Oral Placement Therapy - Down Syndrome Information Alliance
Transcription
Oral Placement Therapy - Down Syndrome Information Alliance
Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills By Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP Author of: Oral Placement Therapy (OPT) for Speech Clarity and Feeding, Oral Placement Therapy (OPT) for /s/ and /z/ and Assessment and Treatment of the Jaw TalkTools® 1852 Wallace School Road, Charleston SC, 29407 Tel: 888.529.2879 / Fax: 843.206.0590 www.talktools.com Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP TalkTools®, Charleston, SC SRJ TherapiesTM, Charleston, SC Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP, a graduate of Ithaca College and Columbia University, has more than 40 years of experience as a speech-language pathologist. She has spent the last 35 years developing oral placement techniques for infants, children, and adults, and has seen a high degree of success in their therapeutic application. For this reason she is now a leading advocate for the use of oral placement techniques in conjunction with more traditional speech therapies and is devoted to teaching other professionals about oral placement techniques to promote speech clarity and feeding safety. Sara is the author of Oral Placement Therapy for Speech Clarity and Feeding, Oral Placement Therapy for Speech Clarity and Feeding, Oral Placement Therapy (OPT) for /s/ and /z/, Assessment and Treatment of the Jaw, The HOMEWORK Book, the Drooling Program, and many other educational materials. In 1995, Sara founded Innovative Therapists International, Inc.TM/TalkTools® as a speakers bureau and source for oral placement therapy and therapy tools. She has held seminars throughout the United States, as well as in Canada, Italy, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, England, South Africa, China, Malaysia, Cyprus Sweden, Bulgaria and Singapore. Her courses are approved for both ASHA and AOTA continuing education units, and many are available on DVD for home study. The list of available classes includes: “Level 1: A Three-Part Treatment Plan for Oral-Motor Therapy” “Horns as Therapy Tools” “Straws as Therapy Tools” “Bubbles as Therapy Tools” “Early Intervention: Oral Placement Therapy for Children with Down syndrome” “Assessment and Treatment of the Jaw” “As a Parent What Can I Do?” Sara is an international spokesperson for speech, language and feeding disorders related to CHARGE Syndrome and Moebius Syndrome, a member of the National Down Syndrome Congress’ Professional Advisory Committee, and a nationally-recognized presenter on behalf of Down syndrome and Cerebral Palsy associations. Having worked with numerous early intervention programs in Texas, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Arizona and South Carolina, she is also a nationally-recognized speaker in the area of early intervention. In addition, Sara regularly appears as a featured speaker at American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) conventions, on both the state and national levels. Even while nurturing these many projects Sara has remained committed to the cause that first drew her to this arena, so she also founded SRJ TherapiesTM, a clinic specializing in the assessment and treatment of clients with oral-motor, speech, and feeding deficits. The clinic is located in Charleston, SC, and Sara still works with her clients there today. Sara is now working on a new book, Oral Placement Therapy for Adults with Muscle-Based Feeding and Communication Disorders. Content Disclosure: This presentation will focus on treatment methods related to the use of Oral Placement Therapy (OPT). Other similar treatment approaches will receive limited or no coverage during this lecture. Speaker Disclosure: Financial: Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson is an employee and patent holder of TalkTools. TalkTools is a company that manufactures tools and programs for Oral Placement Therapy. Sara’s job is to develop, research and write directions for the use of these tools. NonFinancial: She has no relevant nonfinancial relationships to disclose. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 1 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson’s innovative tactile-sensory approach to speech therapy uses therapy tools to train muscle movements for improved feeding safety and speech clarity. Learn how these highly motivating motor activities can be used to improve phonation, resonation, and speech clarity. Muscles of the abdomen, velum, jaw, lips, and tongue will be discussed within the parameters of movements necessary for speech production. Developmentally appropriate motor movements for speech are therapeutically targeted using highly motivating techniques appropriate for children and adults. Each activity can be implemented easily within the school and/ or home environment. Learner Outcomes: 1. Understand the need for dissociation and grading for feeding and speech. 2. Appropriately apply at least 5 new therapy techniques. 3. Learn to use Oral Placement Therapy (OPT) techniques as a tactile cueing system in conjunction with traditional speech therapy techniques to improve speech clarity. 4. Describe how therapeutic straw drinking can be use to improve speech clarity for /s/ and /z/. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 2 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills What Is Oral-Motor Therapy? ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Published Article Bahr, D., & Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (May, 2010). Treatment of children with speech oral placement disorders ( OPDs ): A paradigm emerges. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 31 (3), 131-138. ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Dissociation: LIPS FROM JAW MUSCLE MOVEMENT PHONEME EX. Following normal speech development 1. Open ! Closed to Open ! ! ! Open to Closed 2. !Protrude ! Retract 3. !Lower Lip Retraction/Tension ! Lower Lip Protrusion/Tension (ah, uh) (m, p, b) (oo, oh, w, ee, ih) (f, v) (sh, ch, j, r, er) ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 3 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Dissociation: TONGUE FROM JAW PHONEME EX. MUSCLE MOVEMENT 1. Retraction- Protrusion: Balance (Equal range of motion) 2. Retraction- Protrusion: Imbalance Gradual increase in retraction Gradual decrease in protrusion 3. (all sounds except th) Retraction (stability) - Lateralization of tip a. Midline to both sides b. Across midline 4. Retraction - Tip Elevation/Depression (t, d, n, l, s, z, sh, ch, j, k, g) 5. Retraction - Back of Tongue Side Spread (stability for co-articulation, er) ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 4 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Tongue Thrust 1. Retraction- Protrusion: Balance (Equal range of motion) • Gradual increase in protrusion • Gradual decrease in retraction 2. Retraction – Protrusion: Imbalance • Significantly more protrusion than retraction for function: feeding and speech ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Our Professional Title Speech and Language Pathologist NOT: Speech or Language Pathologist Combination of: (1) OPT for feeding and speech and (2) language therapy ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy for Speech Clarity and Feeding 1. To increase the awareness of the oral mechanism 2. To normalize oral tactile sensitivity 3. To improve the precision of volitional movements of oral structures for speech production 4. To increase differentiation of oral movements a. dissociation: The separation of movement, based on stability and adequate strength, in one or more muscle groups. b. grading: The controlled segmentation of movement through space based upon dissociation. c. fixing: An abnormal posture used to compensate for reduced stability which inhibits mobility. ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 5 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Stability / Mobility Stability in the body will allow for maximum mobility in the mouth. ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills The Tactile System 1. Tactile Hyposensitivity: An under-reaction to tactile input. 2. Tactile Hypersensitivity: An over-reaction to tactile input. 3. Mixed Sensitivity: Any combination of hyper, hypo or normal sensitivity. 4. Fluctuating Tactile Sensitivity: Responses that change over time. _____________________________________ Tactile Defensiveness: A learned tendency to respond negatively or emotionally to tactile input. ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 6 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills A Three-Part Treatment Plan for Oral-Placement Therapy (OPT) Speech Feeding Oral-Placement Therapies ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Martha at Birth ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Before and After ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 7 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills The Clinician’s Role in Teaching Proper Infant Feeding Techniques • The semi-upright position of the infant during breast feeding helps eliminate the entry of milk into the middle ear... • These advantages, so natural to breast-feeding, are likely to be absent from bottle feeding unless some of the natural techniques associated with breast feeding are adopted. Ruth Lawrence, MD - Journal of Pediatrics 1995;126:S112-7 ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Why is feeding so important to an Oral Placement Therapy program? SPOON FEEDING: Positioning in conjunction with proper spoon placement in the oral cavity will address the following goals: • Lip Closure • Tongue Retraction • Jaw Grading ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Why is feeding so important to an Oral Placement Therapy program? SPOON FEEDING: • Lateral Placement • Front Placement • Spoon Slurp ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 8 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Why is feeding so important to an Oral Placement Therapy program? CUP DRINKING: Choosing the right cup is very important. Thickened liquids are easer for the client to control, when learning a new muscle movement. As the skill level increases, the liquids can be thinned. Specific goals of cup drinking may include: • Lip Closure • Tongue Retraction • Tongue Tip Elevation or Depression • Jaw Grading ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Why is feeding so important to an Oral Placement Therapy program? STRAW DRINKING: Many children evidence poor oral movements with spoon fed foods, despite attempts at intervention. Straw drinking of these traditionally fed “spoon foods” may improve functioning. Begin with a large diameter straw and a slightly thickened liquid (e.g. nectar). As the oral functioning improves, reduce the diameter of the straw while