Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers Environmental Management System

Transcription

Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers’ Environmental Management System
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM – 2010/2011
REVISION STATUS
OWNER:
Rev No
Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers
Date
0
Jan 09
1
Mar 2010
2
Apr 2010
3
July 2010
4
June 2011
5
July 2011
REVIEW
INTERVAL:
Every AGM
(~1yr)
Description of Revision
Approvals
Originator
Checked by
Risk Assessment by Wonboyn Lake Oyster
Ana Rubio &
Wonboyn Lake
Growers at AGM
Helen Davies
Oyster Growers
1st Draft to Southern Rivers CMA for review Ana Rubio
Helen Davies
Draft of EMS reviewed by Wonboyn Oyster Ana Rubio &
Wonboyn Lake
Industry
Helen Davies
Oyster Growers
Review of Action Table by Wonboyn Lake
Wonboyn Lake
Helen Davies
Oyster Growers
Oyster Growers
Document finalised
Helen Davies
Angelika Erpic
Review of Action Table by Wonboyn Lake
Helen Davies
Wonboyn Oyster
Oyster Growers
Growers
Citation:
Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers (2010) Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers’ Environmental Management System. A
report prepared by Dr A. Rubio (Environmental Consultant) for Southern Rivers Catchment Management Authority
on behalf of the Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers. 42 pages
Special note:
The term ‘Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers’ refers to those growers who have agreed to be part of the
Environmental Management System (EMS) process in Wonboyn Lake and who are therefore committed to
undertake best practices in the management of their local industry in order to maintain and improve the health of
Wonboyn Lake (see Appendix 1 - commitment sheet).
Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers may be referred to in the document as WLOG.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
7
3
WONBOYN LAKE GROWERS COMMITMENT TO AN EMS
7
3.1
Need for an EMS ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Oysters as indicators of water health ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Ecological product .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1.2 Oysters, the ‘canaries’ of the estuaries .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.1.1.3 Oysters as ecosystem engineers......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1.4 ‘Green’ oyster product........................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.1.5 Increase employment in rural and regional areas .............................................................................................................. 9
3.2
Aims of the EMS................................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3
National ecologically sustainable development framework for aquaculture.................................................................. 10
3.4
EMS Scope ...................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.5
EMS in relation to other management mechanisms ...................................................................................................... 10
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
3
OVERVIEW OF WONBOYN LAKE AND CATCHMENT
11
Wonboyn Lake and catchment........................................................................................................................................ 11
Other industries within the catchment ........................................................................................................................... 12
Catchment protection and rehabilitation........................................................................................................................ 12
OVERVIEW OF WONBOYN OYSTER INDUSTRY
14
5.1
5.2
Oyster production – Wonboyn Lake............................................................................................................................... 15
Factors affecting oyster production ............................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1 Local factors ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.2.1.1 Environmental parameters .............................................................................................................................................. 16
5.2.1.2 Stocking densities ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
5.2.2 Anthropogenic and global factors.............................................................................................................................. 16
5.2.2.1 Anthropogenic activities .................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.2.2.2 Global warming................................................................................................................................................................ 16
5.3
Oyster farming methods in Wonboyn Lake .................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.1 Spat collection ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
5.3.1.1 Hatchery spat................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.2 Cultivation techniques............................................................................................................................................. 18
5.3.2.1 Long-line systems............................................................................................................................................................. 18
5.4
Land-based activities ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
5.5
Environmental monitoring.............................................................................................................................................. 20
5.5.1 NSW Shellfish Program .................................................................................................................................................... 20
5.5.2 Water quality................................................................................................................................................................... 21
5.5.3 Benthic sampling: seagrasses .......................................................................................................................................... 21
5.6
Recent environmental achievements of Wonboyn growers .......................................................................................... 21
3
6
ACTION PLAN
23
6.1
High risks......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1 Industry-related activities ....................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1.1 Disposal of shell waste..................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1.2 Communication between industry groups ...................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1.3 Inefficient boat motors .................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1.4 Communication with community and stakeholders........................................................................................................ 25
6.1.2 External activities.................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.1.2.1 Use of horticultural and agricultural products in catchment........................................................................................... 25
6.1.2.2 Boat wash by lake users................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.1.2.3 Mooring to leases by lake users....................................................................................................................................... 25
6.1.2.4 Deterioration of water quality ......................................................................................................................................... 26
6.1.2.5 Unsealed roads ................................................................................................................................................................ 27
6.1.2.6 Changes in hydrological processes .................................................................................................................................. 28
Future monitoring......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2
Moderate Risks ............................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.2.1 Industry related activities........................................................................................................................................ 29
6.2.1.1 Water and land lease tenure ........................................................................................................................................... 29
6.3
Low risks ......................................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.3.1 Industry related activities........................................................................................................................................ 30
6.4
EMS implementation ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.1 EMS report distribution........................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.2 Stakeholder review process..................................................................................................................................... 31
6.4.3 EMS Review ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31
6.4.4 EMS Compliance .............................................................................................................................................................. 31
7
BENEFITS OF THE EMS
32
APPENDICES
33
REFERENCES
51
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: NSW map with location of Wonboyn Lake, and catchment map .................................................................................. 12
Figure 2: Total NSW Sydney Rock Oyster production (Number of bags sold) from 1944/45 to 2006/07 .................................... 14
Figure 3: Total Sydney Rock Oyster production for Wonboyn Lake (Number of bags sold) from 1944/45 to 2006/07 .............. 14
Figure 4: Upweller nursery system to grow oyster spat............................................................................................................... 18
Figure 5: Floating tumblers or cylinders ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 6: Floating bags running in parallel.................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 7: Floating bags drying, one lot resting on the top of the parallel line of bags ................................................................. 19
Figure 8: Hard frame baskets with different mesh size and volume for adult and spat oysters .................................................. 19
Figure 9: Examples of oyster grading machines used in the Wonboyn oyster industry............................................................... 20
Figure 10: Schematic summary of risks impacting the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry.. ............................................................. 23
Figure 11: Stages of the latest closure of Wonboyn Lake entrance ............................................................................................. 28
Figure 12: Eight easy-to-follow steps of the EMS ........................................................................................................................ 35
4
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Vision: Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers working to produce oysters in an environmentally sustainable
manner using best farming practices thereby reducing our footprint on Wonboyn Lake
Aquaculture, which includes oyster farming, is playing an increasing role in meeting the growing global demand for
food security in the form of high protein fishery products. Increased pressure on coastal industries is also
occurring as a result of increased coastal development and recreational use of waterways. As a result, it is of
utmost importance to minimise the impacts of oyster farming on the environment to guarantee the industry’s
development and long term survival. The Wonboyn Lake oyster industry would like to strengthen its position
through the implementation of this Environmental Management System (EMS) to ensure the protection of the
optimum environmental conditions required in Wonboyn for oyster production and lake health.
The key reason for the adoption of this EMS by the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry is the potential future
environmental degradation of the Wonboyn catchment, particularly in relation to water quality and pollution,
stemming from increasing levels of human population in coastal areas. Elsewhere, this has generally resulted in
increased nutrient loads and sedimentation levels into waterways which is detrimental to the overall health of the
lake including aquaculture.
This EMS is a structured system designed to support the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry minimise impacts from its
operations using best practices, thereby ensuring minimal detrimental effects on the environment. During
preparation of this EMS, both oyster cultivation and catchment activities were assessed at a local and regional
level, and the action plan has been designed to manage impacts from both.
As well as economic benefits to the area, oyster farming has a significant positive impact on the lake, an impact
that Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers will promote among the local community and catchment users. For instance:
•
Oyster cultivation is one of the least ecologically damaging forms of farming as oysters do not
require artificial food sources, in contrast to fish farming, feeding instead on particles that are
available in the water. Oyster growers rely on the natural environment to supply nutrients, food
particles and sunlight to produce the optimum food mix on which oysters thrive.
•
Oysters gather their food by filtering large volumes of water from the waterways. This filtration
capacity helps to clean the water by removing particles, enhancing water clarity and promoting
seagrass, saltmarsh and mangrove health. Oysters are the ‘canaries’ of the waterways – if the
oysters are healthy, it indicates that the waterways are healthy.
•
Oysters are not only delicious, they are also considered to be one of the most nutritionally
balanced foods available, containing an extensive range of vitamins, minerals and omega-3.
The presence of a successful oyster industry in Wonboyn Lake demonstrates that the lake is healthy. Oyster
growers are constantly monitoring the quality of the water and their oysters. Their diligence means that any
unexpected pollution entering the lake is quickly identified and can therefore be managed ensuring the water is
clean and safe for fishers, swimmers and other users of the lake, as well as oyster consumers.
Oyster growers happily play an important role as stewards of the local environment but the community also needs
to play its part to help maintain the health of the catchment and therefore the oyster industry. It is important to
keep in mind that all activities in the catchment can have an impact on other users, in particular your local oyster
growers.
5
The aim of this EMS is to identify risks to the industry, develop and implement actions to minimise their impact,
and through monitoring, ensure that the actions are having their desired effect. As part of the EMS process,
Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers undertook a risk assessment exercise in which industry-related and external risks
were identified and prioritised. As a consequence, growers developed an action plan to address the high risk
activities impacting on the sustainability and therefore long-term tenure of their industry. Wonboyn Lake Oyster
Growers are now working to manage high risk activities, with actions including:
A. Oyster industry-related activities
1.
Upgrading outboard motors to improve fuel efficiency and minimise emissions and noise.
2.
Appropriately managing shell waste from oyster operations.
3.
Negotiating new agreements with the Land and Property Management Authority to increase the length of
tenure for oyster land-based sites, providing additional security for growers.
Improving communication between growers in order to combine effort and strategies for improving
4.
product-value, community education and marketing, and with the local community and stakeholders in
order to increase awareness of the oyster industry and its environmental management role.
B. External activities
1.
Appropriately managing and maintaining unsealed roads in the catchment to reduce run-off and
sedimentation into the waterways.
Minimising deterioration of water quality as a result of sewage pollution (septic tanks and private
2.
camping); increased nutrient loads (horticultural and agricultural products); and fine sediments in run-off
(from forestry activities and/or land clearing).
3.
Monitoring hydrological changes including changes at the lake’s entrance.
4.
Minimising the mooring on oyster leases by recreational fishers and lake users, an activity that damages
infrastructure and creates boat wash resulting in shore erosion. This also has a significant impact on fragile
cultural heritage sites.
The NSW Oyster Industry is a significant and developing aquaculture industry which relies on and contributes to
the maintenance of good water quality and other environmental standards for its success.
Help us maintain the health of Wonboyn Lake!
For further information on Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers’ Environmental Management System, please contact
the Wonboyn Lake QAP Coordinator (Ph: 6496 9162).
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2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environmental Management System (EMS) coordinator would like to acknowledge the outstanding effort that
has been made by the Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers in developing this EMS. Additional thanks to all who were
approached by the EMS coordinator, and who gave their time and support as they became involved in various
activities in the catchment to support this process.
The project was funded by the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust, through the Southern Rivers
Catchment Management Authority (SRCMA), as part of their Oyster Industry Partnership Program. The project was
initiated by Helen Davies (SRCMA), whose essential role in looking after the catchment and its users has been
acknowledged by oyster growers and other stakeholders in the catchment.
