2008
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Wikwemikong OALE
3 Questions & 3 Phases
3 Questions & 3 Phases
Research
Question
Method
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Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
What is a
culturally
relevant
OALE?
Does the OALE
intervention promote
resilience and well
wellbeing for WUIR
adolescents?
How does the
OALE promote
resilience and
well-being?
CBPR
CBPR
Quasi-Experimental
CBPR
Ethnography
Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 1 Results
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Wikwemikong OALE
OALE
OALE Program
•
•
•
•
•
•
42
3 Goals
6 Leadership Training Modules
h
l
4 Implementation Phases
p
18 Programming Principles
7 Grandfather Teachings
10 Day Canoe Expedition
10 Day Canoe Expedition
Wikwemikong OALE
10 Day OALE
10 Day OALE
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Methods & Results
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Methods ‐ Quantitative
Question:
Data Source:
2. Does the OALE • HWBQ ‐ 78 Questions
intervention promote – 14‐Item Resilience Scale (RS‐14)
resilience and well‐
– 6 other scales & 3 constructs
being for WUIR – 52 additional items over 4 adolescents?
d l
?
dimensions
• Pre (T1), Post (T2) & 1Yr (T3) administration
Analysis: MS Excel 8.0 (Mac) & IBM SPSS 19.0
• Paired T‐Test (two tail) on RS‐14 & MCS only
Paired T Test (two tail) on RS 14 & MCS only
• Compared Post to Pre (T2‐T1) & 1Yr to Pre (T3‐T1)
• Trend analysis on other scales & constructs
Trend analysis on other scales & constructs
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Methods: Scales and Dimensions of the Health and Well‐
Being Questionnaire (HWBQ)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: ili
S l S
( S )
Resilience Scale Scores (RS‐14)
Mean
Score
Std.
Std
Dev.
R
Range
(14-98)
Size (n)
Pre
OALE Score
Pre-OALE
73.7
73 7*
9.8
48
95
48-95
46
4 weeks Post-OALE
77.1*
9.1
58-96
46
RS-14 Norms
84.4
10.2
35-98
782
Sample
Note: RS‐14 Norms from The Resilience Scale User’s Guide (Wagnild, 2009).
*p
p = 0.011 (Paired T
= 0 011 (Paired T‐Test
Test, two tailed)
two tailed)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: h
i
ili
S
( S )
Change in Resilience Scores (RS‐14)
*p=0.011 for change in resilience from Pre‐OALE (T1) to Post‐OALE (T2).
Error bars denote 95% CI
Error bars denote 95% CI.
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: d i
ll i S
Trends in Well‐Being Scores For MCS, there was no significant difference difference T2‐T1; however there was for T3‐T1 (
The PCS figure demonstrate trends only; inferences were not tested. 55
Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: d i
ll i S
Trends in Well‐Being Scores These figures demonstrate trends only; inferences were not tested. 56
Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: d i
ll i S
Trends in Well‐Being Scores These figures demonstrate trends only; inferences were not tested. 57
Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 2 Results: Standardized Scores for Three
Standardized Scores for Three Supplemental Constructs
Sta
andardize
ed Scale Scores
S
85
n=46
80
n=59
n=33
Social Support (SS)
75
n=47
70
n=33
Community Values
(CV)
n=58
65
n=46
46
n=33
33
Post ((T2))
1Yr ((T3))
n=59
60
Pre ((T1))
58
Spiritual Values (SV)
Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 3 Methods & Results
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 3 Methods ‐ Qualitative
Question:
3 How does OALE 3.
How does OALE
promote resilience and well‐being?
Data Sources:
• Participant
Participant & Leader interviews (Key & Leader interviews (Key
Informants)
• Talking Circles On‐Trip
• Focus Groups Post‐Trip Focus Groups Post Trip
• Participant & Leader Journals
• Film / Video / PI Journal / Observations
Analysis (2009‐2012):
• Immersive Experience / Participant Observation
Immersive Experience / Participant Observation
• Indigenous, Convergent, & Divergent Coding / Themes
• On‐Going Analysis Meetings (Member Checks)
g
y
g (
)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Phase 3 Results: How does the OALE promote resilience and well‐being?
