Chassis, Control Systems And Equipment

Chassis, Control Systems and Equipment
1 Introduction　Recent years have seen increasing social demands to
reduce the environmental impact of vehicles while also
2 Suspension　2. 1. Base suspensions
As shown in Table 1, the suspension types of new
enhancing safety. Automakers are locked into continu-
modelvehiclesof2014donotdiffergreatlyfromrecent
ouscompetitiontodevelopfuelefficientandactivesafety
trends.
technologies.Themainvehiclesnewlylaunchedin2014
areshowninTable1(1)(2).
In addition to specifically environmentally friendly
vehicles, such as hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric
vehicles (HVs, PHVs, and EVs), the first commercially
Themaintypesoffrontsuspensioncontinuetobethe
McPherson strut type for medium size or smaller class
vehicles, and the double wishbone type for larger vehicles.
Themaintypesofrearsuspensioncontinuetobethe
available fuel cell vehicle (FCV) was also launched in
torsionbeamtypeforcompactandsmallervehicles,and
2014.SinceFCVsrequirededicatedpartssuchashigh-
the double wishbone or multi-link types for larger ve-
pressure hydrogen tanks, the development of chassis
hicles.
thatareapplicabletothesenewvehiclepackageswillbe
necessary.Atthesametime,theadoptionofnewtech-
The front suspension of the Mercedes-Benz C-Class
was changed from a McPherson strut type to a 4-link
nologies to conventional engine vehicles such as idling
type, and the suspension type and arm position made
stopandenergyregenerationmechanismsisincreasing.
similar to that of the E-Class and S-Class (3). Recently,
The development of chassis systems such as motorized
the trend to develop large scale platforms with com-
vehiclecontroltechnologies,lighterparts,andtireswith
monized parts and components to facilitate the simulta-
rollingreductionwereactivelypromotedin2014.
Automakers are announcing various active safety
technologies such as automatic braking and lane depar-
neous development of various models has accelerated.
The MQB (4) from VW and TNGA (5) from Toyota are
twoexamples.
ture prevention control to help mitigate collision dam-
TheToyotaMiraiachievedanunderfloorpackagefor
age.Thesesystemsaremadepossiblebyelectronically
FCVsbyinstallingtwohigh-pressurehydrogentanksin
controlledchassiscomponents,andsuchtechnologiesare
aconventionalplatform(aMcPhersonstrutfrontsuspen-
greatly evolving. Active safety technologies are being
sion and a torsion beam rear suspension). In addition,
adoptedinluxuryvehiclesaswellasagrowingnumber
heavypartssuchastheFCstackandhigh-pressurehy-
of compact class vehicles including mini-vehicles. This
drogentankswereplacedatlowpositionsatthecenter
trend is only expected to continue. In addition, the de-
of the vehicle to lower the center of gravity and to en-
velopmentofautomateddrivingtechnology,whichforms
hanceagilecorneringperformance(Fig.1).
the basis of advanced active safety technology, is progressing,andautomaticdrivingtestsonpublicroadsare
beingconducted.
Ford reduced the weight of the frame of the F150
by approximately 27 kg by increasing the ratio of high
strength material in the frame from 23% (2013) to 78%,
This article describes the chassis and vehicle movement control technology trends focusing on the new
modelsandtechnologyreleasedin2014.
adoptingauniformboxshapeastheframesection,and
improvingthestampingmethod(6).
