Shape # 2 2007

Shape
A magazine from the Sapa Group • # 2 2007
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PROFILES GIVE
GYROCOPTER A LIFT
EXTRUDED LAMPPOSTS
SAVE LIVES
THE SPANISH MAESTRO
OF SMALL PROFILES
BRILLIANT
ENERGY SOURCE
Solar panels are a growing market for Sapa – Page
12
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# 2 2007 SHAPE • CONTENTS
Genesis shows the way
M
y first few months with Sapa have been
dominated by the fusion of Sapa’s and
Alcoa’s aluminium profile operations. That
work is still in progress, and now new challenges lie
ahead. One of them is the continuing commitment to
our Genesis business system, which is based on the
Toyota Production System.
Although most Sapa employees have received
training in the system, we are still not quite where
we want to be. The goal is that Genesis should be
a central element of all our operations and colour
Sapa’s corporate culture. The business system
should not just be regarded as a tool, but as a
complete solution for improving the efficiency of
our working routines. By decentralising tasks such
as planning, co-ordination and implementation,
Genesis lays the foundation for a more efficient and
logical way of working that will make our organisation better and more effective.
But the benefits of Genesis are not just limited to
Sapa’s own production chain. It is also about making improvements for our customers. A better and
more effective organisation leads to reduced costs,
which in turn creates benefits for Sapa’s customers.
This is the goal of the work we call Customer Value
Management.
Sapa faces other challenges when it comes
to the environment, health and safety. Our goal is
clear: No employee should be injured at work. We
are planning a series of measures to improve the
situation. We will achieve our goal through regular
training initiatives, specially appointed safety representatives at each plant and regular safety inspections. The safest working
methods are also the most
efficient; I’m convinced
of that.
The sun – an inexhaustible energy supply
German solar panel manufacturer Conergy buy large numbers of aluminium profiles from Sapa.
06
Small profiles are made very accurately at
Sapa Profiles’ La Selva plant in Spain.
10
Lampposts made from aluminium profiles
crumple in collisions, saving lives.
18
Ole Enger,
President and CEO
We shape the future
SHAPE • # 2 2007
12
xx
Indecasa in Spain designs minimalist furniture Swedish industrial brushes clear snow
with aluminium profile frames.
from runways with the help of Sapa.
Sapa is an international business group that develops, manufactures and markets value-added aluminium profiles, profile-based components and systems and heat exchanger strips in aluminium. Sapa
has annual sales of approximately EUR 3.8 billion
and roughly 15,000 employees in companies throughout Europe, and in the United States and China.
Shape is the Sapa Group’s customer magazine, and
is issued twice annually in 14 languages. Shape is
also available at www.sapagroup.com.
Editor-in-Chief: Eva Ekselius
Editors: Anna-Lena Ahlberg Jansen, Mats Lundström
Graphic design: Karin Löwencrantz
Production: OTW Publishing
20
Printing: Fagerblads, Västerås, Sweden
Cover photo: Adam Lubroth
Changes of address: Customers should inform
their contact person at Sapa, employees their
salary department and others the Communications
Department on +46 (0)8 459 59 00.
PHOTO DANIEL CRoYDoN
BRIEF NOTICES
Perfectly framed billboards
Prismaflex in Staffanstorp makes billboards for outdoor advertising, and Sapa
makes the profiles for these billboards, which can be seen all over the world in a
variety of designs and sizes.
Together, the two companies have now developed an entirely new illuminated
frame – or haloframe – in record time.
“we were given the task by JC Decaux at the end of June,” explains Anders
Janson, product developer at Prismaflex. “we worked with Sapa all through the
summer to get everything finished by the start of October, when eleven big billboards in London were fitted with haloframes. The billboards have internal lighting, and these frames enhance the impact by matching the lighting to the colour
of the image; you can add blue lighting to a blue image and so on.”
Sapa created four totally new profiles for the billboards, which measure
10 x 5 metres. The whole project took just 10 weeks from start to finish, despite
the summer holidays.
“It was a really enjoyable job, and a challenge to get everything done in such a
short time. we would never have managed it without Sapa and JC Decaux,” says
Anders Janson.
Clear benefits
Emhart Glass in Sundsvall is a multinational company that develops and
manufactures machines for making
glass, and is the only company of its
type in Sweden.
This advanced machinery is designed
to run 24 hours a day in full production,
and a single machine can produce
several hundred bottles per minute. To
meet these demands, every component
of the machine has to satisfy exceptionally high standards of quality.
An extruded hollow aluminium profile
is used to build the conveyor that carries
bottles from the machine. Cooling air
and compressed air for the valves are
fed through the hollow profile.
“This eliminates a great deal of work
in manufacturing, such as piping and
welding. And of course the neater
finish is an added bonus,” says Rune
Bergman from Emhart Glass.
Almost the entire output of the
company’s glass packaging machines
is exported. The machines are built in
Sundsvall and tailored to the customers’ needs. The components of the
machines are manufactured in Örebro
or sourced from a variety of suppliers, of
which Sapa is one.
“Sapa are good at meeting our
needs and wishes. we have a good
partnership when it comes to producing
aluminium profiles that are optimised to
suit our customers’ requirements,” says
Rune Bergman.
Fireproof breakthrough
In the face of stiff competition, Sapa Building System in Germany
recently won an order for 600 fireproof doors for a new office
building in Munich.
“The order is one of our biggest ever,” says sales and marketing
manager Udo Büchel. “It marks a breakthrough for Sapa into the
German market for fireproof
products, which has grown
rapidly since the fire at
Düsseldorf Airport in
2004. Since then a
growing number of public buildings have been
designed with fireproof
partitions, and emergency exit routes have
been improved.”
Sapa has been offering fireproof products
since 2005. They are
thoroughly tested and able to
meet very strict requirements.
The Secur II door is made
from 75-millimetre anodised or
painted aluminium profiles and
7–32 millimetre-thick glass. It has
no filling, but can still resist extremely high temperatures – exceeding
800 °C for around 30 minutes.
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 3
VINJETT
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Ole Enger.
SHAPING THE
NEW SAPA
Collaboration with customers must be further improved under the
new Sapa Profiles. The company is therefore investing in more
expertise and more research and development.
“our goal is to become even better at finding the best solutions in
partnership with our customers,” says ole Enger, President and CEo.
