World markets for hand picked and selected (HPS)groundnuts N.V.

Resource Managment Program
Economics Group
Progress Report- 82
World markets for hand picked and selected (HPS)groundnuts
N.V.Narasimham, M.Von Oppen, and P.Parthasarathy Rao
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics
Patancheru P.O.
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, INDIA
October 1987
Contents
Page
Introduction
1
Consumption Pattern of HPSGs
4
Preferred Quality Characteristics
10
Quality requirements for HPSG kernals
10
Quality requirements for unshelled HPSGs
12
World Trade in HPSGs
13
Exports
15
Imports
17
World Market Prices of HPSGs
19
Production Consumption and Trade in USA
24
Summary and Conclusion
28
References
31
WORLD MARKETS FOR HAND PICKED AND SELECTED (HPS) GROUNDNUTS
N.V. Narasimham, M. von Oppen, and P. Parthasarathy Rao*
Introduction
Groundnuts (Arachis Hypogaea, L.), or peanuts, are a food
that is rich in protein and oil. Groundnut kernels contain
42% to 50% oil, 26% protein, 18% carbohydrates and are a
source of riboflavin, thiamine, nicotinic acid, and Vitamin
E. The digestability of groundnut kernels is high, with
little difference between raw and processed nuts. Appendix
Table 1 presents the selected nutrients available in
groundnuts and groundnut products compared to recommended
dietary allowance for a healthy adult.
Groundnuts for edible
use
requires
considerable
processing and sorting to ensure high quality: removal of
stones and other foreign matter; removal of shell, removal
of kernels that are shrivelled, off-color, or otherwise
unsatisfactory; and grading for size and uniformity. In
* Research Fellow, Director, and Senior Research Associate,
Resource
Management Program respectively, International
Crops Research Institute for
the
Semi-Arid
Tropics,
Patancheru, P.O., Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India. The
authors are thankful to G. Chandrasekhar, Secretary, Indian
Oil and Produce Exporters Association (IOPEA), Bombay, for
his help in the collection of data. The authors would also
like to thank G. Chandrasekhar and R.A.E. Mueller for
comments on an earlier draft and Md. Nayeemuddin for data
compilation.
:2
Table 1. Clasification of countries by size of kernel
they supply.
Small
(60-80 counts)
Medium
(40-60 counts)
Large
(20-40 counts)
US Spanish
Nigeria
China Virginias
South Africa Natals
Brazil
Malawi
Sudan
US Runners
US Virginias
Indian Javas
Indian Bolds
:
3
:
this process a large measure of hand sorting is needed to
get the required quality. Therefore, edible groundnuts are
traditionally called 'Hand Picked and Selected Groundnuts'
or 'HPS Groundnuts' (HPSG) in trade circles. In high wage
countries machines are also used for sorting, but outside
the USA machines are rarely used for the entire sorting
process.
HPSGs are graded into sizes which confirm to counts per
ounce [1]. For instance, 55-60 count means 55 to 60 kernels
per ounce. Based on this count, kernels are classified into
four broad groups; small (60-80 counts); medium (40-60
counts); large (30-40 counts); and very large kernels (20-30
counts); Usually, counts have a range of 10 for small
kernels, a range of 5 for medium and large kernels, and a
range of 2 for very large kernels. Similarly, a range of 2
is prefered for nuts-in-shell. HPSGs are normally indicated
by country of origin, varietal group and count; for
instance, Indian Bold 55/60; US Virginias 28/30; South
Africa Natals 60/70; etc. As shown in Table 1, some of the
major exporting countries of the world are classified
according to the counts of kernels they supply. Only the
USA is supplying groundnuts of all count groups.
The objective of this study is to analyse the nature
and scope of the markets for edible groundnuts in the world.
In the following sections the consumption patterns; quality
[1] One ounce is equal to 28.5 gm.
considerations;
world
trade
and prices of HPGs are
described. Besides a brief outline on production,
consumption and trade of edible groundnuts in the U.S.A. is
presented.