3
WONBOYN LAKE GROWERS COMMITMENT TO AN EMS
Vision:
Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers working to produce oysters in an environmentally sustainable manner using
best farming practices thereby reducing our footprint on Wonboyn Lake
For the purposes of this EMS, Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers (WLOG) refers to all growers listed in Appendix 1.
These members agree to uphold their responsibilities under the environmental policy and action plan described in
this EMS.
Oyster growers in Wonboyn Lake share aquatic and land resources with many other users through activities
including water sports, fishing, forestry, tourism and cultural and historical activities. All users of the environment
have some effect on it. They can also impact on each other’s activities which can result in positive or negative
relationships. Consequently, it is important to be aware of the potential cascade effect that some users/activities
might have on others within the same catchment. For instance, an activity in the upper catchment of a river could
potentially have a significant impact on the downstream lake, hence the need for a precautionary management
system such as this EMS.
Like many other sectors of the seafood industry, oyster farming in NSW is currently moving towards greater
efficiency and optimal, environmentally-friendly systems. WLOG agreed to implement an EMS in Wonboyn Lake to
ensure professional and environmentally responsible management of their industry and to demonstrate their
commitment to sustainability to the wider community.
3.1
Need for an EMS
Increasing levels of coastal development and recreational use of waterways increases pressure on coastal
industries. By implementing this EMS, WLOG have set out best environmental and industry practices in oyster
cultivation, identified potential impacts on the health of the catchment and provided a means of monitoring and
protecting water quality within Wonboyn Lake. Described in this report is the means to formally demonstrate the
oyster industry’s resource management capability to regulatory agencies, oyster processors and consumers, and
the general community. The EMS also promotes the industry’s role as a legitimate and responsible user of public
waterways.
7
Oysters as indicators of water health
If NSW coastal waterways are fit to support oysters which are healthy for consumers, they will pass muster on
any more general water quality grounds. (ACIL, 1997)
Aquaculture plays a major role in meeting the growing world demand for fishery products as, mainly due to stock
collapse, fishery captures fail to supply requirements. Consequently best practices and sustainable development in
aquaculture, including oyster farming, needs to be ensured.
Oyster farming has a number of positive outcomes and benefits that apply to Wonboyn Lake as much as other
areas, including:
•
•
•
It results in an ecological product (3.1.1.1);
Oysters are the ‘canaries’ of the estuaries (3.1.1.2), ecosystem engineers (3.1.1.3) and a ‘green’
product (3.1.1.4); and
It increases employment in rural/regional areas (3.1.1.5).
Ecological product
Oyster cultivation is potentially one of the most sustainable forms of aquaculture because, in comparison with fish
cultivation, it uses species with a low trophic position in the aquatic food web and it does not require artificial
food input as the animals extract their nutrition principally by the filtration of microscopic particles available in the
water column (e.g. phytoplankton – microscopic plants and organic detritus). That is, oysters only feed on what is
available in the water column in the oyster growing area. These food components are produced in the lake and
are based on the natural resources available in the catchment, waterways sediment and shore line vegetation, in
addition to the local biological, physical and chemical characteristics of the oyster cultivation area.
3.1.1.2 Oysters, the ‘canaries’ of the estuaries
Oysters are very sensitive to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and as key
indicators of the health of aquatic systems, have been referred to as the ‘canaries’ of the estuaries: if oysters are
healthy, it indicates that the waterways are also healthy, as canaries indicated the health of the air of
underground mines in days gone by.
3.1.1.3 Oysters as ecosystem engineers
Oysters have been described as ecosystem engineers (Margalef, 1968) due to their massive filtration capacity. It
has been estimated that on average, a cultivated Sydney Rock Oyster can filter approximately 0.5 megalitres of
estuarine river water and remove large quantities of suspended matter in their lifetime (White, 2001). As a result
of their filtration power, oysters have the capacity to clean the water, enhance water clarity, promote seagrass
growth and accelerate nutrient recycling processes in the lake. Oysters are therefore important organisms in
connecting processes in the water column and in the substrate/sediment by consuming suspended particles from
the water column and depositing wastes and unwanted material in the sediment. As a result of oyster feeding
mechanisms and metabolic processing of food particles, oysters excrete dissolved inorganic and organic waste
back into the water column, and thus oysters become a major component in the recycling of essential elements in
the oyster growing areas. The importance of oysters to the biological and chemical dynamics in coastal areas is
widely recognised (Dame & Olenin, 2005).
8
3.1.1.4 ‘Green’ oyster product
One of the benefits of implementing an EMS for oyster growers is that they will be able to maintain and improve
market access through a form of ‘eco’ or environmental labelling of their product. The EMS confirms that oyster
farming in Wonboyn Lake is low impact and that growers aim for environmentally sustainable practices. This
reinforces the clean, green image of the industry which improves the oyster industry profile. WLOG will maintain
close ties with the wider community, including their commercial partners such as other producers, processors,
wholesalers and retailers, promoting their environmental system and providing updates on progress on the
achievement of EMS outcomes.
3.1.1.5 Increase employment in rural and regional areas
As an indicator of employment potential, the historical Sydney Rock Oyster industry directly employs about 800
people, more than any other form of aquaculture in Australia. While the oyster industry has experienced a decline
in production since the mid 1970’s, it has now stabilised and is set to achieve a sustainable annual production of
120,000 bags of premium oyster products by 2013 (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2006).
As an employer, the oyster industry in the Bega Valley Shire is of high economic and social importance, in spite of
environmental threats to the viability of the industry in some other areas of NSW. The local industry is widely
spread across six estuaries, from the south to the north of the Bega Valley Shire, and therefore provides invaluable
employment and economic opportunities to a large area. The long-term viability of the local industry can be
improved, and this is slowly occurring through better farming practices, advances in technology, more capital
input, expansion of the Sydney Rock Oyster market and protection of local water quality (Chen, 2006). Hence the
importance of this EMS for Wonboyn Lake.
3.2
Aims of the EMS
The development of this EMS project has been a valuable learning experience for all involved and brought
together most of the individual oyster enterprises to form a powerful and committed group representing the
Wonboyn Lake oyster industry.
The primary objectives of the EMS are to highlight all environmental issues relevant to oyster farming, to provide
recommendations to assist growers and stakeholders to meet their legislative requirements under relevant
environment protection policies (EPPs) and the Environment Protection Act 1993, and to work together to
maintain a healthy catchment. In doing so, WLOG would like to ensure that oyster farming activities in their
respective areas do not cause environmental harm, thereby securing the long term sustainability of the industry.
The WLOG EMS has been developed with the following specific aims:
•
•
•
•
Manage the identification and adoption of new techniques and technologies to continually improve
operations in a sustainable and responsible manner
Document how WLOG are meeting their responsibilities to operate sustainably
Provide a basis for WLOG to communicate and cooperate with natural resource managers and the
community on the environmental management of oyster cultivation, Wonboyn Lake and its catchment
Provide this ‘living’ document that can be reviewed and updated at each Annual General Meeting to
address and manage new risks and opportunities
9
3.3
National ecologically sustainable development framework for aquaculture
As a result of the impacts of unrestrained economic growth and development on the environment, the principle
of sustainable development has been put to be: today’s needs which are met through current industry practices
should not compromise future needs (Fletcher, et al., 2004). The Wonboyn Lake and Estuary Management Plan
and the NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy (OISAS) (NSW Department of Primary Industries,
2006), integrates the principle of ecologically sustainable development (ESD), community expectations and the
needs of other user groups in the management and operation of the NSW oyster industry. Consequently, WLOG
continue to adopt and benefit from ESD by incorporating both the management plan and OISAS in this EMS.
3.4
EMS Scope
The scope of this EMS is limited to the:
•
•
Environmental aspects of the operations of the WLOG; and
Catchment activities in which the WLOG are involved, particularly activities undertaken in collaboration
with other stakeholders which are directed towards the improvement of the health of the catchment and
the enhancement of the environmental quality of the Wonboyn waterways and lake.
Future revisions of the EMS may broaden this scope to cater for wider issues such as OH&S and management
protocols if required, and/or become more detailed with regard to specific matters such as requirements towards
international certification.
3.5
EMS in relation to other management mechanisms
This EMS is designed to complement the existing policies and laws that control or guide oyster farming and natural
resource management in NSW, as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fisheries and Oyster Farms Act 1935
Fisheries Management Act 1994
Fisheries Management (General) Regulation 2002
New South Wales Oyster Industry – Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy OISAS (DPI Fisheries)
State Environmental Planning Policy 62
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
Crown Lands Act 1989
Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 (for ecologically sustainable development)
Food Act 2003
Southern Rivers Catchment Action Plan (developed by the SRCMA)
Wonboyn Lake Estuary Management Plan
Various management plans being developed by Bega Valley Shire Council
Details regarding the development of the EMS including the development process are provided in Appendix 2.
10
4
OVERVIEW OF WONBOYN LAKE AND CATCHMENT
Coastal oyster growing lakes are in the transition zone between terrestrial and marine environments and are
among the most biologically productive and ecologically important ecosystems. Understanding the source of
coastal ecological impacts is imperative to the conservation and future management of coastal lakes and local
industries.
Nutrients in these coastal growing lakes are derived from natural ecological events such as upwelling, run-off,
litter fall, storm events and weathering. In some cases it is also a result of human activities such as sewage
outfalls, leaching of nitrogen and phosphorous from cleared land, fertiliser run-off and from industrial, agricultural
and other effluents. Different catchment land uses can have a dramatic impact on the lake ecosystem, particularly
on the environmental characteristics and water column composition (particles and nutrients). Wonboyn-specific
catchment activities have been addressed in the following sections with particular emphasis on those related to
the local oyster industry.
4.1
Wonboyn Lake and catchment
Wonboyn Lake is located in Disaster Bay approximately 20km south of Eden and 510km south of Sydney, NSW
(Lat. 37.250S, Long. 149.967E) (Figure 1). Wonboyn has a catchment area of 320km2 and a waterway area of
3.6km2 (NLWRA, 2001). 90% of this catchment lies within the East Boyd, Nadgee and Timbillica State Forests, with
a further 4% of the catchment in the Nadgee Nature Reserve and Mount Imlay National Park. Crop/pasture and
plantations comprise 8% of the catchment. Native woody vegetation comprises 80% of the catchment (NSW
DECCW 2010). Unlike many NSW estuaries, Wonboyn Lake is not presently under significant human pressure but
as catchment development continues, future pressures could evolve, impacting the local industries and the
environment. The main urban development in the area is centred at Wonboyn Village situated on the southernwestern shore of the lake.
The entrance bar of Wonboyn Lake is generally shallow resulting to date in two major entrance closures (2004 and
2009/10) with no oceanic water exchange. The estuary entrance was not manipulated in either of these events as
natural processes (e.g. extreme rainfall events) facilitated the opening process. The average water depth at the
mouth has been recorded to be less than 0.5m at low tide, with an average tidal range of approximately 0.15m
(Manly Hydraulics Laboratory – NSW Dept of Commerce). This results in low rates of tidal flushing and low tidal
velocities.
Wonboyn is a wave-dominated estuary, so the estuary has a high sediment-trapping efficiency, naturally low
turbidity, salt wedge/partially mixed circulation and a high risk of sedimentation (McAlister, et al., 2003).
Hydrological studies of the lake concluded that the current processes in Wonboyn Lake have not been disturbed
and current conditions are similar to those that existed prior to European settlement in the area (McAlister, et al.,
2003). It is generally considered that the presence of oyster leases has not significantly affected flows within the
estuary (WBM 2001). However, natural processes in relation to sand drifting at the mouth of the lake are poorly
understood.
