here - Crooked River Lighthouse

Transcription

CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY
CITY OF CARRABELLE’S LIGHTHOUSE PARK
FRANKIN COUNTY, FLORIDA
Prepared for:
City of Carrabelle
PO Drawer 569
106 SE Ave. B
Carrabelle, Florida 32322
By:
Archaeological Consultants, Inc.
8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A
Sarasota, Florida 34240
Marion Almy – Project Manager
Elizabeth A. Horvath - Project Archaeologist
February 2008
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) performed a cultural resource assessment
survey of the City of Carrabelle’s Lighthouse Park in Franklin County. The purpose of
this survey was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the parcel and to
assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National Register of
Historic Places (NRHP). This cultural resource assessment survey was required as part of
the Florida Communities Trust Florida Forever Program (Project #04-076-FF4). The City
of Carrabelle owns the parcel and is proposing to construct a new access road, provide for
expanded parking, interpretive signage, and a keeper house/museum. Also in the Park’s
management plan are proposed picnic facilities, walking paths, a children’s playground,
and labyrinth designed around the park’s nautical theme. The access road, picnic
facilities, and playground have already been constructed. This survey and resulting report
meet the requirements set forth in Chapters 267, Florida Statutes (F.S.), and
implementing state regulations regarding possible impact to significant historic
properties. All work was carried out in conformity with the specifications set forth in
Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. The survey described in this report was
conducted in February 2008.
The Crooked River Lighthouse (8FR72), which was listed on the NRHP in 1978,
is located on the tract. The original keeper’s house and assistance keeper’s house were
sold at auction in 1964 and removed from the tract. As a result of ACI’s fieldwork, no
additional historic structures were identified.
Background research and a review of the Florida Master Site File (FMSF)
indicated that no archaeological sites, including sites listed in or determined eligible for
listing in the NRHP were recorded within the project area. Based on the background
research, the area was considered to have a high potential for archaeological deposits
associated with the historic utilization of the tract and a moderate probability for
aboriginal site occurrence. As a result of field survey, the historic archaeological
component of the lighthouse was recorded as 8FR991. This was evidenced by a series of
fragmentary sidewalks and foundation remains, as well as a sparse scatter of historic
artifacts. These remains are not considered eligible for listing in the NRHP. No evidence
of aboriginal occupation of the tract was encountered.
As a result of this survey, no archaeological sites or historic structures, which are
listed, determined eligible, or considered potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP, will
be affected by the proposed facility improvements. No further work is recommended.
.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1-1
2.0
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ......................................................................... 2-1
2.1
Location and Environment....................................................................... 2-1
2.2
Geomorphology and Geology.................................................................. 2-1
2.3
Soils.......................................................................................................... 2-3
2.4
Botanical and Faunal Resources .............................................................. 2-3
2.5
Water Resource........................................................................................ 2-5
2.6
Lithic Resources....................................................................................... 2-5
2.7
Paleoenvironmental Considerations......................................................... 2-7
3.0
CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY ........................................................................... 3-1
3.1
Paleo-Indian 12,000 – 8,000 B.C.E. ........................................................ 3-1
3.2
Archaic (8000-500 B.C.E.) ...................................................................... 3-4
3.3
Woodland (500 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.) ....................................................... 3-6
3.4
Mississippian Period (1000-1513 C.E.) ................................................... 3-9
3.5
First Spanish Period (1513-1673) .......................................................... 3-10
3.6
British Period (1763-1783) and Second Spanish Period (1784-1821)... 3-12
3.7
Territorial Period (1821-1844)............................................................... 3-13
3.8
Statehood (1845-1860)........................................................................... 3-15
3.9
Civil War (1861-1865)........................................................................... 3-16
3.10 Reconstruction and Diversification (1866-1899)................................... 3-17
3.11 Twentieth Century (1900 - ) .................................................................. 3-20
4.0
RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS ....................................... 4-1
4.1
Background Research and Literature Review.......................................... 4-1
4.1.1
Archaeological Considerations ................................................. 4-1
4.1.2
Historical Considerations:......................................................... 4-4
4.2
Field Methodology................................................................................... 4-4
4.3
Unexpected Discoveries........................................................................... 4-5
4.4
Laboratory Methods and Curation ........................................................... 4-5
5.0
SURVEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS..................................................... 5-1
5.1
Results...................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2
Conclusions.............................................................................................. 5-4
6.0
REFERENCES CITED........................................................................................ 6-1
APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Florida Master Site File Form
Appendix B: Survey Log Sheet
ii
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Figure
Page
Figure 1.1. Location of Lighthouse Park, Franklin County, Florida............................. 1-2
Figure 2.1. Environmental Setting of Lighthouse Park................................................. 2-2
Figure 2.2. Soil types and their drainage characteristics within Lighthouse Park. ....... 2-4
Figure 2.3. Location of the project area relative to the quarry clusters......................... 2-6
Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions. ................................................................ 3-2
Figure 3.2. Location of the project area relative to the Forbes Purchase. ................... 3-14
Figure 4.1. Location of the previously recorded archaeological sites proximate to
Lighthouse Park. ......................................................................................... 4-2
Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests, historic features, and new facilities within
Lighthouse Park. ......................................................................................... 5-2
Table
Table 3.1.
Aboriginal cultural chronology and traits. .................................................. 3-3
Table 4.1.
Previously recorded archaeological sites proximate to Lighthouse Park. .. 4-3
Photo
Photo 2.1.
Carrabelle Lighthouse Park Project Area. .................................................. 2-1
Photo 3.1.
Construction of the Crooked River Lighthouse ........................................ 3-20
Photo 3.2.
Crooked River Lighthouse Pier ................................................................ 3-21
Photo 5.1.
Picnic pavilion and playground. ................................................................. 5-1
Photo 5.2.
New exit road, facing east toward Cape Road............................................ 5-3
Photo 5.3.
Artifacts recovered from 8FR991. .............................................................. 5-4
Photo 5.4.
Crooked River Lightstation prior to the removal of the buildings, facing
north. ........................................................................................................... 5-4
Photo 5.5.
Crooked River Lightstation after the removal of the buildings, facing
east. ............................................................................................................. 5-5
iii
1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the cultural resource assessment survey was to identify any
aboriginal and historic period archaeological sites and historic structures located within
the City of Carrabelle’s Lighthouse Park (Figure 1.1), and to assess their significance in
terms of eligibility for listing in the NRHP. This cultural resource assessment survey was
required as part of the grant obtained from the Florida Communities Trust, Florida
Forever Program (Project #04-076-FF4).
The Crooked River Lighthouse, which was constructed in 1895, was listed on the
NRHP in 1978 based on its significance to the shipping industry at that time. The
lightstation included the 115 foot iron and steel skeleton tower with enclosed stairway, a
Keeper’s Quarters and Assistant Keeper’s Quarters, and associated outbuildings. The
quarters and outbuildings were all sold at auction in 1964 and removed from the property.
The only visible sign of this former use are remnant concrete walkways and foundation
slabs (CLA 2006). In 1995, the lighthouse was decommissioned and four years later
plans were made by the Federal Government to declare the Crooked Lighthouse surplus
property. With the assistance of the Carrabelle Lighthouse Association, the City of
Carrabelle submitted a proposal to acquire the lighthouse under the National Park
Service’s Federal Lands to Parks Program. In 2000, the lighthouse was deeded to the City
under that program (Canetta 2007). The development of this parcel as a park by the City
will include the restoration of the lighthouse, construction of replica of a Keeper’s
Quarter for a museum, a new access road, parking facilities, a picnic pavilion, a
children’s playground, a labyrinth, and interpretive signage. The access road, picnic
pavilion, and playground have already been completed.
This survey and resulting report meet the requirements set forth in Chapter 267,
Florida Statutes, and implementing state regulations regarding possible impact to
significant historic properties. All work was carried out in conformity with the
specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code. The survey
described in this report was conducted in February 2008.
P08014/February 2008
1-2
0
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0
2
4 miles
4 kilometers
PROJECT AREA
Figure 1.1. Location of Lighthouse Park, Franklin
County, Florida (Survey and Mapping Office 2002).
N
2-1
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
2.1
Location and Environment
The City of Carrabelle’s Lighthouse Park is located in Section 36 of Township 7
South, Range 5 West (USGS Carrabelle, Fla. 1981 (Figure 2.1). The tract is roughly 3
acres in size, located north of US 98 and west of Cape Street. The area is predominantly
open sand and slash pine with a scattering of sand live oak (Photo 2.1). St. George Sound
is located south of US 98.
Photo 2.1. Carrabelle Lighthouse Park Project Area.
2.2
Geomorphology and Geology
The project area is within the north or proximal physiographic zone (White 1970).
More specifically, the tract falls within the Gulf Coastal Lowlands, which are
characterized as low in elevation and generally poorly drained (Puri and Vernon 1964).
The interlevee swamps and relict sand bars are usually oriented parallel to the coast,
which indicates a close control of their shape and form by marine forces (Schmidt 1978).
Geologically the general area is underlain by Quaternary beach ridge and dune
formations (Scott 2001; Scott et al. 2001). The surface lithology of the region consists of
medium fine sands and silts (Schmidt 1978). The project area falls within the Silver Bluff
Terrace (1-3 m [3-10 ft] in elevation) (Healy 1975). This terrace has been correlated with
a sea level that was 2.4 to 3 m (7.8-9.8 ft) higher than present, occurring about four to
five thousand years ago (Schmidt 1978).
2-2
Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of Lightouse Park,
Section 36, Township 7 South, Range 5 West (USGS
Carrabelle, Fla. 1981).
2-3
2.3
Soils
The project area is located with the Mandarin-Resota-Leon soil association which
consists of soils of the sand ridges and coastal islands (USDA 1994). It is characterized
by nearly level or gently sloping, poorly to moderately well drained sandy soils. Typical
vegetation of the association consists of sand pine, slash pine, Chapman oak, myrtle oak,
turkey oak, and scrub live oak with an understory of woody shrubs, grasses, and saw
palmetto (USDA 1994). The specific soil types include the moderately well drained
Resota fine sand, 0-5% slope, the somewhat poorly drained Mandarin fine sand, 0-5%
slope, the poorly drained Leon sand, and the very poorly drained Pickney-Pamlico
Complex, depressional (USDA 2006) (Figure 2.2).
2.4
Botanical and Faunal Resources
With the onset of the modern environmental conditions, numerous microenvironments were available to the aboriginal inhabitants. By 4000 years ago, ground
water had reached current levels, and the shift to warmer, moister conditions saw the
appearance of hardwood forests, bayheads, cypress swamps, prairie, and marshlands. The
natural vegetation associated with Leon sand consists of longleaf pine, slash pine, saw
palmetto, gallberry, waxmyrtle, wiregrass, running oak, black titi, and fetterbush lyonia.
Mandarin sand supports sand pine, slash pine, longleaf pine, and turkey oak with an
understory of wiregrass, pennyroyal, and scattered saw palmetto. The natural vegetation
of Resota fine sand is virtually the same as Mandarin sand with the absence of slash pine
and the addition of scrub oak. Sweetbay, swamp tupelo, black titi, swamp cyrilla, and
scattered slash pine characterize the vegetative regime of the Pickney-Pamlico complex.
Soils play a major role in determining what plant and animal species are available
in the region. They affect the kind and amount of vegetation that is available to the
wildlife as food and cover. The kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the
amount and distribution of food, cover, and water (USDA 1994:68). Three general
wildlife habitat regimes have been identified: openland, woodland, and wetland (USDA
1994:Table 7). The openland habitat includes open areas, pastures, meadows, and areas
overgrown with grasses, herbs, vines, and shrubs. The wildlife associated with these areas
includes bobwhite quail, dove, meadowlarks, field sparrows, cottontail rabbit, and red
fox. Leon sand is rated fair for this habitat; the other soils are rated as poor or very poor.
The woodland habitat requires areas of deciduous and/or coniferous plants associated
with legumes, grasses and herbaceous plants. These areas support animals such as turkey,
thrushes, woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and bear. Again,
Leon sand is rated fair for this habitat, while the other soils are rated as poor or very poor.
The wetland habitats are open, marshy, or swampy shallow water areas. Wildlife
associated with these locales includes ducks, geese, herons, shore birds, otter, mink,
beaver, and alligator. The Pickney-Pamlico Complex is rated good and the other soils are
rated as poor or very poor (USDA 1994).
2-4
Figure 2.2. Soil types and their drainage characteristics
within Lighthouse Park (USDA 2006).
2-5
2.5
Water Resource
St. George Sound is located about 225 m (738 ft) south of the tower and a small
pond is located about the same distance to the southwest of the tower.