Consumption Patterns of HPSGs
The utilisation pattern of groundnuts in producing countries
is presented in Table 2. The producing countries are
divided into six groups based on level of production. On an
average we find that more than one quarter of groundnut
production is used as edible groundnuts among all the
producing countries. Looking at the groups individually we
find that the utilisation pattern differs between minor and
major producing countries. Food use is higher among minor
producing countries and it declines gradually for countries
with higher production.
For instance, in the first group
food use is 75% as against 20% in the last group [2].
For
details of groundnut area and production for these groups
see Appendix Table 2.
Table 3 shows that the majority of the importing
countries consume groundnuts mostly in edible form (as
distinct from oil consumption). Only Switzerland, Portugal,
Italy and France crush larger quantities for oil extraction.
This indicates that groundnuts are imported mainly for
edible purposes.
[2] In the 5th group food use declines to 23% if we exclude
Indonesia which consumes 80% in food use. Similarly, in the
last group food use reduce to 12% if the USA is excluded.
:
5
:
Table 2. Groundnut consumption patterns in producing countries
by production groups (Average of 1981-85).
S.No.
Production
Group
Domestic consumption '000 t
No. of
countries
Crush
Food
Seed/feed
Total
1.
< 50
'000 t
22
1291
(22)
443
(75)
16
(3)
588
(100)
2.
51-100
'000 t
14
281
(27)
707
(67)
66
(6)
1054
(100)
3.
101-200
'000 t
7
366
(42)
387
(44)
113
(13)
866
(100)
4.
201-500
'000 t
3
437
(59)
234
(32)
61
(8)
732
(100)
5.
501-1000
'000 t
5
1642
(52)
1177
(37)
341
(11)
3160
(100)
6.
> 1000
'000 t
3
7944
(71)
2047
(19)
1246
(11)
11237
(100)
54
10799
(61)
4995
(28)
1843
(11)
17637
(100)
■
All countries
1. Figures in parentheses are percentages to total.
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Services (1985),
supplement 1-85.
:
6
:
Table 3. Consumption pattern in major groundnut importing
countries.
Domestic consumption
Country
Imports Reexports Crush Food
Seed/
feed
Total
'000 t
Belgium
13
1
8
4
-
12
Spain
23
-
-
25
2
27
Switzerland
24
-
20
4
-
24
Portugal
28
-
28
-
-
28
Singapore
34
18
-
16
-
16
USSR
52
-
-
53
-
53
Italy
57
-
36
21
-
57
West Germany
80
20
-
58
2
60
Japan
81
-
3
107
23
133
France
82
1
55
26
-
81
Hong Kong
85
69
-
16
-
16
Canada
87
-
-
87
-
87
Netherlands
101
18
-
82
2
84
UK
125
-
-
128
-
128
Total
872
127
150
627
29
806
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Servicce (1985),
supplement 1-85.
:
7
:
Edible groundnuts are consumed in a variety of ways
[3].
•
Important among them are:
Butter: Peanut butter is prepared by grinding roasted
and blanched kernels, with or without germs, to which
seasoning and stabilizing ingredients may be added. Such
ingredients do not in the aggregate exceed 10% of the
weight of the finished product. The oil content of the
kernels
is
sometimes adjusted by the addition or
subtraction of oil.
Butter is used as a sandwitch
spread, in candies, and as a flavorant for sweets.
•
Roasted and salted kernels:
Blanched or unblanched
kernels are first roasted later salted at a level of
about 2% of total weight.
There are three types of
roasted and salted kernels:
(1) dry roasted kernels, (2)
oil roasted kernels, and (3) defatted or deoiled roasted
kernels (oil content in the kernels is reduced before
roasting). Roasted kernels are directly consumed, often
together with beer or other beverages, and they are a
favourite TV snack.
•
Confectionaries: Groundnuts are used in more than 50
varieties of candies ranging from simple formulations,
[3] For more details on edible uses of groundnuts see
Mottern (1973), Burns and Huffman (1975), Tressler and
Woodroof (1976), and SEDIAC (1980).
such as groundnut brittle which contains only groundnuts
and sugar, to complex products in which groundnuts may be
blended in numerous ways with chocolate, starch, egg
solids, butter, cream, etc. Groundnuts for candies are
usually dry roasted and may or may not be blanched.