11
Figure 1: NSW map with location of Wonboyn Lake, aerial vegetation map of the lake and part of the catchment (Source:
Google Earth) and aerial photograph of the mouth of the lake (Source: NSW Government, Natural Resources)
4.2
Other industries within the catchment
Wonboyn Lake is a recreational fishing haven bringing in large numbers of visitors especially during the holiday
season. Many fish species inhabit the lake including luderick, bream and flathead and on the sandier beds towards
the entrance, whiting and tailor. The estuary is closed to commercial fishing.
4.3
Catchment protection and rehabilitation
The catchment is well vegetated but has experienced considerable logging (woodchip clear-felling) over the last
30-40 years. Sedimentation rates have increased over this time as a result of both logging and urban activities
within the catchment, although in absolute terms the increase is small. Fine particles from the catchment have
also been accumulating in the lake, in particular as a result of the low tidal and flow velocities.
In spite of the increases in sedimentation, Wonboyn Lake and estuary are recognised as being in near-pristine
condition and have large areas of seagrass meadows, SEPP-14 wetlands and saltmarsh communities (Williams, et
al., 2006). In 2002 the Healthy Rivers Commission classified Wonboyn Lake under ‘significant protection’ with the
12
primary outcome being that ‘critical natural ecosystem processes are restored and preserved’ (McAlister, et al.,
2003). In 1996 Bega Valley Shire Council (BVSC) established the Wonboyn Lake Estuary Management Committee in
order to implement an Estuary Management Plan for the lake to ensure protection and appropriate management
of the catchment. The key management issues that this committee have focused on up to now are: lake entrance
shoaling, seagrass decline, public access to foreshores and water quality related to the oyster industry.
A potentially significant reduction in seagrass beds, despite the lake remaining in a relatively pristine condition,
was reported by the local community in 1995. However subsequent seagrass monitoring undertaken by West, et
al., 1985 and West, 2006 has confirmed that Wonboyn Lake still contains significant areas of seagrass meadows,
Zostera and Halophila. These meadows have remained relatively constant since the 1980s, apart from natural
fluctuations due to wind, waves and movement of sediments.
Increasing demand for coastal development sites in recent years has resulted in a need for improved management
of stormwater and effluent in and around the Wonboyn estuary catchment. BVSC aims to actively manage
stormwater and sewage systems in the Wonboyn catchment to minimise the risk of detrimental impacts on water
quality and ecosystem health.
Unsealed roads and tracks have been identified as a significant contributor to poor water quality within sensitive
coastal waterbodies and their catchments. Road runoff increases the sediment load (turbidity) and in some cases,
the nutrient load of these waterways. Several priority sites have been identified around the lake in recent years,
and have formed the focus of road upgrade projects. BVSC, with funding support from NSW Department of
Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW) has undertaken road upgrades and sealing to reduce sediment
input (to the lake and tributaries) from Myrtle Cove carpark and approaches, and Wonboyn Rd. Road upgrades
have also been undertaken along Daunceys Rd on the eastern side of the lake, through a joint project involving
Southern Rivers CMA, Forests NSW, DECCW, BVSC and local landholders.
Acid sulphate soils are present in the lower estuarine catchment, however no impact has yet been identified. Care
needs to be taken in regard to any future proposals that may disturb these sediments.
Agricultural and urban runoff, acidic soils and fuel and chemical spills may also lead to water pollution, potentially
affecting the sensitive aquatic ecosystems of the catchment including significant seagrass and saltmarsh
communities. Pollution sources in general can be quickly picked up by WLOG who are diligent in both watching
changes in the system and performing regular water quality monitoring.
Shell middens are present along the shoreline of Wonboyn Lake and have significant cultural and heritage values,
particularly for the traditional owners of the area. They represent an important and ancient part of local history
and as such, are included for protection in this EMS and catchment management plans in general.
13
3
OVERVIEW OF WONBOYN OYSTER INDUSTRY
Diminishing world wild-caught fisheries together with rapid growth in the global population has led to a reliance
on aquaculture to meet growing world demand for fish protein. Aquaculture is the fastest growing primary
industry in Australia. Edible oysters are one of the five highest value species in Australian production. Edible
oysters in NSW contributed around 80% of the total Aquaculture GVP (Gross Value of Production) in the state for
2006-07 (ABARE, 2008). The Sydney Rock Oyster industry is the state’s most valuable fishery and it is also one of
the most valuable agricultural enterprises on an area basis with long term gross average annual production of
$8,000/ha across the state, reaching values as high as $35,000/ha in some NSW estuaries (White, 2001).
The current NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture Strategy (OISAS) has as a primary goal the sustainable
production of 120,000 bags of premium oysters by 2013 (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2006). This
strategy will work towards establishing the regulatory environment in order to achieve this production target
(Figure 2). Consequently there is a need to ensure best operational and management practice within oyster
farming, including a commitment to protect and secure the environment.
Sydney Rock Oyster cultivation in Australia commenced simultaneously in New South Wales and southern
Queensland around the 1870s (Malcolm, 1987; Nell, 1993; Fletcher, et al., 2004). However, there is a much longer
history of the use of natural stocks of oysters in NSW. Aboriginal middens found along the NSW coast contain shell
deposits carbon-dated to 6,000 B.C. (Malcolm, 1971).
With European colonisation, oysters were not only collected for food but also to provide lime for building mortar
by burning oyster shells (alive and dead). Consequently by the mid 1800’s, natural oyster stocks were depleted
and the burning of oyster shells was prohibited. This resulted in the establishment of a regulated commercial
oyster industry in NSW (Malcolm, 1971).
Figure 2: Total NSW Sydney Rock Oyster production (Number of
bags sold) from 1944/45 to 2006/07
(Source: DPI Fisheries from annual production reports
by permit holders)
Figure 3: Total Sydney Rock Oyster production for Wonboyn Lake
(Number of bags sold) from 1944/45 to 2006/07
(Source: DPI Fisheries from annual production reports
by permit holders)
14
NSW Sydney Rock Oyster production grew steadily for 30 years reaching approximately 140,000 bags by the mid
1970s (Figure 2). This peak was attained mainly through a peak production of 43,000 bags in Port Stephens (NSW
Department of Primary Industries, 2006). For approximately a decade, oyster production stabilised, however this
was followed by a consistent decline despite efforts from oyster growers and the introduction of new
technologies.
Long term declines have been attributed to: disease outbreaks such as QX major outbreaks in the Georges River in
1994 and in the Hawkesbury River in 2004, wiping out two of the major oyster producers in NSW; introduction of
the Pacific oyster; degradation of water quality in many coastal areas; and market competition from oysters grown
in other Australian states. The last factor is clearly reflected in the recent changes in edible oysters GVP and
production value across the various Australian states (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2007).
Annual production has now stabilised at around 60,000 bags or approximately 8 million dozen oysters (Figure 2).
5.1
Oyster production – Wonboyn Lake
In 2010, the Wonboyn oyster industry consisted of 13 operations, two of which are small and part-time
businesses. In 2007, Wonboyn oyster production contributed 0.9% to overall NSW production and 2.5% to the
south coast production (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2007). NSW DPI Fisheries mapped 52.6ha of
priority oyster aquaculture in the lake currently producing 520 bags of oyster per year (priority lease areas
indicated by “Current oyster base” areas, Appendix 3). The historic peak in oyster production for Wonboyn Lake
was recorded for the period 1990/91 with 2,271 bags of oysters sold (extract from OISAS). The Wonboyn oyster
production level was one of the lowest in NSW until the mid 1970s because of the low number of growers. Then
production increased steadily to 700 bags a year probably as a result of enthusiastic new farmers coming into the
lake. Production stabilised until the year 2000, when the mouth of the lake started to close.
The Wonboyn Lake oyster industry faced a series of environmental impacts significantly affecting production
including full closure of the lake’s entrance and toxic algal blooms. The causative organism of an algal bloom in
2002 was the genera Prorocentrum spp, an algal species toxic to oysters and a similar plankton species has been
shown to impact the oyster industry in Tasmanian waters (Pearce, et al., 2003). The Wonboyn oyster industry took
almost three years to re-establish itself in the lake after the 2002 event and oyster production still remains one
third lower than the average level produced by the lake through the 1980s and 1990s. Production from 2004/05 to
2006/07 reached stable levels of 500 bags a year (Figure 3).
Most Wonboyn oysters supply the Sydney and local market, with small percentages reaching Melbourne and
Canberra. In the 1990s, plate (large) size oysters represented approximately 75% of total production. More
recently, plate oysters represent only 50% of total production, with bistro (medium) comprising 35% and bottle
(small) grade oysters comprising the remaining 15%.
The major challenges for growers in Wonboyn Lake in recent times have been the management of mudworm and
concerns regarding the mouth of the lake, where sediment appears to be building up and could contribute
towards lake entrance closure.
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5.2
Factors affecting oyster production
5.2.1 Local factors
5.2.1.1 Environmental parameters
The basic requirements for oyster growth and survival are the availability of space, food levels and maintenance of
optimal environmental conditions. Food availability depends mainly on what is available in the water for the
oysters to grow – oyster growers cannot fertilise the water to increase the food source, unlike land-based farming
systems. Consequently oyster growers rely on the environment providing the right supply of nutrients and
particles, together with sunlight and heat to produce an optimum food mix for the oysters. However, Australian
temperate estuaries typically exhibit large spatial and temporal variability of food particles, primarily due to
variable flows and rainfall events, which creates significant challenges for oyster growers in cultivating oysters.
5.2.1.2 Stocking densities
Oyster cultivation systems in Australia operate at low trophic levels and require no external food inputs thereby
having negligible impacts on aquatic systems. However, cultivating oysters at too high densities could significantly
alter both the natural ecology and the health and growth of the cultivated species.
5.2.2 Anthropogenic and global factors
5.2.2.1 Anthropogenic activities
In addition to the natural factors, oyster production can be affected indirectly by altering the water quality
through anthropogenic activities such as logging, agriculture, vegetation clearing and urban development.
Consequently, there is an ongoing and urgent need to identify all activities taking place in the catchment of an
oyster growing lake to evaluate which ones are causing environmental degradation impacting the waterways
because these will ultimately affect oyster production.
5.2.2.2 Global warming
There is widespread agreement that human activities have significantly increased atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution. This has led to a number of significant changes to the
physical, chemical and biological systems.
Some of the changes and the potential impacts on oyster farming are:
•
Australia’s air temperatures have already increased by approximately 0.8°C over the last century, and
based on model projections, temperatures could go up considerably more over the coming century (IPCC
2007). Raised temperatures can have major direct and indirect effects on oyster cultivation such as:
inducing rapid growth, varying reproduction cycles, and interfering in spawning events. Higher
temperature-induced evaporation implies less soil moisture and can lead to exacerbated drought
conditions. Less rainfall in an area results in minimal land-nutrient input to waterways, reducing nutrient
levels and in some cases, productivity of the area. Changes in rainfall and temperature can also impact
frequency and severity of fire events.
•
Sea levels have risen globally by about 20cm as a result of oceanic thermal expansion and melting of land
ice (IPCC 2007). It is predicted that sea levels will continue to rise impacting on some oyster cultivation
systems, in particular intertidal systems.