2.6
Lithic Resources
Two kinds of lithic raw material were utilized by aboriginal populations in this
part of Florida: silicified limestone, known by geologists and archaeologists as chert, and
silicified coral. Over the past several decades, researchers have attempted to isolate and
identify the origins of specific chert types based on physical properties such as trace
elements, chemical, mineralogical, and petrological properties (Purdy 1981; Purdy and
Blanchard 1973; Upchurch et al. 1982). The most successful efforts have been produced
by Upchurch and his students whose work focused on the identification of quarry
clusters. These are defined as geographical areas containing outcrops of chert which are
uniform in fabric, composition, and fossil content and which were visited and utilized by
early humans (Upchurch et al. 1982). Nineteen quarry clusters have been identified in the
state, as well as several sub-areas within individual quarry clusters (Goodyear et al. 1983;
Upchurch et al. 1982).
The identification of quarry clusters has allowed archaeologists to recognize
variation in regional cherts and place them into a spatial framework with respect to
location of archaeological sites. Austin (1997) has suggested that several of the clusters
be combined into 16 mega-clusters due to the lack of unambiguous criteria for assigning
cherts derived from silica replacement of the Ocala Limestone to specific source areas
(Austin and Estabrook 2000:16). Estabrook, on the other hand, suggests the need for
additional investigations to tightly define the clusters (Estabrook 2005).
The project area lies west of the Wacissa Quarry Cluster and southeast of the
Marianna Quarry Cluster (Upchurch et al. 1982) (Figure 2.3). The Wacissa Quarry
Cluster is one of the most prolific in the state. The two main areas for chert exposures are
along the Aucilla River and in the swamps west of the Wacissa River. All the known
chert sources in this locale are derived from Suwannee limestone. Upchurch defines this
material as consisting of microspherulitic chalcedony with a foraminiferal grainstone
fabric. Miliolids are common (Upchurch et al. 1982:109). These cherts tend to be very
light gray to light red and grayish orange in color, the reddish color is due in part to
oxidation of iron in peat fires, some of which are historic (Upchurch et al. 1982:110). The
chert from the Marianna Quarry cluster is characterized as a homogeneous, fine grained,
light colored chert with the microspherulitic chalcedony matrix and a lack of foraminifera
(Upchurch et al. 1982:106). There are molds and cast of pelecypods within the matrix.
The chert is white or very light gray to moderate red or grayish orange. This was not a
very important quarry cluster due to the absence of abundant chert exposures.
2-6
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5
6
4
7
3
9
8
10
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QUARRY CLUSTERS
1
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15
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Wrights Creek
Marianna
Wacissa
Upper Suwannee
Alapaha River
Swift Creek Swamp
White Springs
Lower Suwannee
Santa Fe
Gainesville
Ocala
Lake Panasoffkee
Inverness
Brooksville
Upper Withlacoochee
Caladesi
Hillsborough River
Turtlecrawl Point
Peace River
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16
19
18
17
0
50
0
(After Upchurch et al. 1982: Figure 1).
Figure 2.3. Location of the project area (
relative to the quarry clusters.
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14
)
50
100 miles
100 kilometers
2-7
2.7
Paleoenvironmental Considerations
Ten to twelve thousand years ago, sea levels were much lower, the climate was
drier, and potable water was scarce. Due to the arid conditions from 16,500 to 12,500
years ago, the perched water aquifer and potable water supplies were absent (Dunbar
1981:95). Pollen analyses from lake sediment cores suggest that a mosaic landscape of
herb prairie and oak savanna covered central Florida prior to the arrival of the first human
groups (Watts 1969, 1971, 1975, 1980). Rosemary (Ceratiola ericodes), ragweed
(Ambrosia sp.), grass species, and other composites covered the dune ridges. Scattered
stands of sclerophyllous oak scrub grew in the lower, riparian areas. Pine species were
rare in Florida 35,000 years ago, but increased in abundance toward the end of the
Pleistocene (Watts 1975:345; 1980:400). Drier conditions are suggested by hiatuses in
lake sediment cores obtained in north and west central Florida and southern Georgia
(Watts 1969, 1971; Watts and Stuiver 1980). The rise of sea levels severely reduced xeric
habitats over the next several millennia.
Bloom (1983) developed an approach for viewing factors involved in sea level
change by emphasizing the change from water weight being tied up within the glaciers to
the weight once the glaciers melted and the water returned to the ocean. Analysis of five
eastern United States coastal sites support the hypothesis that post-glacial sea level rise
has been sufficient to isostatically deform coastal areas. This approach prompted research
in the sea level records of oceanic islands as a means for testing theories of isostasy and
research into the models of the Earth’s reaction to mass shifts and the subsequent effects
this shifting had on sea levels (Cronin 1987).
Through coastal archaeological site interpretation, Colquhoun et al. (1981)
present data for a gradual sea level increase by fluctuation. During the middle and late
Holocene in the southeastern United States, sea level generally rose in the manner of the
Shepard Curve, but through a series of fluctuations similar to the Fairbridge Curve
(Colquhoun et al. 1981:147). Most researchers agree that, with minor temporal
differences, the oscillation frequency is approximately 400 to 500 years and the
oscillations are attributed to glacio-eustatic processes (Cronin 1987; Tanner 1992).
Tanner (1992:302) states that within the last 3000 years, sea level has experienced four
rises and three drops in the range of 1-3 m (3-10 ft).
Tanner’s (1992:302-303) work on St. Vincent Island, Florida has shown that sea
level was rising about 1000 years ago and by 1200 C.E. (Common Era) it began to fall. It
reached its low level by 1400 C.E. That level represents the Little Ice Age (Lamb 1981).
The sea level began to rise about 1750 C.E. and it continued to rise until at least 1900
C.E. Although sea level has not yet reached as high as it did on at least two previous
occasions in the last 8000 years, it nevertheless now stands well above its average
position for late Holocene time. Richards (1971) concluded that since the last interglacial,
Florida has tectonically been stable. Studies in the Charlotte Harbor area agree in general
with these conclusions (Stapor et al. 1987, 1991). Between 2000 and 1500 years ago, sea
2-8
levels were roughly 1.2 m (4 ft) above today’s level and there was another “high” stand
(ca. 0.3 m [1 ft] above present levels) between 1000 and 500 years ago.
By 5000 years ago, a climatic event marking a brief return to Pleistocene climatic
conditions induced a change toward more open vegetation. Southern pine forests replaced
the oak savannahs. Extensive marshes and swamps developed along the coasts and
subtropical hardwood forests became established along the southern tip of Florida
(Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Northern Florida saw an increase in oak species, grasses,
and sedges (Carbone 1983). At Lake Annie, in south central Florida, pollen cores were
dominated by wax myrtle and pine. The assemblage suggests that by this time, a forest
dominated by longleaf pine along with cypress swamps and bayheads existed in the area
(Watts 1971, 1975). By about 5500 years ago, surface water was plentiful in karst terrains
and the level of the Floridan aquifer rose to 1.5 m (5 ft) above present levels. After this
time, modern floral, climatic, and environmental conditions began to be established.
Faunal changes are more difficult to document due to the mixing of the species
record and the lack of accessibility of sites containing faunal remains. Lists have been
compiled of extinct mammal species that occupied the southeastern continent some
14,000 years ago (Webb 1981, 1990). These include giant land tortoise, giant ground
sloth, mastodon, mammoth, camel, bison, giant beaver, wolf, jaguar, and horse. The
predominant species were large grazers, some of which were herd ungulates (Carbone
1983:10). Within Florida, the presence of the long-nosed peccary, spectacled bear,
southern llama, and giant armadillo indicate this region possessed a rich and diverse
environment. Many of these animals migrated north from South America during the
Great American Interchange some two million years ago (MacFadden 1997).
3-1
3.0 CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY
A discussion of the culture history of a given area is included in cultural resource
assessment reports to provide a framework within which the local archaeological and
historical records can be examined. Archaeological sites are not individual entities, but
rather are part of once dynamic cultural systems. As a result, individual sites cannot be
adequately examined or interpreted without reference to other sites and resources in the
general area.
In general, archaeologists summarize the prehistory of a given area (i.e. an
archaeological region) by outlining the sequence of archaeological cultures through time.
These cultures are defined largely in geographical terms, but also they reflect shared
environmental and cultural factors. The project area is located within the Northwest
Florida archeological region (Milanich 1994:xix). This area extends west of the Aucilla
River and includes the entire panhandle region (Figure 3.1). The Paleo-Indian, Archaic
(Early, Middle, and Late), Woodland (Deptford, Swift Creek, Weeden Island), and
Mississippian (Fort Walton) Stages have been defined on the basis of unique sets of
material cultural traits such as characteristic stone tool forms and ceramics, as well as
subsistence, settlement, and burial patterns (cf., Bense 1989; Brose and White 1999;
Milanich 1994) (Table 3.1). A brief summary of these follows.
3.1
Paleo-Indian 12,000 – 8,000 B.C.E.
The Paleo-Indian Stage is the earliest cultural manifestation in Florida, dating
from roughly 12,000-8,000 B.C.E. (Before Common Era). Archaeological evidence for
Paleo-Indians consists primarily of scattered finds of diagnostic lanceolate projectile
points. The Florida peninsula 10-12,000 years ago was quite different than today. The
climate was cooler and drier and vegetation was typified by xerophytic species with scrub
oak, pine, open grassy prairies, and savannas being the most common (Milanich
1994:40). Since sea levels were as much as 35 m (115 ft) below present levels, it is
probable that many of the sites dating from this time have been inundated (Ruppé 1980;
Scholl et al. 1969). Greater exploration and better marine technologies are resulting in the
documentation of these early sites (Dunbar 1997; Dunbar et al. 1991; Faught 1996, 2004;
Webb 2006).
Paleo-Indian people probably lived in migratory bands with a subsistence
economy based on hunting and gathering, including the now-extinct Pleistocene
megafauna. Since the climate was cooler and much drier, it is likely that these nomadic
bands traveled between permanent and semi-permanent sources of water, exploiting
seasonally available resources. This has been referred to as the Oasis hypothesis (Dunbar
1991). These watering holes would have attracted the animals that the Indians hunted,
thus providing food and drink.
3-2
1
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3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
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8
9
Northwest
North
North-Central
East and Central
North Peninsular Gulf Coast
Central Peninsular Gulf Coast
Caloosahatchee
Okeechobee Basin
Glades
6
8
7
9
0
100 miles
Post- 500 B.C.E. regions of precolumbian Florida
Figure 3.1 Florida Archaeological Regions (Milanich
1994:xix). The project area ( ) is in the Northwest
Archaeological Region.
3-3
Table 3.1. Aboriginal cultural chronology and traits (adapted from Brose and White
1999: Table 2).
Culture Stage / Time
Frame
Paleo-Indian
12,000-8,000 B.C.E.
Late Paleo-Indian /
Early Archaic
8000-6000 B.C.E.
Middle Archaic
6000-35000 B.C.E.
Cultural Adaptation
Diagnostic Artifacts
hunting Pleistocene megafauna,
gathering, and probably fishing;
oasis settlement model
hunting, gathering, probably
fishing
Clovis, Suwannee, and Simpson points,
unfluted lanceolate points, Pre-Clovis?
hunting, gathering, fishing,
shellfish collecting
stemmed & notched points (FAS,
Newnan, Hillsborough), probably shell
mounds
fiber-tempered ceramics by 2000 B.C.E.,
steatite bowls, chert microlithic tools,
Culbreath, Lafayette, Clay & Westo
points; Elliott’s Point complex
Deptford Check and Simple Stamped,
fabric marked, some early Swift Creek
ceramics, tetrapodal vessels
Swift Creek Complicated Stamped, Santa
Rosa, and early Weeden Island Incised,
Punctated, and cutout ceramics, other
burial items of exotic raw materials,
small stemmed points
late Weeden Island ceramics (Wakulla
Check Stamped, Keith Incised and
Carrabelle types)
Fort Walton, Lamar (grit tempered), and
Pensacola ceramics, triangular chert
points
Late Archaic /
“Gulf Formational”
3500-500 B.C.E.
earliest known shell mounds,
hunting, fishing, gathering,
shellfish collecting
Early Woodland
500 B.C.E. – 150 C.E.
earliest burial mounds, hunting,
fishing, gathering, shellfish
collecting
height of burial mound
ceremonialism, possible
cultivation of local plants, hunting,
gathering, fishing, shellfish
collecting
adoption of maize horticulture,
habitation in all environments,
decreasing mound ritual
Fort Walton: temple mounds,
intensive maize agriculture,
hunting, gathering, fishing,
shellfish, collecting on coast
missionization, disappearance of
the native populations, emergence
of Seminoles from Lower Creeks
moving in
Middle Woodland
150-750 C.E.
Late Woodland
750-1000 C.E.
Mississippian
1000-1500 C.E.
Historic
1500-1850 C.E.
Bolen, Kirk, Dalton points
European metal, glass, later
Chattahoochee Brushed ceramics
Excavations at the Harney Flats Site in Hillsborough County (8HI507) have
provided a rich body of data concerning Paleo-Indian lifeways (Daniel and Wisenbaker
1987). Daniel and Wisenbaker (1987:175) have suggested that Paleo-Indian settlement
may “not have been related as much to seasonal changes as generally postulated for the
succeeding Archaic period,” but instead movement was perhaps related to the scheduling
of “tool-kit replacement, social needs, and the availability or water,” among other factors.