increasing the thickness of the liquid (e.g. yogurt). Specific goals may be: Lip Rounding • Tongue Retraction • Defining Facial Musculature • Jaw Stability • Independent Self-Feeding ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Straw Hierarchy GOALS: Lip Protrusion, Tongue Blade Retraction/Grading A. Honey Bear with Straw - to teach straw drinking B. Thin Liquids (8 Straws in Hierarchy) - Begin with either Straw #1 or #4 A THREE-PART TREATMENT PLAN FOR ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 9 Oral Placement Therapy A Three-Part Treatment Plan for Oral-Motor Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity andMS, Feeding Skills Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, CCC/SLP Straw #1 Single Sips #5 - #8 3. Straw Drinking Hierarchy A. Thin liquids (8 straws in hierarchy) 1. Home Program = all thin liquids, all day 2. Criteria to move to next straw = ease or under baseline © Copyright 1993 Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathologist ® Copyright ©2013 TalkTools 12182013 Rev. 04/08 37 10 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Straw #1 ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Why is feeding so important to an Oral Placement Therapy program? SOLIDS (Cubes or Julienne): A preference for soft foods is frequently seen with children who have oral-motor deficits. Introduction of “chew solids” is important for al clients with weak jaw musculature. Gradually increasing food textures, while acknowledging each client’s taste preferences, is an integral component of oral-motor therapy. Goals to be addressed include: • • • • • Tongue Lateralization Jaw Stability Jaw Symmetry Tongue Retraction Independent Feeding ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 11 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapies JAW EXERCISES – BIRTH TO 3 a. Gloved Finger b. Finger Cuff c. Ark Probe or Z-Vibe d. Bite-Tube Hierarchy: Red Tube Yellow Tube Purple Tube Green Tube ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 4 Articulation 3 Resonation 2 Phonation 1 Respiration ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 12 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Tongue Lips Jaw ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy PHONATION: Speech is superimposed on volitionally controlled oral airflow. 1. Bubble Blowing: Criteria for success = 10X ! GOALS: Abdominal Grading, Jaw Stability, Lip Rounding, ! Tongue Retraction ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy 2. Horn Blowing: Criteria for success= 25X in rapid succession ! ! without a break GOALS: Phonation, reduce/eliminate drooling, improve speech clarity, improve sensory awareness/reduce hypersensitivity Duration Requirements: Horn #1: any duration; #2: 1 second duration; #3 & 4: 1+ second duration; #5, 6, 7 & 8: 2 second duration; #9 & 10: 2+ second duration; #11 & 12: 3 second duration. ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 13 Oral Placement Therapy A Three-Part Treatment Plan for Oral-Motor Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, MS, CCC/SLP HORN BLOWING HEIRARCHY Phonation and Articulation The horns presented on this &" Hierarchy form represent a technique for improving abdominal muscle strength for prolongation of controlled exhalation. The #1 horn is the easiest to blow. The therapist should hold the horn perpendicular to the client’s mouth. By allowing the client to hold the horn, you may facilitate the following compensatory problems: 1. Teeth biting on the mouthpiece for jaw stability, which will inhibit jaw-lip dissociation. 2. Body extensor patterns which are associated with volitional hand-to-mouth movements in many of our clients. 3. Bite &# Although each horn is presented as it relates to improving &" horns are also a valuable tool for improving articulation by increasing " creating placement and developing strength in % muscles, and for reducing/eliminating drooling. Working with horns facilitates increased muscle strength/muscle memory as a prerequisite to the development of the following components of standard speech production: 1. 2. 3. 4. Jaw grading Jaw-lip dissociation Jaw-tongue dissociation Lip closure for saliva control (drooling) 5. 6. 7. 8. Lip rounding Tongue retraction Back of tongue side spread Motor planning All horns from #9 through #12 #14 are more % to " As lip protrusion is tongue retraction will be initiated. These horns will address tongue retraction, which is a necessary component of all speech sound production with the exception of / 2 – " /. Use horns from #9 through #13 #12 with children " do not necessarily have &" % but are " on the correction of an interdental lisp. 1. Flat-mouthed horns will work on lip closure to address drooling control and on phonemes that require a) lip approximation, b) lower lip reaction and c) lower lip tension. 2. Round-mouthed horns will work on lip rounding phonemes. 3. The harder the client is required to blow using lip protrusion with tension, the more tongue retraction you will obtain. 4. Superimposed jaw stability and assisted lip closure may be used for horn #1 & #2, but may not be used for the remainder of the horns in the hierarchy. 5. When a client relies on lip retraction to blow a horn, it may be a compensatory pattern to establish jaw stability. Go to a lower level on the hierarchy until the client can blow with abdominal constriction and lip closure, rounding or protrusion. Inhibit all compensatory body postures. 6. Remember to remove the horn after each blow and to use only one horn at a time. At no time should you be using more than 1 horn during any therapy session. Disinfecting Statement: Most TalkTools® products are reusable and should be thoroughly cleaned or sterilized between uses. If this is a concern, please contact your local Center for Disease Control for further guidance. © Copyright 1993 Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathologist Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 Rev. 04/08 24 14 - Drooling control 2. Lip Closure: Bilabial sounds / m - b - p / - Lower lip / f - v - r / 2. Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 3. HORN BLOWING HIERARCHY HORN BLOWING HIERARCHY HORN BLOWING HIERARCHY 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. 5. 2. 2. 7. Jaw, Open Mouth Sounds: 4. Low Lip Closure: 4. Lip 4. Closure: Lip Closure: (vowels) / ah - eh - ih Bilabial sounds /m - b- -uh p/ Bilabial sounds /lip m /-/fbm Bilabial sounds - Lower - -v-p-b/r -/ p / - Lower lip / flip -control v/ -f -r v/ - r / Lower 8. Lip Closure: --Drooling - Drooling control - Drooling control Bilabial sounds /m-b-p/ - Lower lip / f - v - r / 5. Lip Closure: 5. Lip 5. Closure: Lip Closure: Bilabial sounds / m - b - p / Bilabial sounds /lip m /-/fbm Bilabial sounds - Lower - -v-p-b/r -/ p / Lower lip / flip v/ -f -r v/ - rRetraction: Lower / 9. Lip- Protrusion /-control Tongue --Drooling -/ w Drooling control Drooling control - oo - ʃ - tʃ - - s - z - t - d - ε - r / 8. 5. 5. 9. 6. Second Level Lip Rounding: 6. Second Level Lip Rounding: 6. Second Level Lip Rounding: - Prerequisite for lip rounding sounds / w - oo - ʃ - tʃ - / Prerequisite lipforrounding sounds / w - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ /- / Prerequisite lip Retraction: rounding sounds w - oo 10. Lip Protrusion for / Tongue / w Jaw, - oo -Open ʃ - tʃ - Mouth - s -Sounds: z-t-d-ε-r/ 7. Low 7. Low Jaw, Open Mouth 7. Low Jaw, Mouth Sounds: Gradedairflow (vowels) /Open ah - eh - Sounds: ih - uh / (vowels) / ah -/ ah eh - eh ih --uh (vowels) ih -/ uh / 6. 6. 6. 10. 7. 7. 7. 8. Lip Closure: 8. Lip 8. Closure: Lip Closure: 11. Lip Protrusion Retraction with Release: Bilabial sounds/ /Rapid m - b -Tongue p/ Bilabial sounds /fbm /Bilabial w -sounds oo - ʃ - /lip tʃm- /- Lower - -v--p-kb/r--/gp-/ r / - Lower lip / flip - v/ -f -r v/ - r / - Lower 8. 8. 11. 8. 12. LipProtrusion Protrusion/ /Tongue TongueRetraction: Retraction: 9. Lip 9. Lip 9. Protrusion Lip / wProtrusion - oo - ʃ/ -Tongue tʃ /- Tongue -Retraction: s - zRetraction: -t-d-ε-r/ / w Gradedairflow - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ -- s - -z s- -t -z d- t- -ε d- r- /ε - r / w - oo 12. 9. 9. 9. Oral-Motor Goals Oral-Motor Goals 4. Lip Closure: 1. Phonation andand Articulation Phonation Articulation 5. 2. Lip Closure: 2. Lip 2. Closure: Lip Closure: Bilabial sounds / m - b - p / Bilabial /lip m/-f/ b-mv- -p-br/ -/ p / Bilabial sounds -sounds Lower - Lower lip / flip -control v/ -f -r v/ - r / Lower --Drooling 3. First Level Lip Rounding: 3. First Level Lip Rounding: 3. Second First Lip Rounding: 6. Level Lip -Level Lower lip / f Rounding: -v-r/ - Lower lip / flip - v/ -f for Lower -r v/ lip - r /rounding sounds / w - oo - ʃ - tʃ - --Prerequisite / / - Prerequisite for lipforrounding sounds / w - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ/- / - Prerequisite lip rounding sounds w - oo 7. 4. 4. 5. Oral Placement Goals Oral-Motor Goals 1. Lip 1. Closure: Lip Closure: Bilabial sounds / m - b - p / Bilabial /lip m/-f/ b-mv- -p-br/ -/ p / Bilabial sounds -sounds Lower - Lower lip / f v/ -f -r v/ - r / Lower lip - Drooling -control - Drooling control - Drooling control 3. 3. 6. 3. 4. 3. First Level Lip Rounding: - Lower lip / f - v - r / Phonation - Prerequisite for lip rounding sounds / w - oo - ʃ - tʃ -and / Articulation Note:Thehornhierarchyhasbeenreconfiguredtoreflectrecentclinicaldata.ThishierarchywastestedandvalidatedbyQuestEngineeringSolutions(Billerica,MA.).Fora 10. 10. Lip Protrusion / Tongue Retraction: 10. 10. Lip 10. 10. Protrusion Lip copyof“TestReport#Q08024”pleasecontactTalkToolsTherapy. / wProtrusion - oo - ʃ /- Tongue tʃ - /Tongue - sRetraction: - z -Retraction: t-d-ε-r/ / w Gradedairflow - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ -- s - -z s- -t -z d- t- -ε d- r- /ε - r / w - oo Gradedairflow Gradedairflow 11. Lip Protrusion / Rapid Tongue Retraction with Release: 11. Lip Tongue withwith Release: 11. Protrusion Lip Rapid Release: / wProtrusion - oo - ʃ /- Rapid tʃ - / - k -Tongue g - rRetraction / Retraction / w - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ - - k - -gk- -r g/ - r / w - oo 11. 11. 11. 12. 12. 12. www.talktools.net 3420 N. Dodge Blvd., Suite 148 MDSS 12. Lip Protrusion / Tongue Retraction: Tucson, AZ 12. 85716 Lip /- Tongue Retraction: 12. Protrusion Lip Protrusion /Tongue Retraction: Burckhardtstr. 