16
•
5.3
About one third of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) has been absorbed by the oceans, reducing pH
by about 0.1 of a unit and significantly altering carbonate chemistry (Miller, et al., 2009). Projections
suggest that it could fall by a further 0.4 units by the end of the century (IPCC 2007). As more CO2 is
released, oceans are becoming more acidic, and shellfish such as oysters, are especially vulnerable to this
kind of change. Oysters rely on constant carbonate ion concentrations in order to produce the calcium
carbonate needed to develop their shells.
Oyster farming methods in Wonboyn Lake
Cultivation methods in NSW have changed considerably over time. Initially, sandstone rocks or stone leases were
used on which oyster spat were captured and grown out. Later, mangrove and wattle sticks took over as movable
clutch material that could be easily transferred to different areas and different estuaries. Other materials such as
fibrous cement slats, tarred hardwood stakes and cement-coated stakes have also been used to catch and grow
oysters. Since 2000, farming methods in Wonboyn Lake changed significantly due to the reduced oceanic water
exchange as a result of sand accumulation at the entrance of the lake. Consequently, WLOG had to change their
cultivation methods from intertidal to floating infrastructure.
5.3.1 Spat collection
As a result of the poor tidal change in the lake, in 2010 Sydney Rock Oyster stock in Wonboyn Lake is sourced from
natural spatfall caught in the northern NSW estuaries (mainly Wooli River) or hatcheries Overall these estuaries
are using catching methods that result in single seed production: that is, from early stages the oysters are
removed from the catching substrate and are handled as individual oysters. Oysters are transported by road
complying with NSW translocation protocols for transporting live product.
5.3.1.1 Hatchery spat
The northern NSW estuaries usually have more reliable catch due to higher water temperatures and longer
spawning periods unless flood (excess freshwater) events occur. A recent alternative source is hatchery-produced
oysters from breeding programs for Sydney Rock Oysters designed to improve growth and disease resistance, for
example to QX and winter mortality diseases. Research and development programs put in place to improve
hatchery protocols and breeding lines are already aiding the achievement of optimal oyster yield and growth.
Oyster spat leave the hatchery to be grown in upwellers which are nursery rearing systems based at farms in
estuaries (Figure 4). Oceanic/estuarine, nutrient-rich water is actively pumped from close-by and pushed through
the tanks holding the upwellers. This intense flow of water allows oysters to grow more quickly and have higher
survival rates.
17
Figure 4: Upweller nursery system to grow oyster spat
5.3.2
Cultivation techniques
As soon as oyster spat reaches Wonboyn Lake, it is placed in cultivation units such as tumblers (Figure 5), floating
bags (Figures 6 and 7) or hard plastic SEAPA baskets (Figure 8). These units have different mesh sizes to
accommodate the different oyster sizes - juvenile to market size. The selection or combination of cultivation
techniques depends on a grower’s personal preference.
5.3.2.1 Long-line systems
The long-line cultivation system is a relatively recent innovation and is becoming increasingly popular in the NSW
oyster industry (Figure 6). Different types of bags are used in this system which is designed to minimise handling
as the baskets can easily be unclipped, processed and returned rapidly to the lines with minimal labour. These
growing systems offer practical, efficient and durable alternatives to old cultivation units. The method is also well
suited for rough and weedy conditions.
Some of the bags used in these systems are:
Tumblers or cylinders (100 x 15cm; l x r, volume of ~70L): made of polypropylene mesh and tied to individual PVC
posts or to a long line that runs along the lease area in such a way that allows continuous rotation, facilitated by a
floater that sits inside (Figure 5) and is driven by the moving tide and currents. As a result of rotation, oysters do
not cluster together and are considered to adopt a more marketable cupped shape. These units are typically used
for very small size oysters for approximately 6 to 8 months.
Floating bags or pillows: made of polyurethane plastic mesh that may have some form of polyurethane flotation
device attached to the outside of the bag (Figure 6, Figure 7). The bags are designed to hang on a wire and move
with the water currents. In some cases, growers arrange pillows on opposite sides of the long line so they can flip
bags from one side of the long line onto the other to dry the oysters instead of pulling or adjusting the line (Figure
7).
18
Figure 5: Floating tumblers or cylinders
Figure 6: Floating bags running in parallel
Figure 7: Floating bags drying, one lot
resting on the top of the parallel line of
bags
Figure 8: Hard frame baskets with different mesh size and volume for adult and spat oysters
SEAPA baskets: frequently used in the industry as they are purpose built to simplify and increase the efficiency of
oyster farming. These types of baskets have a hard defined frame with lids on both sides that help to reduce
oyster loss by giving a positive, easy seal (Figure 8).
The different methods used by WLOG have been developed to suit the physical factors of the site as well as the
size of oysters transferred to farms. Each grower has the option of utilising any of these methods to grow oysters,
as long as they are used in best practice and in keeping with this EMS.
5.4
Land-based activities
Commercial oyster cultivation involves both water based infrastructure (oyster leases) and a functional land base
where some of the oyster operations such as oyster culling, grading, and packing take place. If the land base is
large, growers may utilise additional machinery such as grading machines (Figure 9). Most oyster enterprises in
Wonboyn Lake have a license arrangement with the Land and Property Management Authority allowing them to
use their land bases to undertake oyster operations. Licenses are renewed yearly. With this arrangement, WLOG
have no security in holding their land base area.
19
Figure 9: Examples of oyster grading machines used in the Wonboyn oyster industry
5.5
Environmental monitoring
5.5.1 NSW Shellfish Program
A large number of NSW and Victorian holiday-makers stay at or near Wonboyn Lake. Consequently a wide range of
negative impacts can affect the water quality of the lake and the oysters in it. Because of their ability to bioaccumulate pathogens and toxins derived from the water in which they grow, and because they are typically eaten
raw, oysters have been associated with outbreaks of a range of human diseases. As a result, WLOG must monitor
the quality of the water and the oysters for a range of parameters such as faecal coliforms, salinity, temperature,
microalgal biotoxins and heavy metals.
WLOG maintain a regular water and meat quality monitoring regime as part of the NSW Shellfish Program
ensuring that immediate action can be taken if pollution levels threaten the health of the lake and the safety of
oyster consumption. Monitoring is also a requirement of growers’ seafood licences, as issued by NSW Department
of Primary Industries, and through monitoring water quality the lake classification has been improved and longer
periods of harvesting is possible.. The monitoring that oyster growers perform is obviously also of vital importance
for public health protection.
After the occurrence of extreme events (e.g. heavy rainfall which becomes a source of nutrients and pathogenic
micro-organisms from inappropriately treated faecal material) an oyster growing area may be closed for harvest
as per specifications of the local management plan and the NSW Shellfish Program administered by the NSW Food
Authority under the umbrella of the ASQAP (Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program) until the system
becomes ‘clean’ for harvest. During the closure period oyster farmers are unable to harvest oysters for sale which,
along with the monitoring costs, can significantly affect their cash flow and profits. Specific information on the
Wonboyn Lake procedure for sampling programs and closure times can be found in Appendix 3.
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5.5.2 Water quality
Estuarine health depends on a large range of factors over which, in many cases, growers have little control.
However, oyster farmers are usually the first people to become aware of poor water quality as they are required
to regularly monitor water quality in their harvest area as part of the NSW Shellfish Program (Section 5.5.1).
Unless growers are part of a research study or a community-based monitoring program, no further broad
environmental parameters such as these are monitored. Due to the quite specific and somewhat limited
environmental monitoring information collected in lake catchment areas, it is difficult to identify the specific
impact that catchment activities such as logging or urban development, and/or large scale processes such as
global warming (Section 5.2.2.2) might have on the local oyster industry.
WLOG worked in close collaboration with the local community and the Bega Valley Shire Council in the collection
of water samples and seagrass monitoring during the development of the Estuary Processes Study in the late
1990’s.
5.5.3 Benthic sampling: seagrasses
Seagrass beds are one of the most important parts of the aquatic ecosystem and they play a vital role in the
functioning of a healthy system: shelter, habitat, feeding grounds for fish and other aquatic fauna, improving
water quality and aiding in sediment control. Seagrasses occur in sheltered areas and shallow waters, growing in
soft sediments such as sand or mud.
Seagrass beds are extremely fragile habitats that can be easily destroyed if care is not taken. In some cases,
external factors are the cause of seagrass decline (e.g. storms, floods, sediment and nutrient runoff). On other
occasions, seagrass beds are often damaged by anthropogenic activities such as boat-related actions, dredging
and reclamation, foreshore structures such as pontoons and jetties, or stormwater outlets which cause physical
scouring of seagrass beds.
In 2006 the WLOG were involved in an intensive monitoring program of seagrasses in partnership with the
University of Wollongong (West, 2006). This program monitored the extension and health of the seagrasses as, at
the time, some community members believed seagrasses were declining in area in Wonboyn Lake. The research
concluded that the area covered by these seagrass beds has remained relatively constant since the 1980s, apart
from natural fluctuations due to wind, waves and movement of sediments. The seagrasses found in the lake are
Zostera (Zostera capricorni) and Halophila (Halophila ovalis and H. decipiens).
5.6
Recent environmental achievements of Wonboyn growers
The Wonboyn oyster industry is one of the best examples of good stewardship of the local environment. The
WLOG group is proactive in its actions to protect the lake, actions that include:
•
•
•
•
Representation in catchment related committees (e.g. Wonboyn Lake Estuary Management
Committee, BVSC Coastal Management and Planning Committee);
Partnership with Southern Rivers CMA, identifying sediment sources to the lake, particularly roads, and
potential rehabilitation sites in the catchment;
Participation in BVSC activities and meetings, in particular with regard to Wonboyn sustainability
issues; and
Participation in marine pest monitoring studies (e.g. European Green Shore Crab).
21
Future achievements against actions listed in Appendix 5 of the EMS will be documented annually in Appendix 6
following the AGM of the WLOG.
22
6
ACTION PLAN
As part of the risk analysis, Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers performed an environmental audit in which operational
and infrastructure risks were identified for all the Wonboyn oyster enterprises. Additional environmental, social
and economic impacts on the industry were also considered. The major objective for using the ‘consequence and
likelihood’ risk assessment technique was to assist in the separation of the minor acceptable risks from the major
unacceptable risks.
Through a series of workshops, WLOG identified industry-related and external factors that they considered a risk
to the industry and ranked them according to the level of impact based on the consequence and likelihood scores
used in the risk analysis. A summary of the risk analysis table and ratings used to score each activity have been
included in Appendix 4.
‘High’ and ‘Medium’ risks have been targeted as priorities for the first years of EMS implementation. The risk table
presented in Appendix 5 includes a summary of the current and future measures that WLOG have or will put in
place for each targeted risk. A comprehensive explanation and background of high and medium risks follows in
this section. Figure 10 summarises the risks identified by growers and the rank of each risk.
The risks have been split into two main categories: industry-related activities, which are those primarily controlled
and managed by the oyster industry; and external activities, which are those impacting the oyster industry but in
most cases, beyond its control. The WLOG will liaise with community and other stakeholders in order to work
collaboratively towards minimising the external risks.
Figure 10: Schematic summary of risks impacting the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry. Each risk was scored through a risk analysis in which
Low risks corresponds to scores 0-2; Medium risks to scores 3-5; High risks to scores 6-9.
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6.1
High risks
This section focuses on the high risks impacting the sustainability of the industry as per the risk matrix. Risk values
that ranked between 6 and 9 (out of a maximum possible score of 9) are considered ‘Not desirable’ (Appendix 4).