Tire sizes are gradually shifting to narrow widths
and larger diameters, triggered by the launch of the
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
155/70R19ontheBMWi3attheendof2013.Sincethis
winds and transverse gradients, and a control that sta-
tiresizeisanefficientwayofloweringtherollingresis-
bilizesthesteeringangleagainstkickbackwhendriving
tanceofthetiretoimprovefuelefficiency,thistrendis
straightonroughroads(4).Inaddition,theAcuraRLX
highly likely to accelerate with knock-on effects on the
andTLXhavearightandleftindividualtoeanglecon-
design of the wheelhouse to allow the usage of other
trolsystemintherearsuspensionasanewsteeringsys-
sized tires and an increase in the turning circle of the
temconfiguration.Thistechnologyenableshighturning
vehicle.
performanceandbrakingstabilityinvariousdrivingsce-
2. 2. Suspension controls
Followingrecenttrends,airsuspensionsandelectroni-
nariosbysettingtheoptimumtoeangle(7).
In contrast, BMW and Mercedes-Benz are aiming to
cally controlled shock absorbers were adopted mainly
balance handling properties with straight line stability
in high-class sedans and SUVs. However, Mercedes-
by extending the adoption of variable gear systems, in
Benz adopted a four-wheel air suspension (the Airmatic
which the gear ratio of the rack and pinion differ de-
suspension)forthefirsttimeintheC-Class.Thisdiffers
pending on the steering angle as a measure to improve
fromrecenttrends,inwhichfewermodelshaveadopted
mechanicalsteeringperformance(8).
suchasuspension(Fig.2).
Recently,theadoptionofEPSisextendingtovehicles
The aims of this suspension are probably to further
with large axle loads such as SUVs. Along with the
improvemaneuveringstabilitybyloweringthecenterof
trend to reduce the steering gear ratio, these systems
gravity, and to reduce the running resistance by lower-
are also likely to increase the necessary assist force.
ingthevehicleheightaccordingtothedrivingstate.
Accordingly, it will be necessary to consider necessary
Recently, more models have adopted electronically
controlled shock absorbers to ensure both maneuvering
stability and ride comfort. A trend of new models in
2014 is damping force control systems using magnetic
measuresintheeventofanaccident(9).
4 Brakes　The mandatory adoption of electronic stability con-
fluid. Furthermore, the systems developed by each
trol (ESC) is expanding globally and the application of
automaker change the characteristics of the air suspen-
automatic collision damage mitigation brakes is also in-
sion and electronically controlled shock absorbers using
creasing. The adoption of automatic braking, which is
drive mode select functions, which allows the driver to
particularlyeffectiveforreducingcollisiondamageatlow
selectthevehiclecharacteristics.Thegeneralmethodis
speeds,hasspreadrapidlytocompactandmini-vehicles.
toswitchthecharacteristicsoftheengine,transmission,
Inthefuture,asthedevelopmentofhigherperformance
andelectricpowersteeringatthesametime.
systems is anticipated, the adoption of sensors such as
3 Steering　The adoption of electronic power steering (EPS) has
radars and cameras as well as brake controls such as
adaptivecruisecontrol(ACC),whichwasmainlyadopted
inluxuryvehiclesasaconvenientfunction,areexpected
becomecommon,andautomakersareusingdifferentas-
toenterwideruse.AstheadoptionofESCpressuriza-
sist systems from the standpoints of output, layout, and
tionfunctionsareactivelyspreading,theoperationrange
cost.Mainstreamsystemsarecolumnassistforcompact
of these functions as motion control systems is also in-
orsmallervehicles,andrackassistformediumorlarger
creasing.Forexample,Hondahasadoptedacontrolthat
vehicles.However,someautomakershaveadoptedpin-
applies the brakes so slightly that the driver does not
ionassistforcompactvehiclesandadualpiniontypefor
noticetotheinnerwheelswhenthesteeringanglewheel
compacttomediumsizedvehicles.Inaddition,thegen-
is increased and to the outer wheels when the steering
eral trend is to decrease the overall steering gear ratio
wheelangleisreturned.Suchcontrolimprovesrespon-
toimprovehandlingpropertiesandagility.
siveness and convergence performance (10). Further
Another trend for steering control technology is to
improvementofperformanceinaccordancewiththeex-
adopt controls that compensate for mechanical proper-
pansionofbrakingfunctions,suchastheresponsiveness
ties (such as inertia and friction), while also improving
forenhancingcollisionavoidanceperformance,durability
comfort. For example, VW has adopted a control that
for the larger operation ranges and frequency, and qui-
assists the necessary steering force for constant cross
eteroperationwillberequired.