During the late Paleo-Indian period, the large lanceolate-shaped Suwannee and Simpson
points may have been replaced by the smaller Tallahassee, Santa Fe, and Beaver Lake
types (Milanich 1994:53). However, these point types have more often been found
stratigraphically within Late Archaic and Early Woodland contexts (Austin 2001; Farr
2006).
Relatively few Paleo-Indian sites are known in the Northwest Florida
archaeological region (White 1986:198). Most of which are located in the karst formation
3-4
through which the Aucilla and Wacissa Rivers flow (Dunbar 1991; Dunbar et al. 1989).
Other Paleo-Indian sites have been found offshore near former karstic water sources
(Dunbar et al. 1991). Other locales where early sites might be expected include areas in
and around sinkholes (Ewen et al. 1990; White 1986:198).
3.2
Archaic (8000-500 B.C.E.)
The Archaic stage has been divided into three periods: Early Archaic (8000-6000
B.C.E.), Middle Archaic (6000-3500 B.C.E.), and Late Archaic (3500-500 B.C.E.)
(Brose and White 1999; Milanich 1994). Bullen separated the Orange (2000-1000
B.C.E.) and the Transitional (1200-1000 B.C.E.) periods from the Late Archaic (Bullen
1959, 1972, 1975). Milanich (1994:35) however, suggests that even with the advent of
fired clay pottery, the basic lifestyles of the aboriginal occupations of the Late Archaic
remained relatively unchanged.
The beginning of the Archaic is denoted by interrelated environmental and
cultural changes. The environmental changes associated with the end of the Pleistocene
necessitated modification of the extant aboriginal settlement patterns and subsistence
strategies. Whereas the Paleo-Indians depended more heavily upon the Pleistocene
megafauna and the relatively few watering holes, Archaic populations hunted smaller
game and learned to exploit a broader range of resources such as shellfish. These
adaptive changes resulted in an increase in the number and types of archeological sites.
The effects of the changing environment can be seen in the variation in site locations.
Although Early Archaic materials are often found in association with Paleo-Indian
deposits, especially around water sources, other Early Archaic sites are located in areas
devoid of Paleo-Indian sites.
Early Archaic sites are usually recognized by the presence of Dalton and/or Bolen
points as well as the Kirk varieties. Milanich (1994:64) notes that there are no well
documented Early Archaic coastal or riverine shell midden sites which is probably due to
sea level rise as opposed to avoidance of these areas. The lithic tool assemblage has a
wider variety of tool types than during the previous period. Early Archaic populations
continued to locate their sites around available water sources. However, given that the
water sources were larger and more numerous due to a rise eustatic pressure, larger
populations could be sustained. This probably resulted in larger sites that were occupied
for longer periods.
Early and Middle Archaic peoples used aquatic environments for burial (Milanich
1994:81). The Early Archaic Windover Site, located near Titusville, contained primary
and flexed burials within a peat pond. These were held in place with wooden stakes and
the interments included grave goods such as textiles and worked bone, shell, and wood
(Dickel 2002; Doran 2002). The Gauthier cemetery was situated within a slough between
a pond and Lake Poinsett. These burials were also primary and flexed (Carr and Jones
1981). Underwater interments have also been recovered from the Middle Archaic Bay
West, Republic Groves, and Nona Sites (Beriault et al. 1981; Luer 2002; Wharton et al.
3-5
1981). In addition to the cemetery, each, like Windover, had an adjacent land site
evidenced by a midden.
Middle Archaic sites are identified by the large stemmed projectile points,
especially the Newnan type. Other point types include Hillsborough, Levy, Putnam,
Alachua, and Marion (Bullen 1975). In addition, silicified coral was more prevalent as a
lithic tool raw material (Milanich 1994) and thermal alteration of the stone became more
common (Ste. Claire 1987). During the Middle Archaic, wetter conditions prevailed. Sea
levels began to rise and pine forests and swamps emerged. The climate changed to one of
more pronounced seasonality. Settlement was increasingly focused within coastal and
riverine locales (Milanich 1994:64). Subsistence was based on hunting, fishing, shellfish
collecting, and plant gathering. The previously proposed theory that Archaic populations
practiced a seasonal migration pattern between the interior and the coast has also been
called into question. Evidence from Horr’s Island, located along the southwest Florida
coast, indicates that this Middle Archaic site was occupied during all seasons of the year
(Russo 1991). Several sites along the northeast Florida coast also confirm year-round
utilization (Russo 1992; Russo et al. 1993).
In Northwest Florida, a shift from the dispersed settlement pattern of the
preceding period to a system of base camps with numerous, smaller satellite camps has
been hypothesized (Bense 1989). The changes in settlement patterns resulted from
maximizing the exploitation of forest resources and probably indicates that larger bands
of people were living together part of the year (Ewen et al. 1990:9). Middle Archaic sites
recorded throughout the state include large base camps, smaller special-use campsites,
quarries, and burial areas. The most common sites are the smaller campsites, which were
most likely used for hunting or served as special-use extractive sites for such activities as
gathering nuts or other botanical materials. Nut collecting stations would have been used
seasonally. At quarry sites aboriginal population mined stone for their tools. They usually
roughly shaped the stone prior to transporting it to another locale for finishing. Base
camps are defined by larger artifact assemblages and a wider variety of tool forms.
During the Late Archaic period, population increased and became more sedentary.
The broad-bladed, stemmed projectile styles of the Middle Archaic continued to be made
with the addition of Culbreath, Lafayette, Clay, and Westo point types (Bullen 1975). A
greater reliance on marine resources is indicated in coastal areas. Subsistence strategies
and technologies reflect the beginnings of an adaptation to these resources. By about
4000 B.P., there is evidence of fired clay pottery in Florida. The first ceramics types were
tempered with fibers (Spanish moss or palmetto) are referred to as the Orange or
Norwood series. Initially, it was thought that the ceramics lacked decoration until about
3650 B.P. when they were decorated with geometric designs and punctations. However,
recent research has called this ceramic chronology into question; AMS dates from a
series of incised Orange sherds from the middle St. Johns River valley, have produced
dates contemporaneous with the plain varieties (Sassaman 2003). Limited horticulture
was either invented or accepted via diffusion at this time, which led to the evolution of
agriculture during later phases (Tesar 1980:58).
3-6
Milanich (1994:86-87) suggests that while there may be little difference between
Middle and Late Archaic populations, there are more Late Archaic sites and they were
primarily located near wetlands. The abundant wetland resources allowed larger
settlements to be maintained. It is likely that the change in settlement patterns is related to
environmental changes. By the end of the Middle Archaic, the climate closely resembled
that of today; vegetation changed from those species which preferred moist conditions to
pines and mixed forests (Watts and Hansen 1988). Sea levels rose inundating many sites
located along the shoreline. The adaptation to this environment allowed for a wider
variety of resources to be exploited and a wider variation in settlement patterns. No
longer were the scarce waterholes dictating the location of sites. Shellfish, fish, and other
food sources were now available from coastal and freshwater wetlands resulting in an
increase population size.
The end of the Late Archaic, occasionally referred to as the Transitional period, is
marked by the disappearance of fiber-tempered ceramics of the Norwood series and the
introduction of sand-tempered wares. Also, populations increased, and the first
appearances of dense village middens and horticultural experimentations occurred
(Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:61). There is evidence of regional interaction with other
cultures such as the Poverty Point complex of the lower Mississippi Valley. The
northwest Florida variant, termed Elliott’s Point, includes fired clay balls, a microlithic
industry and other Poverty Point-like expressions (Bense 1989; Thomas and Campbell
1991). The same basic settlement and subsistence patterns were being followed. It has
been suggested that during this period there was a diffusion of cultural traits because of
the movement of small groups (Bullen 1959, 1965). This resulted in the appearance of
several different ceramic and lithic tool traditions and the beginning of cultural
regionalism. None of the recorded sites in this area has been assigned to this period.
3.3
Woodland (500 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.)
The Deptford period (500 B.C.E – 150 C.E.) has been well documented as a
coastal culture along the Gulf and Atlantic shorelines. Deptford has been described as
having a coastal-riverine subsistence base, a Hopewellian religious complex, and a base
camp-satellite camp settlement pattern (Bense 1989). The base camps are marked by the
presence of shell middens. Typically, they are located in live oak/hickory hammocks on
barrier islands near brackish or fresh water (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Sea level rise
since the Deptford period had inundated some sites and formed islands out of others.
Smaller inland sites, probably for hunting, are also known, but less well understood. This
settlement pattern, begun in the Late Archaic, marks a definite shift in settlement toward
the coastal lowlands. The collection of specialized non-coastal resources such as nuts,
berries, and freshwater fish was carried out in the interior pine forests and river valleys.
Archaeologists believe the Deptford people spent most of the year along the lagoons and
salt marshes. Seasonally, small groups may have moved inland and up the rivers to
exploit the riverine and hammock resources (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:72). By about
100 C.E., the Deptford settlement pattern began to change; villages were now being
3-7
established in the interior as opposed to only the special-use campsites (Milanich
1994:114).
Deptford pottery is easily identified and is characterized by linear patterns of
small rectangles or squares on the outside of pots. Simple stamp, linear check stamp, and
check stamp patterns were applied by pressing a carved wooden paddle into the moist
clay prior to firing. Other pottery was decorated by wrapping the wooden paddle with a
cord and pressing it into the moist clay. Spanish moss had been replaced by better
tempering agents such as sand and grit. Lithic, worked shell, and worked bone artifacts
tend to be scarce at Deptford sites, suggesting that wood was the primary raw material for
their tools (Milanich 1994:126).
Evidence of culture change is manifest by increased trade and interaction,
construction of burial mounds and other ceremonial mounds, and the movement of
peoples into the interior on a permanent basis. Deptford peoples, along with
contemporaneous American Woodland cultures, participated in an exchange of exotic
items such as copper, mica, conch shells, ear spools, and ceramics and began to construct
burial mounds. This ceremonialism, termed the Yent complex, was defined by Sears
(1962) for the panhandle and north peninsula gulf coast area based upon the excavations
at the Crystal River, Yent, and Pierce Mounds. Not all late Deptford sites appear to be
associated with that complex as cremations and midden burials have been reported from
non-mound sites.
Following the Deptford culture in eastern northwest Florida is Swift Creek, which
occurred around 150-350 C.E. In the archaeological record, this is evidenced by the
introduction of complicated stamped pottery. Again, wooden paddles, carved with
elaborate and intricate rectilinear and curvilinear designs, were pressed into the damp
clay to produce the decoration. Bense (1992) suggests that the replacement of the
Deptford ceramics with the Swift Creek types was a gradual process. In addition to the
discernible changes in the material record, there were also changes in mortuary
ceremonialism (Sears 1962). Burial mounds with east-side ceramic caches replaced the
continuous use mounds of the late Deptford and there is a marked increase in the
inclusion of exotic ornaments and ceramics with individual burials.
Hunting, shellfish gathering, and wild plant food collecting continued but there is
some evidence for increasing reliance on domesticated plants. Sites were occasionally
located back from the coast in forested locales, but still in easy walking distance of the
coast (Milanich 2002:358). Later, villages were established in the interior forests and
river valleys as well as along the coast, and were likely occupied on a year-round basis
(Milanich 1994). These are evidenced by horseshoe or circular midden deposits and may
have an associated burial mound. Coastal villages may have a similar site plan as the
inland villages or they may be evidenced by large linear shell middens. In general, oyster
or marsh clam are the main components of the shell middens, with other midden debris
interspersed. In addition to villages, small special-use campsites are scattered throughout
the region, including inland hunting camps and smaller coastal shell middens. Inland sites
are generally found near streams or lakes.
3-8
Weeden Island (100-1000 C.E.) evolved out of the preceding Swift Creek culture.
Originally, Willey (1949; Willey and Woodbury 1942) divided the Weeden Island culture
into two chronological periods, I and II based on village midden ceramic assemblages.
Weeden Island I was identified by the presence of Swift Creek Complicated Stamped
ceramics and the Weeden Island Incised and Punctated types. The Weeden Island II
period was identified by the lack of complicated stamping, a reduction in the frequencies
of the Weeden Island Incised types, and the appearance of check-stamped ceramics in the
archaeological record. Percy and Brose (1974) note that these periods are based on
ceramic assemblages and shifts in settlement from interior base camps to dispersed
coastal and farmstead settlements. Further, they report that by Late Weeden Island times,
agriculture became essential to the inland populations while marine resources remained
the significant dietary staple for coastal populations. They also suggest that in the later
part of the Late Woodland period, new settlements appear in the upper reaches of the bay
systems. The settlements consist of several small villages and an associated burial
mound. The appearance of these settlements may be the result of increased populations
and resulting pressures on the food resources of the lower bays.