Groundnuts are also used in a variety of bakery
products. Kernels are flaked as cake or biscuit
decoration or crushed into large grains for use, often
together with other nuts, to flavour the product.
• Nut-in-shell:
Unshelled groundnuts are roasted
and
consumed directly. Roasted nuts are consumed during
mostly out-of-door entertainment and social activities,
such as sports events, evening and Sunday promenades,
cinema, etc. Unshelled groundnuts are also boiled, with
or without salt, and consumed directly.
Apart from the above uses, HPSGs are also recently used
in the preparation of protein concentrates and protein
isolates [4].
Consumption patterns are not uniform across countries
(Figure 1). For instance, the USA, and Canada consume more
than 50% in butter preparation while West Germany, United
Kingdom, and Netherlands consume groundnuts predominently in
the form of roasted and salted kernels. In France, two
[41 For details on peanut protein concentrates and isolates
see Allen et.al .
(1973) and Carter, et.
al (1975).
Figure 1. Percentage shares of HPSG kernels consumed
in different uses in selected countries.
A = Butter
B = Roasted & Salted
kernel
C = Confectioneries
D = Others
Netherlands
Canada
United Kingdom
52.6
United States of America
West Germany
5.9 /29.4
France
2.0
Spain
64.7
0.0
10
thirds
of
the total consumption is in the form of
confectionaries.
Mediterranean
countries
like
Spain,
Portugal, and Italy consume higher proportions of
nuts-in-shell. The preference for unshelled groundnuts is
mainly for out of door entertainments and social activities.
Preferred Quality Characteristics
Quality requirements of HPSGs largely depend on the end use
of the commodity. The following quality characters are
generally observed.
Quality requirements for HPSG kernels:
•
Cleanliness: Kernels must be free from foreign matter
such as soil, stones, husk, etc. Kernels must be whole
and free from shrivelled, damaged, infested and machine
damaed kernels.
•
Size: Kernels are graded between 20 to 80 counts per
ounce.
The whole consignment should fall within the
count range specified by buyers.
•
Shape: Kernels must be fully developed; regular and
uniform shapes are preferred.
•
Color: Pink and light brown colors are preferred. Color
should be natural and should not be either too dark or
: 11
too pale. All variegated and discolored kernels must be
removed.
•
Kernel texture: Manufacturers prefer tender and crisp
kernels with relatively soft texture. Hard, tough, or
gummy kernels are not desirable for human consumption.
•
Flavor:
Natural
peanut
flavors--nuttyness
and
sweetness--are prefered. These flavors depend to a large
extent upon the extent of pod maturity, harvesting, and
storage practices.
•
Ease of blanching: Kernels should blanch easily without
slipping or chipping. At the same time the skin of the
kernel (testa) should not be too weak. If it is weak,
kernels may split or chip in transit and handling.
•
Moisture level: Moisture content of 5% is desirable and
upto 7% is acceptable. If moisture is too low, there is
possibility for kernel splitting while higher moisture
(beyond 7%) may cause mould growth leading to kernel
damage.
•
Oil content: Earlier, low oil content was prefered; now
it is not considered as an important characteristic.
Since oil content affects the cooking time, oil content
is important only when groundnuts are used for roasting
However the free fatty acid (FFA) ,content of the kernel
12 :
should be less than 1% otherwise they are not suitable
for direct human consumption and also the shelf life of
the retail product is low.
•
Aflatoxin: HPSGs are regarded as aflatoxin[5] free when
the aflatoxin level is below 5 ppb. Many importing
countries are demanding aflatoxin free guarantees and
have fixed maximum tolerance limits for aflatoxin.
Quality requirements for unshelled HPSGs:
•
Cleanliness:
Pods should be free from any foreign
materials such as stones, dirt, etc. Blindnuts or pops,
pods damaged by water or by insects and pests, and pods
with broken ends should be removed.