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
（2）
Table 1 Chassis and vehicle control systems of new vehicles launched in 2013（1）
Market
Manufacturer/
brand
Japan Daihatsu
Model
Category
Drivetraintypes
Suspensiontype
Drivetrain
(ISS:includesidle
Front/Rear
Steering
layouts
stopsystem)
():suspensionforAWDlayout
Vehiclecontrolsystems
Copen
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD
ISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Traction Control (TRC),
BrakeOverrideSystem,EmergencyStopSignal
Wake
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/torsionbeam
(3-link)
EPS
Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Traction Control (TRC),
Crash-avoidance braking function at low speed range,
Erroneous start prevention function, Preceding vehicle
departurereportingfunction
Move
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/torsionbeam
(3-link)
EPS
Crash-avoidance braking function in low speed range,
Erroneous start prevention function (reverse), Erroneous
start prevention function, Preceding vehicle departure
reportingfunction
N-BOX
SLASH
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/torsionbeam
(DeDion)
EPS
EPB, Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA), City-Brake Active
System(CollisionMitigationBrakes,FalseStartPrevention
Function), Hill-start Assist function, Emergency Stop
Signal
Grace
Medium
HV
Strut/torsionbeam
(DeDion)
EPS
Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA), City-Brake Active System
(Collision Mitigation Brakes, False Start Prevention
Function), Hill-start Assist function, Emergency Stop
Signal
NX
SUV
Gasoline FWD/
ISS/
AWD
HEV
Strut/doublewishbone
EPS
EPB, NAVI AI-Adaptive Variable Suspension system
(AVS), Blind Spot Monitor (BSM), Pre-Collision System,
LaneDepartureAlert,Drive-StartControl
RC
Sporty
Gasoline RWD
HEV
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
ECB, Lexus Dynamic Handling system (LDH), NAVI AIAdaptiveVariableSuspensionsystem(AVS),VDIM,Blind
Spot Monitor (BSM), Rear Crossing Traffic Alert (RCTA),
Pre-CollisionSystem,LaneDepartureAlert
Mazda
Demio
Compact
Gasoline/ FWD/
diesel
AWD
ISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ABS, Brake Assist, Traction Control System (TCS),
Dynamic Stability Control system (DSC), Hill Launch
Assist, Lane Departure Warning System, Smart City
BrakeSupport,CruiseControl
Mitsubishi
ekspace
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/3-link
EPS
ABS,EBD,ActiveStabilityControl(ASC),HillStartAssist,
brakeassist,e-Assist(ForwardCollisionMitigationSystem
inlowspeedrange,erroneousstartpreventionfunction)
Nissan
Skyline
Medium
Gasoline RWD/
ISS/
AWD
HEV
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
Electro-Hydraulic power steering system (vehicle speed
sensitivetype),DirectAdaptiveSteering,ABS,EBD,Brake
Assist, Intelligent pedal (Distance Control Assist), Vehicle
Dynamic Control (VDC), Hill Start Assist, DRIVING
ASSISTANCE (extension of drive mode select), Active
LaneControl,EmergencyBrake,IntelligentCruiseControl,
backcollisionpreventionassistsystem(BCI),backvehicle
detection warning (BSW), Lane Departure Prevention
(LDP), Lane Departure Warning (LDW), Backup Collision
Intervention(BCI)
Tiana
Medium
Gasoline
Strut/multi-link
EPS
ABS,EBD,ActiveTraceControl,VehicleDynamicControl
(VDC),BrakeAssist,EmergencyBrake,drivemodeselect,
cruisecontrol,Emergencyassistforpedalmisapplication
DayzRoox
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/3-link
EPS
ABS,EBD,BrakeAssist,VehicleDynamicControl(VDC),