The response for these types of risks requires continued strong management action with a full performance report
and immediate/specific response with urgency. A summary of the actions to which the WLOG have committed in
order to minimise these high risks have been included in the risk table (Appendix 5 - column “Future Actions”).
6.1.1
Industry-related activities
6.1.1.1 Disposal of shell waste
As part of day-to-day oyster husbandry, oyster growers tend to accumulate significant amounts of shell waste as a
result of oyster mortality. Oyster growers need to allow for a loss of at least 20% of their stock due to natural
mortalities. However, losses can increase significantly as a result of disease outbreaks, poor oyster handling (e.g.
oysters remaining out of the water for long periods during hot weather), overstocking (i.e. indirectly starving
oysters) and extreme natural conditions resulting in adverse growing conditions (e.g. intense rainfall events,
extreme air temperatures during the day).
WLOG have identified difficulties in disposal of shell waste. An inappropriate farming practice that is sometimes
employed is returning shells back to the lake. This process can increase sediment accumulation affecting natural
channels and water movement. In addition, if fresh shell waste is thrown back to the water, parasites (e.g.
mudworm) and fouling species present in the waste may proliferate. Consequently alternative methods will be
implemented by WLOG, including the current practice of utilising shell waste as road base on access roads to the
land-based areas, usually unsealed, or on driveways. Alternative disposal methods using shells as by-products,
have been used worldwide. Oyster shells are disposed of in degradable mesh bags and left in areas of the
shoreline as wave breaks or artificial reefs. Due to their high calcium content, oyster shells have also been used as
food supplements for some farmed animals (eg chickens).
6.1.1.2 Communication between industry groups
WLOG have expressed their concerns regarding poor communication across oyster growing areas in NSW and in
other states. Many oyster growers tend not to attend industry events which are good meeting points for growers
to pass on ideas, share knowledge or to network. These events promote partnerships between the oyster
industry, fishery groups, NSW Farmers Association, Oyster consortia, research groups and government agencies,
allowing groups to work together to achieve positive environmental, economic and social outcomes. WLOG will
collate a list of associations and events that at least one Wonboyn industry member will be nominated to attend
on behalf of the group. Feedback will need to be passed back to the group through meetings or newsletters.
Additional growers’ meetings will be organised to improve the communication between members of the
Wonboyn oyster industry.
6.1.1.3 Inefficient boat motors
WLOG identified the impact that old boat motors could have on the water quality due to small fuel and oil spills,
and on surrounding wildlife and neighbours due to loud and disturbing noise. Currently, WLOG are maintaining
the outboards frequently and limiting unnecessary boat use.
As outboard motors need replacing, WLOG will source motors that conform with EPA regulations (USEPA emission
standards) for noise and emissions (Environment Link & Vehicle Design and Research, 2007). Oyster growers and
24
Southern Rivers CMA will seek funding from EMS incentive programs or other potential sources to facilitate the
purchase of outboard motors that meet the emissions standards.
6.1.1.4 Communication with community and stakeholders
A major aim of the implementation of the EMS is to initiate communication with the local community and other
stakeholders in order to solve any potential issues arising from their activities. WLOG, as downstream catchment
users, need to educate other users so that they minimise the activities that could impact on the local industry.
WLOG have decided to install educational material and news on the local notice boards to increase awareness
amongst local community and visitors regarding oyster activities and events taking place in their local oyster
industry. As part of this process WLOG will ensure that stakeholders are also informed about the implementation
of the EMS within the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry.
6.1.2
External activities
6.1.2.1 Use of horticultural and agricultural products in catchment
Crop/pasture and plantations comprise 7.8% of the Wonboyn catchment. WLOG have identified that some
catchment users are currently using various chemical products to control pest species and increase soil nutrient
levels. These activities are of concern to WLOG as any of these products can easily reach the waterways following
rainfall, potentially having a significant impact on the flora and fauna of the lake including of course the oysters.
Because of the oysters large filtration capacity, they are particularly susceptible. It is important that landholders in
a catchment recognise the post-effect that some of their activities may have on the overall catchment.
To raise awareness amongst landholders of the potential impacts of their land management practices on
Wonboyn Lake water quality, WLOG will ensure that all landholders receive a copy of the EMS so that they may
consider some of the current practices taking place in the catchment.
6.1.2.2 Boat wash by lake users
As a result of the large fish stocks present in Wonboyn Lake, an active recreational fishery is currently present in
the area and it is predicted to keep increasing in the coming years. At present large boats are creating boat wash
in sensitive areas of the lake, in some cases impacting on areas of national heritage such as the very significant
shell middens on the shoreline. Furthermore, boat wash from recreational fishers has on some occasions,
impacted/damaged oyster infrastructure (e.g. detaching cultivation units, washing oysters to one end within a
cultivating unit which impacts feeding capacity and increases mortality). Consequently, there is a need to inform
recreational users of the potential impacts they cause when creating boat wash.
WLOG will collaborate with NSW Maritime and NPWS to explore avenues to minimise boat wash by recreational
users of Wonboyn Lake.
6.1.2.3 Mooring to leases by lake users
WLOG, as part of their oyster cultivation licences, are required to adopt best practice standards in regards to lease
marking, navigational aids and lease maintenance as per the NSW Oyster Industry Sustainable Aquaculture
Strategy (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2006)). In order to ensure safe navigation across oyster
aquaculture areas, individual oyster lease areas must be marked in a consistent and appropriate manner. Oyster
growers use white posts to mark the boundaries of their leases. These posts need to be constructed of materials
that are long lasting, pose no risk of significant environmental harm, are recyclable and made from renewable
resources (NSW Department of Primary Industries, 2006).
25
Lease marker posts are currently used by some members of the recreational fishing industry to temporarily moor
their boats while fishing. In most cases, this results in loss and/or damaged infrastructure as these posts are not
designed to serve as moorings. Consequently, WLOG are continuously facing repairs of their infrastructure caused
by external users. In some cases the resulting damaged infrastructure can become a navigational hazard for lake
users or results in a fine from fisheries compliance agents. WLOG have installed “No tie-up” signs on lease posts
which have led to a small reduction of the problem.
In conjunction with action 6.1.2.2 (boat wash by lake users), WLOG will work towards including oyster lease
marking information on the NSW Boating Manual of NSW Maritime.
6.1.2.4 Deterioration of water quality
Results of monitoring undertaken during development of the Estuary Processes Study indicated water quality
‘hotspots’ located in the Myrtle Cove area as a consequence of stormwater runoff and septic leachate inflows
from the township of Wonboyn (McAlister & Richardson, 2002). Wonboyn growers are concerned about the
current septic capacity of the village, in particular during holiday periods when the local population increases
significantly. Because of the topography around Wonboyn village, there is particularly high risk to water quality
especially following major rain events. However, since the Processes Study, BVSC has been involved in upgrading
the road access to Myrtle Cove and preparing and implementing a stormwater, septic and waste leachate
management plan (Morse McVey & Associates Pty Ltd, 2005). Council’s role is now to ensure that the plan is
achieving its environmental goals.
WLOG also recognise that numerous other external activities can impact Wonboyn Lake and factors that may
potentially affect water quality include:
•
Agricultural runoff. Work to address this issue is discussed in Section 6.1.2.1.
•
Unsealed roads. Work to address this issue is discussed in Section 6.1.2.5.
•
Private camping close to waterways.
•
Forestry activities.
•
Acid sulphate soils.
Private camping close to waterways
During holiday periods, large numbers of campers inhabit areas in the catchment, some of which are close to the
waterways. These unofficial campsites usually do not have toilet facilities and ad hoc waste disposal measures
(e.g. digging holes) may lead to effluent reaching the waterway. WLOG aim to encourage stakeholders allowing
this type of camping on their properties to be sensitive to these issues. Untreated sewage close to waterways can
easily pollute oysters making them unsafe for human consumption.
Forestry activities
The Wonboyn catchment has approximately 80% forest cover. Major clearing activities have taken place in the
catchment for the past 30 to 40 years. Much of the forest is still being logged but at a lower rate than previously.
Forests NSW reported that future logging operations would be almost exclusively ‘thinning operations’ (McAlister,
et al., 2003). Logging activities have been previously identified as causing serious pollution to lakes as a result of
increased sediment export and estuary siltation which can be detrimental to the oyster industry. Large amounts of
suspended matter can clog oyster gills, reducing filtration rates and consequently oyster growth.
26
WLOG are concerned by the implications of diffuse catchment loads and sediment transport rates from the
catchment into the estuary and the subsequent impacts on siltation and sedimentation in the lake. Growers
expect and will pursue best management approaches to be practised by the local forestry companies in order to
minimise negative impacts on the catchment. However, through partnership with Southern Rivers CMA, Bega
Valley Shire Council, NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW – National Parks) and
Forests NSW, several rehabilitation projects have been undertaken in the catchment, with flow-on benefits to the
lake water quality.
Acid sulphate soils
Another potential risk to water quality of the lake is the presence of acid sulphate soils (ASS) in the lower
estuarine catchment. In general, ASS materials are constrained to the in-stream sections of the estuary and the
marshy areas around Ti Tree Point and Red Rocks where mangrove forests probably once existed. To date, ASS
materials have not been reported to have had any major impact on the lake but the risk remains. Reduction of the
risk of ASS outflows into estuarine areas is achieved by better management of acidification at its source which will
reduce the magnitude and frequency of discharges and prevent further disturbance of iron sulfides. The local
community should therefore be made aware of these sediments and the overall care that needs to be taken in
regard to any future proposals that may disturb them.
6.1.2.5 Unsealed roads
Unsealed roads have been identified as large producers of dust and fine sediments which can be transported
easily to waterways. This transport results in increased turbidity levels which have detrimental effects on the
overall processes of the aquatic ecosystem and in particular, on benthic organisms including oysters.
Wonboyn Road is the main access road to the lake and leads to the car park area for the public boat ramp and the
Myrtle Cove crossing. Lowland swamps and a small number of mangroves exist in this area. The last section of the
road between the village and the car park has a steep slope, and being unsealed for some distance, has been a
major source of fine sediments in the lake which impacted on water clarity. This impact was compounded by the
Myrtle Cove settlement from where stormwater runoff and septic leachate inflowed. As a result of these water
quality issues, BVSC sealed the section of the road adjacent and leading to Myrtle Cove, improving roadside
drainage and re-established buffer strips along the roadside and around the carpark to prevent sediment entering
the lake.
Work to reduce sediment runoff into the lake through improvements in drainage and sealing has been undertaken
on other roads within the catchment. Southern Rivers CMA together with Forests NSW, NPWS and BVSC recently
completed road upgrades along 2km of Daunceys Rd, which is directly connected to the estuary on the eastern
side of the lake and is the access road for Wonboyn Lake Resort. This work included drainage upgrades and
resurfacing of the road where required. Road upgrade work is also planned for sections of Stevens Rd which is
directly connected to the northern side of the lake.
It is important for other high risk areas with erosion and run-off problems to be identified so that management
controls can be implemented. Identification of problematic roads will continue to be undertaken by WLOG and
Southern Rivers CMA to ensure lake water quality is maintained.
27
6.1.2.6 Changes in hydrological processes
Sediment quality in Wonboyn Lake is typical of an undisturbed estuary with relatively low rates of tidal flushing
and low tidal velocities. No significant changes in hydrology or ecological processes in the aquatic ecosystem due
to oyster infrastructure was detected in 2003 (McAlister, et al., 2003).