•
Pod color: Bright creamy color is highly prefered.
•
Pod size:
Two seeded pods with 10-12 counts
are
prefered. Three seed pods are also widely marketed.
•
Pod texture: Thick shelled nuts are very well suitable
[5] The aflatoxin problem was first realised in 1960 in
Britain during the investigations into the causes of the
death of several turkey poults in the United Kingdom.
Investigations led to the discovery that the deaths were due
to the toxic organisms contained in the groundnut meal that
was used in the preparation of birds' feed. It was revealed
that strains of the fungus Aspergillus Flavus were
responsible
producing the toxin which was named
for
'Aflatoxin'.
1.3
:
for roasted nuts while thin shelled nuts are consumed
unroasted.
Apart from these general quality characteristics, buyers
also place orders with special requests. One such example
of special orders is for cadburrys purposes where kernels
should be more uniform in shape and size with roundish
edges. To meet such special orders kernels are regarded for
uniform size and shape.
The above characteristics are mostly evident qualities
and the preference for certain cryptic characteristics like
protein, sugar, etc., are not clear. Specific groundnut
varieties grown in certain countries are preferred depending
on end use of edible groundnuts. This implies that the
consumers prefer quality mix contained in those varieties.
World Trade in HPSGs
The share of HPSG trade in world groundnut production is
below 5%, and has remained constant around 3 to 4% from 1980
onwards (Table 4). In absolute terms the volume of HPSG
trade increased from 345 000 t to 457 000 t between 1968 and
1985. Where compared to groundnut trade the share of HPSG
trade in total groundnut trade has been increasing steadily
from 1968 onwards from 22% to 60%. This indicates that
groundnuts are increasingly being traded for edible purposes
as distinct from trade in groundnut oil. HPSGs are traded
Table 4. Share of HPS groundnut trade in total groundnut trade.
Year
World
Groundnut
Production
Groundnut
trade
World
HPSG
Trade
Kernal equivalent in '000 t
HPSGs
trade as
% to
groundnut
trade
HPSGs
trade as
% of
groundnut
production
1968
10913
1602
345
21.5
3.2
1969
11645
1267
351
27.7
3.0
1970
12744
987
374
37.9
2.9
1971
12748
879
368
41.9
2.9
1972
11164
907
416
45.9
3.7
1973
11941
984
448
45.5
3.8
1980
11912
731
456
62.4
3.8
1981
14742
829
438
52.8
3.0
1982
13162
724
450
62.2
3.4
1983
13854
751
457
60.8
3.3
: 15
in the form of kernel as well as nuts-in-shell. However,
the trade in kernels is by far the larger. For instance,
during 1968 to 1973 the share of kernels in the total HPSG
trade was about 85%. HPSGs are imported mostly unprocessed
and final products are prepared in the importing countries.
Exports
USA, China, and India are the major traditional exporters of
HPSG kernels (Table 5).
These three countries together
account for more than 40% of total HPSG trade.
Malawi,
Sudan, and South Africa come next as major exporters, and
each of these three countries concentrate on one market and
have developed their production to meet the specialized
requirements of that particular market. For instance,
Malawi mostly exports to U.K. while Sudan concentrates on
West Germany. Argentina has emerged as a major exporter in
the recent years. Among all these countries, only exports
from Argentinia, USA and China showed an increasing trend.
The increasing trend in exports has led to an increase in
the export market shares of these three countries.
Some of the reasons for the decline of the exports from
India and other countries are:
demand,
(2)
particularly
inability
aflatoxin
to
free
meet
(1) increased domestic
quality
guarantees,
standards,
and
(3)
deteriorating relationships between buyers and sellers
caused by either production fluctuations or changes in
government export policies.
]6
Table 5.
Average HPS groundnut kernel exports by selected
countries and % share to world total during 1968-73
and 1980-83.
1968-73
Country
Argentina
Exports
'000 t
1980-83
% to world
Total
Exports
'000 t
% to world
Total
1
0
51
11
Brazil
17
5
11
2
India
43
13
33
7
Malawi
29
9
10
2
Africa
32
10
28
6
Sudan
.s
U.S.A.