HillStartAssist,EmergencyBrake,Emergencyassistfor
pedalmisapplication
e-NV200
Van
EV
Strut/leafrigid
EPS
Regenerativebrakingsystem,ABS,EBD,VehicleDynamic
Control(VDC),HillStartAssist
Levorg
Medium
Gasoline AWD
ISS
Strut/doublewishbone
EPS
EPB, EyeSight Ver.3 Active Lane Keep, Hill Start Assist,
Pre-collision Braking System, Pre-collision Throttle
Management, Pre-collision Throttle Management when
reversing, EBD, ABS, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC),
Active Torque Vectoring, Brake Assist, Brake Override,
Active torque split AWD, Variable torque distribution
(VTD)-AWD,ACC
WRX
Medium
Gasoline
AWD
Strut/doublewishbone
EPS
EPB, EyeSight Ver.3 Active Lane Keep, Hill Start Assist,
Pre-collision Braking System, Pre-collision Throttle
Management, Pre-collision Throttle Management when
reversing, EBD, ABS, Multi-mode Vehicle Dynamics
Control (VDC), Active Torque Vectoring, Brake Assist,
BrakeOverride,Variabletorquedistribution(VTD)-AWD
LegacyB4
Medium
Gasoline AWD
ISS
Strut/doublewishbone
EPS
EPB, EyeSight Ver.3 Active Lane Keep, Hill Start Assist,
Pre-collision Braking System, Pre-collision Throttle
Management, Pre-collision Throttle Management when
reversing, EBD, ABS, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC),
ActiveTorqueVectoring,ActivetorquesplitAWD,ACC
Honda
Lexus
Subaru
FWD/
AWD
FWD
FWD
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
Table 1 Chassis and vehicle control systems of new vehicles launched in 2013 (continued)
Market
Manufacturer/
brand
Japan Subaru
Model
Category
Suspensiontype
Drivetraintypes
Drivetrain
Front/Rear
(ISS:includesidle
Steering
layouts
():suspensionforAWDlayout
stopsystem)
Vehiclecontrolsystems
Legacy
Outback
SUV
Gasoline AWD
ISS
Strut/doublewishbone
EPS
EPB,EyeSightVer.3ActiveLaneKeep,X-Mode(withHill
Descent Control), Hill Start Assist, Pre-collision Braking
System, Pre-collision Throttle Management, Pre-collision
Throttle Management when reversing, EBD, ABS, Multimode Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC), Active Torque
Vectoring
Hustler
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline
FWD/
ISS/
AWD
regeneration
Strut/trailinglink
EPS
False start prevention function, Electronic Stability
Program (ESP), Hill Hold Control, ABS, Electronic Brake
force Distribution (EBD) with brake assist, Radar brake
support
Alto
Mini-vehicle
Gasoline
FWD/
ISS/
AWD
regeneration
Strut/torsion
EPS
False start prevention function, Electronic Stability
Program (ESP), Hill Hold Control, ABS, Electronic Brake
force Distribution (EBD) with brake assist, Radar brake
support
Noah/Voxy
MPV
Gasoline FWD/
ISS/
AWD
HEV
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ECB, S-VSC with Active Torque Control AWD System,
ABS, EBD with Brake Assist, Hill-start Assist Control,
CruiseControl
Esquire
MPV
Gasoline FWD/
ISS/
AWD
HEV
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ECB, S-VSC with Active Torque Control AWD System,
ABS, EBD with Brake Assist, Hill-start Assist Control,
CruiseControl
Mirai
Medium
Fuelcell
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ECB,S-VSC,ABS,EBD,withBrakeAssist,Hill-startAssist
Control,CruiseControl,LaneDepartureAlert,Pre-collision
SafetySystem
RLX
Medium
Gasoline FWD/
HEV
AWD
Double wishbone/multilink
EPS
Precision All-Wheel Steer (P-AWS), ABS, EBD, Hill start
assist,AutomaticBrakeHold,VehicleStabilityAssist(VSA)
with traction control (TRC), Motion adaptive steering,
AgileHandlingAssist(AHA),LaneKeepingAssistSystem,
ACC,CollisionMitigationBrakingSystem,RoadDeparture