Sedimentation is rarely considered to be a significant environmental problem associated with the type of oyster
farming generally employed in Australia (Crawford, 2003). Growers are moving towards cultivation methods that
require less infrastructure in the lake and consequently even lower impacts on natural sedimentation processes
are expected into the future.
Catchment activities could have an indirect impact on the hydrology of the waterways due to changes in the
sedimentation processes. For instance, forestry activities and land clearing may lead to increased levels of fine
suspended particles in the water column affecting the ecosystem in Wonboyn Lake and potentially impacting on
the local oyster industry.
Another process affecting the hydrology of the lake is the natural sand drift pattern at the Wonboyn Lake
entrance. The typical tidal range within the Wonboyn estuary has been significantly reduced due to the
considerable attenuation of the tide caused by the constrained entrance. The nature of the entrance varies
considerably with time as a result of the relative incidence of floods (which tend to scour the entrance) and large
wave events (which tend to mobilise near-shore sand deposits and encourage the entrance to close). Depending
on the effect of these processes the lake’s entrance could close. Closure of the lake may result in detrimental
impacts on the aquatic ecosystem as a consequence of no exchange of oceanic water.
Wonboyn Lake has been closed twice in the last decade – a long closure in 2004 and shorter closure in 2009/2010
(Figure 11). On both occasions the lake re-opened through natural processes (extreme rainfall events of
approximately 400mm in 24 hours). In 2010 the lake’s entrance was open allowing for tidal water exchange. The
entrance is still relatively shallow and there is potential for closure again in the future.
Figure 11: Stages of the latest closure of Wonboyn
Lake entrance: Top left- entrance in July 2009; Top
right: entrance in Dec 2009; Bottom left: entrance
open in Feb 2010 after large rainfall event
28
It is important that the realities of changing climatic patterns, rainfall and catchment land use, and consequent
changes in estuary entrance behaviour are understood and considered by the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry.
WLOG are seeking input from scientists to help explain the natural processes taking place at the entrance which
may assist decisions and the management process in regards to future closures of the lake. As a result, WLOG are
involved in the preparation of protocols and coordination of research, which may include investigating opening
protocols in other lakes, to encourage prompt action in the case of a future closure.
Future monitoring
In order to detect an impact on water quality in Wonboyn Lake, an intensive environmental monitoring program
should be put in place to gather baseline data against which to measure any future detrimental effects should
they occur. Further work and ongoing monitoring and vigilance is required to ensure the water quality of the lake
is maintained.
6.2
Moderate Risks
This section focuses on the ‘moderate risks’ impacting the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry as per the risk matrix
(Appendix 4). Risk values that ranked between 3 and 5 are considered ‘Acceptable’. The management response for
these types of risks involves the maintenance of risk control measures already in place, a full performance report
detailing current arrangements and in some cases, specific responses to minimise the risk.
6.2.1
Industry related activities
6.2.1.1 Water and land lease tenure
Commercial oyster cultivation requires both water and land bases (Section 5.4) because of the various activities
involved in oyster cultivation, husbandry and marketing. In 2010, the WLOG have a 15-year lease agreement for
their water-based areas but a licence agreement for the land-based areas which results in business insecurity as a
licence can be terminated at any point in time. In addition, lease agreements can be transferred whereas licence
agreements must be first cancelled and then re-application sought, with no guarantee of re-issue.
Through their oyster committee, growers have been in negotiations with the Land and Property Management
Authority (LPMA) to address the issue of lack of security. LPMA has agreed to establish a mediation process
involving government and oyster industry representatives, to resolve any issues that cannot be resolved between
oyster farmers and departmental officers in relation to this matter.
WLOG are in continuous communication with LPMA to ensure long term tenures which will provide them with
more security for their business investments and growth.
6.2.2
External activities
No medium scale external activities were found through the risk analysis (Appendix 5).
29
6.3
Low risks
This section lists the ‘low risks’ impacting the Wonboyn Lake oyster industry as per the risk matrix (appendix 4).
Risk values that ranked between 1 and 2 are considered ‘Acceptable’ with no specific control measures needed.
The management response for these types of risks requires a short justification which has been included in the risk
assessment table (Appendix 5). WLOG have identified these activities as potential sources of risk, however, they
are currently managed at an optimum level. Some of these risks were identified as potential risks in the future if
current conditions changed. A list of low risks follows.
6.3.1
Industry related activities
•
Storage of oyster gear on land-base
•
Visual pollution and aesthetics of oyster leases
•
Appropriate boat handling and driving by industry
•
Minimising impacts on migratory bird habitat and seagrass beds
•
Fuel storage in land-based areas
•
Buildings (oyster sheds): external deterioration
•
Minimising rubbish pollution
•
Appropriate disposal of old infrastructure
•
Maintenance of derelict oyster leases
•
Usage of boat anti-fouling
•
Oyster stocking densities: cultivation at a sustainable level
6.3.2
External activities
•
•
•
Loss of riparian vegetation
Exotic pest species and fouling species (including mudworm)
Impacts from climate change
6.4
EMS implementation
6.4.1
EMS report distribution
The EMS report is a ‘living’ document that requires regular updates and review of actions and activities. WLOG will
report regularly on the progress and achievement of each action in relation to the responsibility, performance
indicators and timeframes as per the Risk Table (Appendix 5). This EMS report will be made available to all
stakeholders on request and to all stakeholders who have commented on, or shown interest in the operations of
the WLOG. Following documentation and circulation of the report, the WLOG will review the EMS every year
taking into consideration:
•
•
•
•
Actions and timeframes suggested in previous versions of the EMS report;
Stakeholder comments;
Changes in oyster farming technology and management; and
Emerging issues in the environmental management of Wonboyn Lake and its catchment.
30
6.4.2
Stakeholder review process
The stakeholder list will include individuals and groups contacted through the development of the EMS report,
cited in the document in relation to activities ranked as high risk and any others who interact with the oyster
industry and/or participate in catchment activities.
WLOG will inform stakeholders about implementation of the EMS as communication is one of the main aims of
the EMS. This EMS is a forum for natural resource managers and the community to obtain information about the
environmental management implemented by the WLOG, and an opportunity for WLOG to work with these
stakeholders on the development of environmental management initiatives.
6.4.3 EMS Review
This EMS documents an ongoing process of environmental management, and therefore requires a periodic review
to ensure that the objectives are still relevant and adequate, and actions are being maintained or introduced in
line with the relevant responsibilities, timeframes and targets. The EMS will be reviewed each year at the WLOG
Annual General Meeting. Best practice values and benchmarks will change from year to year in line with changes
in production technology and consumer demands. Updates of the EMS report will be saved as a new version of the
EMS report, and logged in the revision status section of the report. Appendix 6 will be updated and used to track
achievements against actions listed in Appendix 5.
6.4.4 EMS Compliance
This EMS is not enforceable. It is a voluntary commitment to document and maintain environmental best practice
by the WLOG.
Incidents where the WLOG fail to reasonably comply with the EMS will be recorded and investigated. Failures may
be:
•
•
•
•
Intentional or unintentional;
An indication of inappropriate policy or actions in the EMS;
Due to highly unusual circumstances; or
Some combination of the above.
Responses might include no action, a review of the EMS and/or training for the WLOG, and any EMS contravention
will be noted in the following EMS report. The WLOG cannot be held responsible for the actions of other oyster
growers within Wonboyn Lake or from nearby areas but will encourage these other oyster growers to work with
the duty of care outlined in this EMS.
31
7
BENEFITS OF THE EMS
WLOG are implementing a system that will help to:
1.
2.
3.
Care for the environment;
Secure optimum oyster growing conditions; and
Inform regulatory agencies, the community and consumers about the industry’s management
framework and future aims.
Well before this process started, oyster growers were involved in many monitoring programs and research
activities for the benefit of both the industry and the environment. This EMS recognises and highlights these
important activities some of which are already benefiting the wider catchment community. The benefits of both
the ongoing and future activities discussed in this EMS are summarised as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Transparency of environmental performance.
Environmental programs implemented in Wonboyn Lake providing for ongoing collection of
information that will allow the measurement of changes over time, particularly water quality.
Maintenance and improvement of market access through a form of eco/environmental labelling in
line with the EMS and its outcomes. This is particularly relevant for export markets as some
countries are currently placing restrictions on imports that do not come from environmentally
certified production systems.
Improving industry morale and sense of stewardship.
Increasing the profile of the industry with the aim of enhancing community support.
Increasing dialogue with the community, customers, suppliers, regulatory and research bodies.
Verification of practices against a credible process and system (Risk Assessment, EMS report).
Reducing operational expenditure through improved management of inputs and outputs.
32
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: THE WONBOYN LAKE OYSTER GROWERS
33
APPENDIX 2: EMS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Over some years, Wonboyn oyster growers have been involved in a series of projects in the catchment that aim to
protect the environment and enhance water quality. In 2008 the WLOG became very interested in the
environmental awards announced at the Annual Oyster Field Day because the Clyde River Farmers Cluster Group
won the group award for the implementation of their EMS in the estuary two years before. The Clyde River
growers had worked in collaboration with the Department of Lands and Southern Rivers CMA on various sediment
control, clean-up and revegetation projects. Because of WLOG interest, the Southern Rivers CMA organised a
workshop with Dr Ana Rubio, one of the coordinators involved in the development of the Clyde River EMS.
Following this workshop, WLOG decided to commence development of an EMS for their location in order to
explore and document the options for a secure and sustainable industry into the future.
The WLOG were provided funds by the Australian Government’s National Heritage Trust through the Southern
Rivers CMA to develop the EMS. These funds were used to engage Dr Rubio to assist with the development of the
EMS. Dr Rubio has been involved with the NSW oyster industry for six years, four of these while undertaking a PhD
on environmental influences on the sustainable production of the Sydney Rock Oyster.
The actions outlined in this EMS have been developed with the aim of allowing growers to continue their own
individual methods of farming oysters as long as the overall environmental objectives described in the EMS are
met. For instance, not all of the operational requirements listed in the Action Plan will be applicable to all growers:
some growers may already be using alternative practices that achieve the same environmental aim.
The EMS is compiled with regard to AS/NZS ISO 14001:1996 Environmental management systems – Specification
with guidance for use (Standards Australia, 1996), the Australian and New Zealand guidelines which meet
international standards. An EMS is defined by the ISO as “the part of the overall management system that includes
organisational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for
developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy”.
The following steps were, or will be, followed in the development of this EMS:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
An initial one-day, onsite workshop explaining the concept of an EMS, the benefits of operating
under such a program, and what steps are required for initial implementation.
A one-day site visit to perform an environmental audit and identify operational and infrastructure
risks for the Wonboyn oyster enterprises. At least 70% of the Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers were
consulted at an individual level.
A third day dedicated towards explaining the concept of an environmental risk matrix, how it is
developed and it’s operational implementation. Growers then ranked risks and planned additional
measures to implement in upcoming years. Action plans related to high risks were implemented
immediately.
Report on progress of implementation process.
Final report to Southern Rivers CMA, including an Executive Summary, on the benefits of the EMS
to the industry and how the industry is addressing the high risks. This document to be made public
and will be used to promote the profile of the industry as a whole.
The Seafood EMS Chooser developed by Seafood Services Australia was used through the process (Figure
12) and a similar template to the Clyde River Oyster farmers EMS was used in preparation this report.