Ceremonialism and its expressions, such as the construction of complex burial
mounds containing exotic and elaborate grave offerings, reached their greatest
development during this time. Similarly, the subsistence economy, divided between
maritime and terrestrial animals and perhaps horticultural products, represents the
maximum effective adjustment to the environment. The settlement pattern resembles that
of the preceding Swift Creek culture, although there are more Weeden Island sites
(Milanich 1994). Coastal sites are located on barrier islands as well as on the adjacent
mainland coast proximate to freshwater and salt marshes. It may be during this time
period that the dichotomy between coastal and inland adaptations intensified (White
1986:173).
The interior villages are often located in the same location as the preceding Swift
Creek villages, such as at the Aspalaga mound-village complex located along the
Apalachicola River (Milanich 1994; Moore 1903; Percy and Brose 1974). These may
represent the continued occupation of the ecologically more productive locales by
growing populations. As villages became too large to function effectively, new villages
budded off and at time older villages were abandoned (Milanich 2002:358). Sites were
located next to a permanent source of water within a mesic hammock. It has been noted
that villages were also proximate to other aquatic habitats, sand hills, pine scrub, and
flatwoods (Milanich et al. 1984; Sigler-Lavelle 1980). This would have provided the
optimal setting for collecting the resources required by the site occupants.
The artifact assemblage is distinguished by the presence of Weeden Island
ceramic types. These are among some of the finest ceramics in the southeast; they are
often thin, well-fired, burnished, and decorated with incising, punctation, complicated
stamping, and animal effigies (Milanich 1994:211). These ceramics can be divided into
three general categories - mortuary pottery, prestige/elite pottery, and utilitarian wares. It
should be noted that undecorated ceramics are most common in the village areas whereas
3-9
the decorated types are most often associated with the burial mounds. Milanich and his
colleagues note that greater time and effort was spent on the manufacture of the certain
decorated wares as opposed to the undecorated wares and the elite pottery was almost
always better made (Milanich et al. 1984).
The late Weeden Island period in northwest Florida is referred to as Wakulla
Weeden Island based upon the predominance of check-stamped ceramics in the nonmound ceramic assemblages. This period revealed not only changes in the secular
ceramics, but in mound ceremonialism, settlement patterns, and economic systems
(Milanich 2002:362). This period, ca. 700-1000 C.E., reflects the adoption of maize
agriculture into the Weeden Island subsistence economy (Milanich 1994:194). It is not
certain, however, whether agriculture became an important part of the coastal people’s
economy. Within the interior portions of the panhandle, the number of sites increased and
site locations were now located in areas previously uninhabited. This may have been due
to the increase in population as well as the need for suitable agricultural lands. There is
also a lack of large nucleated villages and mound centers. Although mounds were still
used, they were no longer associated with extensive ceremonialism, they were for
interment of family members (Milanich 1994:197).
Wakulla Weeden Island sites are more common, but smaller in size than the
preceding Weeden Island sites. This may be due to the use of slash and burn maize
agriculture that would have resulted in rapid soil exhaustion, requiring the periodic
relocation of the fields. This system did not support the nucleated settlement patterns of
the previous eras (Milanich 2002:362).
3.4
Mississippian Period (1000-1513 C.E.)
The Fort Walton period has been described as the most politically complex
culture in Florida and the regional culture with the densest population (Milanich
1994:355). Fort Walton “was an indigenous adaptation contemporaneous with other
southeastern Mississippian societies that were evolving toward greater complexity
through internal reorganization” (White 1986:210). Characteristics of this time include
mound building, intensification of agriculture, and hierarchical settlement arrangements
similar to other southeastern Mississippian societies.
Scarry suggests that the local variant of the Mississippian culture, the Apalachee
Fort Walton culture, appears in the Apalachicola River valley around 900 C.E. (Scarry
1980, 1981). Cultural contacts with other southeast cultures apparently brought new ideas
to the indigenous population for organizing increasingly larger societies and more
intensive and efficient agriculture (Scarry 1990a, 1990b). Politico-religious centers such
as the Lake Jackson Site near Tallahassee (Jones 1982), the Bottle Creek Site in southern
Alabama (Brown 2003), and the Curlee Site on the upper Apalachicola River (White
1986) are well documented in the archaeological literature.
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Both large, truncated pyramidal shaped temple mounds and burial mounds were
built. Powerful chiefs and a complex society with social classes are evidenced by large
quantities of exotic grave good found with some burials. Jones’ excavations revealed the
individuals buried in the tombs at Lake Jackson had been wearing costumes and other
paraphernalia symbolic of high rank (Jones 1982).
The Fort Walton period in this part of the panhandle has been divided into three
phases: Lake Jackson, Velda, and San Luis. The first two were based on independent
chiefdoms while the latter was a subordinate polity controlled by the Spanish (Scarry
1990b). The Lake Jackson phase was a complex chiefdom with a well-developed
settlement hierarchy with at least four classes of settlement: farmsteads, hamlets, minor
centers, and paramount center (Payne 1981). Farmsteads would have had one or more
family dwellings, hamlets had several dwellings as well as a larger civic structure. Minor
centers would have a number of structures as well as a pyramidal mound and the
paramount center had numerous mounds, was larger and more complex than the minor
centers (Scarry 1990b:180). The Lake Jackson Site (8LE1) was the paramount center
during this phase.
The Velda phase is marked by the transfer of the seat of power from Lake Jackson
to Anhaica (Martin Site/8LE853) and the major mound centers were apparently
abandoned. There also was no evidence of new mound construction (Scarry 1990b). New
ceramic types appeared and others disappeared, vessel forms changed as well (Scarry
1985). The abandonment of the mound centers and lack of new construction indicates a
significant change in the allocation of the surplus labor controlled by the chiefs and in the
symbolic expression of social rank and political position (Scarry 1990b:183). This,
however, was still one of the richest and most powerful chiefdoms in the southeast.
The ceramics of the early Apalachee-Fort Walton culture were dominated by the
Lake Jackson series, both incised and plain. Also, Wakulla Check Stamped pottery was
common at many early Fort Walton sites (Tesar 1980:166-167). Later, ceramics are
characterized by a shift in temper to smaller grog and nearly equal amounts of finegrained sand. This trend continued into the following early Leon-Jefferson period (Tesar
1980:168).
3.5
First Spanish Period (1513-1673)
The first Europeans to enter this part of Florida were members of Pánfilo de
Narvaéz’s exploration party. Narvaéz and his men camped approximately four miles
northwest of St. Marks, close to an Indian town called Aute. They were besieged by
malaria and the hostilities of the natives and decided to build boats to leave the area. The
Spanish were forced to slaughter their horses for food and hides. Once their five vessels
were finished, they set sail, probably from Shell Point (Cash 1946).
Hernando deSoto came after Narvaéz in 1539. deSoto’s expedition occupied the
Apalachee village of Anhaica, in Tallahassee, for four months before continuing on their
3-11
journey westward (Ewen and Hann 1998). In the wake of this entrada through the
southeast, thousands of natives were decimated not only from battles but from the
introduction of European diseases such as small pox, measles, and typhoid fever to which
the natives had no acquired immunities (Gannon 1996). While exploring the general area,
deSoto was led to the site of Narvaéz’s camp by the natives. His reports relate finding the
remains of the forge used for ship building, two watering troughs, the bones of the horses,
and crosses apparently cut into the trees by Narvaéz’s men (Kilgore 1943).
Data regarding the late Apalachee-Fort Walton culture are mostly derived from
the chronicles of the deSoto expedition. Preliminary evidence from the Martin Site
(Anhaica) indicates that the late Fort Walton ceramic assemblage was intact at that time.
Thus, the end of the period occurred sometime after 1540 (Ewen et al. 1990:20). The
decline of the Velda phase is likely attributed to the introduction of European diseases
(Smith 1987). The severe depopulation would have greatly reduced the chief’s authority.
Scarry suggests that this was a period of political decentralization and weakened central
authority with various factions attempted to gain Spanish favor (Scarry 1990b:184).
The Leon-Jefferson period is hypothesized to have begun after the 1539 deSoto
expedition and prior to the arrival of the Spanish missionaries in the area in 1607 and is
presumed to have lasted until around 1750 (Tesar 1980:204). This period is characterized
by complicated-stamped ceramics, burial in cemeteries rather than mounds, and
habitation in villages without temple mounds (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:227). The
sites are characterized as artifact scatters, lithic scatters, habitation areas, and farmsteads.
In the early 1570s, Phillip II of Spain issued three laws for increasing and
controlling Spain’s American empire. These were the Ordinances of Pacification,
Patronage, and Laying Out of Towns (Bushnell 1996). This in effect brought about the
beginning of the mission chain across north Florida. Expansion of the missions into the
Florida hinterland did not really begin until the early 1600s. In 1623, Franciscan friars
began to work among the Yustaga, located between the Suwannee and Aucilla Rivers. By
1628 several missions had been founded and by 1635, it was estimated that 13,000
conversions had been made (Milanich 1999).
In 1633, Spanish missionaries arrived in the Apalachee territory and established
the first mission (Hann 1988), which ended the Velda phase and initiated the San Luis
phase (Scarry 1990b). There were numerous missions in the Red Hills area, however,
none were reported near the project area. By the height of the Mission period (1675), the
native population had declined from 25,000 to about 5,000 (Milanich and Fairbanks
1980:230). The once thriving Apalachee Indians’ agricultural economy, based on the
excellent soils of the Red Hills of Jefferson and Leon counties, was eventually destroyed
(Hann 1988:160-164).
The land of the Apalachee was very productive during the 1600s. Beginning
around 1639, maize and beans, amounting to three to four thousand bushels, were sent to
St. Augustine from the port at St. Marks (Cash 1946). The first detachment of Spanish
soldiers was deployed there in 1645 to protect the Franciscan missions. In 1679, Pablo de
3-12
Hita Salazar built the first wooden fort at St. Marks, called Fuerte de San Juan de Marcos
de Apalache (Olds 1962). Several forts were built of wood after that, but they seldom
lasted long due to the site’s dampness. The first fort was burned by pirates in 1682. The
Apalachee Indians requested the rebuilding of the fort in 1718, and once it was rebuilt,
the Apalachee moved back into the area. The Indians established two villages roughly
two miles up river from the fort. In 1739, stone fortifications were begun, but never
finished. The Spanish Mission Period came to an abrupt end when the British and Creek
Indians destroyed the missions and forced the Spanish to leave the area in the early
1700s.
3.6
British Period (1763-1783) and Second Spanish Period (1784-1821)
The aboriginal culture that followed the destruction of the missions did not
continue the development sequence of the local populations but rather replaced them as
the Creeks and related peoples gradually moved into the area (Tesar 1980:252).
Following the British raids of 1702-1704, many Creek Indians moved into north Florida.
They became known as Seminoles and considered themselves separate and apart from
their northern contemporaries and “they were composed of two general groups,
Muskogee and non-Muskogee” (Goggin 1964 in Tesar 1980:256). They had an
agriculturally based society, focusing upon cultivation of crops and the raising of horses
and cattle. Their early history can be divided into two basic periods: colonization (17161767) when the initial movement of Creek towns into Florida occurred and enterprise
(1767-1821) which was an era of prosperity under the British and Spanish rule prior to
the American presence (Mahon and Weisman 1996).
The area that now constitutes the State of Florida was ceded to England in 1763
after two centuries of Spanish possession. The fort at St. Marks was ceded to the British,
but proved of little use to them, and was abandoned by the military in 1769, leaving only
a trading post (Olds 1962). England governed Florida until 1783, when the Treaty of
Paris returned Florida to Spain. The influence of the Spaniards during this second tenure
was limited. The Seminoles would cross into Georgia and Alabama conducting raids and
welcoming escaped slaves. This resulted in General Andrew Jackson’s invasion of
Spanish Florida in 1818, which became known as the First Seminole War.
Ewen and his colleagues (1990:25) point out that the material culture of the
Seminoles remained similar to the Creeks, the dominant aboriginal pottery type being
Chattahoochee Brushed. European trade goods, especially British, were common and the
extensive agricultural economy of the Apalachee and Fort Walton period Indians was not
recreated by the Seminoles. The Creek settlement pattern included large villages located
near rich agricultural fields and grazing lands for cattle.
Panton, Leslie, & Company, an Indian trading company, was established on the
west bank of the Wakulla River, some four miles upstream of the abandoned Fort St.
Marks (Coker and Watson 1986). Over the next 30 years, the Seminoles incurred massive
debt with the company and in 1804 and 1811 the company received much of the land
3-13
between the Apalachicola and Wakulla Rivers in lieu of the cash payment of $66,536.5
reales (Coker and Watson 1986:251, 253). This roughly one million acre tract of land is
referred to as the Forbes Purchase and included the project area (Figure 3.2).
3.7
Territorial Period (1821-1844)
Florida was established as a territory of the United States in 1821 because of the
First Seminole War and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. The state was subsequently
divided into two counties: Escambia and St. Johns with the Suwannee River dividing the
two. In 1823, Tallahassee was selected as the new capital, located between Pensacola and
St. Augustine. John Lee Williams noted that this area had “abundant evidences of an
ancient and dense population with great roads” (Williams 1976:32). The establishment of
Florida as a territory of the United States resulted in an increase in population movement
into the state.