T
he amalgamation this summer of the profile operations of Sapa and Alcoa resulted
in the formation of the largest aluminium
profile company in the world. It has meant several hectic moths for Ola Enger, who took over
in February as President and ceo of the Group.
But he is pleased with the results so far.
“It’s gone very well – far better than expected.
We have doubled in size and at the same time
managed to create a decentralised organisation.
Everyone is very enthusiastic and there is a great
atmosphere throughout the company,” he says.
THE ALCOA ORGANISATION has experienced rather
more change than Sapa as a result of the merger. According to Ole Enger this is because of
the more centralised administration model that
existed in Alcoa.
“The changes there have been more apparent.
But the reason things have gone so well is that the
company’s employees have wanted these changes
4 SHAPE • # 2 2007
for a long time. There was a desire throughout the
organisation to move in this direction.”
One of the biggest challenges associated with
the amalgamation of Sapa and Alcoa, in Ole
Enger’s eyes, has been developing a system for trade
between countries where the Sapa Group operates.
“Under our decentralised organisational structure the local marketing companies are responsible
for sales and marketing in their own markets.”
This also means that the companies must be
equally enthusiastic about selling products from
other suppliers as from their own plants. It’s been
a big challenge to find a working model that will
support this.”
WITH THE NEW organisation in place, Sapa is now
concentrating on further improvements in the
ways it does business, particularly from its customers’ viewpoint. Ole Enger cites Swedish operations
as an example when he describes how Sapa will
become an even better partner.
“In Sweden we have had a close relationship
with our customers for many years, which has
enabled us to develop an understanding of our customers’ production processes. We have found new
applications for aluminium and developed new
products and designs. This strategy has made Sapa
a world leader, and we intend to apply it throughout the Group.”
ANOTHER WAY OF improving business is to invest in
more expertise and make a greater commitment to
research and development. The employee training
programme that is already in place will be extended. Sapa is also recruiting more engineers.
“We need to build on our know-how. This will
allow us to improve our own processes, and help
us work with our customers and find the best solutions to their needs.”
Sapa is currently the global market leader in aluminium profiles. But Ole Enger believes that the
company has good potential for further growth,
partly by establishing Sapa’s profile operations in
markets where the company does not yet have a
strong base.
“This applies especially to China. We’re looking at possible acquisitions, but nothing has been
decided yet. Our goal is to have firmly established
ourselves in China in a couple of years.”
Ole explains that Sapa is continuously striving
for improvements – in business efficiency and productivity. In the long-term process of change, the
customer always comes first.
“Our overriding goal is to make Sapa more
effective at solving our customers’ problems. If we
can’t manage to deliver better solutions to our customers, then we have failed,” says Ole Enger.
TExT CARL HJELM
PHOTO DANILo SCHIAvELLA
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FIVE SAPA MANAGERS RESPOND
Sapa Profile’s new
organisation is divided
into regions with five
new Business Area
Presidents.
We asked them
where their focus lies
in the future:
Torbjörn Sternsjö,
Business Area President
Asia.
Reply: “In Asia we have
to focus on growth, as
Sapa Profiles is still a
very small player there.
we intend to establish ourselves in this
enormous market by actively seeking
out and taking advantage of all available
opportunities. This is the only way we will
become a truly global company and reap
the benefits that follow.”
Jack Miller,
Business Area President
North America.
Reply: “Our success in
North America will be
determined by how well
we meet the needs of
our customers. To help us get closer to
them, we have returned to a more decentralised structure, with sales, manufacturing, and administration working together
to drive the business forward.”
Arne Rengstedt,
Business Area
President Central
Europe (Germany,
Hungary, Poland,
Romania, and Slovakia).
Reply: “we will have
the most extensive
offering to the German market, and we will
develop more products to introduce there.
Our position in the 10 new European
Union countries will be the strongest. we
will have a strong base to develop business in this fast-growing area.”
Paul Warton,
Business Area President
North Europe (Belgium,
United kingdom,
Netherlands, Sweden
and Denmark). He also
heads the key Account
Management and the
Business Segment organisation.
Reply: “I want to ensure that our teams
increase their focus on the Health & Safety
of our people during this significant change
process.”
Tor Gule,
Business Area
President South
Europe (Portugal,
Spain, France and Italy).
Reply: “we will
continue to develop
our relationships with
customers through innovative design, support and partnerships. Our ability to supply
packages and help improve customer
productivity are main priorities. The Sapa
brand shall be associated with excellence
in quality and service.”
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 5
INSIGHT: SPAIN
WHEN SMALL
IS BIG
At a time when many manufacturers are investing in increasingly large presses, Sapa Profiles’ La Selva in Spain has found
its own way. The company has specialised in small profiles
and is busy making something big from something small.
T
he Catalonian city of
Tarragona, once a large town
in the Roman Empire, today
attracts thousands of tourists,
with its ancient monuments
and beautiful Mediterranean
coastline, the Costa Dorada.
More of a secret is that
Tarragona also attracts an increasing number of
Spanish and international purchasers of advanced
SHAPE • # 2 2007
aluminium solutions. Sapa’s plant in La Selva,
located in a modern industrial park outside the
old town, has recently become an established
European player in the extrusion of small profiles.
“I usually say that La Selva is a plant with
its own strong personality,” explains the plant
manager, Francesc Clos, who has 20 years’ experience in extrusion.
“Seeing that our speciality is very lightweight
profiles manufactured with extremely small toler-
ances, I can claim that we do not supply profiles
but solutions. Our products are really specialties,
increasingly often a final product that is ready for
assembly.”
has two modern 1,350 and
1,500 ton six-inch presses and produced 16 million metres of aluminium profiles last year.
“The day we start measuring our success in
metres instead of tons we’re among the giants,”
THE PLANT IN LA SELVA
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# 2 2007 SHAPE • “ The day we start
measuring our
success in metres
instead of tons we’re
among the giants ”
says Clos with a smile,
referring to La Selva’s
really lightweight
products.
The smallest
profile in the range
weighs only 30 grams.
The diameter varies
between 5 and 170
millimetres.
“We have stuck to a
Francesc Clos.
market segment that
many other producers
have abandoned in their ambition for increased
production in terms of number of tons per hour.
By using our working methods and our organisation, we have gained competitiveness in a segment
that is both labour intensive and very technically
demanding,” he says.
SUCCESS IS ALSO SEEN in the shift in markets. Sales
to the construction sector are falling, while sales
of more advanced industrial applications to, for
example, the automotive and energy sectors are
increasing.