34
Figure 12: Eight easy-to-follow steps of the EMS (Seafood Services Australia, 2005)
1. Planning: identifies the scope of the EMS, major environmental impacts and develops a set of objectives
2. Implementation & operations: puts in place a set of procedures for the achievement of the identified targets.
3. Checking & corrective action: monitors the success of the EMS and implements corrective measures where
protocols are not being followed or the system is in some way deficient
4. Management review: review the EMS and the degree of achievement of the goals that were created in the
context of the environmental policy.
35
APPENDIX 3: NSW FOOD AUTHORITY – DIRECT HARVEST FOR WONBOYN LAKE AND
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE
This classification has been made in accordance with the guidelines of the Australian Shellfish Quality Assurance
Program by NSW Food Authority. Each area is managed slightly differently as per procedure described in this
appendix.
36
37
APPENDIX 4: RISK RATING – LIKELIHOOD AND CONSEQUENCE VALUES
Likelihood ranking
Likelihood
Score
Definition
Rare
Low (1)
May occur in exceptional circumstances, ie. once every 10 years
Possible
Likely to
occur
Moderate (2)
Uncommon, some evidence to suggest this may occur , i.e once in 1-3 years
High (3)
Highly probable to occur in most circumstances, i.e. 2-4 times a year
Consequence ranking
Consequence
Score
Definition
Insignificant or minimal impact on structure/function dynamics. Unlikely to
measure from the existing natural background variability
Minor
Low (1)
Severe
Moderate
(2)
Major
High (3)
Maximum appropriate/acceptable level of impact on environment (recovery
months/years)
Very serious impacts now occurring with relatively long time frame and/or
permanent/irreversible damage or loss (recovery years/decades/unlikely to ever
be fixed)
Risk Matrix
Consequence
Likelihood
Minor (1)
Rare (1)
1
Possible (2)
2
Likely to occur (3)
3
Severe (2)
2
4
6
Major (3)
3
6
9
Management Response
Risk Level
Reporting
Likely Management
Short justification needed
None specific
Acceptable - with current risk
Moderate (3-5)
control measures in place
Full performance report
Specific response required
(Continue current
arrangements)
Not desirable - continue
strong management action new or further risk control
measures to be introduced in
near future
Full performance report
Immediate / Specific
response with urgency
Low (1-2)
High (6-9)
Description
Acceptable - no specific
control measures needed but
recommendable
38
APPENDIX 5: RISK ASSESSMENT TABLE FOR WONBOYN LAKE
Risks have been organised and based on high priorities and split into Industry-related risks and External risks
Responsibility:
Initials of growers used as per Appendix 1.
Additional initials: HD: Helen Davies (Southern Rivers CMA); WLOG: Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers.
Where the action is the responsibility of WLOG, this implies all growers committed to this EMS are expected to contribute to that action.
All actions will be reviewed at the AGM audit session and if completed and risk mitigated, will be moved to Appendix 6 or modified accordingly
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Disposal of
shell waste
(6.1.1.1)
Inappropriate reuse of waste
product
Creation of artificial
shell reefs
Industry
communicati
on process
(6.1.1.2)
Lack of
communication
between lake
stakeholders
1. Less potential for
optimal
development
39
Potential Impact
2. Reduce
opportunities for
significant overall
performance- no
sharing ideas and
effort
Current Control
Measures
Further Measures/
Actions
Performance
Indicators
Shell waste use in
some occasions as
road base
1. Write letter to all
farmers that shell can
be used at Wonboyn
Resort
Dispose of
shells in an
environmentally friendly way
Infrequent formal
meetings
1. Compile list of bag
ID and photos of
markings for each
farmer
Strongly linked
industry
Timeframe
Cons
Risk
Level
Activity
Like'hd
Industry-related risks
1. FD
Sep 2011
3
3
9
(1) WLOG –
Let JF know
By next
AGM
3
3
9
Responsibility
Industry
communicati
on process
(6.1.1.2)
Inefficient
motors
(6.1.1.3)
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Potential Impact
Poor
communication
with NSW oyster
industry (and
from other
states)
1. Slow industry
development
1. Fuel and oil
pollution
1.Reduce water
quality
2. Noise pollution
2. Impact on wildlife
(birds)
Poor oyster
industry
representation in
catchment
activities
Infrequent
communication
2. Miss out on
industry related
opportunities
Timeframe
(1) CH
(1) By
end July
2011
3
3
9
An increased
number of boat
engines to
conform to EPA
every year
(1) BF, KH &
HD
(1)
Ongoing
2
3
6
Oyster industry
present in
catchment
committees
HD, SL, JF
By Xmas
2011
2
3
6
Long water
tenure
agreement
NSW
Farmers
Assoc
following
through
By next
AGM
1
3
3
Further Measures/
Actions
Performance
Indicators
1. Compile list of field
days & conferences
for calendar year, and
share/email with all
Wonboyn farmers.
Attendance of
industry events
1. Investigate
potential sources of
funding for more
efficient motors –
funding currently
available through
Oyster Industry
grants.
Look at adding info to
notice boards at
access points (Myrtle
Cove, shop, resort).
Include map of
estuary and
navigation channels
and oyster info
Responsibility
2. Wonboyn
representative at
events.
3. Irritate water
neighbours and
users
Interaction
with
community &
stakeholders
(6.1.1.4)
Current Control
Measures
Cons
Risk
Level
Activity
Like'hd
EMS Action Plan
might not progress
1. Limit
unnecessary use of
outboard
2. Regular
maintenance of
oyster vessels
Oyster growers are
participants of the
Wonboyn Estuary
Management Plan
Committee
Investigate funding
options (eg Maritime,
Fisheries)
Lease tenure
on land &
water-based
sites on
Crown land
(6.2.1.1)
40
Insecurity of long
term tenure
Business insecurity
Current
implementation of
new strategy
proposed by Dept
of Lands
Investigate water
lease security &
options
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Potential Impact
Storage of
oyster gear
(6.3.1)
Untidy, rubbish,
visual pollution
Mess , public
backlash, anti-oyster
sentiment
Visual
pollution and
aesthetics of
oyster leases
(6.3.1)
Community
unhappy with
industry due to
appearance or
presence of
oyster leases
Negative attitude to
oyster farming
Current Control
Measures
1. Maintain neat
and tidy premises
2. Involvement in
activities that
promote the health
of the lake
Cons
Risk
Level
Activity
Like'hd
Write up general
guidelines for
housekeeping on
land, update on lease
clean up. Combine
with shell waste
letter.
Maintain tidy
land bases
CH & KH
By next
AGM
2
1
2
1. Educate community
about importance of
industry to ecology of
lake, employment,
economic benefit for
the area
Maintain leases
- neat and tidy
WLOG
Current
&
ongoing
2
1
2
Minimise boat
wash
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
Further Measures/
Actions
Performance
Indicators
Responsibility
Timeframe
2. Distribute EMS
High boat
speed –
oyster punts
(6.3.1)
High impact boat
wash - erosion of
shoreline
1. Loss of habitat
2.Reduce water
quality
3. Destruction of
ecologically &
culturally sensitive
areas (i.e. Aboriginal
shell middens)
1. Drive slowly
close to sensitive
and ecologically
important areas
2. Respect
restricted boating
zones
1. Continue
implementing control
measures
2. Put up signs - “No
Wash”
Migratory
bird habitat
(6.3.1)
Proximity of boat
activity to bird
habitat
Loss of biodiversity
Current oyster
farming practices
have not been
found to interfere
with bird habitats
Keep in
communication with
local bird association
for updates on wildlife
No impact on
wildlife
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
Fuel storage
in land- based
areas (6.3.1)
Fuel and oil spills
from oyster shed
1. Contamination of
ground and/or
waterways
2. Fire risk
3. Loss of
surrounding habitat
1. Fuel is stored in
a safe area
2. Small amounts of
fuel are kept in
sheds
Growers to assess
best way to keep fuel
and amend practices
if needed
Prevent 100%
of spills and/or
contamination
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
41
Activity
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Potential Impact
Current Control
Measures
Further Measures/
Actions
Performance
Indicators
Responsibility
Timeframe
Like'hd
Cons
Risk Level
Boat
navigation
(6.3.1)
Navigation over
seagrass beds
Loss or damage of
seagrasses due to
propeller impactreducing habitats of
juvenile fish and
other animals,
sediment
stabilization
Lift outboard so no
entanglement or
impact occurs
1. Monitor seagrass
growth and extension
of beds
Minimise
seagrass
damage
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
1.Visual impact and
aesthetics
1. Utilise
appropriate
building materials
to minimize visual
impact
Buildings and
surrounds are
maintained at
all times
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
Stop 100% of
rubbish from
spreading and
entering
waterway
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
Reduce
disposal to
landfill. Reuse
and recycle as
much as
possible
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
Buildings
(oyster sheds)
(6.3.1)
1.Deterioration
of sheds and
untidy
appearance
2. Waterways
contamination
2. Stormwater
run-off/ Localised
erosion
2. Continue with
current control
measures
2. Grounds /
facilities kept well
maintained / tidy
1. Maintain and clean
roofs, gutters
2. Remove any
redundant material or
equipment from
premises
3. Biannual building
maintenance check
Rubbish
pollution (on
water)
(6.3.1)
Spread of
rubbish if left
behind
Littering waterways
by not securing
waste while on the
boat
Care/effort to put
rubbish away while
on-going work at
oyster shed.
Dispose of rubbish
in (en)closed bins
1. Ensure frequent
rubbish disposal
Waste
disposal of
old
infrastructure
(6.3.1)
Non-optimal
disposal of
old/damaged
infrastructure
Use of limited
landfill resources
SRCMA funded
and co-ordinated a
clean-up program
Industry currently
managing disposal of
old infrastructure.