Unfortunately, for these earlier settlers, the Seminoles, who had arrived a century
earlier, were not willing to leave. In an attempt to ease the tensions, the Federal
government and the Seminole Indians signed the Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823. The
Indians were to relinquish all their lands for a roughly four million acre reservation in the
center of the peninsula (Mahon 1985). Besides decreasing the size of the Seminole land
holdings, the Treaty left them with land poorly suited to cultivation. Since neither side
lived up to the agreements reached in the Treaty, conflicts continued.
The U.S. government concluded that the only way to solve the “Indian problem”
was to remove the Seminoles from Florida entirely. The Treaty of Payne’s Landing
(1832) and the Treaty of Fort Gibson (1833) were drawn up with Indian deportation as
the primary goal. These two treaties infuriated the Indians even more than the previous
one. There were Indians who had acquired reservations in the Apalachicola Valley, and
they did not participate in the Treaty of Payne’s Landing. Conflicts, however, continued
between the Seminoles and the settlers. The Seminoles charged that the settlers were
violating their reservations boundaries and the settlers insisted that the Indians were
harboring escaped slaves (Tebeau 1980).
The subsequent increase in hostility and violence culminated in the beginning of
the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). Governor DuVal negotiated an agreement with
the Seminoles to migrate west to a portion of the Creek Reservation in the Indian
Territory. During the war, most of the fighting took place in East and Middle Florida, i.e.
the area east of the Apalachicola River. Settlements were abandoned and the people
gathered in nearby towns and fort for protection from the Seminoles. Slaves were often
hidden in canebrakes and guarded until the Seminoles left the area (Smith 1965a). It was
not until 1836, however, that the last of the Seminoles left northwest Florida. With the
end of the war, the remaining Seminoles relocated to the Everglades and Big Cypress
Swamp.
3-14
Project Area
(map from Rogers and Willis 1997:18)
Figure 3.2. Location of the project area relative to the
Forbes Purchase.
3-15
The population during the antebellum period in North Florida grew with the
Florida becoming a territory of the United States. Though nearly a million acres of lands
were sold to settlers in north Florida, most of the population growth took place to around
Tallahassee or Jacksonville. In 1826, the Bellamy Road was opened. This road, the first
federally highway in Florida, led from St. Augustine to Tallahassee, following the old
mission trail and connected two major Florida centers of commerce (Boyd 1935, 1936).
Though some causeways and bridges were constructed, ferries provided crossing of all
the major streams on the new road (Tebeau 1980:141). Apalachicola, established in 1828,
was first called West Point, and was renamed Apalachicola in 1831. A year later Franklin
County was established with Apalachicola as the County Seat (Owens 1966).
The Apalachicola Land Company, of whom then Gov. Richard Call was partner,
acquired most of the Forbes Purchase lands. The company dredged the channel to the city
wharves in 1836 so that ships drawing 12 feet of water could anchor in town. Although
Apalachicola was used as a port, it had several problems to overcome before it could
become a major seaport. The Creek Indians along the Chattahoochee River had to be
defeated and removed so farmers could settle on the fertile soils in Alabama and Georgia;
the land titles of the Forbes Grant had to be settled by the courts; and the Apalachicola
merchants had to survive the competition from St. Joseph, which had been established to
avoid control of the Apalachicola Land Company (Owens 1966:89). These were
eventually accomplished and the port thrived. In 1839 and 1841, the Forbes Claims 1 and
2 and the Panton, Leslie & Company lands were surveyed by Federal surveyors Robert B.
Kerr and S. A. Jewett, although little information was recorded on the environmental
setting located along their transects (State of Florida 1839, 1841).
In 1837, the Leon Railway Company, later reorganized as the Tallahassee
Railroad Company, built a mule tram from St. Marks to Tallahassee (Paisley 1989;
Tebeau 1980). The tram line consisted of a series of stringers on sand, but managed to
transport 50,000 bales of cotton to St. Marks in a year. It wasn’t until 1865 that steel rails
and steam engines were used for transportation (Smith 1965b). In 1839, the Tallahassee
Railroad constructed an extension of its line across the river some three miles to Port
Leon, which served to cut off all sailing traffic up river. Wakulla County was formed
from the southern end on Leon County in 1843 with Port Leon as the county seat.
However, before a courthouse to be erected, a hurricane and its storm surge destroyed the
town. Survivors moved up the river and established the community of New Port (Anon.
n.d.).
3.8
Statehood (1845-1860)
In 1845, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union, and Tallahassee was
selected as the state capitol. The Marine Hospital was built by the U.S. government in
1857 at the location of Fort St. Marks. It was constructed at the request of the Collector
of the Port of St. Marks because of the high incident of seamen with yellow fever
(Shenkel and Westbury 1965).
3-16
The Third Seminole War, or Billy Bowlegs War, began in 1855 as a result of
pressure placed on Native Americans remaining in Florida to move to the west
(Covington 1982). The war started in Collier County and sporadically continued until
1858 when the U.S. Government resorted to monetary incentives to induce the remaining
Seminoles to move west (Covington 1982).
In the 1850s, the Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad was built by David Levy
Yulee between Jacksonville and Lake City. From Lake City, the Pensacola and Georgia
Railroad was extended to Tallahassee (Schafer 1996). The two lines were connected in
1860. The development of the railroads in north Florida opened up the area to rail
commerce and further development by the mid nineteenth century.
It was around this time that the Carrabelle area was first permanently settled. Prior
to this time, the east bank was used as a convenient headquarters for hunting and fishing
expeditions. Freshwater and saltwater fishing were excellent in this area (Rogers 1986).
McCagor Pickett was one of the earliest settlers in the area and the area along the deep
harbor’s beach was known as Pickett’s Harbor. The harbor was deeper than
Apalachicola’s, and East Pass provided a better entrance to the port than West Pass,
which was opposite Apalachicola. However, it wasn’t until after the Civil War that
intensive settlement of the area took place.
3.9
Civil War (1861-1865)
In 1861, Florida followed South Carolina’s lead and seceded from the Union in a
prelude to the Civil War. Florida had much at stake in this war as evidenced in a report
released from Tallahassee in June 1861. It listed the value of land in Florida as
$35,127,721 and the value of slaves in the state at $29,024,513 (Dunn 1989:59). That
equates to roughly $830 and $685 million, respectively, in today’s dollars based on the
consumer price index (Williamson 2007). Even though the Florida coast experienced a
naval blockade during the war, the interior of the state saw very little military action. The
State did help supply beef to the Confederacy through the Confederate Cow Cavalry
(Akerman 1976). In addition, it became one of the major suppliers of salt, which was
used for preserving fish, beef, and hides (Lonn 1965). The water along the Gulf coast,
especially in the tidal flats and salt marshes was substantially higher in salt content than
seawater, making conditions ideal for salt production (Buker 1993; Taylor 1995). In
1863, Union troops under Lieutenant Commander Alexander F. Crossman destroyed 65
salt evaporation vats and 30 houses and sheds along Alligator Harbor, as well as
scattering over 200 bushels of salt on the sand (Buker 1993; Chapel n.d.).
The only major battle fought in north Florida was the Battle of Olustee, which
took place some ten miles east of Lake City in 1864. The Federal troops led by General
Truman Seymour were pushing west out of Jacksonville in an attempt to cut off the cattle
and salt exports to the Confederates as well as to round up black recruits for the Union
Army. These troops were met by confederate forces led by General Joseph Finegan. The
six hour battle resulted in the defeat of the Union Army which left many of their weapons
3-17
and ammunition behind during their retreat (Brown 1996). Although the Confederate
Army won the battle most of the State remained under Union control until the end of the
war in 1865.
The Union Army also launched a raid inland from St. Marks in 1865 in an attempt
to cut the railroad between the port and the capital and to take the capital. The
Confederate troops, including cadets from West Florida Seminary, halted the Union
advance by winning the Battle of Natural Bridge (Ellis and Rogers 1986). Tallahassee
remained the only Confederate state capital that did not witness hostilities (Paisley 1968).
Although the area faced little in way of hostilities, the war had a devastating
effect on the economy of the area. The blockade of the ports prevented the cotton from
being shipped abroad. The inflation caused by the scarcity of income and goods grew
tremendously during the war such that by 1865, the ratio was 1200 Confederate dollars to
one Union dollar (Brueckheimer 1992:16).
3.10
Reconstruction and Diversification (1866-1899)
Immediately following the war, the South underwent a period of “Reconstruction”
to prepare the Confederate States for readmission to the Union. The program was
administered by the U.S. Congress, and on July 25, 1868, Florida officially returned to
the Union (Tebeau 1980:251). The economy of Florida was devastated by the war; the
Confederate currency and bonds became worthless, the value of the slaves simply
evaporated, and much of the cotton had been seized (Brueckheimer 1992).
There was a twenty percent decline in improved farm land between 1860 and
1870 due to the change in the agricultural economy from a system based on slavery to
one based upon tenancy. The fall of 1873 saw another blow to the recovery of the area. A
hurricane came through the panhandle destroying the cotton crop, wrecking farm
buildings and equipment, and damaging and destroying homes and businesses. It was
estimated that over $200,000 worth of damage occurred (Ellis and Rogers 1986) (ca. $3.5
million in today’s dollars using the consumer price index (Williamson 2007)). In
Apalachicola, homes, businesses and warehouses were destroyed, and the lighthouse on
Dog Island was toppled. By 1880, the amount of improved farm lands had risen to
approximately that of the pre-war period (Brueckheimer 1992). Diversification in
agricultural pursuits became paramount. There was an increased focus on subsistence
farming, an increase in animal husbandry, production of vegetables and fruits, and
increased use of mechanized farm equipment to reduce labor costs (Paisley 1968). During
the 1870s and 1880s, many people moved down from the Carolinas and Georgia to farm,
timber, and fish. The naval stores and lumber industry became very important.
There are three main types of sites associated with the naval stores industry:
distillery sites, side camps, and the crop or pine plantation (Forney 1984). Settlements
usually arose around the turpentine distilleries and had a company commissary where the
employees purchased their supplies. Often the workers were paid with tokens that were
3-18
only redeemable at the company store. A typical turpentine camp consisted of a fire still,
spirit shed and glue pot, rosin yard, blacksmith and cooperage shed, cup cleaning vat,
barn, wagon shed, and workers quarters (Wyman and Coulter 1933:8). Side camps are
generally poorly documented, but would contain similar artifacts to the distillery sites
since the supplies would have been provided by the company store (Forney 1985). Side
camps were semi-permanent settlements established to house the workers as they worked
the crop of faces. A crop consists of a timber tract containing enough trees to hang 10,000
cups and was usually worked from five to eight years. The face refers to that portion of
the pine tree from which the back had been scraped off to facilitate the flow of the gum
(Wyman and Coulter 1933).
After the Civil War, many of the freed slaves found employment in the lumber
and naval stores industries. The 1870 census indicated that of the 4291 workers engaged
in manufacturing throughout Florida, about 1000 worked in saw mills and approximately
500 were timber cutters or turpentine workers (Shofner 1974:137). The expansion of the
lumber industry in the south resulted from the increased national demand for southern
pine which occurred in the 1880s (Massey 1960). The growth of the industry, especially
into the interior portions of the region, was tied to the improvement of the network of
railways and the utilization of the logging railroads.
Both blacks and whites worked in the lumber and naval stores industries, but
almost all of the skilled positions were controlled by whites. Workers often existed in a
virtual state of peonage. State and county convicts were often leased to turpentine
companies until this practice was declared illegal in 1919 and 1923, respectively.
However, the Florida legislature passed a law empowering employers, including
turpentine operators, to hold workers for debt. Thus, the turpentiners would often recruit
workers, provide them with transportation to the work site, assess an advance charge for
the service, and subsequently hold the workers until the debt was paid (Shofner 1981a,
1981b).
There was an unwritten law of turpentining that a company did not try to recruit
workers from another turpentiner, and could be shot for trying (Smith 1969). In 1923, a
turpentiner killer another one trying to recruit workers in his commissary and was
acquitted on the grounds of self-defense (Smith 1969). The practice of peonage and the
associated abuse of the laborers continued until after World War II when the extraction of
turpentine gum ceased to be a major industry in Florida due to the rising competition
from other forms of turpentine production and the lack of innovation on its own behalf in
the face of that competition (Shofner 1981b:173; Thomas 1975:11).
Occasionally, there was a combination of naval stores and lumbering operations.
The pine trees would be tapped for the gum which would be distilled into turpentine and
rosin before being cut down for saw logs (Massey 1960). However, the Kaul Lumber
company in Alabama discovered that it was not profitable to tap the trees first because
the resin that collected along the cut face lowered the value of the lumber to such an
extent that it more than offset the value of the turpentine (Massey 1960:73). Moreover,
3-19
many saw mills would pay less for the logs that had been tapped because nails might still
be in the logs, which could damage the saw (Hart 1976).