1 EC REP / w oo ʃ tʃ s z t d ε-r/ Phone: 888-529-2879/Local: 520-795-8544 / w Gradedairflow - /oo ʃ - tʃ- ʃ- -tʃ -- s - -z s- -t -z d- t- -ε d- 30163 r- /ε - r / Hannover, w - oo Fax: 520-795-8559 [email protected] Gradedairflow Gradedairflow Germany Note:Thehornhierarchyhasbeenreconfiguredtoreflectrecentclinicaldata.ThishierarchywastestedandvalidatedbyQuestEngineeringSolutions(Billerica,MA.).Fora This hierarchy was tested and validated by Quest Engineering Solutions (Billerica, MA.). For a copy of “Test Report #Q08024” please contact TalkTools Therapy Note:Thehornhierarchyhasbeenreconfiguredtoreflectrecentclinicaldata.ThishierarchywastestedandvalidatedbyQuestEngineeringSolutions(Billerica,MA.).Fora Note:Thehornhierarchyhasbeenreconfiguredtoreflectrecentclinicaldata.ThishierarchywastestedandvalidatedbyQuestEngineeringSolutions(Billerica,MA.).Fora copyof“TestReport#Q08024”pleasecontactTalkToolsTherapy. copyof“TestReport#Q08024”pleasecontactTalkToolsTherapy. copyof“TestReport#Q08024”pleasecontactTalkToolsTherapy. WARNING: Therapy tools should not be used without therapist or parent supervision. Copyright ©1993 TalkTools® / Innovative Therapists International 3420 N. Dodge Blvd., Suite 148 MDSS 34203420 N. Dodge Blvd., Suite 148 148 N. Dodge Suite Tucson, AZBlvd., 85716 MDSS MDSS ® Copyright ©2013 TalkToolsEC 12182013REP Burckhardtstr. 1 Tucson, AZ 85716 Tucson, AZ 85716 Phone: 888-529-2879/Local: 520-795-8544 EC EC REPREPBurckhardtstr. 1 1 Burckhardtstr. 30163 Hannover, Phone: 888-529-2879/Local: 520-795-8544 Phone: 888-529-2879/Local: 520-795-8544 Fax: 520-795-8559 [email protected] 15 Germany Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills ARTICULATION: Jaw Activities 1. Feeding Program - Chew on back molars 2. Non-Food Jaw Activities ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 HIGH MEDIUM LOW 8 ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Jaw Grading Bite Blocks Three sequential exercises for each Bite Block height: 1. Bite Block 2. Twin Bite Block 3. Bite Block for Jaw Stability ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 16 Oral Placement Therapy ToTreatment Improve Speech and Feeding A Three-Part Plan forClarity Oral-Motor TherapySkills Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, MS, CCC/SLP 1. How to Evaluate Jaw Stability: A. Bite Block Exercise: (Bite Block #2 – Bite Block #7) 1. Place a single Bite Block #2 on the surface of the lower back molars on the left side, extending from the front of the mouth. 2. Instruct the client to bite and hold 3. While maintaining the bite, pull forward with isometric resistance (inhibit all compensatory posturing). 4. Hold the isometric pull for 15 seconds. 5. Repeat on the right side. Criteria for Success: 15 seconds per side, 1 time. (Diagnostic) Bite-Hold Picture B. Twin Bite Block Exercise: (Bite Block #2 through Bite Block #7) 1. Place a single Bite Block #2 on the surface of the lower back molars on each side, extending from the front of the mouth. 2. While maintaining the bite, pull forward with isometric resistance (inhibit all compensatory posturing). 3. Hold the isometric pull for 15 seconds. Criteria for Success: 15 seconds, 1 time. (Diagnostic) C. Bite Block for Jaw Stability Exercise: (Bite Block #2 through Bite Block #7) 1. Place a single Bite Block #2 on the surface of the lower teeth extending across midline. 2. Maintaining the bite, pull forward with isometric resistance (inhibit all compensatory posturing). 3. Hold the isometric pull for 15 seconds. Criteria for Success: 15 seconds, 1 time. (Diagnostic) Repeat the same sequence of exercises: A. Bite Block Exercise, B. Twin Bite Block Exercise, and C. Bite Block for Jaw Stability Exercise, using Bite Blocks #3 through #7 as the Criteria for Success is achieved. NOTE: The diagnostic assessment is completed as soon as the Criteria for Success is not met at any step in the sequence. 17 Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 © Copyright 1993 Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathologist Rev. 04/08 28 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Dissociation: TONGUE FROM JAW PHONEME EX. MUSCLE MOVEMENT 1. Retraction- Protrusion: Balance (Equal range of motion) 2. Retraction- Protrusion: Imbalance Gradual increase in retraction Gradual decrease in protrusion 3. (all sounds except th) Retraction (stability) - Lateralization of tip a. Midline to both sides b. Across midline 4. Retraction - Tip Elevation/Depression (t, d, n, l, s, z, sh, ch, j, k, g) 5. Retraction - Back of Tongue Side Spread (stability for co-articulation, er) ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy BLADE RETRACTION ! Lip Protrusion=Tongue Retraction ! Straw Drinking Hierarchy Tongue Lateralization: TalkTools® Tongue-Tip Lateralization Tool Prerequisite: Complete all 3 exercises using Bite Block #2 - #5 Midline to Left ! Midline to Right ! Across Midline Position A Position B Position C Criteria for success: Repeat the appropriate unit 5 times ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral Placement Therapy TONGUE TIP ELEVATION AND/OR DEPRESSION: TalkTools® Tongue-Tip Elevation/Depression Tool Prerequisite: Complete all 3 exercises using Bite Blocks #2 - #7 Tongue- Tip Elevation Up ! Tongue- Tip Depression Down Text ! Up and Down Criteria for success: Repeat the appropriate unit 5 times ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 18 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Phoneme Associations PRODUCTION OF /S/ AND /Z/ 1. Place tip of tongue depressor between closed front teeth 2. Repeat “Up and Down” 5x 3. Say “ts” – freeze your articulators 4. “Where is your tongue tip?” 5. Teach /s/ and /z/ in that position ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills What is the Diagnosis? RACHEL: AGE 10 YEARS LATERAL PRODUCTION OF: /S/, /Z/, /!/, /t!/and /d! 1. Speech therapy for 4 years 2. Did not know how to make the /s/ or /z/sounds when she started 3. Deficits: Asymmetrical Jaw Weakness, Reduced mobility in the lips, Tongue Protrusion 4. Initial Program Plan: Straw #4 Spoon Slurp Bite-Tube Hierarchy Bubble Bear Horn #7 Jaw Grading Bite Block #4 Button Pull Tongue Depressor for Lip Closure Reference: Rosenfeld-Johnson, 2009: Oral Placement Therapy for /s/ and /z/, TalkTools ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 19 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Ready for Production RACHEL: AGE 11 YEARS LATERAL PRODUCTION OF: /S/, /Z/, /!/, /t!/and /d!/ 1. Nine months after Oral Placement Therapy was started 2. Rachel was seen 2 times per month - homework was practiced a minimum of 3 times per week 3. OPT Program Plan Completed: Straw #8, Straw D with pudding texture Bite-Tube Hierarchy - 10 aligned bites on both sides Bubble Bear - 4 feet, 10 times Horn #12, 25 times at 3 second duration Jaw Grading Bite Block #7 - Symmetrical Jaw Skills Tongue-Tip Lateralization Tool Tongue-Tip Elevation/Depression Tool ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills What is the Diagnosis? DEVORAH: AGE 36 YEARS INTERDENTAL PRODUCTION OF: /L/, /S/ AND /Z/ 1. Speech therapy on and off from age 3 through age 18 2. Did not know how to make the /s/ or /z/sounds when she started 3. Deficits: Asymmetrical Jaw Weakness, Reduced Mobility in the Lips, Tongue Protrusion, Limited Abdominal Grading (clavicular) 4. Initial Program Plan: Straw #1 Spoon Slurp Bite-Tube Hierarchy Bubble Tube Horn #1 Jaw Grading Bite Block #2 Reference: Rosenfeld-Johnson, 2009: Oral Placement Therapy for /s/ and /z/, TalkTools ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Final Speech Therapy Session DEVORAH: AGE 36 YEARS INTERDENTAL PRODUCTION OF: /L/, /S/ AND /Z/ 1. Seven months after Oral Placement Therapy was started 2. Devorah was seen 2 times per month - homework was practiced a minimum of 3 times per week 3. OPT Program Plan Completed: Straw #8, Straw D with pudding texture Bite-Tube Hierarchy - 10 aligned bites on both sides Bubble Bear - 4 feet, 10 times Horn #12, 25 times at 3 second duration Jaw Grading Bite Block #7 - Symmetrical Jaw Skills Tongue-Tip Lateralization Tool Tongue-Tip Elevation/Depression Tool Reference: Rosenfeld-Johnson, 2009: Oral Placement Therapy for /s/ and /z/, TalkTools ORAL PLACEMENT THERAPY to Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 20 Straw Drinking Hierarchy Horn Blowing Hierarchy- Horns # 3, 6, 7, 9, & 10 OO-EE Button Pull Cheerio for Lower Lip Retraction Protrusion/ Retr action Lower Lip Retr action r, vocalic /r/ f, v m, r, vocalic /r/, t, d, L, n, s, z, 1(sh), b, k, f, g, t1, d8, p, v, n, #, , 4, #i, , o, I, a, i, ae (up), #i (aim), (the), O (own), I (his), a (father), © Copyright 2006 Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, M.S., CCC-SLP Speech-Language Pathologist * Phonetic chart for vowels: # (egg), Back of Tongue Side Spread r, vocalic /r/, 1(sh), t1, d8, nz, 4, #i, I, i, u (off), i (eat), u (to), ae (ask) Horn Blowing Hierarchy- Horn # 14 only Straw Drinking Hierarchy- Straw # 8 and cocktail straw Horn Blowing Hierarchy- Horns # 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, & 14 all sounds with the exception Bubble Blowing Hierarchy of " and 2 Straw Drinking Hierarchy Candle Blowing Hierarchy Golf Ball Air Hockey prerequisite: tongue tip elevaTongue Tip Later alization Tongue Tip Lateralization Tool Across Midline Bite Touch tion and depression sounds Tongue Tip Elevation/Depression Tool Tongue Tip Elevation t, d, L, n, s, z, t1, d8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Cheerio _ _ _ _ for _ _Tongue _ _ _ _Tip _ _Elevation ____________________________________ Tongue Tip Elevation/Depression Tool Tongue Tip Depression s, z, k, g Cheerio for Tongue Tip Depression Retr action v Tongue Sponge-Balsam-Tongue Depressor Single-Sip Cup Drinking Horn Blowing Hierarchy- Horns # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 8 Tongue Depressor for Lip Closure Open to Closed Closed to Open Tongue Depressor with Pennies Jaw Grading Bite Blocks using # 6 and # 7 Jaw Bite Tube Set low Lower Lip Protrusion/ Tension t, d, L, n, s, z, b, k, d, g, ", 2, p, n, #, , #F, , a, ae Jaw Grading Bite Blocks using # 4 and # 5 Jaw Bite Tube Set medium e © Copyright 1993 Renee Roy-Hill, M.S., CCC-SLP Speech Language Pathologist c Lips m, r, vocalic /r/, s, n, z, 1 (sh), b, f, t1(ch), d8 (j), p, 3, ', F, R vocalic /r/, t, L, d, "(th), 2(th), #, , , k, g, n, a, ae Jaw Grading Bite Blocks using # 2 and # 3 Jaw Bite Tube Set v v high Speech Sounds e e C e S jaw Oral Placement Therapy Or al-Motor Ther apy OralMovements Placement Therapy (OPT) To Improve SpeechSpeech Clarity and Feeding Skills Necessary for Standard Production Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 79 21 (Rev. 10/01/08) Oral Placement Therapy Skills Communication Disorders Quarterly OnlineFirst, published on February 8, 2010 as doi:10.1177/1525740109350217 To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Treatment of Children With Speech Oral Placement Disorders (OPDs): A Paradigm Emerges Communication Disorders Quarterly XX(X) 1–8 © 2010 Hammill Institute on Disabilities Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1525740109350217 http://cdq.sagepub.com Diane Bahr1 and Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson2 Abstract Epidemiological research was used to develop the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS). The SDCS is an important speech diagnostic paradigm in the field of speech-language pathology. This paradigm could be expanded and refined to also address treatment while meeting the standards of evidence-based practice. The article assists that process by initiating a clinical exchange of ideas on the topic of speech treatment. It explores: (a) the treatment of children with speech oral placement disorders (OPD; a new term suggested by the authors), (b) the various types of speech oral placement therapy (OPT) used to treat OPD, (c) the relationships of OPT to current motor learning theories and oral motor treatment, as well as (c) the critical need for appropriately designed, systematic research on OPT. Keywords speech treatment, speech disorders, motor learning, oral motor treatment, evidence-based practice The Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS; Shriberg, 1993, 1994; Shriberg, Austin, Lewis, McSweeny, & Wilson, 1997) contains a number of subcategories under the subtopic of speech delay. The subtopic of speech delay falls under the overall category of developmental phonological disorders in the SDCS. According to this system, speech delay can result from v v v v v Definition of Speech Oral Placement Disorders Oral placement disorder (OPD) is a new term suggested by the authors. Children with speech OPDs may have typical or atypical oral structures. The key to the definition of OPD lies in the child’s ability or inability to imitate auditory-visual stimuli and follow verbal oral placement instructions. an unknown, possibly genetic, origin, otitis media with effusion, childhood apraxia of speech, developmental psychosocial impairment, or craniofacial and sensory-motor impairment in special populations. These classifications are important diagnostic categories. However, it is unlikely that children within these SDCS diagnostic subcategories fit into homogeneous treatment groups. It is more likely that treatments will vary within each subgroup based on individual needs. This article proposes ideas to further refine and possibly expand the SDCS system to account for this variability. It is hypothesized that at least two treatment subgroups (i.e., children with oral placement disorders and those without) will be found within each SDCS subcategory listed here. Suggested definition: Children with OPD cannot imitate targeted speech sounds using auditory and visual stimuli (i.e., “Look, listen, and say what I say”). They also cannot follow specific instructions to produce targeted speech sounds (e.g., “Put your lips together and say m”). Although the term OPD is new, the concepts surrounding the term have been discussed by a number of authors and clinicians (Bahr, 2001, in press; DeThorne, Johnson, Walder, & Mahurin-Smith, 2009; Hammer, 2007; Hayden, 1 Ages and Stages, LLC, Las Vegas, NV TalkTools Therapies, Tucson, AZ 2 Corresponding Author: Diane Bahr, Ages and Stages, LLC, 11390 Patores Street, Las Vegas, NV 89141 Email: [email protected] Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 22 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 2 Communication Disorders Quarterly XX(X) 2004, 2006; Kaufman, 2005; Marshalla, 2004; Meek, 1994; Ridley, 2008; Rosenfeld-Johnson, 1999, 2009; Strand, Stoeckel, & Baas, 2006). Oral placement disorder does not apply to children with speech delay who can imitate targeted speech sounds using auditory-visual stimuli and can follow specific verbal instructions to produce targeted speech sounds. Yet, some speech-language pathologists (SLPs) use methods developed for these children to treat children with OPDs. Treatment of Speech OPDs When a child with an OPD is treated using auditory-visual imitation and verbal instruction alone, clinical improvements in speech production and intelligibility may be extremely limited and progress may be slow. Occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) colleagues facilitate movement patterns using the tactile and proprioceptive sensory systems. Because speech is a fine-motor, tactileproprioceptive act, a number of SLPs also facilitate speech movements and placements in children with OPD via tactile-proprioceptive input (Bahr, 2001, in press; Hammer, 2007; Hayden, 2004, 2006; Kaufman, 2005; Marshalla, 2004; Meek, 1994; Ridley, 2008; Rosenfeld-Johnson, 1999, 2009; Strand, et al., 2006). Using the work of OTs and PTs as a model, SLPs first evaluate the movement and placement of mouth structures for speech production. It is more difficult to observe intraoral than extraoral movements and placements. However, instrumentation such as ultrasound imaging (Sonies, 1998; Ridley, Sonies, Hamlet, & Cohen, 1990, 1991) and palatometry (Fletcher, 2008) will hopefully become increasingly available for this process. Currently, the SLP must infer intraoral movements from a thorough oral mechanism examination (including palpation of the oral structures) and an evaluation of speech production patterns (e.g., fronting, backing, etc.). Once the SLP identifies and understands the oral movements used in a child’s speech production, tactile-proprioceptive techniques for speech articulator placement can be used. These techniques are found in the work of Diane Bahr (2001, in press), David W. Hammer (2007), Deborah Hayden (2004, 2006), Nancy Kaufman (2005), Pamela Marshalla (2004), Merry Meek (1994), Donna Ridley (2008), Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson (1999, 2009), Edythe Strand (Strand, et al., 2006), and others. The methods represent a paradigm of tactile-proprioceptive treatment, different from traditional auditory-visual approaches. This can be termed oral placement therapy (OPT, Rosenfeld-Johnson, 2009) because tactile-proprioceptive oral placement techniques are used to directly facilitate speech sound production. Phonetic placement therapy (PPT), as discussed by Van Riper in 1954 (pp. 236–238), has been used historically to improve speech production. Traditional articulation and phonology treatments use auditory-visual cueing and verbal instruction for phonetic placement. OPT uses proprioceptive-tactile input to attain phonetic placement. Oral placement therapy is combined with other approaches in this paradigm. For example, Diane Bahr (in press) and Nancy Kaufman (2005) also use bottom-up speech approaches (e.g., moving from vowel, consonant-vowel, vowel-consonant, to more complex speech productions) in conjunction with OPT. David W. Hammer (2007) and Deborah Hayden (Hayden & Square, 1994) use hierarchical speech approaches (i.e., building speech from sounds a child can produce) along with OPT. Other therapists combine OPT with more traditional articulatory approaches (i.e., building the use of a targeted speech sound from isolation to carry-over in conversation). Carryover to standard speech sound production is obtained through repetition and practice incorporated into daily homework assignments in all types of treatment. The following sequence is seen in many forms of OPT (Bahr, 2001, in press; Crary, 1993, p. 224; Hayden, 2004, 2006; Marshalla, 2004, 2007; Meek, 1994; RosenfeldJohnson, 1999, 2009; Young & Hawk, 1955): 1. 2. 3. Facilitate speech movement with assistance of a therapy tool (e.g., bite block) and/or other tactile-proprioceptive facilitation technique (i.e., manipulation of oral structure by therapist); facilitate speech movement without therapy tool and/or other tactile-proprioceptive technique; and immediately transition movement into speech with and without therapy tool and/or other tactileproprioceptive facilitation technique. (Note: This will be different based on the individual child. Some children can handle speech work along with sensory-motor facilitation. Other children may need the speech production added once the appropriate movement is established. Information on motor learning theories can assist the SLP in understanding how this may work.) When a child receives speech OPD remediation, the following sequence may be seen: 1. 2. 3. The child is first assessed to evaluate if he or she can produce speech sound(s) in isolation using auditory-visual cueing and/or verbal instruction. If the child can produce the targeted speech sound(s), then tactile-proprioceptive placement work is not needed and typical speech production work can begin. If the child cannot attain targeted speech sound(s) with auditory-visual input, a thorough assessment of oral sensory and motor function for speech is required. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 23 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 3 Bahr and Rosenfeld-Johnson 4. Once abnormal oral placement patterns are identified, a hierarchy of tactile-proprioceptive therapeutic activities is used to teach targeted movements needed for speech. This is hypothesized to teach the “feel” of speech while developing motor plans or gestures for speech. The section on motor learning theories explains these processes. Oral placement is practiced until the child performs the movement and speech sound without a therapy tool and/or other facilitation technique. Tactile-proprioceptive treatment techniques are hypothesized (in schema theory) to establish muscle memory/motor plans so the child can retrieve the oral placement for speech sound production. As soon as placement is attained, it is immediately transitioned into speech. Hayden (2006), Strand, Stoeckel, and Bass (2006), as well as DeThorne et al. (2009) have written about the use of tactile-proprioceptive treatment techniques to facilitate speech production in recent journal literature. If a traditional articulation treatment approach is used, the speech sound is taught in isolation and then expanded to syllables, words, phrases, sentences, and so on. However, phonological process, bottom-up (e.g., V, CV, VC, CVC, etc.), or other speech treatment approaches may also be combined with OPT. The goal of OPT is to transition appropriate oral movements into speech during the same therapy session. For example, if a child cannot produce the /m/ sound with auditory-visual cueing and/or verbal instruction, then a thin bite block or tongue depressor may be placed on the inner borders of the lips to attain the appropriate oral movement and speech sound. Once the sound is attained it can be moved immediately into speech work. Another way to facilitate the /m/ sound would be through Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) or Moto-kinesthetic, hands-on speech facilitation approaches where the therapist brings the child’s lips together manually. Speech Oral Placement Therapy (OPT) and Motor Learning Theories Oral placement therapy may be congruent with current yet somewhat opposing theories of motor learning (i.e., dynamic systems theory and schema theory). Kent (2008) discusses the differences between these theories in his recent article entitled “Theory in the Balance.” According to Kent, dynamic systems theory has not been widely applied in speech-language pathology. Most OPTs appear to be based on the schema theory and motor programming. However, Edythe Strand’s (Strand, et al., 2006) Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) and Deborah Hayden’s (2004, 2006) Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets approaches appear to have been developed from dynamic systems theory. Both theories may have some value in the discussion of OPT. Dynamic systems theory (Kent, 1999, p. 60–62) is based on “motor gestures,” which are “abstract representations of movement.” Sensory processing and motor output are inextricably connected to form synergies that are said to be “softly assembled to create stable but flexible units of action.” A particular synergy is related to a specific movement goal but may accomplish different motor tasks. Kent provides this example: In “oral motor control . . . a synergy based on lip and jaw muscles can be useful in eating and drinking but also in forming the bilabial sounds of speech” (p. 62). The difference between these tasks is in the assembly and tuning of the movements. The child must know which gestures to use, then assemble and tune the gestures for speech. Gestures for speech are tuned and assembled differently than gestures for eating, drinking, or other mouth activities. Oral placement therapy assists the child in developing, assembling, and tuning the oral motor gestures needed for targeted speech sounds. This is qualitatively different from the idea of motor planning for speech production. Maas et al. (2008, p. 279–280) discuss schema theory (i.e., the work of Schmidt, 1975, 2003, and Schmidt & Lee, 2005). They say, “schema theory . . . assumes that production of rapid discrete movements involves units of action (motor programs) that are retrieved from memory and then adapted to a particular situation.” Motor programs are said to be generalized by capturing the unchanging aspects of a movement. A single generalized motor program (GMP) may govern a general class of movements that is graded for the demands of a particular task. Oral placement therapy appears to help establish oral motor plans that cannot be established by traditional auditory-visual cueing and verbal directions. It uses the concept of the GMP to place those motor plans directly into speech production. The basic tenants of OPT also align with the research of Moore and his colleagues (Green et al., 1997; Moore & Ruark, 1996; Moore, Smith, & Ringel, 1988; Ruark & Moore, 1997). Their research revealed that motor coordination for speech production is likely controlled by different neural mechanisms than motor coordination for eating, drinking, and other nonspeech tasks, particularly beyond 2 years of age. Oral placement therapy facilitates movements used in speech production only and supports the idea that eating, drinking, speaking, and other oral activities have distinct motor plans. Oral Placement Therapy in Relationship to Oral Motor Treatment Until now, there was no term for OPT, so it was frequently filed under the heading of oral motor treatment. Not all Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 24 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 4 Communication Disorders Quarterly XX(X) therapy under this umbrella term is the same. Treatments targeting specific movements for speech sound production have unfortunately been categorized with treatments not targeting specific speech sound production. This can be better understood by reviewing Bahr’s research regarding the misunderstanding and confusion surrounding the term oral motor treatment. Bahr (2008) found some of the first references to the term “oral motor” in 1980s peer-reviewed journal literature describing feeding and motor speech behaviors (e.g., Alexander, 1987; Morris, 1989). However, some recent authors and presenters (Banotai, 2007; Bowen, 2005; Clark, 2005; Flaherty & Bloom, 2007; Insalaco, Mann-Kahris, Bush, & Steger, 2004; Lass, Pannbacker, Carroll, & Fox, 2006; Pannbacker & Lass, 2002, 2003, 2004; Polmanteer & Fields, 2002; Pruett-Hayes, 2005; Ruscello, 2005; Williams, Stephens, & Connery, 2006) appear to narrowly define and equate the term oral motor treatment with nonspeech oral motor exercise and treatment (NSOME/NSOMT). It is important to note that the majority of these articles and presentations did not appear in peer-reviewed journals. The recent narrow use of the term oral motor treatment has apparently caused significant misunderstanding and confusion within the field of speech-language pathology. According to Bahr (2008), 74% of 500 SLPs surveyed said they had heard the general statement “oral motor treatment does not work” from colleagues, professors/instructors, and other sources. Bahr then looked at how these same therapists defined oral motor treatment. Approximately 70% of SLPs considered feeding/oral phase swallowing, motor speech, oral awareness/discrimination, and oral activities/exercises as part of oral motor treatment. With 74% of therapists hearing the general statement “oral motor treatment does not work,” and approximately 70% of therapists defining oral motor treatment as feeding/oral phase swallowing, motor speech, oral awareness/discrimination, and oral activities/exercises, the confusion and misunderstanding in the field of speech-language pathology regarding the term oral motor treatment is understandable. Oral placement therapy for speech is a form of oral motor treatment, but it only targets movements used in speech sounds. It can be used with both children and adults who cannot imitate targeted speech sounds (RosenfeldJohnson, 2008). OPT for speech does not include activities unrelated to speech sound production such as “tongue wagging” and “cheek puffing” (Lof & Watson, 2008). The concepts of OPT are consistent with information in articles by authors discussing NSOME/NSOMT (e.g., recent articles found in Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, July 2008). Only speech movements are targeted in OPT. Movements dissimilar to speech are not used in OPT to facilitate speech. Therefore, OPT for speech is not NSOME/NSOMT. A number of forms of OPT are listed in Table 1. The approaches seem to have some important common characteristics. Most of them appear to involve task analysis that is systematically and hierarchically applied. Only movements needed for identified speech sounds are targeted. These movements are facilitated in a repeated manner, so appropriate speech movements can be generalized throughout the processes of co-articulated speech. Most of the listed approaches involve hands-on, tactile-proprioceptive facilitation techniques. However, two of the approaches (i.e., palatometry and ultrasound imaging) reflect instrumentation currently unavailable to most SLPs. Implications for the Field of SpeechLanguage Pathology This article is meant to stimulate a clinical exchange among SLPs regarding the appropriate treatment of children with speech delay. It describes a treatment group (i.e., children with OPD) not defined in past literature. It also explores the variety of current treatments for children with OPD (i.e., OPT). The authors suggest the expansion and refinement of the SDCS to address treatment categories because children fitting current SDCS diagnostic categories do not appear to form homogenous treatment groups. The relationships of OPT to current motor learning theories and oral motor treatment are described, so that SLPs can use this information as part of a clinical exchange. It is important for SLPs to understand that OPT is a form of oral motor treatment; however, it is not NSOME/NSOMT. Knowledge of motor learning theories is also crucial for SLPs, because current OPTs are based on these. The clinical exchange is ultimately needed to develop appropriate treatment studies to fulfill the requirements of evidence-based practice. A Call for Research Of the clinicians listed in Table 1, Hayden (1994, 2006; Hayden & Square, 1994) and Strand (1995; Strand et al., 2006) have published information in peer-reviewed journal literature relative to OPT. Meta-analysis (Robey & Dalebout, 1998) and randomized controlled trials (e.g., Gillam et al., 2008) comparing the variety of tactile-proprioceptive OPT approaches for speech are needed. An epidemiological study like the one used to develop the SDCS (Shriberg, 1994) is recommended to establish the validity of the proposed subgroups (i.e., children with speech OPDs vs. those without speech OPDs). Bahr (2008) also recommended that doctoral-level researchers and master’s-level clinicians work together on this process. Doctoral-level researchers with expertise in oral motor function are needed to develop appropriate studies comparing speech OPT approaches. Master’s-level clinicians who use OPT are needed to collect the data for the Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 25 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 5 Bahr and Rosenfeld-Johnson Table 1. Some Current Oral Placement Therapies Therapists Type of Treatment Description Diane Bahr (2001, in press) Hands-on, tactileproprioceptive and bottom-up speech approaches combined Samuel Fletcher (2008) Palatometry David W. Hammer (personal communication, August 19, 2009) Touch cues Therapist’s gloved hand/fingers placed near/on lips and/or under tongue base/ mouth floor to facilitate appropriate speech oral movements while presenting speech production stimuli (e.g., pictures, words, etc.) beginning with vowels and moving toward increasingly complex speech sound combinations (e.g., CV,VC, CVC, etc.). Appropriate props (e.g., bite blocks to attain graded jaw height) may also be used. “Computerized visual-auditory feedback tool that provides an online, dynamic display of the tongue’s contact with the hard palate during speech and swallowing functions.” (Dorais, 2009, p. 1) “Combined with sign language (e.g., to prompt the final sound in the signed word), touch cues are used on the therapist’s structures as a model or on the child’s structures when needed. Visual prompts are provided to indicate manner of production and to signal when the vowel or consonant is added to the sequence (e.g. moving down string for an /s/ and then when hitting a button at the bottom of the string the `ee’ is added for `see’; pushing finger away from lips while saying `ah’ until finger touches other person’s and then vowel is added like `oo’ for `shoe’).” Deborah Hayden (2004, 2006) Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) Visual/tactile cues Nancy Kaufman (2005) Pamela Marshalla (2004); Pamela Rosenwinkel (1982) Merry Meek (1994) Donna Ridley (2008) Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson (1999, 2009) Barbara Sonies (1998); Donna Ridley (Ridley, Sonies, Hamlet, & Cohen, 1990, 1991) Edythe Strand (Strand, Stoeckel, & Baas, 2006) Uses tactile-kinesthetic input to shape or reshape muscle actions and speech subsystems to produce speech. Oral-Motor