The Th
evolution of a research question….
How does connecting
How does connecting
promote resilience and well‐being for the youth?
How does the OALE help the youth connect to Anishinaabe Bimaadziwin?
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Wikwemikong OALE
Bimaadiziwin
“The way of a good life. In order to have a good life The way of a good life. In order to have a good life
one must have a goal. The goal is to be free from illness, to live to the fullest. Bimaadiziwin is b d
based on a concept of health and good living. fh l h d
dl
One must work on prevention and not only healing It is a Holy life One must eat well act
healing. It is a Holy life. One must eat well, act well, and live physically, mentally, emotionally p
y
g
y
and spiritually well. Emotional well‐being is a key to Bimaadiziwin.” (Rheault, 1999, p.XXV)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Connecting through Experiences
with Creation.
& Connecting through Reflection
f
with
ith Self.
Self
Wikwemikong OALE
Rita G. Corbiere
D
December 22, 2010
b 22 2010
“Many people speak about spirituality. Spirituality is a way of life and
Spirituality is a way of life, and includes all of creation and the Creator. Connecting with creation is g
like watching a flower bloom. There must be someone making this possible. From a seed comes the stem, followed by leaves and a bud, which with time will become a beautiful flower. The seeds, that is the youth, are nurtured, cared for, and taught life’s teachings. These teachings will ,
f ,
g
f
g
g
help the youth lead a worthwhile and rewarding life. They are never alone. This is Anishinaabe Bimaadziwin.”
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Wikwemikong OALE
Day 3 Nsidwaaswok (Waking Up)
Wikwemikong OALE
“On day 3, I told myself that I was going to be here for seven more da s I ha e to do hat I ha e got to do So I started thinking
days. I have to do what I have got to do. So I started thinking more positive about the trip. I remembered how my mom wanted me to learn my inner strengths. So I thought about my mom and she is my inspiration. I was thinking that if I wanted to go home, what would she think about it? So just thinking about that put me in a better mood. I made myself be happy and it was a nice day
in a better mood. I made myself be happy and it was a nice day outside. So I bathed in the water. I felt clean and fresh. I had a whole new attitude. After I woke up, I changed, put the tents away and cleaned up a lot I remember the canoe ride and we
away, and cleaned up a lot. I remember the canoe ride and we went through a bunch of rapids. We fell in the water, got wet, and went through a bunch of storms. It was hot, it was cold, and we got some rain. After all that, I thought ‘wow, this is canoeing’. I enjoyed it. I loved it.”
(female, 15 yrs)
(female, 15 yrs)
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Wikwemikong OALE
Conclusion Conclusion
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Wikwemikong OALE
Conclusion
The OALE seems to be a program that helps the o th (1) become more resilient in the
the youth: (1) become more resilient in the short‐term, and (2) become more aware of Anishinaabe Bimaadziwin (the Good Life) by providing opportunities for connecting with CREATION and SELF through a variety of experiences and reflections that are
of experiences and reflections that are unique for each youth. 89
Wikwemikong OALE
‘THE JOURNEY HOME’
A FILM BY HOI CHEU
A homecoming story about the Wikwemikong Outdoor Adventure Leadership Experience (OALE)
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Acknowledgements / Support
g
/ pp
Waasa Naabin Youth Centre Staff; OALE Participants; Chief & Council; Community Research Steering Committee; Health Services Committee; Nadmadwin Staff; Amikook Seniors; Diane Jacko; Daniel Manitowabi; Chief Duke
Seniors; Diane Jacko; Daniel Manitowabi; Chief Duke Peltier Brenda Restoule PhD, Psychologist serving in Northeast Ontario, and Vice‐
Chair of the Native Mental Health Association of Canada
Chair of the Native Mental Health Association of Canada Keith Russell PhD, Associate Professor in the Department of Physical Education, Health & Recreation at Western Washington University, USA
Robert Schinke DEd, Canada Research Chair and Professor in the School of ,
Human Kinetics Nancy L. Young PhD, Canada Research Chair and Professor in the School of Rural and Northern Health, Laurentian University, ON
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Collaboration / Support
/ pp
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Questions?
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Wikwemikong OALE
Comments?