Exports are growing and now account for 60 per
cent of sales. The Benelux countries, France, the
UK and Germany are the largest foreign markets.
The biggest challenge in the manufacture of
small profiles is precision. Tolerance for variances is
almost non-existent, and these demands also apply
to the surface finish. La Selva can supply products
with a finish equivalent to a surface roughness of
less than six microns. One example of a seemingly
simple but perfect product is the roof bars on some
Audi models. The narrow profile with a perfectly
smooth surface joins the car’s roof and sides and
provides a means of attaching any roof accessories.
“There is a clear trend for our customers to
design in more and more functionality in the
profiles through more sophisticated design. In
order to meet the demands for advanced solutions,
we’re increasing our machine and after-treatment
capability to satisfy higher quality and performance
requirements,” says Clos.
“In our industry, proximity to the customer
is crucial and we’ve made great efforts to optimise our service and logistics. We can therefore
offer a customer in Germany, for example, the
same lead time as our German competitors,”
What the Romans did with Tarragona during the Roman Empire, Sapa La Selva seems to
have succeeded in doing with its plant: creating
a modern and international centre on the beautiful Mediterranean coast.
Text Erico Oller Westerberg
PHoto David Levin
Small products – high precision
One of La Selva’s customers orders
large volumes of aluminium pipes for
the manufacture of cooling systems for
artificial ice rinks.
“It’s actually a very simple design,
SHAPE • # 2 2007
but the tolerance on the diameter was
only a tenth of a millimetre. Only La
Selva succeeded in getting the percentage of rejected pipes to remain
below the stipulated percentage.”
BRIEF NOTICES
Reducing noise
with glass and aluminium
Eliminating
bus fires
To reduce noise levels along motorways the Danish
company Milewide makes acoustic screens from
aluminium and acrylic glass, a combination that is
both effective and good-looking.
The screens are assembled on site, and the
original version consisted of several aluminium
profiles that were joined using numerous bolts. This
was time-consuming and expensive, so a year ago
Milewide and Sapa began a development project.
“we’ve now found a solution that everyone is
happy with,” says Gustav Lundkvist, an engineer
with Sapa. “It consists of one large and one small
profile that are clipped together. No special tools
are needed for assembly, just a standard rubber
mallet.”
The customer saves the cost of drilling and
threading, assembly is much quicker and the installers get a better working environment.
“The new design was used for the first time along
a motorway in Herning. Over a 600-metre stretch it
eliminated 20,000 bolts. That’s a really big improvement,” says Ole Refshauge from Milewide.
Fire can often spread rapidly on a bus, and there
is little time to escape. Under Swedish fire regulations all buses weighing over 10 tonnes must
therefore be fitted with a permanent extinguisher.
A few years ago the Swedish company Dafo
Brand developed an aluminium fire extinguisher
container for heavy vehicles such as buses,
trucks and forestry machines, in collaboration
with Sapa.
In contrast to normal handheld fire extinguishers, the container, which is filled with a liquid
extinguisher medium, can be laid flat. It takes up
little space and is easy to service and install. The
large aluminium profile for the container was
complex and has to meet strict dimensional
requirements.
“Sapa contacted us and said they would like
to develop it,” says kaj Dahlström, technical
designer with Dafo Brand. “we worked very well
together and it has resulted in a simpler internal
profile and an outer profile that just clips in place.”
Greener blue lights
“If all the police cars in Sweden switched to our ‘“green”’ blue emergency
lights it would cut fuel costs by up to EUR 2 million each year,” says Anders
wiqvist, CEO of Standby AB, which manufactures alarm and warning
equipment for emergency vehicles and working vehicles.
The secret behind the saving lies in aerodynamics and new technology.
The low-energy emergency lights – with six specially made aluminium
profiles from Sapa, light fittings and plastic covers – have been redesigned
with a new aerodynamic shape. Compared to previous models, the air
resistance is reduced by a full 75 per cent.
“The light units have been tested in a wind tunnel in Stuttgart, so
their performance has been verified. The reduced air resistance is good
for the environment and gives lower fuel consumption, as well as less
noise inside the car. The standard bulbs have been replaced with lowenergy LEDs.
“The LEDs are mounted on an aluminium substrate. This is new
technology that we are the first to use, and
it carries away surplus heat so that the LEDs
can be powered to produce more light,” says
Anders wiqvist.
“we will be doing climate testing this winter and
expect to start supplying the new emergency
lights in spring 2008.”
The aluminium substrate is a type of circuit board
that uses an aluminium sheet with several layers of
insulation and conducting tracks for electronics.
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 9
ON THE ROAD
Hinged lampposts
mean safer roads
Aluminium lampposts have many advantages:
long life span, no maintenance, and they give
way in a collision, reducing the risk of human
injury.
T
he Sapa Pole Products plant in Drunen in the
Netherlands has been making aluminium lampposts since the 1960s.
The Netherlands is one of the first countries to realise
the big advantages of aluminium over steel in street
lighting – 40 per cent of Dutch street lamps are made
of aluminium, in contrast to just three per cent in the
rest of Europe.
“We have a lot of convincing to do. We need to
market our products more, especially to the roads
authorities in each country. Their choice of materials is largely a matter of culture and tradition,” says
Sales Director Leopold Moormann.
Other advantages include the ease with which
the lampposts can be assembled, transported,
decorated and shaped, the fact that they have no
welded joints and are fully recyclable.
Some models can also be easily taken down
by one person when it’s time to replace a bulb or
install something on the lamp. The most important
argument, however, is traffic safety. The lampposts can
be chosen to suit the type of road, traffic situation and
environment. The lampposts all meet eu safety norms (en
12767 and en 40) and come in three classes depending
on how much energy they absorb in a crash (high, low and
zero absorption).
surrounded by open fields, the ideal lamppost doesn’t absorb any energy, but just snaps in two
at ground level, while traffic on a bridge or in the city
requires lampposts that absorb more energy.
Last year the Drunen plant made some 70,000 lampposts. An expansion is planned for the future – as more
countries discover the advantages of aluminium.
ON A MOTORWAY
Text THOMAS ÖSTBERG
The hinged design
also simplifies
maintenance.