techniques in articulation & phonological therapy (2004); Tactileproprioceptive techniques in articulation therapy (1982) Motokinesthetic Approach [DVDs] Tactile-kinesthetic cues, muscular manipulation, ultrasound imaging Oral placement therapy (OPT) Ultrasound imaging Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing Uses least invasive tactile-proprioceptive input only when child cannot produce speech target via visual and auditory cueing. Tactile-proprioceptive cueing demonstrated on therapist before touching child. “Hands-on” and “hands-off” tactile-proprioceptive stimulation added to traditional articulation and phonological therapy for clients who do not progress with visual and auditory stimuli. Meek demonstrates hands-on, tactile-proprioceptive manipulation of the oral structures to assist the child in producing specific speech sounds/sound combinations (originally developed by Young & Hawk, 1955). Hands-on manipulation of child’s oral structure to directly facilitate speech sound production. See description of ultrasound imaging below. Therapist task analyzes dissociation, grading, and direction of oral and respiratory movements needed for targeted speech sound production and applies appropriate tool(s) with required number of repetitions to teach motor plans similar to standard speech production. Movements and placements are transferred directly into speech production as soon as possible. Provides auditory and visual feedback regarding tongue shape, movement, and placement during speech production. When child cannot produce speech target via typical auditory-visual imitation, various levels of cueing systematically added (e.g., unison, oral movement without voice, rate variation, and tactile/gestural cues as appropriate). Based on the work of Rosenbek, Lemme, Ahern, Harris, and Wertz (1973). Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 26 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 6 Communication Disorders Quarterly XX(X) studies. This could be completed with relative ease as there seem to be a significant number of clinicians using these techniques. This type of collegial effort could facilitate more cohesion in the field between doctoral level researchers and master level clinicians. Here are some important questions to ask with such research: v Which tactile-proprioceptive OPT techniques (for speech) are most effective? v Which combination of treatment approaches work best with OPT? v For whom is OPT most effective? Acknowledgments Feedback obtained and incorporated from colleagues: Heather Clark, PhD, Raymond D. Kent, PhD, Edwin Maas, PhD, and Donna Ridley, MEd. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared a potential conflict of interest (e.g. a financial relationship with the commercial organizations or products discussed in this article) as follows: Diane Bahr, is the co-owner of Ages and Stages, LLC (providing workshops for professionals) and Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson is the owner of TalkTools Therapies (providing materials and workshops for professionals). Funding The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article. References Alexander, R. (1987). Oral-motor treatment for infants and young children with cerebral palsy. Seminars in Speech and Language, 8(1), 87-100. Bahr, D. (in press). Nobody ever told me (or my mother) that: Everything from bottles and breathing to healthy speech development. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons. Bahr, D. (2008, November). The oral motor debate: Where do we go from here? Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Chicago, IL. (Full handout available from http://convention.asha. org/handouts/1420_2054Bahr_Diane_124883_Nov03_2008_ Time_103047AM.doc) Bahr, D. C. (2001). Oral motor assessment and treatment: Ages and stages. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Banotai, A. (2007, September). Reviewing the evidence: Gregory Lof’s critical take on oral-motor therapy. Advance for SpeechLanguage Pathologists & Audiologists, 7-9. Bowen, C. (2005). What is the evidence for oral motor therapy? Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language, and Hearing, 7, 144-147. Clark, H. (2005, June 14). Clinical decision making and oral motor treatments. The ASHA Leader, 8-9, 34-35. Crary, M. A. (1993). Developmental motor speech disorders. San Diego, CA: Singular. Dorais, A. (2009, May/June). Palatometry: An approach for treating articulation problems. Word of Mouth, 20(5), 1-4. DeThorne, L. S., Johnson, C. J., Walder, L., & Mahurin-Smith, J. (2009, May). When “Simon Says” doesn’t work: Alternatives to imitation for facilitating early speech development. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(2), 133-145. Flaherty, K., & Bloom, R. (2007, November). Current practices & oral motor treatment. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Boston, MA. Fletcher, S. (2008, November). Palatometry principles and practice. Session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Chicago, IL. Gillam, R. B., Loeb, D. F., Hoffman, L. M., Bohman, T., Champlin, C. A., & Thibodeau, L., et al. (2008). The efficacy of Fast ForWord language intervention in school-age children with language impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 97-119. Green, J. R., Moore, C. A., Ruark, J. L., Rodda, P. R., Morvee, W. T., & VanWitzenburg, M. J. (1997). Development of chewing in children from 12 to 48 months: Longitudinal study of EMG patterns. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2704-2716. Hammer, D. W. (2007). Childhood apraxia of speech: New perspectives on assessment and treatment [Workshop]. Las Vegas, NV: The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association. Hayden, D. A. (1994). Differential diagnosis of motor speech dysfunction in children. Developmental apraxia of speech: Assessment. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4(2), 118-147, 162-174. Hayden, D. A. (2004). PROMPT: A tactually grounded treatment approach to speech production disorders. In I. Stockman (Ed.), Movement and action in learning and development: Clinical implications for pervasive developmental disorders (pp. 255297). San Diego, CA: Elsevier-Academic Press. Hayden, D. A. (2006). The PROMPT model: Use and application for children with mixed phonological-motor impairment. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 8(3), 265-281. Hayden, D. A., & Square, P. (1994). Motor speech treatment hierarchy: A systems approach. Developmental apraxia of speech: Intervention. Clinics in Communication Disorder, 4(3), 162-174. Insalaco, D., Mann-Kahris, S., Bush, C., & Steger, M. (2004, November). Equivocal results of oral motor treatment on a child’s articulation. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Philadelphia, PA. Kaufman, N. R. (2005). The Kaufman speech praxis workout book: Treatment materials & a home program for childhood apraxia of speech. Gaylord, MI: National Rehabilitation Services. Kent, R. D. (1999). Motor control: Neurophysiology and functional development. In A. J. Caruso and E. A. Strand (Eds.), Clinical management of motor speech disorders in children (pp. 29-71). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 27 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 7 Bahr and Rosenfeld-Johnson Kent, R. D. (2008, July). Theory in the balance. Perspectives on Speech Science and Orofacial Disorders, 18, 15-21. Lass, N., Pannbacker, M., Carroll, A., & Fox, J. (2006, November). Speech-language pathologists’ use of oral motor treatment. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Miami, FL. Lof, G. L., & Watson, M. (2008, July). A nationwide survey of nonspeech oral motor exercise use: Implications for evidencebased practice. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 392-407. Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Austermann Hula, S. N., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 277-298. Marshalla, P. (2004). Oral-motor techniques in articulation & phonological therapy. Mill Creek, WA: Marshalla Speech and Language. Marshalla, P. (2007). Oral motor techniques are not new. Oral Motor Institute, 1(1). Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http:// www.oralmotorinstitute.org/mons/v1n1_marshalla.html. Meek, M. M. (1994). Motokinesthetic approach [Video Series]. Albuquerque, NM: Clinician’s View. Moore, C. A., & Ruark, J. L. (1996). Does speech emerge from earlier appearing oral motor behaviors? Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1034-1047. Moore, C. A., Smith, A., & Ringel, R. L. (1988). Task-specific organization of activity in human jaw muscles. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31, 670-680. Morris, S. E. (1989). Development of oral-motor skills in the neurologically impaired child receiving non-oral feedings. Dysphagia, 3(3), 135-154. Pannbacker, M., & Lass, N. (2002, November). The use of oral motor therapy in speech-language pathology. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American SpeechLanguage-Hearing Association, Atlanta, GA. Pannbacker, M., & Lass, N. (2003, November). Effectiveness of oral motor treatment in SLP. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Chicago, IL. Pannbacker, M., & Lass, N. (2004, November). Ethical issues in oral motor treatment. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Philadelphia, PA. Polmanteer, K., & Fields, D. (2002, November). Effectiveness of oral motor techniques in articulation and phonology treatment. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Atlanta, GA. Pruett-Hayes, S. (2005, November). Comparison of two treatments: Oral motor and traditional articulation treatment. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Diego, CA. Ridley, D. (2008). Treatment of speech production disorders and problem phonemes: Getting to carryover [Workshop]. Saint Louis, MO: Ages and Stages, LLC. Ridley, D., Sonies, B. C., Hamlet, S. L., & Cohen, L. M. (1990, November). Application of ultrasound in articulation training. Session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Seattle, WA. Ridley, D., Sonies, B. C., Hamlet, S. L., & Cohen, L. M. (1991). Application of ultrasound in articulation training. Alexandria, VA: The Clinical Connection. Robey, R. R., & Dalebout, S. D. (1998). A tutorial on conducting meta-analysis of clinical outcome research. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, 1227-1241. Rosenbek, J., Lemme, M., Ahern, M., Harris, E., & Wertz, T. (1973). A treatment for apraxia of speech in adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 462-472. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (1999). Oral-motor exercises for speech clarity. Tucson, AZ: Innovative Therapists International. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (2008, November). Effects of oral-motor therapy for tongue thrust and speech production. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Chicago, IL. (Full handout available from http://convention.asha.org/handouts/ 1420_2362Rosenfeld-Johnson_Sara_074203_Nov11 _2008_Time_122641PM.pdf.) Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (2009). Oral placement therapy for speech clarity and feeding (rev. 4th ed.). Tucson, AZ: Innovative Therapists International. Rosenwinkel, P. (1982). Tactile-proprioceptive stimulation techniques in articulation therapy [Seminar Handbook]. Champaign, IL: Innovative Concepts. Ruark, J. L., & Moore, C. A. (1997). Coordination of lip muscle activity by 2-year-old children during speech and nonspeech tasks. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 1373-1385. Ruscello, D. (2005, November). Oral motor treatment: Current state of the art. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Diego, CA. Schmidt, R. A. (1975). A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 82, 225-260. Schmidt, R. A. (2003). Motor schema theory after 27 years: Reflections and implications for a new theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 366-375. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2005). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Shriberg, L. D. (1993). Four new speech and prosody-voice measures for genetics research and other studies in developmental phonological disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 105-140. Shriberg, L. D. (1994). Five subtypes of developmental phonological disorders. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4(1), 38-53. Shriberg, L. D., Austin, D., Lewis, B., McSweeny, J. L., & Wilson, D. L. (1997). The speech disorders classification system (SDCS): Extensions and lifespan reference data. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 723-740. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 28 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills 8 Communication Disorders Quarterly XX(X) Sonies, B. C. (1998, October). The state of the science— Ultrasound. Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia), 7(3), 6-9. Strand, E. A. (1995). Treatment of motor speech disorders in children. Seminars in Speech and Language, 2(16), 126-139. Strand, E., Stoeckel, R., & Baas, B. (2006). Treatment of severe childhood apraxia of speech: A treatment efficacy study. Journal of Medical Speech Pathology, 14, 297-307. Van Riper, C. (1954). Speech correction: Principles and methods. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Williams, P., Stephens, H., & Connery, V. (2006). What’s the evidence for oral motor therapy? Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing, Speech Pathology Australia, 8, 89-90. Young, E. H., & Hawk, S. S. (1955). Moto-kinesthetic speech training. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. About the Authors Diane Bahr, MS, CCC-SLP, NCTMB, CIMI, is a certified speech-language pathologist in private practice. She teaches nationally and internationally on the topics of feeding, motor speech, and other aspects of mouth function. Sara Rosenfeld-Johnson, MS, CCC-SLP, is a certified speechlanguage pathologist who specializes in assessment and treatment of motor speech and feeding disorders. She is a national and international speaker on the topic of Oral Placement Therapy (OPT). Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 29 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 30 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 31 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Oral-Motor and Related References American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1993). Orofacial myofunctional disorders: Knowledge and skills. ASHA, 35 (Suppl. 10), pp. 21-23. Apel, K. (1999). Checks and balances: Keeping the science in our profession. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 30, 99-108. Arvedson, J. C. & Broadsky, L. (2002). Pediatric Swallowing and Feeding. San Diego, CA: Singular. * Bahr, D. (2008). A Topical Bibliography on Oral Motor Assessment and Treatment. Oral Motor Institute, 1(2). Available from www.oralmotorinstitute.org. Bahr, D. Coordinated Oral-Motor Treatment. ADVANCE September, 2006. Bahr, D. C. (2001). Oral Motor Assessment and Treatment: Ages and Stages. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. . Baker, E., & McLeod, S. (2004). Evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 20 (3), 261-285. Barlow, S., & Mueller, E. (1991). The relation between interangle span and in vivo resultant force in the perioral musculature. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 252-259. Baskerville, R. (1976). The effects of special speech therapeutic procedures involving individuals with sibilant disorders. A pilot study. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 2. Bathel, J.A. (2006). Oral-Motor, Muscle-based approach to speech therapy. Advance, 16,10-11. Bathel, J. A. (2007). Current Research in the Field of Oral-Motor, Muscle-Based Therapies: Response to: Current Research in the Field of Oral-Motor, MuscleBased Therapies: Response to: Logic, Theory and Evidence Against the Use of Non-Speech Oral Motor Exercises to Change Speech Sound Productions by Gregory Lof. Talk Tools: Innovative Therapists International. Bernthal, J. E. & Bankson, N. W. (1994). Child Phonology: Characteristics, Assessment, and Intervention with Special Populations. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers. Beitchman, J.H., Nair, R., Clegg, M., Patel, P.G. (1986). Prevalence of speech and language disorders in 5-year-old kindergarten children in the Ottawa-Carleton region. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 98-110. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 32 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Bigenzahn, W. Fischman, L., & Maryhofer-Krammel, U. (1992). Myofunctional therapy in patients with orofacial dysfunction's affecting speech. Folia Phoniatrica. 44. (5). Bowen, C. (2004). http://members.tripod.com/Caroline Bowen/lisping.htm#keep. Bowen, C. (2005). What is the evidence for oral motor therapy? ACQuiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing, Speech Pathology Australia, October, 2005. 7, 3, 144-147. Boyle, C.A., Decoufle, P., Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (1994). Prevalence and health impact of developmental disabilities in US children. Pediatrics, 93, 399-403. Caruso, A. J. & Strand, E. A. (1999). Clinical Management of Motor Speech Disorders in Children. New York: Thieme. Christensen, M. & Hanson, M. (1981). An investigation of the efficacy of oral-motor therapy as a precursor to articulation therapy for pre-first grade children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders. 46. Dewey (1993) Clark, H. M. (2005). Clinical decision making and oral motor treatments. The ASHA Leader, pp. 8-9, 34-35. http://www.asha.org/about/publications/leader-online/ archives/2005/f050614b.htm. Clark, H. & Osrty, D. J. (2005). Contributions to Speech Motor Control. American Speech and Hearing Association. San Diego, California. Clark, H. M., (2003). Neuromuscular treatments for speech and swallowing. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 12, 400-415. Coghill, G. E. (1964). Anatomy and the problem of behavior. New York, Hafner Publishing Co. Coplan, J. and Gleason, J. R. (1988). Unclear speech: Recognition and significance of unintelligible speech in preschool children. Pediatrics, 82, 447-452. Dewey, D., Roy, E. A., Square-Storer, P. A., & Hayden, D. (1988). Limb and oral praxic abilities of children with verbal sequencing deficits. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 30, 743-751. Dworkin, J.P. (1991). Motor Speech Disorders: A Treatment Guide. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 33 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Dworkin, J. P. & Culatta, R. A. (1985). Oral structural and neuromuscular characteristics in children with normal and disordered articulation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 150-156. Eig, J. The Popular Spill-Free Vessel Suddenly Comes Under Fire For Speech Slurs, Cavities. Arizona Daily Star, February 14, 2002. Espenschade, A. S. & Eckert, H. M. (1980). Motor Development. 2nd ed. Columbus, Ohio: A Bell & Howard Company. Fields, D., & Polmanteer, K. Effectiveness of Oral Motor Techniques in Articulation and Phonology Therapy. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Annual Convention, Atlanta, GA, 2002. Fisher, A.G., Murray, E. A., & Bundy, A. C. (Eds.). (1991). Sensory Integration: Theory and practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Fletcher, S.G. (1992). Articulation: A Physiological Approach. San Diego, CA: Singular. Flipsen, P., Jr. (2006). Measuring the intelligibility of conversational speech in children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 20(4), 303-312. Forrest, K. (2002). Are oral-motor exercises useful in the treatment of phonological/articulatory disorders? Seminars in Speech and Language, 23, 15-26. Gallahue, D. L. (1976). Motor development and movement: experiences in young children. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gibbon, J. (1999). Undifferentiated lingual gestures in children with articulation/phonological disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 382-397. Gierut, J. (1998). Treatment efficacy: Functional phonological disorders in children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, S85-S101. Goda, S. (1968). The role of the speech pathologist in the correction of tongue thrust. American Journal of Orthodontics. 54. Goldstein, Fabiano, & Washington, (2005). Phonological skills in predominantly English-speaking, predominantly Spanish-speaking, and Spanish-English bilingual children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 36, 201218. Goldstein, B. & Washington, P., (2001). An initial investigation of phonological patterns in typically developing 4-year-old-Spanish-English bilingual children. Language, speech, and hearing services in the schools, 32, 153-164. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 34 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Gommerman, S. & Hodge, M. (1995). Effects of oral-motor therapy on swallowing and sibilant production. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 21. Goozée, J., Murdoch, B., Ozanne, A., Cheng, Y., Hill, A., Gibbon, F. (2007). Lingual kinematics and coordination in speech-disordered children exhibiting differentiated versus undifferentiated lingual gestures. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 5, 1-22. Green. R., Moore, C. A., Reilly, K.J. (2000). The sequential development of jaw and lip control for speech. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 6679. Green. R., Moore, C. A., Reilly, K.J., Higashikawa, M. & Steeve, R. W. (2000). The physiologic development of speech motor control: Lip and jaw coordination. , Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 43 239-255. Green, J.R., Moore, C. A., Ruark, J.L., Rodda, P.R., Morvee, W.T., & VanWitzenburg, M. J. (1997). Development of chewing in children from 12 to 48 months: Longitudinal study of EMG patterns. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 2704-2716. Hahn, V. & Hahn, H. (1992). Efficacy of oral-motor therapy. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 18. Hammer, D. (2007). Childhood apraxia of speech: New perspectives on assessment and treatment. Las Vegas, NV: The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association (workshop). Hanson, M. (1994). Oral myofunctional disorders and articulatory patterns. In Child Phonology; Characteristics, Assessment and Intervention with Special Populations by J.E. Bernthal & N.W. Bankson, (29-53). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. Hayden, D. A., Square, P.A. (1994). Motor Speech Treatment Hierarchy: a systems approach. Clinical Communication Disorders, 4(3),162-74. Hibberd J., Jinks C. (1998). Muscle specificity: strength, endurance and functional improvement. Speech and Language Therapy in Practice, 23, 21-23. Hodge, M., Salonka, R., & Kollias, S. Use of Non-speech Oral-Motor Exercises in Children’s Speech Therapy. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Annual Convention, San Diego, CA, 2005. Hodge, M. M. (2002). Non-speech oral motor treatment approaches for dysarthria: Perspectives on a controversial clinical practices. Perspectives in Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech Disorders, 12 (4), 22-28. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 35 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Kaufman, N. R. (1995). The Kaufman speech praxis test for children. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. Keogh, J. & Sugden, D. (1985). Movement Skill Development. McMillan Publishing Company; New York. Klein, H. B., Lederer, S. H., & Cortese, E. E. (1991). Children’s knowledge of auditory/articulatory correspondences. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 559-564. Koegel, L. K., Koegel, R. L., & Ingham, J. C. (1986). Programming rapid generalization of correct articulation through self-monitoring procedures. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51, 24-32. Landis, C. (1994). Application of orofacial myofunctional techniques to speech therapy (clinical exchange). International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 20. Lof, G.L. (2007). Reasons why non-speech oral motor exercises should not be used for speech sound disorders. Presentation at the ASHA Annual Convention, Boston, MA. Nov. 17. Lof, G.L. (2006). Logic, theory and evidence against the use of non-speech oral-motor exercises to change speech sound productions. Invited presentation at the ASHA Annual Convention, Miami, FL. Nov. 17. Lof, G. L., & Watson, M. (2005, November). Survey of universities’ teaching: Oral motor exercises and other procedures. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Diego, CA. Lof, G. L. (2004). Ask the Expert: A response by Gregory L. Lof, PhD., CCC-SLP. The Apraxia-Kids Monthly, 5(1). Lof, G. L., & Watson, M. (2004, November). Speech-language pathologist’s use of nonspeech oral-motor drills: National survey results. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Philadelphia, PA. Lof, G. L. (2003). Oral motor exercises and treatment outcomes. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 10 (1), 7-11. Mackie, E. (1996a). Oral-motor activities for young children. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems. Mackie, E. (1996b). Oral-motor activities for school-aged children. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 36 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Marshalla, P. (2007). Oral Motor Techniques Are Not New. Oral Motor Institute, 1(1). Available from www.oralmotorinstitute.org. Marshalla, P. (2004). Oral-Motor techniques in articulation & phonological therapy. United States: Marshalla Speech and Language. Merkel-Piccini, R. (2004). Oral-Motor Issues - Letter to the Editor. Advance. Merkel-Piccini, R. (2003). Oral-Motor Therapy: Service Delivery Models. TalkTools / Innovative Therapists International. Merkel-Piccini, R. (2002). The Similarities and Differences of Oral-Motor Therapy and PROMPT. TalkTools / Innovative Therapists International. Merkel-Piccini, R., Johnson, S. R. (2003). Connections Between Tongue Placement and Dental Alignment. Advance. Moore, C. & Ruark, J. (1996). Does speech emerge from earlier appearing oral motor behaviors? Journal of Speech and hearing Research, 39, 1034-1047. Moore, C. A., Smith, A, & Ringel, R. L. (1988). Task specific organization of activity in human jaw muscles. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31, 670-680. Morris, S. E., & Klein, M. D. (2000). Pre-feeding skills (2nd Edition). San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders. Morris, S. E., & Klein, M. D. (1987). Pre-feeding skills: A comprehensive resource for feeding development (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Therapy Skill Builders. Mosheim, J. & Banotai, A. (2007). ASHA changes bear gifts for members. Advance, 17, 10-11, 18-19. Newmeyer AJ, Grether S, Grasha C, White J, Akers R, Aylward C, Ishikawa K, Degrauw T. (2007). Fine motor function and oral-motor imitation skills in preschool-age children with speech-sound disorders. Clinical Pediatrics, 46(7):604-11. Overland, L. Food for Thought. Advance, May, 2001. Overstake, C. (1975). Investigation of the efficacy of the treatment program for deviant swallowing and allied problems. International Journal of Orofacial Myology, 1, 87-104. Overstake, C. (1976). Investigation of the efficacy of the treatment program for deviant swallowing and allied problems, Part II. International Journal of Orofacial Myology, 2, 1-6. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 37 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Pierce, R. (1996). Age and articulation characteristics: A survey of patient records on 100 patients referred for tongue thrust therapy. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 22. Pierce, R. (1980). The role of oral-motor therapy in speech pathology. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 6. Poole, I. (1934). General development of articulation of consonant sounds in speech. Elementary English Review, 11, 159-161. Prather, E. M., Hendrick, D. L., & Kern, C. (1975). Articulation development in children aged two to four years. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 40, 179-191. Ratner, N.B. & Healey, C. E. (1999). Bridging the gap between stuttering and practice: An overview. In N. B. Ratner & E. C Healey (Eds.), Stuttering research and practice: Bridging the gap (pp.1-12). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Robin, D.A. (1992) Developmental apraxia of speech: Just another motor problem. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1, 19-22. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. Safe Feeding and Prevention of Ear Infections in Down Syndrome. International Down Syndrome Conference - Vancouver, BC, Canada August 23, 2006. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. Oral-Motor Exercises for Speech Clarity. (2004). 26th World Congress of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Brisbane, Australia. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (2001). Effective Exercises for a Short Frenum. Advance. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (2001). Oral-Motor exercises for speech clarity. Tucson, AZ: Innovative Therapists International. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (1999). Straws As Therapy Tools. Advance. Rosenfeld-Johnson, S. (1997). The Oral-Motor Myths of Down Syndrome. Advance. Ruark, J. L., & Moore, C. A. (1997). Coordination of lip muscle activity by 2-year-old children during speech and non-speech tasks. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 1373-1385. Sackett, D.L., Straus, S.E., Richardson, W.S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R.B. (2000). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 38 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Sander, E. (1972). When are speech sounds learned? Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 37, 55-63. Schiavetti, N. (1992). Scaling procedures for the measurement of speech intelligibility. In Kent, R. D. (Ed.) Intelligibility in speech disorders (pp. 11-34). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. Schmidt, R.A. (1998). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Shriberg, L.D. & Kent, R.D. (2003). Clinical Phonetics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Strand, E. & Sullivan, M. (2001). Evidence-based practice guidelines for dysarthria: Management for Velopharyngeal function. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 9, 257-274. Straub, W. (1960). Malfunction of the tongue. Part 1. The abnormal swallowing habit: Its cause, effects, results in relation to orthodontic treatment and speech therapy. American Journal of Orthodontics. 46. Templin M. (1957). Certain skills in children: Their development and interrelationships (Institute of Child Welfare, Monograph 26). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Toronto, A. (1975). Long-term effectiveness of oral myology. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 1. Umberger, F. & Johnston, R. (1997). Studies related to oral-motor therapy. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 23. Wadsworth, S., Maul, C. & Stevens, E. (1998). The prevalence of orofacial myofunctional disorders among children identified with speech and language disorders in grades kindergarten through six. International Journal of Orofacial Myology. 24. Wellman, B., Case, I., Mengurt, I., & Bradbury, D. (1931). Speech sounds of young children (University of Iowa Studies in Child Welfare). Iowa City: University of Iowa. Williamson, S., McDade, H. Assessment of Oral Motor Skills in Children: A 1-Year Follow-Up. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Annual Convention, Atlanta, GA, 2002. Williamson, S., McDade, H., & Montgomery, A. (2001, November). Assessment of oralmotor skills in children. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, New Orleans, LA. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 39 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Zimmerman, J. (1994). Speech articulation problems in orofacial myofunctional disorders. In Orofacial Myology: Beyond Tongue Thrust by M. Ferketic and K. Gaedner (eds.). Rockville, MD: ASHA. * Contains a comprehensive reference list for “oral-motor” articles. Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 40 Oral Placement Therapy To Improve Speech Clarity and Feeding Skills Copyright ©2013 TalkTools® 12182013 41