Investigate recycling
options eg use by
local community
42
2. Annual shoreline
clean-up
Activity
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Potential Impact
Current Control
Measures
Further Measures/
Actions
Performance
Indicators
Responsibility
Timeframe
Like'hd
Cons
Risk Level
Derelict
leases
(6.3.1)
1. Inappropriate
management of
old infrastructure
1.Boat accident
1. Appropriate
management of
water-based leases
and appropriate
disposal of
infrastructure when
cleaned up
Clean-up few
derelict leases left
before next audit
Have no active
derelict lease
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
1. Avoid using
antifouling product
unless
demonstrated to
be environmentally
friendly
Minimise use of
antifouling
products
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
1
1
2. Navigational
hazard
2. Unmanaged
fouling practice
3.Visual aesthetics
3. Available
substrate for
feral oyster
species and other
fouling species
Boat
antifouling
(6.3.1)
Chemicals
leaking into
environment and
stored in the
sediment
2. Most derelict leases
have been cleaned in
Wonboyn Lake
1. Reduce water
quality
2. Impact on oyster
biological processes
3. Unsafe oyster
consumption accumulation of
chemicals in the
flesh
43
Low numbers of
oyster growers are
using antifouling
products on oyster
boats
3. On-going with
heavy metals
sampling
1. Depletion of food
resources due to
high stocking
densities
2. Increased oyster
disease (easily
transfer)
3. Reduced oyster
growth rates, longer
period to reach
market size
44
1. Stocking as per
management plan
2. Good husbandry
Responsibility
Timeframe
1. Comply with
OISAS
recommendations
Optimal oyster
production
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
2.Consider
research outputs
worldwide
3. Agreement to
set maximum limit
of stocking density
& lease area –
agree on
appropriate
method to
calculate
maximums
Risk Level
Reduction in
oyster
productivity
Performance
Indicators
Cons
Oyster
operations stocking
densities
(6.3.1)
Further Measures/
Actions
Like'hd
Activity
Risk description
Potential Impact
Current Control
by event or
Measures
cause of risk
1
1
1
Use of
horticulture
& agriculture
products (i.e.
fertilizers,
pesticides)
(6.1.2.1)
Rec fishers,
water users &
tourists
(6.1.2.2)
Risk description
by event or
cause of risk
Chemical
(nitrogen and
phosphorus)
pollution of
waterways
Potential Impact
Current Control
Measures
Increased nutrient
levels resulting in
algal bloom
(eutrophication) and
poor water quality
45
Performance
Indicators
Responsibility
1. Seek copy of test
results from NSW
Food Authority for
sampling completed
in 2011
Reduce
chemical input
in waterways
(1) JF, BF
Continue to liaise with
Maritime to seek
inclusion of info on
oyster leases in Safe
Boating manual
No impact on
shoreline
NSW
Farmers
Assoc
following
through
Continue to liaise with
Maritime to seek
inclusion of info on
oyster leases in Safe
Boating manual
No faulty
infrastructure
NSW
Farmers
Assoc
following
through
(2) HD, CH
Timeframe
(1) Dec
2011
3
3
9
By next
AGM
3
3
9
By next
AGM
3
3
9
(2) End
Sep 2011
2. Distribute EMS
brochure amongst
catchment
stakeholders
Boat wash
1. Erosion of
shoreline, protected
areas - Aboriginal
shell middens
2. Impact on oyster
infrastructure.
Cultivation units
displaced and oysters
washed to one
corner - oyster
disease
Rec fishers,
water users &
tourists
(6.1.2.3)
Further Measures/
Actions
Cons
Risk
Level
Activity
Like'hd
External risks
1. Mooring/ tieup boat to
markers
2. Vessels in
lease area
damaging
infrastructure
Loss/damage of
oyster infrastructure
NSW DPI Fisheries
signs "No tie-up"
hung on major
lease posts - larger
prints produced
3.
Sedimentation –
fine sediments
entering
waterway
See unsealed roads
actions below
Performance
Indicators
Responsibility
No closures
As
per
unsealed
roads below
1. Status quo
acceptable –
reconsider if quality
decreases
Timeframe
Cons
Risk
Level
Further Measures/
Actions
Like'hd
Risk description
Activity
Current Control
Potential Impact
by event or
Measures
cause of risk
1. Contamination of
1.On-going
Deterioration 1, Sewage
Shellfish Quality
of water
pollution (septic waterways - closure
of harvesting area
Assurance Program
tanks)
quality
(unsafe oyster
(6.1.2.4)
2. Regulations for
2. Effluent of
consumption)
untreated
sewage control and
sewage - private
management
camping
3
3
9
2. Continue
implementing control
measures
4. Chemical
pollution
Unsealed
roads
(6.1.2.5)
1. Run-off into
waterways
2. Dust pollution
3. Increased
sedimentation in
waterways
Changes in
hydrology
(6.1.2.6)
Changes in
natural sediment
processes in the
lake and sand
drifting at lake
entrance
1. Reduce oyster
biological capacity
(filtration) and
production
2. Increased turbidity
levels and
deterioration of
water quality, and
potential pollution of
the waterways
1. Potential closure
of lake entrance
limiting oceanic
water exchanged
2. Limitation of food
levels in oyster
growing areas
3. Shift of main
navigational channels
46
Work in
collaboration with
SRCMA: identifying
problematic roads,
sealing roads,
diverting run-off,
and vegetating
road side/banks
1. Complete road
upgrade for Stevens
Rd
Minimise most
of the run-off
going into
waterways
(1) HD, RH,
HH
End Sep
2011
3
3
9
Monitor channels
and water level at
lake entrance (e.g.
through Manly
Hydraulics Lab)
1.Continue
discussions with BVSC
- future protocol for
opening entrance of
lake. BVSC now has
funding to undertake
development of
protocol
Protocols in
place for lake
entrance
opening
(1) CH
By next
AGM
3
3
9
(6.3.2)
Enhance exotic
species
settlement,
growth and
dispersion on
oyster
infrastructure
1. If predator of
oysters - impact on
oyster production
2. Transfer of pest
between sites/
estuaries
3. Impact on overall
ecology of aquatic
ecosystem
1. Reduce exotic
species in area and
minimise
translocation
2. Growers trained
on pest species
identification
3. Growers
involved in pest
monitoring
program
Performance
Indicators
1. General vigilance by
all. Investigate sites
for potential
revegetation.
Stop 100% of
livestock
impacting
foreshore
vegetation and
polluting water
quality
1. Support SCMDC
Green Shore Crab
project
Minimise
presence of
pest species
Timeframe
Cons
Risk
Level
Exotic/ pest
species (eg
Green shore
crab,
Caulerpa,
mudworm)
Further Measures/
Actions
Like'hd
Risk description
Activity
Current Control
Potential Impact
by event or
Measures
cause of risk
1. Increased
1. Poor water quality 1. Livestock
Loss of
sedimentation in
excluded from
riparian
2. Loss of buffer zone
waterways
waterways - fences
vegetation
close to shoreline
from clearing
2. Shore erosion
2. Revegetation of
3. Destroy ecological
or poor cattle
due to livestock
the shore line habitats: mangroves
infrastructure
pathways down
Landcare activity
and saltmarshes
(6.3.2)
to the intertidal
(SRCMA funding)
zone
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
1
2
2
(1) WLOG
(1)
Current
&
ongoing
1
1
1
1
1
1
Responsibility
(2) SCMDC
2. Need further info
on ID of the crabs
(small size, different
colours they can take,
how to ID juveniles
and small ones, other
native crabs that
could be mistaken for
GSC)
(2) By
next
AGM
4. Use of oyster
shipment logbook/
Pest & Disease
Control Program
when moving
oysters across
estuaries
Global
warming
(6.3.2)
47
1. Acidification
of the
waterways
2. Sea level rise
3. Changed in
nutrient input as
a consequence
in change in
rainfall pattern
1. Decrease in oyster
production - oyster
mortalities
2. Severe effect on
calcification rates in
oysters
3. Change of aquatic
ecosystem processes
as oyster engineering
role diminishes
None
1. Assess additional
environmental
monitoring program
2. Growers involved
in research activities
on climate change
Set up
monitoring
program for
baseline data in
order to
identify future
variations
WLOG
Current
&
Ongoing
APPENDIX 6: ACTIONS COMPLETED BY WLOG SINCE 2009
Activity
Disposal of shell
waste
(6.1.1.1)
Risk description
Inappropriate
management
impacting indirectly
industry
Potential Impact
Oyster shells with
mudworm could
potentially enhance
spread of disease if
put back in the water
Control Measure/s
Implemented
1. Farmers informed by word of
mouth that not appropriate to
dump waste in lake, and private
roads that could use shell as
road base
1. Oct 2009
Personnel
involved
1. CH, KH
2. July 2011
2. JF, BF
Distribution of contact list for all
Wonboyn farmers
Oct 2009
SL
No
Potential sources of funding for
more efficient motors
investigated – funding not
currently available
March 2010
KH, AL
Yes – continue to
seek funding
opportunities
1. Investigation of addition of
info to notice boards at access
points (Myrtle Cove, shop,
resort). Include map of estuary,
navigation channels and oyster
info. Discussions commenced
with Maritime – will consider
combining signage to reduce
total
Feb 2010
RL, JF
Yes
Date Completed
Follow up
required
Yes
2. Alternate reuse site also
determined at Wonboyn Resort
Industry
communication
process (6.1.1.2)
Lack of
communication
between lake
stakeholders
1. Less potential for
optimal development
Inefficient
motors
(6.1.1.3)
1. Fuel and oil
pollution
1.Reduce water
quality
2. Noise pollution
2. Impact on wildlife
(birds)
2. Reduce
opportunities for
significant overall
performance- no
sharing ideas and
effort
3. Irritate water
neighbours and users
Interaction with
community &
stakeholders
(6.1.1.4)
Poor oyster industry
representation in
catchment activities
EMS Action Plan
might not progress
2. Funding options for signage
sought. Discussions commenced
with Maritime
48
Activity
Risk description
Potential Impact
Lease tenure on
land & waterbased sites on
Crown land
(6.2.1.1)
Insecurity of long
term tenure
Business insecurity
Use of
horticulture &
agriculture
products (i.e.
fertilizers,
pesticides)
(6.1.2.1)
Chemical (nitrogen
and phosphorus)
pollution of
waterways
1. Increased nutrient
levels resulting in
algal bloom
(eutrophication) and
poor water quality
Rec fishers,
water users &
tourists
(6.1.2.2)
Boat wash
1. Erosion of
shoreline, especially
protected areas Aboriginal shell
middens
Control Measure/s
Implemented
Discussions held with Fisheries
to investigate water lease
security & options.
Personnel
involved
Date Completed
Follow up
required
Yes. Not yet
resolved
July 2010
JF
Discussions held with NSW Food
Authority re their testing regime
(eg heavy metals). Tests
conducted every 3 years, testing
for POPS, cadmium, mercury,
selenium.
March 2010
SL
Yes. Seek test
results when next
round of sampling
completed in 2011
NSW Maritime contacted
regarding inclusion of info on
oyster leases in Safe Boating
manual
March 2010
JF
Yes
NSW Maritime contacted
regarding inclusion of info on
oyster leases in Safe Boating
manual
March 2010
JF
Yes
2. Impact on oyster
infrastructure.
Cultivation units get
heavily displaced and
oysters washed to
one corner of unit
increasing oyster
disease
Rec fishers,
water users &
tourists
(6.1.2.3)
49
1. Mooring/ tie-up
boat to lease markers
2. Vessels entering
lease area and
damaging
infrastructure
Loss/damage of
oyster infrastructure
Activity
Unsealed roads
(6.1.2.5)
Risk description
1. Run-off into
waterways
2. Dust pollution
3. Increased
sedimentation in
waterways
Changes in
hydrology
(6.1.2.6)
Changes in natural
sediment processes in
the lake and sand
drifting at lake
entrance
Potential Impact
1. Reduce oyster
biological capacity
(filtration) and
production
2. Increased turbidity
levels and
deterioration of
water quality, and
potential pollution of
the waterways
1. Potential closure of
lake entrance limiting
oceanic water
exchanged
2. Limitation of food
levels in oyster
growing areas
3. Shift of main
navigational channels
50
Control Measure/s
Implemented
1. Road works revisited on
Daunceys Rd (including dam and
filter along lake), and Resort Rd
2. Test water samples for E.coli –
Discussions commenced with
NSW Food Authority, but no
longer required as Dauncey’s Rd
works have reduced issue.
Date Completed
1. JF, HD, staff
from DECCW and
NPWS
Personnel
involved
Sep 2010
Follow up
required
3 – yes. Road
works required at
Stevens Rd.
Oct 2009
Yes. Entrance
opening protocol
not yet developed.
2. SL
3. HD & RH
3. Site visit Stevens Rd
completed
1. Discussions commenced with
BVSC re future protocol for
opening entrance of lake
2. Copy of Manning River
opening protocol obtained
CH
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52

Wonboyn Lake Oyster Growers Environmental Management System

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