10 SHAPE • # 2 2007
Cubic
“ This is a building
that you can show
your children and
grandchildren and
feel proud of ”
ART
The New Museum on the Bowery, Lower Manhattan is one of this
year’s most talked about buildings. Designed by the Japanese
architect duo SANAA, the Museum marks the start of a major
regeneration of the whole district. The facade is constructed using
Sapa’s decor profiles.
T
he Bowery is located just east of Little
Italy and is not one of Manhattan’s trendier districts – yet. The New Museum of
Contemporary Art opens on the Bowery in
December and marks the start of a revitalisation
project for the district that is being financed by
both private and federal funds.
A new art museum in Manhattan automatically arouses considerable interest, but this time
it is the building itself that has been the focus
of attention. The New Museum has been
designed by the architectural world’s hottest
duo, the Tokyo-based Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue
Nishizawa of sanaa. The practice is well known
for its elegant, pure style and cubic forms.
THE NEW MUSEUM has been designed as a tower of
stacked semi-transparent boxes. Sapa’s profiles
form the grid behind the transparent mesh of
expanded brushed aluminum that clads the facade.
“We’ve never been involved in such a prestigious
construction project before. This is a building that
you can show your children and grandchildren
and feel proud of,” says Tim Fox, Midwest regional
sales manager for Sapa in North America.
Although New York is one of the world’s
leading art cities, it has not previously had a
museum devoted exclusively to contemporary
art. The New Museum is set to fill this gap.
The cladding contractor is McGrath
Architectural Sheet Metal in Minnesota. The
firm specialises in architect-designed buildings and has previously supplied exciting
metal facades for art museums in Denver and
Delaware, and for Walker Art Museum in
Minnesota. This is the first time they have chosen to work in extruded aluminum.
“It gave us the best opportunities to design a
facade that was both flexible and strong. This is
a special building and its design was particularly
demanding in terms of quality and precision.
There are not many firms in the usa that could
manage this,” says Mark LaSalle of McGrath.
a new type of fixing that
is manufactured by Sapa and accommodates the
movement of the building and thermal expansion of the extruded wall panels so that they fit
the irregular building. The decor facade was
extruded in Sapa’s plant in South Dakota, but
MARK LASALLE DEVELOPED
The New Museum is the first art museum
that has been built from scratch in Lower
Manhattan in New York.
was then shipped to a firm in Ohio for surface
finishing. In order to create a consistent design,
the project architects also chose to use the same
solution for the exteriors of the lifts.
“The logistics surrounding such a major construction project in Manhattan are tricky. You
can’t store the materials on site, and deliveries
have to be made just in time. Collaboration
with Sapa has gone exactly as we had hoped and
we’re now bidding for a new project in Florida,
using the same type of solution from Sapa,” says
Mark LaSalle.
Text THOMAS ARNROTH
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 11
Schüco’s installation
at a solar farm in
Corral de Almaguer
(Toledo - Spain).
12 SHAPE • # 2 2007
Photo ADAM LUBROTH
CUTTING EDGE
SUNNY
OUTLOOK
It is difficult to imagine a company more in tune with the
times than Conergy. This fast-growing company is involved
in renewable energy and is a global leader in several
areas. Conergy has become one of the most important
customers for the German division of Sapa/Alcoa.
he Hamburg-based
company Conergy
specialises in renewable energy through
several subsidiaries,
ranging from solar
panel production to
wind turbines, bioenergy and heat pumps.
But Conergy is also involved in the financing,
servicing and maintenance of major installations for collecting solar energy.
This listed growth company has risen to be
one of Germany’s brightest stars in the corporate world. Conergy has grown from almost
nothing to a turnover of more than eur 1 billion in less than ten years, and its future prospects are extremely bright.
“Even so, we’re still only in the first stage of
growth. We’re seeing an enormous increase in
interest, particularly as the really big companies
in the energy sector, such as Siemens, General
Electric, Eon, Vattenfall as well as oil compa-
nies, are entering the market,” says Nikolaus
Krane, who is a senior executive with responsibility for the subsidiary Epurion and for
Conergy Service.
Nikolaus Krane sits in a soberly designed
meeting room at head office with a view of one
of Hamburg’s many canals. Shape has arranged
a meeting with one of the leading people
behind Conergy’s phenomenal growth.
“I was the fifth person hired by the company.
That was in 1998. Now we have more than
2,000 employees,” he says.
is how a company can be
so in tune with developments.
“Good timing of course, but also a strategic
approach and a capacity for value creation with
the aid of competent staff and new technology.
And last but not least: we dared to take risks in
order to win. We had both a fighting spirit and
luck,” says Nikolaus Krane.
The alternative energy sector is, on the
whole, a German success story. It is a cleverly
THE OBVIOUS QUESTION
orchestrated investment by central government and the business world to build a new
sector in what is perhaps the most environmentally aware industrial nation in Europe.
Homeowners who install solar panels on their
roofs receive a central government grant and
the electricity companies have to accept and
pay a market price for the power produced by
these solar panels. In this way, the German solar
energy market has developed in just a few years
and the country has the world’s largest domestic
market for solar panels.
To date, these investments have been further fuelled by the stabilisation of oil prices at
a sustained high level, while carbon dioxide
emissions have become a serious issue. Some 40
other countries have introduced similar regulations to Germany and have started incentive
programmes to facilitate investments in renewably energy. Global growth in the sector is
estimated at 20 per cent annually. The amount
of energy from renewable sources has already
overtaken that produced by nuclear power.
›
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 13
Production of solar panels is fully automated at the new plant in Frankfurt an der Oder.
›
This means new markets for Conergy, and in
2006 foreign sales rose by 268 per cent, considerably above expectations.
“It was a surprise that solar panels grew so
much. We’re the biggest supplier in the German
market for panels, but the domestic market is
maturing with an ever-increasing number of
manufacturers. The major potential is abroad,
mainly in southern Europe. We’re already
the second biggest supplier in Europe,” says
Nikolaus Krane.
FOR SAPA, this of course means increased sales of
profiles, which are used both as frames and mounting systems for solar panels.
“Sales of aluminium profiles to Conergy have
increased steadily from 500 tons in 2003 to almost
2,000 tons last year,” says Lothar Konawski, who is
customer account manager for Conergy at Sapa.
Collaboration began with Sapa modifying the
design of the frame profiles for Conergy’s solar
panels and thereby reducing their weight, making
the handling cheaper.
Lothar Konawski hopes to be able to increase
this collaboration and provide Conergy with better
service, increasing customer value.
“Our large network of plants in all markets
brand. Sales to dealers and consummeans that we can accompany
ers take place through its subsidiary,
Conergy in its global expansion. In
SunTechnics.
our conversations with the customer,
The other subsidiary, Epuron, is
we’ve mentioned our interest in joint
not involved in product sales but in
projects, such as a new mounting systhe financing and planning of very
tem and a new tracker system,” says
large renewable energy projects.
Lothar Konawski.
“Module production will be the
In order to cope with the rush of
core of Conergy’s operations in the
customers, Conergy has invested
Nikolaus Krane, senior
foreseeable future, but it’s important
in a new plant in Frankfurt an der
executive for Conergy,
that we diversify operations, since
Oder in eastern Germany, near the
believes that solar
new technologies and new opportuPolish border, where production has
panel arrays in areas
nities in renewable energy are being
recently begun.
such as North Africa
“The new plant means that we
created all the time. We are constantcould supply Europe
with much of its eleccan keep more in step with demand,
ly looking for new ways of adding
tricity needs.
but by the start of next year we run
value,” says Nikolaus Krane.
the risk of hitting the production
ceiling again,” says Nikolaus Krane, who is pleased
ONE SUCH OPPORTUNITY is concentrating solar colthat the plant also gives Conergy an opportunity
lectors, an area that Nikolaus Krane thinks will
to handle more aspects of the production procbecome very big.
ess, from wafer production and cell production
“Large amounts of energy can be produced by
to module production. But operations are mainly
reflecting the sun’s rays to a point. If this technolofocussed on the development of inverters for heat
gy is developed properly through the construction
recovery and mounting systems and monitoring
of really large plants in North Africa, for example,
systems for larger panel installations.
it could provide a real alternative for the energy
The finished solar panels are then sold through
needs of European countries.”
its own wholesale business under the Conergy
TEXT MATS LUNDSTRÖM
Solar energy in brief
In just four hours, the earth
receives as much solar energy as
the whole of mankind consumes
during a full year. But considerable expertise and research are
required to convert the sun’s rays
into usable energy.
14 SHAPE • # 2 2007
›
A solar collector consists of linked parallel
pipes filled with a circulating glycol mixture
that is warmed by the sun’s rays. The assembly sits
in an insulated box covered with a sheet of glass.
One problem with solar collectors is that it is difficult to store surplus energy during the warmest
time of the year.
CUTTING EDGE
“We’re the only company in the sector that is not
owned by nor has interests
in the oil industry or the
conventional energy sector.
We focus exclusively on
solar energy and the sustainable supply of energy,”
says Bellido.
Julián Bellido, deputy
Isofotón develops and
purchasing manager of
manufactures technical
Isofotón.
solutions for exploiting
solar energy using photovoltaic cells. As early as
the year 2000 the company also began developing
optical solutions for capturing and focusing solar
radiation into small storage areas.
THE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION of the cells means they
A SPANISH
sunshine story
IIsofotón was established in Malaga by a group of university
researchers in solar cell technology in 1981. Twenty-six years later
the company achieved technological leadership and sales of
EUR 77 million.
R
enewable energy is the future, particularly solar energy,” according to Julián
Bellido, Isofotón’s deputy purchasing
manager.
“It’s not only a question of replacing fossil
fuel, but also of offering an electricity supply
to the two billion people who are not currently
connected to the electricity grid at all.”
Isofotón was established as a result of a
university project aimed at developing leading-edge technology in solar energy, in order to
›
The most important application for solar
energy is electricity generation. When silicon
is exposed to light it reacts by generating a current. A single photocell produces a relatively low
voltage, so solar cells are usually linked in series to
create larger solar panels.
protect the environment and contribute to the
development of isolated communities.
An important part of the company’s efforts is
still targeted at energy projects in rural areas of
South America, the Caribbean and Africa.
Isofotón has succeeded in growing, developing new products and making a profit, while
protecting the environment and creating prosperity in developing and remote areas of the world.
According to Bellido, part of the explanation is
that they do not compete with themselves.
can be used on roofs or to build pv plants. The
use of new materials as well as their technological advances, such as silicon, have contributed
substantially to the increased efficiency of the cells.
Isofotón can supply small systems for rural areas in
developing countries, such as the 35,000 systems
sold to an electricity company in Morocco, or
build complex solar power stations with panels
that track the movement of the sun. The company
is behind the solar power station in Carmona in
southern Spain, which is Europe’s largest, producing six megawatts.
Regardless of the design and purpose, the panels
are generally framed with aluminium profiles, and
Isofotón buys around 1,500 tons of aluminium
products per year.
Sapa in Spain entered into a partnership with
Isofotón a few years ago to supply anodised aluminium frames for the solar panels.
“We’re so dependent on aluminium products
that we’ve chosen to have three suppliers: one local
eu supplier and two global suppliers. We want to
safeguard deliveries to our plant and we are sure
that Sapa will continue to be one of our key suppliers,” says Bellido.
TEXT ERICO OLLER WESTERBERG
›
The efficiency of solar panels is still relatively
low at around 20 per cent. This means that a
great deal of sunlight is required to produce large
amounts of energy. One way of increasing energy
production is to mount the solar panels on a moving structure that can track the sun’s movement
across the sky, maximising electricity production.
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 15
BRIEF NOTICES
10,000
times cleaner air
Aluminium scaffold
gains ground
Because weight is an important factor when erecting scaffolding, more and more customers are choosing lightweight
aluminium scaffolding, reports wilhelm Layher, a German
company that is Europe’s leading manufacturer of scaffolding systems.
The company’s product range includes the traditional, modular scaffolding that is versatile and quick to erect, frame
scaffolding for fast and easy facade erection, as well as ladders, mobile scaffolding, stages and platforms.
wilhelm Layher aims to make scaffolding components that
are as light as possible without compromising on stability.
For many years the company has therefore used aluminium
profiles from Sapa, which are pressed, cut, punched, riveted
and welded at its plant in Eibensbach.
Demand for mobile smoking cubicles is growing rapidly
as smoking restrictions are introduced around the world.
The cubicles capture tobacco smoke effectively and mean that
smokers are no longer banished to dreary smoking rooms.
The smoking cubicles made by Swedish company Smoke
Free Systems have frames built from aluminium profiles. Various
filters in the walls remove particles and gases from the air, making it 10,000 times cleaner than air elsewhere in the room.
A new series of cubicles has now been developed for the
French market, in partnership with Sapa.
“we recommend open or semi-open cubicles, but under
French law they have to be closed. Now that our new models – the SF 6000 and smaller SF 4000 – are complete,
we can see that they’ve made a big difference,” says Bo
Dolk-Petersson, project manager at Smoke Free Systems.
Sapa was closely involved in the development work,
which took very little time. The SF 6000 went from sketch
to prototype in just four months and is now being manufactured by Sapa.
“This demonstrates Sapa’s strength. You can get aluminium profiles anywhere, but not in combination with development, prototype building, specification and consultancy,”
says Bo Dolk-Petersson.
Enjoying the spa
experience at home
The new Felicity steam shower from sauna manufacturer Tylö gives consumers the chance to
enjoy the spa experience at home. The shower
is the result of close collaboration on development between Tylö and Sapa.
Felicity takes up no more space than a shower enclosure and comes in three versions. Each
has a steam generator, thermostatic mixer, hand
shower, ceiling with shower head, control panel,
seat and shower tray.
The more exclusive models feature massage
nozzles, rain function, built-in lighting and cascade.
SHAPE • # 2 2007
The supporting structure is made from anodised
aluminium with walls and doors of toughened safety
glass. Plumbing and electronics are concealed behind
the aluminium profiles. The design places very strict
demands on dimensional tolerances and finish. Sapa
has worked closely with Tylö for many years and
Patrik karlsson from Technical Service was involved
throughout the development process.
“we were able to bounce ideas off each other
and our partnership worked well financially, as well
as speeding up the project,” says Jan Bjärnhag,
product manager for Tylö.
THE PEARL of Qatar
The Pearl is one of the world’s most extraordinary construction projects. A 400-hectare
man-made island that will provide luxury accommodation, five-star hotels, marinas and luxury
shopping. Sapa is supplying the building system for two of the first towers being built.
A
lthough Qatar is the richest country per
capita in the Arabian Peninsula, it has not
kept up with the growth of tourism as well
as neighbouring countries such as Dubai.
This is all set to change.
The Pearl has already attracted massive publicity,
and the nearer the project approaches completion,
the more attention it will get. It is an entirely new,
man-made island shaped to provide the longest
possible coastline, with several marinas designed to
provide natural harbours.
THE PEARL IS TARGETED at international investors as
well as visitors and, in the future, at residents from
all over the world. This multi-billion dollar project
is scheduled for completion in five years’ time, providing Qatar with its very own Riviera, on which
the development has been modelled.
Progress on The Pearl can be followed online, via
satellite images, a live webcam and images that are
constantly updated. Everything backs the advertisers’ message that The Pearl will one day be opulent,
luxurious and secure.
SAPA IS SUPPLYING the aluminium profiles for two of
the first tower blocks being built around one of the
marinas.
“We’ve only worked on a few exclusive projects
in the Middle East before, but we now have local
production through a firm that we’ve certified.
This means we can produce our building systems
in compliance with all us and European requirements, locally in the Middle East, which gives us a
strong competitive advantage with lead times,” says
export director Bernard de Bruyckere.
The tempo is high on The Pearl project, which
is scheduled for completion in 2009. Sapa has great
hopes of supplying solutions for more of the towers
to be built on the island.
“The strength of our solution is not only our
products, but also the support we provide to contractors who engage us. We’re involved throughout
the project right up to completion, through our
local project teams in Qatar and Abu Dhabi. This
gives the client the security that is especially important on such a big and prestigious project as The
Pearl,” says de Bruyckere.
Text Thomas Arnroth
The Pearl of Qatar is
modelled on the French
and Italian Riviera.
The Pearl in brief
• 400-hectare man-made island located
20 km north of Qatar’s capital Doha.
• 40-kilometre coastline of which half will
be beaches.
• 11,000 luxury villas are being built and the
island will have 40,000 residents.
• 700 marina berths and three five-star hotels.
• 15,000 square metres of luxury retail
space are under construction.
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 17
DESIGN
A PASSION
FOR ALUMINIUM
Furniture from Indecasa can be described as minimalist, stylistically pure, futuristic and,
not least, comfortable. The Spanish company has been making aluminium furniture for
several decades, sometimes combined with other materials, but always with winning designs.
I
ndecasa mostly makes furniture for public
spaces, specialising in chairs, benches, outdoor
furniture and lounge furniture. The furniture
always has an aluminium frame, combined with
other materials such as leather, plastics and textiles.
The company has made furniture for airports,
offices, restaurants, bars and cafes, and exports to
countries worldwide.
Indecasa was established in 1963 and began by
manufacturing garden and camping furniture,
hence the choice of this
durable and weatherresistant material.
ness with a true passion when Francisco López
de Vega describes the process from concept to
finished product. He is personally involved in
almost every aspect of the process, and although
he has no design training himself, he has firm
opinions on what he believes will work, preferring a pared-down, ‘less is more’ style.
“I either like something or I don’t,” is his
explanation of his attitude to design.
SINCE INDECASA made its first garden furniture in
Francisco López de Vega, CEO of Indecasa.
“If a piece of our furniture doesn’t contain
aluminium, then it’s not an Indecasa product,”
says Francisco López de Vega, ceo of Indecasa
and son of the founder.
WHEN FRANCISCO’S FATHER started up the company,
The Barcino chair was selected by
the design magazine MD as one of
the 200 Best Products of the Century.
18 SHAPE • # 2 2007
aluminium was a very exotic material; it was
a totally new and innovative choice for making furniture. Indecasa was relatively unique
to the market and it was not until much later
that aluminium furniture became trendy. The
choice of material and the focus on good
design have proved to be a winning concept.
The company, which is now based in the
small town of Manresa, outside Barcelona,
employs 60 people. The plant has a
number of specially made machines that
are used to cut, bend, polish and treat the
furniture components.
You can tell that Indecasa is a family busi-
the 1960s, the market has changed and so has
the company. The importance of functionality has increased, environmental awareness has
risen and interest in furnishing and design has
taken off. Good design is a strong feature of
Indecasa furniture. It is furniture that brings to
mind terms such as futuristic, hi-tech and minimalist, and one of the company’s chairs indeed
featured in the science fiction film The Matrix.
The company has a creative partnership with
a number of independent designers and often
looks outside Spain to find the right individual.
Nico Smeenk, Kurt Thut and Sapiens Design
are some of the furniture designers the company has worked with. The recently retired
designer Joan Casa has been of great importance to the company and has had a major
influence on its design language.
For Francisco López de Vega, it is important that
the partnership between the firm and the designer
is based on a good understanding and that technology and aesthetics go hand in hand. He believes
that many designers focus on how stylish the final
TRIAL
The minimalist Trial chair, with its aluminium feet and base, and its black leather
seat, featured in the film The Matrix.
›
product will be and not on the technical process.
Although aluminium is a material with
which the company’s technicians and designers have long experience, there are always some
details that can cause glitches in production.
“Aluminium is not always an easy material
to work with. We have to choose the alloy and
grain structure carefully when we make small or
fragile parts,” explains Francisco López de Vega,
adding that several pieces of furniture are made
with aluminium profiles from Sapa.
THE PLANT IN MANRESA now has its own complex
quality control process, and invests a great deal
in material analysis and research and development, as well as quality and the environment.
Aluminium is of course a recyclable material
and the company’s furniture meets the market’s
growing eco-labelling requirements. But it is a
material that also presents challenges and setbacks, says Francisco López.
“Complications can arise along the way, but I
believe that everything is possible – if you make
compromises.”
OYYO
OYYO
The Dutch industrial designer Nico
Smeenk created the Oyyo chair.
The technical process of creating the chair was complicated. But
once the prototype was finished
– the frame in aluminium and the
seat in rigid plastic with cutout
holes – it was very easy to produce.
ndå inte helt isolerad.
Text Jessica Johansson
photos Indecasa
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 19
WHAT A TA
SAFE LANDINGS WHATEVER THE WEATHER
Clearing snow effectively is critical for safety at many airports.
Lycksele Airport uses a unique system from Svenska Industriborstar
that was developed in close collaboration with Sapa.
“It’s very simple and easy to use,” says airport worker Rune
Hedman.
H
igh quality runways for takeoff and landing are essential if airports are to guarantee
the safety of passengers. In some parts of
the world the weather conditions place special
demands on maintenance – particularly in areas
that get frequent snow.
Staff at Lycksele Airport know this only too well.
Its geographic location in northern Sweden means
that the airport gets heavy snow in winter. Because
even the lightest snow covering affects plane takeoffs and landings, snow-clearing operations must
be highly efficient at all times. Snow reduces the
braking value of the runway, which is measured
regularly using special equipment.
“A low braking value reduces the braking performance of the plane. Among other things that
increases the risk that the plane will not stop in
20 SHAPE • # 2 2007
time on the landing runway. It also makes the
plane more susceptible to side winds,” says airport
worker Rune Hedman.
To ensure that takeoff and landing runways
always have sufficiently high braking values,
sweeper and blower machines are usually towed
behind the snow ploughs. After the runway has
been ploughed clear, these machines sweep away
the remaining snow and blow the runway clear.
“In winter we basically run the machines every
day, and if we get snow it can be several times a
day,” says Rune.
The brushes on the machines have a big impact
on the effectiveness of snow clearing. Because the
machines at Lycksele Airport are used frequently,
the worn brushes generally need to be replaced
several times each season. The brush system that
has been developed by Svenska Industriborstar
(sib) uses brushes housed in cassettes that can be
replaced without dismantling the brush shaft.
Rune Hedman explains that this is a big improvement over other systems, which require removal of
the brush shaft during replacement.
“You remove a ring, pull out the old cassette
from its slot and fit a new one. It’s a very simple
system that is easy to use and saves us a lot of time,”
he says.
blower machines can also be
used in summer when the snow has gone. In
2004 the airport at Lycksele was extended.
Before every takeoff and landing the machines
were sent out to clear building sand and gravel
from the runways.
The sweeper and
SK!
The brushes are
mainly used for
snow, but can also
be used to clear
sand and gravel
from runways.
The brush
cassettes fit
into slots in the
profiles, making
them easy to
replace.
Rune Hedman is
an old hand at
clearing snow from
Lycksele Airport.
The machines can also be used to remove
rubber deposits from the runway surface.
sib was founded in 1955 and the company
employs 15 people, based in Västerås. At the
end of the 1970s the company introduced the
unique, patented brush system that now forms
the core of its business. Markets for the brush
system include Scandinavia, Russia, Greenland,
Canada and the usa.
The sib system consists of a shaft with slots into
which the brush cassettes slide. Previously the shaft
was made of a steel tube to which aluminium profiles were attached. Now the shaft is manufactured
entirely from aluminium profiles that are made by
Sapa. The shaft consists of five parts, or profiles,
that are joined to create a cylinder. sib makes the
shafts in two different diameters and the length is
tailored to the customer’s requirements.
“Because it was difficult and expensive to get
hold of steel tube for production we chose to
make the shafts from aluminium profiles instead.
Aluminium is cheaper and lighter. Aluminium
also permits more variations in the design,” says
Caroline Droeser, ceo of sib.
SAPA HAS BEEN SUPPLYING SIB for around 20 years and
helped to develop the system.
Caroline Droeser explains that Sapa’s expertise is
one of the key reasons why sib chose to work more
closely with the company.
“We’re always discussing how we can improve
the product. We try to find new solutions together
all the time. Thanks to Sapa we are kept updated
on new techniques and ways of working with alu-
minium. That know-how is one of main reasons
we have chosen Sapa as a partner,” she says.
Sapa now supplies almost five times as many
aluminium profiles to sib as it did five years ago.
Patrick Massana, a sales representative with Sapa,
explains that Sapa and sib keep in touch regularly,
usually a couple of times a month. Sapa also makes
regular visits to sib, up to five times each year.
“It can be more often when we’re developing new
products. I believe that collaboration of this type is
best for both partners. For us at Sapa it is important
that the product we develop gives the best performance for our customers. We work hard to improve
our products continuously, and to come up with
ideas and suggestions,” he says.
Text Carl Hjelm
photo SAMUEL ARNFJELL
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 21
Focusing
on the wall
When Danish company BANG & OLUFSEN needed profiles
for a new store presentation stand they contacted Sapa.
The result was not just a stand that was discreet and easy
to use, but also the start of a deeper collaboration.
T
he Focus Wall presentation stand is an
important element in bang & olufsen
stores that is designed to show off the latest
products and promotional messages. Because of
this it has to be updated regularly.