During the Reconstruction period, Florida’s financial crisis, born of pre-war
railroad bonded indebtedness, led Governor William Bloxham to search for a buyer for
an immense amount of state lands. Bloxham’s task was to raise adequate capital in one
sale to free from litigation the remainder of state lands for desperately needed revenue. In
1881, Hamilton Disston, a Philadelphia investor, purchased four million acres from the
State. This transaction, known as the Disston Purchase, enabled the distribution of large
land subsidies to railroad companies, inducing them to begin extensive construction
programs for new lines throughout the state. Disston and the railroad companies, in turn,
sold smaller parcels of land to developers and private investors. Henry Plant and Henry
Flagler assisted with this venture by developing the east and west coast via their railroads
(Harner 1973).
In 1877, Oliver Hudson Kelly purchased 1920 acres from Benjamin L. Curtis, a
large landowner and sawmill operator in the Carrabelle area. Kelly had visions of a
community where the Carrabelle River emptied into St. George Sound. He built and lived
in the Island House Hotel and encouraged other to invest in the area. Lumber mills were
soon established and people began moving into the area. James N. Coombs established
the Franklin County Lumber Company in 1888. John Van Dyke established a general
store in the early 1880s and the post office was established in 1878 (Rogers 1986; Rogers
and Willis 1997). The town was initially named Rio Carrabelle after Kelly’s niece,
Carolyn Arrabelle Hall, in 1881, the “Rio” was dropped (Bradbury and Hallock 1962:14).
A ferry service from Apalachicola to Carrabelle was established in 1887, and continued
in operation to 1929. It was also during this time that the sponge industry developed in
this region. As late as 1900, there were a dozen or more sponge boats operating out of
Carrabelle and Apalachicola. Due to dwindling sponge beds and increased operating
expenses, the industry died out in this area prior to WW I (Rogers and Willis 1997).
In 1881, the Carrabelle and Thomasville Railroad was chartered, with the
intention of constructing a rail line from Dog Island Harbor to Georgia, passing through
Tallahassee (Rogers 1986). Financial difficulties ensued and in 1883, the Florida
legislature chartered the Thomasville, Tallahassee, and Gulf Railroad. Although the first
spade of dirt was turned over in 1883, the line wasn’t completed until 1893, and that was
under the auspices of the Carrabelle, Tallahassee, and Georgia Railroad Company.
However, it only ran between Carrabelle and Tallahassee. The company owned three
locomotives and 50 assorted cars (Pettengill 1952). In 1902, the railroad was sold to the
Georgia, Florida, and Alabama Railway Company (Johnson 1965). It wasn’t until 1907
that Apalachicola was reached by rail.
With the completion of the railroad, Carrabelle became an important center for
shipping lumber and seafood. The channel was deepened and the harbor was improved to
facilitate the growth of the area. Hampton Covington established a large naval stores
export company in the town and turpentine stills were located throughout the region.
Population increased from 482 in 1890 to 923 in 1900 (Rogers 1986:110). The Crooked
3-20
River Lighthouse was constructed in 1895, about four miles west of Carrabelle, to replace
the one that had been blown down by the 1873 hurricane. It was an important beacon for
the lumber shipping streams that traversed the waterways at that time (Rogers and Willis
1997). The lighthouse facility consisted of the lighthouse, two keeper’s houses, and an oil
house (Photo 3.1) which were located within a 12-acre parcel. The northern boundary of
the original parcel corresponds to the northern boundary of the current park. The oil
house was located just above the high tide mark (Canetta 2008). The lighthouse is a
skeleton type, which was an advancement over the brick lighthouse since it used fewer
materials, was less expensive to build, and could be disassembled and relocated if
necessary (Drawdy 2001b). Minor changes occurred over the next few years, including
fencing around the property, a new pier with a boathouse at the end of it (Photo 3.2), and
a new day mark (color scheme) for the lighthouse (Canetta 2007). It had been painted all
red, but in 1902, the lower half was painted white to contrast against the surrounding pine
forest. An eight-foot wide plank slightly elevated walkway extended from the pier to the
lighthouse (Canetta 2008). Coast Guard drawings of the facilities indicate that propane
tanks were located adjacent to each house, suggesting that propane was the major heating
source, even though each house had a centrally located fireplace (Canetta 2008).
Photo 3.1. Construction of the Crooked River Lighthouse
(Florida State Library photographic collection RC11192).
3.11
Twentieth Century (1900 - )
The turn of the century was period of growth in the state, partially due to the
Spanish American War. There was increased development of the ports and coastal cities
as facilities were constructed and improved to support the troops being shipped out from
harbors at Pensacola, Tampa, and Key West.
3-21
Photo 3.2. Crooked River Lighthouse Pier
(Florida State Library photographic collection N034228).
In 1904, Gov. Broward introduced a number of significant reforms, including the
Everglades drainage project, railroad regulation, and the construction of road. During this
time, railroads were constructed throughout the state and automobile usage became more
prevalent. The improvement of the transportation systems allowed for export of Florida’s
agricultural and industrial products as well as the growth in the tourist industry.
The Georgia, Florida, and Alabama Railroad established Lanark Village, some six
miles east of Carrabelle, as a fashionable resort for the rich of Florida and Georgia.
Additional developments took place because of World War I. Several new training
facilities were established and the wartime industries brought increased occupation of the
state. In addition, the war in Europe required that those who used to vacation abroad now
vacation closer to home, serving to increase the tourist industry as well.
The Florida Land Boom of the 1920s saw widespread speculation and
development of towns and highways. Several reasons prompted the boom, including the
mild winters, the growing number of tourists, the larger use of the automobile, the
completion of roads, and the promise by the state legislature never to pass state income or
inheritance taxes. Banks and real estate agents advertised cheap land available in Florida
as a “paradise found.” This appears to have had little effect on Franklin County, however,
as according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the population varied only between 4800 and
6500 until 1960 (USCB 1995).
Harbeson City, located north of Carrabelle along the east bank of the Crooked
River, was established in the 1920s as a saw mill town. Trams lines were constructed
west of the Ochlocknee River and later west of the New River within Tate’s Hell. A 1934
map indicated that the city was owned by the West Florida Milling Company. According
to 1939 government timber reports, Harbeson City had a sawmill with a 10 hour day
capacity of 40,000+ board feet and pine was the primary source of timber for the mill
(Kindell 1997 cited in Memory et al. 1998).
3-22
By 1926-27, the Florida real estate market collapsed. A downturn in the stock
market in 1926 and an investigation by the National Better Business Bureau into
fraudulent real estate practices caused investors to pull their monies out of the booming
Florida real estate market. Massive freight car congestion from hundreds of loaded cars
sitting in railroad yards caused the Florida East Coast Railway to embargo all but
perishable goods in August of 1925. The embargo spread to other railroads throughout
the state, and, as a result, most construction halted. The decline spread throughout the
state resulting in the failure of banks and businesses. To make the situation even worse
two hurricanes hit south Florida in 1926 and in 1928. The hurricanes destroyed
confidence in Florida as a tropical paradise and created a flood of refugees fleeing
northward. The following year, in 1929, the Mediterranean fruit fly invaded and
paralyzed the citrus industry creating quarantines and inspections, which further slowed
an already sluggish industry. Confidence in the Florida real estate market quickly
diminished, investors could not sell lots, and the Great Depression hit Florida earlier than
the rest of the nation (Kendrick 1976:150).
In the 1930s mines, mills, and citrus packing plants closed and widespread
unemployment ensued throughout Florida. Banks collapsed throughout the region. In
Florida, 148 banks closed between 1929 and 1933. Other enterprises throughout the
county also closed or downsized. Other problems included the decimation of the oyster
beds. Due to the Dust Bowl on the American Plains, freshwater was in short supply for
the Apalachicola River. As such, the water in the bay became too saline for the oysters,
and the oyster leaches thrived, destroying the beds. It wasn’t till the end of the decade
that the beds returned to normal production, assisted by remedial actions by the oyster
industry (Rogers and Willis 1997:126). The depletion of the oyster beds resulted in the
seafood industry focusing more intensely on fishing.
The diversification of Florida industries, including tourism, citrus, lumbering,
phosphate, fishing, and cattle ranching, cushioned Florida from the full impact of the
Great Depression. By the mid-1930s, federal programs, implemented by the Roosevelt
administration, started employing large numbers of construction workers, helping to
revive the economy of the state. These programs, including the Civilian Conservation
Corp (CCC) and the Civil Works Administration (CWA) [later the Works Progress
Administration (WPA)], were instrumental in the construction of roads, airports, parks,
bridges, and public buildings, and the improvement and preservation of forests, parks,
and agricultural lands. In Carrabelle, a mattress factory was opened with monies from the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and in Apalachicola, the Rice Brothers
Packing Plant became a beef-canning factory. In 1938, over 400 Franklin County
residents were working full or part-time on government contracts (Rogers and Willis
1997:126).
It was during this time that the Apalachicola Forest was established with the CCC
involved in the construction of roads, bridges, and fire towers, and other forest related
activities. Because much of the land was cut-over or burned, the CCC workers replanted
the area and stocked the areas with turkey, deer, and other species (Shofner 1987).
3-23
By 1940, recovery from the Great Depression was imminent. With many Florida
cities receiving military installations during World War II, the incoming servicemen
renewed the state’s economy. Camp Gordon Johnson and the Army Air Forces Flexible
Gunnery Schools were established in the area. Camp Gorgon Johnson was established in
1942 as the U.S. Army’s principal amphibious training center though its mission changed
in 1943 to training maritime support troops such as port maintenance and harbor craft
units. Some quarter of a million troops served or trained at the Camp (Drawdy 2001a).
By the end of the war, the camp boasted more than 1,000 buildings, including
headquarters, hospitals, mess hall, a library, five theaters, several service clubs, and six
chapels to support the 30,000 people who occupied the facilities. In addition, Harbeson
City, which was within the lands taken over by the military, was converted into a mock
German village where street fighting techniques were practiced by the soldiers (Memory
et al. 1998).
In addition, the seafood industry was on the rise, with an increase in shrimp and
crabmeat production. The number of oyster houses also increased. The deepening of the
channel at Carrabelle helped revive the old and profitable lumber industry and allowed
for the fisherfolk to reach deeper waters with greater ease. In 1942, Carrabelle residents
authorized a port authority and bonds were issued for the construction of docks,
warehouses, and other terminal facilities. A tent and awning factory was established in
Apalachicola to provide those needed supplies to the Army, and provide much needed
jobs for the area. The seafood industry was basically put on hold during the war since
boats were only allowed out of port during daylight hours, and then only in specific areas.
It was only after 1945 that the fishing industry began to grow again when the War
Department lifted the fishing restrictions between Port St. Joe and Carrabelle (Rogers and
Willis 1997:126).
After the surrender of Japan, Camp Gordon Johnson was rendered obsolete. The
remaining troops were shipped to Fort Eustis in Virginia, and by 1946, most of the leased
lands had been returned to their owners. St. Joe Paper Company was paid an additional
fee of $37,000 “in lieu of restoration of land to its original condition as prescribed by the
lease” (Coles 1994:21).
As World War II ended, Florida experienced a population boom in the 1950s.
Florida’s population increased from 1,897,414 to 2,771,305 from 1940 to 1950 (Tebeau
1980:431). A decrease of 100, however, was seen locally (USCB 1995). After the war,
car ownership increased making the American public more mobile. Many who had
served at Florida’s military bases during World War II also returned with their families to
live. The 1956 Highway Act funded a plan for 41,500 miles of interstate highway
nationwide. As veterans returned, land transferred from farming to residential uses with
the trend in new housing focusing on the development of small tract homes in new
subdivisions. Franklin County has been relatively slow to grow; except for the last
decade, in which there has been a 23.5% increase in the number of people living in the
county (USCB 2007).
4-1
4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS
4.1
Background Research and Literature Review
A review of archaeological and historical literature, records, and other documents
and data pertaining to the project area was conducted. The focus of this research was to
ascertain the types of cultural resources known in the project vicinity, their
temporal/cultural affiliations, site location information, and other relevant data. This
included a review of sites listed in the NRHP, the FMSF, cultural resource survey reports,
published books and articles, unpublished manuscripts, and maps. John Canetta,
Historian for the Crooked River Lighthouse Association, was contacted concerning the
history of the tract (Canetta 2008). The FMSF data in this report were obtained in January
2008 though may not reflect all recorded resources as according to FMSF staff, input
may be a month or more behind receipt of reports and site files, and the GIS data are
updated quarterly.
4.1.1
Archaeological Considerations
For archaeological survey projects of this kind, specific research designs are
formulated prior to initiating fieldwork to delineate project goals and strategies. Of
primary importance is an attempt to understand, based on previous investigations, the
spatial distribution of known resources. Such knowledge serves not only to generate an
informed set of expectations concerning the kinds of sites which might be anticipated to
occur within the project area, but also provides a valuable regional perspective, and thus,
a basis for evaluating any new sites discovered.
Background research indicates that there are four archaeological sites within 3.2
km (2 mi) of the project area (Figure 4.1, Table 4.1) and seven cultural resource surveys
have been conducted within the same area. The Lighthouse Park project area was first
subject to a cultural resource assessment survey in 1983 prior to the sale of surplus land
associated with the Crooked River Lighthouse Reservation. This survey recorded two
archaeological sites and noted the presence of three recent historic house foundations
(Percy 1983). 8FR742 was listed as a Late Archaic period seasonal encampment.
Although such sites are rare in the area, it was not considered significant because of the
extensive disturbance to the site from the construction of US 98. The second site,
8FR741, was a Deptford, Weeden Island, and Fort Walton period midden deposit located
along the shore of the sound. Most of the site had been lost to shoreline erosion and was
not deemed significant. None of the house foundations was recorded or considered
significant and thus it was the opinion of the SHPO that the proposed surplus land sale,
which included a portion of the current project area, would not affect any sites eligible for
listing in the NRHP.
4-2
Figure 4.1. Location of the previously recorded archaeological sites proximate to Lighthouse Park.
4-3
Table 4.1. Previously recorded archaeological sites proximate to Lighthouse Park.
Site #
Site Name
Site Type
FR00003 Midden West of Carrabelle shell midden, mound
Period
Deptford, Swift Creek, Weeden Island
FR00741 NN
Deptford, Weeden Island, Fort Walton
FR00742 NN
FR00880 Airstrip
shell midden
artifact scatter; seasonal
Late Archaic
encampment
lithic scatter
aboriginal
In the 1940s, Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury made a number of surface
collections and stratigraphic tests in northwest Florida (Willey and Woodbury 1942) and
Willey synthesized these data and others from the Florida Gulf Coast into his volume on
the Archeology of the Florida Gulf Coast (Willey 1949). This work included surface
collection at the Midden West of Carrabelle (8FR3). The construction of US 319 cut
through the side of a hill, exposing an oyster shell midden that was less than a meter (3.3
ft) thick. Further inland from the midden was a hummock which Willey through may
have been an artificial mound (Willey 1949:268). No excavations, however, were
conducted within the midden or the possible mound. The surface collection revealed that
the site dated to the Weeden Island II period or Wakulla Weeden Island, as evidenced by
the predominance of Wakulla Check Stamped sherds. Other ceramic types recovered
included Swift Creek Complicated Stamped, West Florida Cord-marked, and Deptford
Simple Stamped. William Lazarus visited the site in 1962 and noted plain, incised, check
stamped, and complicated stamped sherds (FMSF).
This site was also visited during the University of South Florida’s evaluation of
sites impacted by record floods of 1994. They noted that the site, at least on the northwest
side of US 319 has been destroyed through borrow pit excavations (White 1996:42).
More recently, a reconnaissance survey for the Jordon Bayou Preserve was conducted.
Three shovel tests were excavated proximate to the recorded location of the site. All of
the tests were negative; in addition extensive ground disturbance was noted in that area
(Hines 2006).
The CARL archaeological survey of Tate’s Hell State Forest recorded a small
aboriginal campsite (8FR880) proximate to the Carrabelle airstrip. This site consists of an
isolated piece of lithic debitage and was not considered eligible for listing in the NRHP
(Memory et al. 1998). In 1985, James Card, a graduate student at Florida State
University, conducted a shoreline survey from Carrabelle to East Point to locate
previously unrecorded sites, and collect additional data on previously recorded sites
located within the surf zone. Three new sites were located, but no evidence of any of the
previously recorded coastal sites, including 8FR741, was discovered (Card 1985). Other
surveys in the area include the Carrabelle Landing tract (Earnest 2006), the Retreat at
Three Rivers (ACI 2005), and the Schneider tract (ACI 2007). No cultural resources were
discovered within any of these parcels.
The previously recorded sites proximate to the project area are classified as
aboriginal middens and artifact scatters dating from the Late Archaic, Deptford, Swift
4-4
Creek, Weeden Island, and Fort Walton periods. These relatively small sites suggest short
term encampments as opposed to permanent settlements.
In general, sites tend to be located on well drained soils with little slope proximate
to a source of water (Thomas and Campbell 1993:285). The preferred site locations were
along the coastal strip along the bay shoreline, at the upland/lowland junctures, and in the
uplands near potable water. Sites along the coastal zone are usually located on
moderately well drained soils with a pine/oak canopy along the bay. In the more interior
areas, sites tend to be in hardwood hammocks on elevated, well drained areas next to
tidal streams and large marshes (Bense 1985; New World Research 1985; Phillips and
Bense 1990; Thomas and Campbell 1993). Lazarus (1971) also noted that quite often Fort
Walton period sites were associated with stands of hickory trees.
In applying these known site location predictive factors to Lighthouse Park, ACI
determined that some of the project area had a moderate probability for aboriginal site
occurrence due to the presence of elevated, well-drained soils proximate to wetland and
riverine resources. The moderately well and somewhat poorly drained soils along the
ridge on which the tower is located was considered to have a moderate probability for site
occurrence. The remainder of the tract was underlain by poorly and very poorly drained
soils. Some site potential was considered closer to the coast where the previously
recorded archaeological sites were located. It should be noted that the aboriginal
settlement patterns noted above cannot be applied to sites of the Paleo-Indian and Early
Archaic periods, which precede the onset of modern environmental conditions. Sites from
these periods were not anticipated given the absence of permanent fresh water or high
quality lithic raw materials.
4.1.2
Historical Considerations
Currently, the Crooked River Lighthouse, which is listed on the NRHP, is
recorded within the project area. In addition to precontact archaeological sites, the
potential for yet unrecorded historic period archaeological sites was assessed. There is a
high potential for cultural resources associated with the use of the tract for residential and
lighthouse purposes being present.
4.2
Field Methodology
The field methodology consisted of an initial walkover survey of the project area.
Following ground surface inspection, systematic and judgmental subsurface shovel
testing was carried out to locate sites not exposed on the ground, as well as to test for the
presence of buried cultural deposits in areas yielding surface artifacts. Subsurface testing
was systematically carried out at 25 and 50 m (82 and 164 ft) intervals depending on the
soil drainage characteristics and proximity to the previously recorded sites.
Shovel tests were circular, and measured approximately 50 cm (20 in) in diameter
by up to a meter (3.3 ft) in depth unless precluded by impenetrable hardpan. The soil
4-5
removed from the shovel tests was screened through 6.4 mm (0.25 in) mesh hardware
cloth to assure the recovery of any artifacts. The locations of all shovel tests were plotted
on the aerial map, and, following the recording of relevant data such as environmental
setting, stratigraphic profile, and artifact finds, all shovel tests were backfilled.
Historic resources field survey consisted of a visual reconnaissance of the
property. Had any historic structures been identified, an in-depth study of each identified
historic resource would have been conducted. Photographs would have been taken, and
information needed for completions of FMSF forms would have been gathered. In
addition to architectural descriptions, each historic resource would have been reviewed to
assess style, historic context, condition, and potential NRHP eligibility. No historic
structures were discovered; however, numerous sidewalks, concrete pads, and foundation
remains were noted and mapped.
4.3
Unexpected Discoveries
If human burial sites such as Indian mounds, lost historic and aboriginal
cemeteries, or other unmarked burials or associated artifacts were found, then the
provisions and guidelines set forth in Chapter 872.05, F.S. (Florida’s Unmarked Burial
Law) were to be followed. However, it was not anticipated that such sites would be found
during this survey.
4.4
Laboratory Methods and Curation
The cultural materials were initially cleaned and sorted by artifact class. Lithics
would have been divided into tools and debitage based on gross morphology. Tools, had
they been recovered, would have been measured, and the edges examined with a 7-45x
stereo-zoom microscope for traces of edge damage. Tool types would have been
classified using standard references (Bullen 1975; Purdy 1981). Lithic debitage would
have been subjected to a limited technological analysis focused on ascertaining the stages
of stone tool production. Flakes and non-flake production debris (i.e., cores, blanks,
tested cobbles) would have been measured, and examined for raw material types and
absence or presence of thermal alteration. Flakes would have been classified into four
types (primary decortication, secondary decortication, non-decortication, and shatter)
based on the amount of cortex on the dorsal surface and the shape (cf., White 1963).
Aboriginal ceramics, had they been recovered, would have been classified into
commonly recognized types based on observable characteristics such as aplastic
inclusions and surface treatment (Scarry 1985; White 1998; Willey 1949). The historic
materials were been identified using a variety of resources to ascertain site function and
temporal placement.
The field notes and other project documentation will be curated at ACI and the
artifacts will be returned to the City.
5-1
5.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1
Results
The archaeological investigations consisted of surface reconnaissance combined
with systematic and judgmental subsurface testing. Twelve shovel tests were excavated at
25 and 50 m (82 and 164 ft) intervals throughout the tract (Figure 5.1). Most of the
property is open with a scattering of sand and slash pines with a few sand live oaks.
Surface visibility was excellent along the upper ridge, but the northeastern portion the
tract had been covered with a thick layer of mulch. The construction of picnic pavilion,
children’s playground, and exit drive had been completed prior to the cultural resource
assessment survey (Photos 5.1 and 5.2). In general, the stratigraphy consisted of an upper
20-30 cm (8-12 in) of gray sand underlain by 20-40 cm (8-16 in) of white sand. Below
this was orange sand that extended to the bottom of the test. In the lower lying areas, a
dark brown dense organic hardpan was present. Mottling of the upper white sand
indicated extensive groundwater intrusion; however, given the drought, no water was
encountered in any of the tests.
Photo 5.1. Picnic pavilion and playground.
As a result of this survey, one archaeological site has been recorded. 8FR991
represents the archaeological component of the lighthouse and associated keeper’s
quarters’ complex. The only artifacts noted in the shovel tests consisted of brick and
mortar fragments, which were not retained. When recovered, they were all in the upper
gray sand strata. Mr. Canetta suggested that these were from the chimneys of the
quarters. The chimneys above the roofline had to be dismantled prior to the moving of the
structures off the property (Canetta 20008). There was a thin surface scatter of materials
behind the children’s play area, but none was noted elsewhere. In addition, numerous
concrete sidewalk segments and foundation remains are present (Figure 5.1).
5-2
playground
xxx
exit drive
reet
e St
Cap
pavilion
lighthouse
US 98
= sterile shovel test
= site boundary
xxx = surface scatter
shovel tests not to scale
Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests, site boundary
(8FR991), historic features, and new facilities within
Lighthouse Park.
5-3
Photo 5.2. New exit road, facing east toward Cape Road.
The minimal artifact assemblage recovered during the surface reconnaissance
consists of whiteware, plastic, milk glass, and vessel glass (Photo 5.3). Three whiteware
sherds were recovered. One base and one body sherd had no decoration, but the rim sherd
(in two pieces) had a gilded floral design along the rim. Gilding on ceramics became
common in the 1870s, but continues in use today (Miller 1991). The piece of milk glass
was a base/body portion of a bowl. A large colorless glass jug or jar with a wide mouth
was also recovered. Four bottle fragments were collected. One was a molded colorless
bottle fragment, perhaps from a proprietary soft drink bottle. One of the fragments was a
patent finish, probably from an extract or medicine bottle. This type of finish was
common in the late 19th and early 20th century (Jones and Sullivan 1989). Another bottle
fragment appears to have been from a small aqua colored flask-shaped bottle. The base of
a green bottle dates between 1940 and 1954. It was manufactured by the Owen-Illinois
Glass Company’s Fairmont West Virginia Plant (Toulouse 1971). Two other pieces of
vessel glass were recovered. One is blue, and the other has been solarized. Solarized glass
is diagnostic of the last quarter of the 19th century until World War I (Jones and Sullivan
1989; Lockhart 2006). At that time, manganese was used as a clarifying agent in glass.
When manganese glass is exposed to the sun, it turns a light pink or purple color.
The keeper’s quarters and associated outbuildings were removed in the mid1960s, and as can be seen in Photos 5.4 and 5.5, the area was well cleared after the
buildings were removed. The oil house foundation, which was not located within
Lighthouse Park, was broken up and used as a bulkhead by owner of that parcel (Canetta
2008).
5-4
5.2
Conclusions
Given the relative lack of materials recovered during the surface reconnaissance
and subsurface testing, as well as an interview with Mr. Canetta, and the previous
clearing and scraping of the project area, it is the opinion of ACI no significant cultural
deposits remain within the park, and the Crooked River Lighthouse archaeological site
(8FR991) it is not eligible for listing in the NRHP due to its remaining low research
potential.
Photo 5.3. Artifacts recovered from 8FR991.
Photo 5.4. Crooked River Lightstation prior to the removal of the buildings, facing north
(State Library of Florida photographic collection NO46961).
5-5
Photo 5.5. Crooked River Lightstation after the removal of the buildings, facing east
(Florida State Library photographic collection NO46960).
Only the NRHP listed lighthouse tower remains on the site. It has been
refurbished and will not be affected by any of the proposed park activities. Thus, no
significant properties will be affected by this proposed project, and no further work is
recommended.