MitigationSystem
TLX
Medium
Gasoline
FWD/
AWD
Strut/4-link
EPS
Precision All-Wheel Steer (P-AWS), ABS, EBD, Hill start
assist, Automatic Brake Hold, Vehicle Stability Assist
(VSA) with traction control (TRC), Motion adaptive
steering, Agile Handling Assist (AHA), Super Handling
All-WheelDrive(SH-AWD), LaneKeepingAssistSystem,
ACC,CollisionMitigationBrakingSystem,RoadDeparture
MitigationSystem
Audi
TT
Sporty
Gasoline/ FWD/
dieselISS AWD
Strut/4-link
EPS
Audi magnetic ride, ABS, EBD, Electronic stabilization
control(ESC),AntiSlipRegulation(ASR),HillHoldAssist,
RetractableRearSpoiler,parkingsystemwithrearsensor
BMW
2Series
ActiveTourer
MPV
Gasoline FWD
ISS
Strut/multi-link
EPS
EPB, Dynamic Damper Control, Dynamic Stability Control
(DSC), Collision Warning, Lane Departure Warning, Traffic
JamAssist(TJA),Head-UpDisplay
i8
Medium
PHV
AWD
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
EPB,DynamicStabilityControl(DSC),HighBeamAssist,
CollisionWarning,ActiveParkDistanceControl
ELR
Medium
PHV
FWD
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
EPB, Continuous Damping Control (CDC), ABS, Dynamic
Rear Proportioning, Brake assist, Traction Control, Lane
Departure Warning, ACC, Automatic brake assist, Front
&RearParkingAssist,ForwardCollisionAlert
Escalade
SUV
Gasoline
AWD
Doublewishbone/
5-linkrigid
EPS
EPB,Automaticloadleveling,rear,MagneticRideControl
with selectable sport mode, Surround Vision, Bird＇s eye
view, Safety Alert Seat, Lane Departure Warning, Rear
Cross-Traffic Alert, Side Blind Zone Alert, Lane Change
Alert,ACC,FrontandRearAutomaticBraking,Automatic
SafetyBeltTightening
C1
Small
Gasoline FWD
ISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ABS, EBD, Emergency Brake Assist, Cornering Stability
Control, Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Hill Start
Assist,StopandStart
C4Cactus
Crossover
Gasoline/ FWD
dieselISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ABS, EBD, Emergency Brake Assist, Cornering Stability
Control, Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Hill Start
Assist, Stop and Start, Cruise Control, Reverse Parking
Sensor
200
Medium
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Strut/multi-link
EPS
ABS, Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Brake Assist,
EPB, Forward Collision Warning, Collision Mitigation
System, ACC with Stop & Go, Lane Departure Warning,
LaneKeepAssist,BlindSpotMonitor,UltrasonicParking
Assist,RearCrossPathDetection,ActiveGrilleShutter
Suzuki
Toyota
Outside Acura
Japan
(launched
inthe
home
country
ofeach
automaker)
Cadillac
Citroen
Chrysler
FWD
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
Table 1 Chassis and vehicle control systems of new vehicles launched in 2013 (continued)
Market
Manufacturer/
brand
Outside Chevrolet
Japan
(launched
Ford
inthehome
country
ofeach
automaker)
Model
Category
Drivetraintypes
Suspensiontype
Drivetrain
(ISS:includesidle
Front/Rear
Steering
layouts
stopsystem)
():suspensionforAWDlayout
Tahoe
SUV
Gasoline
Mustang
Sporty
FSeries
GMC
RWD/
AWD
Vehiclecontrolsystems
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
Front/rear Park Assist, Rear Cross Traffic Alert, Side
BlindZoneAlert,CruiseControl,TrailerBrakeControl,
Gasoline FWD
ISS
Strut/multi-link
EPS
ABS, EBD, Traction Control (TRC), AdvanceTrac,
EmergencyBrakeAssist
Pickup
Gasoline FWD/
ISS
AWD
Doublewishbone/leaf
EPS
ABS, EBD, Traction Control (TRC), AdvanceTrac with
RollStabilityControlandCurveControl,HillStartAssist
Yukon
SUV
Gasoline