27
8
22
5
88
27
150
33
China
32
10
72
16
Others
67
20
70
15
331
100
World
450
100
Source: Wilson 1973; The public ledger 1983, Gill _Duffus 1984,
1985 and 1986.
17
During 1980-83, India accounted for 33% of world
groundnuts production but contributed only about 8% to world
HPSG exports. China's share in world trade is closer to its
share in production. For other countries, particularly USA
and South Africa, shares in HPSG trade are higher than their
shares in production.
Unshelled HPSGs are supplied by a number of countries
each of them supplying a small part. Brazil is the largest
exporter contributing one fourth of the total unshelled
supplies. The Middle East, together with North - East
Africa, is generally regarded as the main supplying area
(Wilson 1973).
Imports
Major importing countries of HPSG kernels are UK, Federal
Republic of Germany, Netherlands, USSR, Japan, and Canada
(Table 6). These six countries together account for around
80% of total HPS kernel imports. Imports by all these
countries increased significantly during 1968 to 1985.
Particularly, imports by Netherlands, and USSR have almost
doubled.
The USA is the major supplier to all the major
importing countries. 86% of Canada's imports are from the
USA. Similarly, UK, and Netherlands import around 50% of
18
Table 6. Average HPS groundnut kernel imports by selected
countries and % share to world total during 1968-73
and 1980-83.
1968-73
Country
Exports
'000 t
1980-83
% to world
Total
Exports
'000 t
% to world
Total
West Germany
43
13
49
11
Netherlands
39
12
70
16
U.K.
59
18
79
17
U.S.S.R
23
7
45
10
Canada
49
15
59
13
Japan
57
17
57
13
Others
61
18
91
20
331
100
450
100
World
Source: Wilson 1973; The public ledger 1983; and Gill _Duffus
1984, 1985, and 1986.
19
their requirements from the USA. Japan imports 40% of its
requirement from China and 36% from USA. Only West Germany
depended on three countries:
The USA (30%), Argentina
(27%), and South Africa (21%) (Table 7).
The reasons for
dependence of the major importing countries on a few
exporting countries, is due to preference for certain
varieities depending on end use of edible groundnuts. Thus
a large degree of specialization is involved in HPSG trade.
Details of trade by count (size) are not available.
Demand for different counts depend upon the end use as well
as consumer preferences. West Germany is a market for small
nuts with preference for 50-80 counts while a major part of
the imports into UK are 40-50 counts. Japan is also a
market for small nuts. Spain and France import large nuts
while Holland imports complete range of kernel sizes.
France, Italy, and Spain are the major importing
countries of unshelled HPSGs. These three countries
together account for about 50% of the unshelled HPSG
imports. Italy is the biggest importer (20,000 t) of
unshelled HPSGs followed by West Germany and France with
about 10,000 t each. UK, Canada, and Netherlands import
around 5,000 t each while Belgium and Denmark import hardly
1,000 t each.
World Market Prices of HPSGs
Groundnuts are the cheapest among all the edible nuts.
20
Table 7. Imports of HPS groundnut kernels - major importers by principal
origins.
(Average for 1979-85.)
Importing Countries
Exporting
Countries
Canada
Netherlands
West Germany
U.K
Japan1
3.0
(5)
' 000 t
Argentina
092
(1)
21.2
(29)
13.5
(27)
1.8
(2)
Brazil
0.1
(0)
0.2
(0)
0.1
(0)
1.4
(2)
China
4.4
(7
9.3
(13)
3.6
(7)
11.3
(14)
0.4
(1)
0.8
(1)
1.2
(2)
1.6
(2)
Malawi
0.1
(0)
0.1
5.8
(7)
Paraguay
0.1
1.6
(3)
0.1
4.4
(6)
10.7
(21)
4.1
(5)
0.9
(1)
3.1
(6)
2.5
(3)
)
India
South Africa
0.3
Sudan
24.5
(43)
4.0
(7)
U.S.A.
52.1
(86)
31.4
(43)
15.1
(30)
45.5
(56)
20.6
(36)
Others
2.5
(4)
4.2
(5)
1.5
(3)
6.8
(9)
4.5
(8)
61
(100)
74
(100)
51
(100)
81
(100)
(57)
(100)
Total
1. Average for 1981 to 1985
2. Figures in parentheses refer to percentage in total.
Source: Gill and Duffus, (May 1985, April 1986;)
and Man Producten Rotherdam BV (1985).
Price ratios of groundnuts with other edible nuts are shown
in Table 8. Prices of most of the other nuts are higher
than groundnut prices by 2 to 6 times. Only desiccated
coconut prices are some what closer to groundnut prices.
Edible grade groundnut prices largely depend upon the
price of milling grade groundnuts in the world market.
Milling grade prices depend upon the groundnut production in
the world as well as the production of other substitutable
oils and oilseeds. Small changes in the production of major
HPSG exporting countries also produce large imbalances in
edible groundnut supplies leading to fluctuations in prices.
Figure 2 presents edible grade (US Runners 40/50s) and
milling grade kernel prices in the world market. After
initial decline in 1971 and 1972, prices of edible groundnut
Kernels showed increasing trend until 1980. In 1980 prices
rose very steeply and touched an all time high owing to crop
failure in the USA. During that year groundnut production
in USA was 40% lower than in the previous year and around
90 000 t were imported. As a result there was short supply
in the world market and prices rose steeply. The sharp price
rise for edible grade groundnut is because edible groundnuts
cannot be easily substituted in the seperate, edible nut
market. In contrast milling grade groundnut prices not only
depend on groundnut production but also on production and
prices of substitutable oils. Since then, barring a sharp
rise in 1983-84, prices showed a downward trend. However,
the premium for edible grades over milling grades in the
22 :
Table 8. Price ratios between edible groundnut kernel and other
edible nut kernels.
Year
Hazelnuts: Walnuts:
Almonds: Brazils: Cashews: Coconut:
Groundnut Groundnut Grounsnut Groundnut Groundnut Groundnut
1979
5.8
2.8
5.1
1.7
3.4
4.3
1980
4.0
1.8
5.1
1.3
3.5
3.0
1981
2.1
1.8
5.2
0.8
2.1
2.2
1982
2.8
4.5
6.5
0.9
2.4
4.7
1983
3.0
3.3
4.6
1.2
2.1
3.0
1984
3.9
2.3
6.6
1.8
2.7
2.8
1985
4.0
2.8
8.1
1.4
4.7
4.5
23
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24 :
world market appears to be higher in the later years as
compared to the earlier years.
increasing
cost
of
The reasons may
processing,
and/or
be:
increased
profitability in preparing HPSGs. Actually, the
profitability for any exporting country depends upon the
parity between its domestic prices and edible grade prices
in the world market.
Average price and price range for edible groundnut
kernels of different origins are presented in Appendix Table
3. Prices vary not only overtime but also from variety to
variety and these variations largly depend on the volume of
production, in a particular year and demand. Owing to crop
failure in the U.S.A. in 1980 prices of all varieties of
HPSGs increased abnormally. The price range within a
particular variety is also high (10 to 50% variation from
average price) indicating variation in quality
characteristics.
Production, Consumption and Trade in USA
The USA is a major consumer and exporter of
groundnuts.
Therefore,
edible
a detailed picture of edible
groundnuts in the USA is presented below. Groundnut
consumption in edible uses steadily increased from 449 000 t
in 1964-66 to 688 000 t in 1983-85 (Table 9). In the total
food use, 47% is consumed in butter preparation, 21% for
roasted and salted kernels, 20% in candy preparation, 10%
25 :
Table 9. Edible groundnut consumption in different
uses in USA.
Average quantities in '000 t
Type of
consumption
1964-66
1983-85
Peanut butter
220
(49)1
310
(46)
Peanut candy
81
(18)
134
(20)
Salted peanuts
98
(22)
139
(21)
10
(2)
(
Peanut butte
sandwiches i
Cleaned in shell
Other
Total
31
(6)
11
1)
66
(9)
8
(1)
8
(1)
449
(100)
668
(100)
1. Figure in parentheses refer to % shares in total.
2. Peanut butter used in sandwich snacks sold
commercially.
Source: USDA Economic Research Service (1985); and
McArther et al. (1982).
26 :
in-shell roasting, and the balance in commercial peanut
butter snack sandwiches and other uses.
The USA produces four main types
(McArthur
et.
al.
of
groundnuts
1982) each of which has special
characteristics that affect its food uses (Table 10).
1. Runner: It accounts for 68% of total US
production.
groundnut
Kernels are odd in shape and size. 60% of
this variety is consumed in butter preperations, and 20%
in candy preperations.
2. Virginia: It accounts for 20% of US groundnut production.
It has the largest kernel size and red skin. 45% of this
variety is consumed roasted in shell, and 24% roasted and
salted.
3. Spanish:
It accounts
for
11%
of
US
groundnut
production. Kernels are small in size, covered with
brown skin, and contain more oil than the other types.
It is consumed in about equal shares in three major
uses--butter, roasted and salted kernel, and candy.
4. Valencia: Accounts for only 1% of US production.
Each
pod usually contains three or more small kernels. They
are very sweet and usually consumed out of shell after
roasting/boiling.
27
Table 10. Average U.S domestic food use of groundnuts
by type (1982-83 to 1984-85)
Type
Food use 1
(Shelled basis)
% share to
total
'000 t
465
78
Virginias
84
14
Spanish
50
8
599
100
Runner
Total
1. Excludes roasting stocks which are not
broken down by type.
28 :
Table 11 indicates that the USA exports HPSGs mainly in raw
form and the export of finished products like butter,
prepared or preserved products, etc., is limited. Since the
shelf life of the finished products is limited, importers
prefer to import raw HPSGs and process domestically.
Summary and Conclusions
The nature and scope of markets for hand picked and selected
groundnuts (HPSG) or edible groundnuts has been described in
this paper. Edible uses of groundnuts is higher in minor
producing countries and majority of the importing countries.
Utilisation pattern in various edible uses is different
betweem countries. Preferences for certain evident
qualities like size, shape, color, and texture are clear.
HPSG consumers prefer certain varieties grown in certain
countries depending on the end use of the product implying
that a particular mix of these quality characteristics are
preferred.
Around 4% of world groundnut production is traded as
HPS groundnuts.
However HPSGs account for about 60% of
total trade in groundnuts as distinct from trade
groundnut oil.
in
The trade in HPS groundnut kernel is far
larger than nuts-in-shell.
The USA, China, Argentina,
India, South Africa, Malawi and Sudan together account for
about 80% of the world HPS groundnut exports. The shares of
the USA, China, and Argentina have increased considerably
29
Table 11. U.S. Exports of HPS Groundnuts and products by country of
(Average of 1979-80 to 1983-84.)
destination.
Country
Unshelled
Shelled
Prepared and/
or preserved
Oil
Butter
'000 t
France
1.6
41.2
0.6
1.6
0.0
West Germany
2.5
4.8
1.0
0.2
0.1
Netherlands
2.0
28.4
4.9
2.1
0.0
United Kingdom
1.7
33.7
5.0
3.2
0.0
Canada
5.2
45.8
2.4
2.4
0.6
Japan
0.4
20.7
0.9
4.9
1.5
Spain
Switzerland
2.5
0.7
0.2
9.5
1.2
Saudi Arabia
Others
Total
8.3
16.8
2.6
0.8
2.5
24.2
205.8
18.9
10.5
5.1
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Circular, Oilseeds and Products
1985.
30 :
and now they jointly account for 70% of the world exports
while the shares of other countries declined. For minor
producing countries the shares in world HPS groundnut
exports are higher than their shares in world groundnut
production. U.K, Canada, West Germany, Netherlands, Japan,
and U.S.S.R are the major importing countries. They jointly
account for about 80% of world imports.
countries
Each of these
have developed patronage with few exporting
countries and a major share of their requirements is met by
those limited number of suppliers.