6-1
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M. Missimer, Jacqueline M. Lloyd, J. William Yon, and Joel G. Duncan
2001 Geologic Map of the State of Florida. Map Series 146. Florida Geological
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1962 Hopewellian Affiliations of Certain Sites on the Gulf Coast of Florida.
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1965 The Marine Hospital at Fort St. Marks. Notes in Anthropology 12. Florida
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1974 Nor is it Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1887.
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6-12
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1981a Forced Labor in the Florida Forests, 1880-1950. Journal of Forest History
25(1): 14-26.
1981b Postscript to the Martin Tabert Case: Peonage as Usual in the Florida
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1987 Roosevelt's "Tree Army" The Civilian Conservation Corps in Florida. Florida
Sigler-Lavelle, Brenda J.
1980 On the Non-random Distribution of Weeden Island Period Sites in North
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Smith, Elizabeth
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1969 The Turpentiners. Magnolia Monthly 7(10).
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1987 Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast:
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1839 Field Notes. R. B. Ker. Volume 61.
1841 Field Notes. S. A. Jewett. Volume 61.
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1998 Northwest Florida Archaeology: Artifact Typology and Sorting Criteria.
University of South Florida, Tampa.
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1942 Chronological Outline for the Northwest Florida Coast. American Antiquity 7:
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2007 Five Ways to Computer the Relative Value of a U.S. dollar Amount, 17902006. http://measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/.
Wyman, Lenthall and C. H. Coulter
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APPENDIX A: FMSF Forms
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORM
Electronic Version 1.1.0
Original?
YES
Site #8
Recorder Site#
Field Date
Form Date
FormNo
FR00991
2/4/2008
2/12/2008
200802
FormNo = Field Date (YYYYMM)
GENERAL INFORMATION
Site Name Crooked River Lighthouse
Multiple Listing (DHR only)
Alternate Names
Project Name CRAS Lighthouse Park
County Franklin
>>
FMSF Survey #
Ownership Type City
National Register Category Site
Mapping
USGS 7.5' Map Name
Township:
Publication Date
Range:
Section:
1/4 section:
>>
CARRABELLE;1981
>>
7S ;5W ;36;NW
Irregular Section Name:
Landgrant
Tax Parcel # (s)
City / Town (within 3 mi.) Carrabelle
In Current City Limits? NO
UTM: Zone 16
Easting 722155
Northing 3301882
Address / Vicinity of / Route to from US 98 turn north onto Barbara Revell Lane, at end of gravel road
Name of Public Tract (e.g., park) Lighthouse Park
FUNCTIONAL AND CULTURAL INFORMATION
Type of Site (select all that apply)
>> Artifact scatter - low density
Other Site Type sidewalks
Historic Contexts (select all that apply)
>> Post-Reconstruction 1880-1897
Other (Less common phases are not check-listed. For historic sites, also give specific dates if known.) 1895-1954
SURVEYOR'S EVALUATION OF SITE
NO
Potentially Eligible for a Local Register?
Individually Eligible for National Register? NO
NO
Potential Contributor to an NR District?
Name of Local Register if Eligible:
Explanation of Evaluation (required if evaluated; limit to 3 lines; attach full justification)
research potential
low artifact density & diversity, low
Recommendations for Owner or SHPO Action no additional investigations
FIELD METHODS (select all that apply)
Site Detection Methods
Site Boundary Methods
>> Literature Search
>> Exposed Ground Inspection
Other Methods; Number, Size, Depth, Pattern of Units, Screen Size (attach site plan) 12 ST, all negative, 25 & 50 m
intervals, 50 cm diameter, 1 m deep, 1/4" screen, a few surface artifacts recovered, numerous
sidewalks still remain
Page 1 of 3
8 FR00991
SITE DESCRIPTION
Extent / Size
4800
(m2)
Depth / Stratigraphy of cultural deposit all materials noted on surface
0-20 cm gray sand, 20-40 cm white sand, 40-100 cm orange sand
Temporal Interpretation - Components: Single Component
Describe each occupation in plan (refer to attached large scale map) and stratigraphically. Discuss temporal and functional interpretations:
historic occupation of lighthouse 1895-1954
Integrity / Overall Condition: Minor
Disturbances / Threats / Protective Measures park facilities / park facilities / none
Surface: Area Collected
(m2) # Collection Units
Excavation: # Noncontiguous Blocks
ARTIFACTS
Total Artifacts #
12
Count or Estimate? Count
# Surface
# Subsurface
12
0
Artifact Collection Strategy (select all that apply)
>>
Selective (some artifacts collected)
Artifact Categories and Dispositions (for each artifact category collected, select a category and corresponding disposition then click add)
Disposition
Category
>>
Ceramics-nonaboriginal;All of category collected
Other Strategy(s), Category(s) or Disposition(s)
Diagnostics (enter a type or mode, and frequency for each diagnostic, then click add;
>>
N=
e.g., Suwanee ppk, heat-treated chert, Deptford Check-Stamped, ironstone/whiteware)
whiteware, plain;2
ENVIRONMENT
Nearest Fresh Water Type
Nearest Fresh Water Name (incl. relict source)
Nearest Fresh Water Distance (m)
Natural Community (FNAI category or leave blank)
Local Vegetation sand pine, slash pine, sand live oak
Topography
Min Elevation
Ridge crest
Other Topography
Present Land Use park
SCS Soil Series Resota fine sand
4
meters
Max Elevation
6
meters
Soil Association Mandarin-Resota-Leon
FURTHER INFORMATION
Informant Name (Last, First) Canetta, John
Informant(s) Address / Phone Carrabelle, FL
850-402-0995
Accessible Documentation or Collections NOT Filed with FMSF
(including field & analysis notes, photos, plans, other important documents that are permanently accessible)
Document type:
Maintaining Organization:
File or Accession #:
Descriptive Information:
>> All materials one location;Archaeological Consultants Inc;P08014;
Recorder Name (Last, First) Horvath, Elizabeth A.
Recorder Address / Phone 98 Hickorywood Dr., Crawfordville, FL 32327 850-926-9285 [email protected]
Recorder Affiliation Archaeological Consultants Inc
Other Affiliation
Is Text-only supplement file attached (Surveyor only)?
YES
Page 2 of 3
8 FR00991
****** MASTER SITE FILE USE ONLY ******
SHPO's Evaluation
Cultural Resource Type: AR
Electronic Form Used: A110
Date
Form Type Code: NORM
Form Quality Ranking: NEW
Form Status Code: SCAT
Supplement Information Status: NO SUPPLEMENT
Supplement File Status: NO SUPPLEMENT FILE
FMSF Staffer:
Computer Entry Date: 2/12/2008
Form Comments:
REQUIRED
PAPER
ATTACHMENTS
USGS 7.5'' MAP WITH SITE BOUNDARY MARKED
Page 3 of 3
FR00991-200802
Supplementary Printout
>
ARTIFACTS: Category/Disposition
Ceramics-nonaboriginal;All of category collected
Glass;Some collected
Brick/building materials;Observed but not collected
>
DIAGNOSTICS: Type/Number
whiteware, plain;2
whiteware, gilded;1
milk glass;1
bottle, patent finish;1
bottle, makers mark;1
solarized glass;1
>
Alternate names:
>
USGS map name/year of publication or revision:
CARRABELLE;1981
>
Township/Range/Section/Qtr:
7S ;5W ;36;NW
>
Type of site:
Artifact scatter - low density
Refuse (historic)
Other
>
Historic contexts:
Post-Reconstruction 1880-1897
Spanish-American War 1898-1916
WW I & Aftermath 1917-1920
Boom Times 1921-1929
Depression/New Deal 1930-1940
WW II & Aftermath 1941-1950
>
Methods for site detection:
Literature Search
Exposed Ground Inspection
Screened Shovel Test
>
Methods for site boundaries:
Exposed Ground Inspection
Screened Shovel,1/4" screen
>
Collection Stategy
Selective (some artifacts collected)
>
Repositories: Collection/Housed/Accession#/Describe
All materials one location;Archaeological Consultants Inc;P08014;
Page 1 Of 1
Page 3
Site #8 FR991
USGS MAP
Carrabelle, Fla. 1981
Township 7 South, Range 5 West, Section 36
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS INCORPORATED
Page 4
Site #8 FR991
Shovel Test Locations, Historic Features, and
Modern Facilities
5-2
playground
xxx
exit drive
lighthouse
= sterile shovel test
= site boundary
= surface scatter
xxx
shovel tests not to scale
US 98
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS INCORPORATED
reet
e St
Cap
pavilion
APPENDIX B: Survey Log Sheet
Survey Log Sheet
Survey #
Entry Date 2/12/2008
Electronic Version 1.1.0
IDENTIFICATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Survey Project (name and project phase) CRAS Lighthouse Park
Report Title (exactly as on title page) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey City of Carrabelle's Lighthouse Park
Franklin County, Florida
Report Author (last name first)
>> ACI
Publication Date (year)
2008
Total Number of Pages in Report (not including site forms)
63
Publication Information (use the style of American Antiquity) ACI (2008) Cultural Resource Assessment Survey City of
Carrabelle's Lighthouse Park Franklin County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.
Supervisor(s) of Fieldwork (whether or not the same as author(s); last name first; add state for cities outside of Florida)
>>
>>
>>
Name:
Organization:
City:
Horvath, Elizabeth A.;Archaeological Consultants Inc;Crawfrodville
Key Words/Phrases
>> Crooked River Lighthouse
Survey Sponsors (corporation, government unit, or person who is directly paying for fieldwork)
Name: City of Carrabelle
Address/Phone: 106 SE Ave. B, Carrabelle, FL 32322
Organization:
Recorder Name (last name first) Horvath, Elizabeth A.
No
Is this survey or project a continuation of a previous project?
Date Log Sheet Completed 2/12/2008
If yes, list previous survey #(s)
MAPPING
County(s)
>> Franklin
USGS 7.5' Series Map(s)
Map Name
>> CARRABELLE;1981
Publication Date
DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA
Dates for Fieldwork: Start 2/4/2008
Number of Distinct Tracts or Areas Surveyed
End 2/4/2008
Total Area Surveyed (fill in one)
hectares
3
1
If Project is a Corridor, Complete the Following (fill in one for each):
Corridor Width:
Corridor Length:
meters
kilometers
feet
miles
ATTACH PLOT OF SURVEY AREA ON PHOTOCOPIES OF USGS 1:24,000 MAP(S)
Page 1 of 2
acres
Survey #
Survey Log Sheet
RESEARCH AND FIELD METHODS
Types of Survey (select as many as apply)
>> Archaeological
Other, Unlisted Survey Types (describe):
Preliminary Research Methods (select as many as apply)
>> FMSF property/resource search
Archaeological Methods (describe the proportion of sites at which method was used, select as many methods as apply)
Method Used
Proportion
>> Uncontrolled surface collection;Method Used 50-90%
Historical Architectural Methods (describe the proportion of properties at which method was used, select as many methods as apply)
Method Used
Proportion
>> Windshield;Method Used 90-100%
Notes on Field Methods (e.g., scope, intensity, procedures)
12 ST, all negative, 25 & 50 m intervals, 50 cm diameter,
1 m deep, 1/4" screen, surface reconnaissance
SURVEY RESULTS (cultural resources recorded)
Site Significance Evaluated? YES
Site Counts: Previously Recorded Sites
Previously Recorded Site #s with Site File Update Forms (List site #'s without "8'')
1
Newly Recorded Sites
1
FR72
Newly Recorded Site #s (Make sure all are originals and not updates. List site #'s without "8") FR991
Type of Site Form Used:
>> SmartForm-Archaeology
******* MASTER SITE FILE USE ONLY ******
FMSF Staffer:
Origin of Survey Report:
1A-32 Permit #
Electronic Form Used: M110
>>
Type of Document (select as many as apply)
>>
Other Document Type:
* Note: Do NOT plot document types marked with an asterisk
Document Destination:
Plotability(1):
Plotability(2):
Page 2 of 2
MS# 0
Supplementary Printout
>
Report Author (last name first)
ACI
>
Key Word/Phrase Describing Survey
Crooked River Lighthouse
>
County Surveyed
Franklin
>
USGS 7.5 Map for Surveyed Area: Name/Latest Revision Date
CARRABELLE;1981
>
Types of Survey
Archaeological
Architectural
Historical
>
Preliminary Method Used
FMSF property/resource search
FMSF previous survey search
Library research-local
Literature search
FL Photographic Archives
>
Archaeological Method Used/Percent
Uncontrolled surface collection;Method Used 50-90%
Screened shovel,1/4";Method Used 50-90%
>
Architectural Method Used/Percent
Windshield;Method Used 90-100%
>
Type of document:
>
Fieldwork Supervisor (Name[last,1st]/Org./City)
Horvath, Elizabeth A.;Archaeological Consultants Inc;Crawfrodville
>
Site Form Used
SmartForm-Archaeology
>
Origin of Survey Report
Page 1 Of 1
Lightouse Park
Section 36, Township 7 South, Range 5 West
USGS Carrabelle, Fla. 1981
Franklin County

here - Crooked River Lighthouse

Transcription

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