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
Magnetic ride control, Automatic rear air level control,
ABS, Brake Assist, Hill Start Assist brakes, Integrated
trailer brake controller, StabiliTrak (stability control
systemwithbrakeassist,includestractioncontrol),ACC
Hyundai
Sonata
Medium
Gasoline FWD
HEV
Strut/multi-link
EPS
ABS, EBD, Traction Control System, Electronic Stability
Control(ESC),BrakeAssist,VehicleStabilityManagement,
DriveModeSelect,SmartCruiseControlwithStart/Stop
Capability
Kia
SoulEV
MPV
EV
FWD
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
TCS
EPB, Flex Steer System, Hill Assist Control, Vehicle
StabilityAssist(VSA),ABS,Tractioncontrol(TRC),ACC
Land
Rover
Discovery
Sport
SUV
Gasoline/
diesel
FWD/
AWD
Strut/multi-link
EPS
Hill Descent Control, ABS, EBD, Electronic Traction
Control,HillStartAssist,DynamicStabilityControl,EPB,
EmergencyBrakeAssist,RollStabilityControl,BlindSpot
Monitoring with Closing Vehicle Sensing alerts, Parallel
Park,ParkingExit,PerpendicularParking,ReverseTraffic
Detection,Automaticemergencybraking
Lincoln
MKC
SUV
Gasoline
FWD/
AWD
Strut/multi-link
EPS
AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control, EPB, ABS,
Traction Control (TRC), Torque Vectoring Control,
IntelligentAll-WheelDrive
Mercedes- CClass
Benz
Medium
Gasoline
RWD
Doublewishbone/
multi-link
EPS
Agility Control suspension, Airmatic Agility Package,
ABS, Radar Safety Package, Brake Assist Plus (Brake
AssistPluswithCross-TrafficAssist),RearCPA(rear-end
collision warning system with damage mitigation brake),
Pre-safeBrake(withpedestriandetection),AdaptiveBrake
(Hold function, Hill Start Assist), CPA Plus (emergency
braking), Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Cross-wind
Assist, Active Parking Assist, EPB, Cruise control and
Variablespeedlimiter
Opel
Corsa
Compact
Gasoline/ FWD
dieselISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
ABS,EBD,ElectronicStabilityProgram(ESP)
Peugeot
108
Small
Gasoline FWD
ISS
Strut/torsionbeam
EPS
Electronic Stability Program (ESP), EBD, ABS, Tyre
pressuresensor
Porsche
Macan
SUV
Gasoline AWD
ISS
5-link/trapezoidal
EPS
PorscheActiveSuspensionManagement,PorscheStability
Management, Porsche Hill Control, Porsche Torque
Vectoring Plus, Off-Road button, Adaptive cruise control
with Porsche Active Safe, Lane Change Assist, Lane
Assist
Renault
Twingo
Small
Gasoline RWD
ISS
Strut/DeDion
EPS
ElectronicStabilityControl(ESC),ABSwithBrakeAssist,
Lane departure warning, Emergency Brake Assist, Tyre
pressuresensor,Cruisecontrol
smart
fortwo
Small
Gasoline RWD
ISS
Strut/DeDion
EPS
Crosswindassist,Hillstartassist,ABS,Electronicstability
control(ESC)
VW
Golfsports
van
MPV
Gasoline/ FWD
dieselISS
Strut/4-link
EPS
DynamicChassisControl,ABS,Electronicstabilitycontrol
(ESC), Electronicparkingbrake,AdaptiveCruiseControl,
LaneAssist,ParkAssist,AutomaticPost-CollisionBraking
System
Passat
Medium
Gasoline/ FWD/
dieselISS AWD
Strut/4-link
EPS
ABS,Electronicstabilitycontrol(ESC),Electronicparking
brake with Auto Hold function, Hill Hold Control, Trailer
Assist, ACC, Driver＇s Assistance Pack Plus, Lane Assist,
ParkAssist
RWD/
AWD
The adoption of electronic parking brakes (EPBs) is
Types of regenerative-friction brake coordination
also increasing. Although these systems were mainly
include systems such that use accumulative hydraulic
adoptedinEurope,newmodelsofmediumsizeorlarger
pressureandcontrolsusingelectricmotors.Varioussys-
vehicles and SUVs in Japan, the U.S., and Europe have
temsarebeingdevelopedinparallel.