References
Allen J. St., Angelo, and Godfrey, E. Mann. 1973. Peanut
Pages 559-592 in Peanut Culture and Uses.
proteins.
Oklahoma, USA:
The Ameri-Can Peanut Research and
Education Association Inc.
Rotterdam,
Anon. Various issues. HPS groundnut report.
The Netherlands: Man Producten Rotterdam Bv.
Food quality of
1975.
Burns, E.E., and Huffman, V.L.
Pages 126-131 in Peanut Production
peanut products.
Agricultural
The
Texas
in Texas.
Texas, USA:
Experiment Station.
Protein concentrates
1975.
Carter, C.M., and Rhee, K.C.
and isolates. Pages 115-125 in Peanut Production in
Texas. Texas, USA: The Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station.
'Edible Nut Market Reports'. Various issues
Gill & Duffus.
(St. Dunstan's House, 201 Borough High Street, London
SE1 1HW).
and
McArthur, W.C., Verner, N. Grise., Harry 0. Doty Jr.,
Peanut Industry.
Duane, Hacklander.
1982.
U.S.
Economic
Agricultural Economics Report No.
493,
U.S.
DC,
Research
Service.
Washington,
USA:
Department of Agriculture.
Pages
Mottern, H.H. 1973. Peanuts and human nutrition.
593-602 in Peanut Culture and Uses. Oklahoma, USA:
American Peanut Research and Education Association.
Societe pour l'etude et le developpement de l'industrie, de
du
commerce
(SEDIAC).
1980.
l'agriculture
et
Paris, France:
Industrial processing of groundnuts.
SEDIAC. pp.
38-43, 107-112.
Peanut products.
Tressler, D., and Woodroof, J.
1976.
Pages 233-240 in Food Products Formulary, Vol. 3 Fruit, Vegetable, and Nut Products (Tressler, D., and
Woodroof J. Eds.) Westport, CT, USA. Avi Publishing
Company.
The Public Ledger Commodity Year Book 1973, P.P 159-162.
(Turret-Wheat Land Limited, Commodity Division, 12
Greycaine Road Bushey Mills Lane, Watford, Herts WD 24
JP, U.K).
Oil
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1985.
crops out look and situation year book. Economic
Research Service Report OCS-9. Washington, DC, USA:
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
32
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
1985.
Oilseeds and products. Foreign Agricultural Service
Circulars FOP 1-85, 9-85, Washington, DC, USA:
USDA.
pp.
29 39, 39 44.
-
-
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
1985.
Oilseeds and products. Foreign Agricultural Service
Supplement 1-85. Washington, DC, USA: USDA.
Wilson, Roger J. 1973. The market for edible groundnuts.
London, U.K.: Tropical Products Institute.
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Appendix Table 2. Groundnut area production and yield in producing countries
by production groups (Average of 1981-1985).
S.No.
Production
No. of
Group
countries
Total
Total
Average
area
production. yield .1
('000 ha) (TOO t)
(kgha )
Total
imports
('000 t)
Total
exports
('000 t)
103
(35.0)
52
(5.6)
1.
< 50
'000 t
22
601
(3 .4)1
540
(2.9)
892
2.
51-100
'000 t
14
1309
(7.3)
988
(5.4)
75
83
(28.2)
18
(2.0)
3.
101-200
'000 t
7
1309
(7.3)
941
(5.1)
713
15
(5.1)
91
(9.9)
4.
201-500
'000 t
3
836
(4.7)
852
(4.7)
1019
12
(4.1)
124
(13.4)
5.
501-1000
'000 t
5
3536
(19.8)
3204
(17.5)
906
44
(15.0)
86
(9.3)
6.
> 1000
'000 t
3
10253
(57.5)
11789
(64.4)
1150
37
(12.6)
551
(59.8)
17844
(100)
18314
(100)
1026
(100)
294
(100)
922
(100)
All countries
54
1. Figures in parentheses are percentages to total.
Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Servicce (1985), supplement 1-85.
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