“It’s important that our in-store furnishings are discreet and elegant. We
want our products to take centre stage.
Aluminium frames fit this requirement
very well,” says Juval Friis Philosof,
in-house store designer with bang &
olufsen.
In August 2006 Sapa in Denmark received an
enquiry from bang & olufsen. Discussions followed and a series of improvements were made
to the specification of requirements. Sapa’s complete solution entails providing everything from
aluminium frames to screws and fittings, in the
form of a complete “ikea kit” that is delivered
direct bang & olufsen’s central warehouse.
with aluminium the weight
of the entire package has been reduced from 25
to 16 kilograms. Handling costs have also been
reduced by using simpler packaging.
“Sapa’s expertise was a great help to us. We’ve
continuously raised the bar and arrived at new
solutions together,” says Thomas Svendsgaard,
buyer with bang & olufsen.
There is big demand for Focus Wall version
2.0. The stands are needed in a large number of
new stores and for updating existing stores.
In order to meet bang & olufsen’s pricing and
capacity requirements Sapa took a fresh approach
to production, including investing in a robot system to simplify machining of the profiles.
BY REPLACING STEEL
22 SHAPE • # 2 2007
“This work presented a challenge to optimise
our own processes,” says Johnny Christensen,
an engineer, and Thomas Behrndtz, key
account manager with Sapa Profiler a/s.
Automation and a combination of new
techniques give Sapa the opportunity to make
improvements in pricing and quality.
“A central part of Sapa’s philosophy is to be
a partner in collaboration. Together with the
customer we create a ‘win-win’ situation. The
Focus Wall project has meant more than financial benefits alone for bang & olufsen and for
Sapa,” says Thomas Behrndtz.
text Jesper Elm Larsen
PHOTO MAGNUS GLANS
Focus Wall in brief
• The presentation stand consists of a sheet
of MDF that provides a mounting surface,
an aluminium frame made from profiles and
horizontal profiles for shelves. The horizontal
profiles are threaded internally so that they can
easily be attached to the MDF sheet using
specially developed heavy-duty screws.
• The Focus Wall comes in two sizes: 120 and
180 centimetres wide. A silicone strip makes
it easy to attach textile banners to the aluminium
frame.
PROFILE
IN THE HANDS oF
DAVID MARSHALL
David Marshall is an artist who
combines aluminium with
materials such as glass, leather
and wood. The results are
fantastic works of art.
M
ultitalented Scottish polymath David
Marshall has been practising his art for
many years in his adopted homeland of
Spain, more precisely Ronda in Andalusia. He has
a colourful background and has worked among
other things as a copywriter, welder, architect and
jewellery designer (for clients that have included
Christian Dior).
However, David Marshall is still best known
for his sculptures and design work, which include
furniture and lamps. He first took an interest in
aluminium during a trip to Colombia over thirty
years ago. David took a job as a welder and was
able to try working with aluminium, learning
about its properties, good and bad.
“You can do things with aluminium that you
can’t do with other materials. I can make the material move, I can bend it and cast it,” he comments
on his fascination for this metal.
At the start of his
career David Marshall
used a lot of scrap
material – why not
convert waste into
something beautiful?
Scrap, old cars and
gearboxes, were transformed into art in his
hands. “It’s a sort of
creative recycling,” he
explains.
tions, but the end result is
always unique and unusual;
every piece is different.”
David Marshall does not like
minimalism and feels we have
too many pared-down designs
around us today. He believes
that too few people make
things with their own hands,
so he travels widely around the
world learning from other artists and craftsmen. He has, for
instance, worked with smiths
ALUMINIUM IS NOT an
in Rajasthan, drum makers in
easy material to work
Ghana and leather craftsmen
David Marshall works in Spain, but his art
with, according to
in Indonesia – a mixture of
also sells in the Nordic region, Ireland and
David Marshall. He
tradition and inspiration that
has had to experiment Saudi Arabia.
clearly influences his art in
a great deal to get the
the form of fantastic organic
results he wanted. It
shapes.
is a brittle and delicate material, but he sees it
He likes to combine his favourite material with
as a challenge and loves working with old craft
others, such as pigskin, glass, wood and wool, and
techniques.
often brings home unusual materials from his travDavid uses the material as it is, or melts it to
els. He recently began collaborating with local glass
make castings and sculptures.
craftsmen in Thailand, for example.
“It takes discipline to work with aluminium,
but because I get bored easily it is the perfect
challenge for me. I have some technical limitaTExT JESSICA JoHANSSoN
# 2 2007 SHAPE • 23
AND FINALLY
PRoFILES GIvE
GYROCOPTER A LIFT
It’s not a plane and it’s not a
helicopter. The gyrocopter, or
autogyro, is sort of a mix of
both – only much cheaper. You
can park the popular AutoGyro
MT-03 on your own driveway for
“just” 50,000 euro.
L
ike an aeroplane, an autogyro is powered
by a propeller; but the autogyro has no
wings. Instead, it is fitted with a rotor
blade that is turned by the headwind and
updraughts, giving good lift even at low speeds.
Some differences between a gyrocopter and
a helicopter are that the gyro doesn’t need a tail
rotor (which keeps the helicopter from spinning round) and that the gyrocopter can’t do a
vertical takeoff – although in a headwind it only
needs a takeoff run of ten metres. A “prerotator”
is used to pick up the rotor speed to 250 rpM.
on the AutoGyro MT-03 is
manufactured by HTc/AutoGyro in Hildesheim
in Germany, and this is where Sapa comes into
the picture. The rotor blade is made of two aluminium sections, each four metres long.
Designing the sections was a technical challenge. Their walls are just 1.1 millimetres thick,
THE VITAL ROTOR
24 SHAPE • # 2 2007
but very strong,
and able to handle high vertical
stresses without
twisting.
Rotor blade made from profiles.
“They also
have a very asymmetrical profile. But we worked with the Sapa
in Belgium and succeeded in creating a geometric shape that met all the requirements,”
says Michael Brodam, who is responsible for
application & design engineering at Sapa in
Düsseldorf.
The MT-03 is described as safe and relatively
easy to learn to fly. The standard version costs just
over 50,000 euro. Add to that the cost of obtaining a ul-b flight certificate, about 5,000 euro. The
little flying machine is easy to load on a trailer and
park in a regular garage.
TExT THoMAS ÖSTBERG