adopted this as standard equipment. As the Honda NBoxSlashadoptedadrumtypeEPBforthefirsttime(11),
thistrendmaydevelopfurtherinthefuture.
5 Other Vehicle Controls　In recent years, active safety technology combining
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved
FC stack
High-pressure hydrogen tank
Fig. 1 Layout of hydrogen tanks and FC stack of Toyota Mirai（5）
recognition and chassis control technology has rapidly
Fig. 2 Mercedes-Benz C-Class Airmatic suspension（3）
spreadandbecomemoresophisticated.
Subaru＇sEyeSightVer.3(12)isequippedwithafunction that assists the driver＇s steering operation to main-
References
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ofthepreviousgenerationofthesystem,(avehiclethat
(2)
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does not crash) and the current system (a vehicle that
(3)
WebsiteofMercedes-Benz,
staysinitslane)haveattractedtheattentionofcustom-
http://www.mercedes-benz.co.jp/
ers.
(4)
WebsiteofVW,http://www.volkswagen.com
(5)
Website of Toyota Motor Corporation, http://
Googleannouncedthatthetotalrunningdistanceofits
automatedvehiclesexceededonemillionkilometers(13),
toyota.jp/
whileAudidemonstratedautomateddrivingonacircuit
(6)
WebsiteofFord,http://www.ford.com/
(14).Thesteadyprogressofautomateddrivingtechnol-
(7)
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ogywillpushadvancedactivesafetytechnologybeyond
(8)
WebsiteofBMW,http://www.bmw.com/
itsexistingframework.
(9)
Yoneki,etal.,“FailOperationalEPSbyDistrib-
The development of chassis and vehicle control technologiesnecessaryfortheseactivesafetysystemsisexpectedtobecomeevenmoreimportantinthefuture.
MoreandmorevehiclessuchasHVsandEVsareusingmotordrive.Forthesevehicles,variousmotor-based
vehiclemotioncontroltechnologieshavebeenproposed.
Asoneexample,theAcuraRLXhasadoptedatechnology to improve turning performance and stability by
installing independently controlled motors to the left
andrightwheelsattherearandcontrollingthebraking
power to each wheel, regardless of the driving force at
thefrontwheels(11).
uted Architecture,” 5th International Munich
ChassisSymposium2014
(10) Kojima et al., “Development of Agile Handling
Assist,”HondaR&DTechnicalReview,Vol.26,
No.1,pp.46-54(2014)
(11) Website of Honda Motor Co., Ltd., http://www.
honda.co.jp/
(12) Website of Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd., http://
www.subaru.jp/
(13) OfficialblogofGoogle,http://googleblog.blogspot.
jp/
(14) WebsiteofAudi,http://www.audi.com/
Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved