“Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for Six Agro

Transcription

Final Report
of
“Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry
Systems for Six Agro-climatic Zones”
Submitted
To
National Bamboo Mission,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation,
Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India,
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi – 110001
By
National Research Centre for Agroforestry,
Gwalior Road, Opp. Pahuj Dam,
Jhansi - 284 003 (U.P.)
1
FINAL REPORT OF PROJECT
On
“Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for
Six Agroclimatic Zones”
Submitted
To
National Bamboo Mission,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture,
Govt. of India, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi
By
Coordinating and
Lead Centre
: National Research Centre for Agroforestry,
Gwalior Road, Opp. Pahuj Dam, Jhansi 284 003 (U.P.)
Ph. (O): 0510- 2730 213 - 214, Fax: 0510-2730364
e.mail: [email protected]
Associate centers
:5
1. Agroforestry Centre, Assam Agriculture University Kahikuchi, Guwahati, Assam.
2. Agroforestry Centre, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishva Vidhyalaya, Jhargram,
Midnapur, W. Bengal.
3. Agroforestry Centre, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka.
4. Agroforestry Centre, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.
5. Agroforestry Centre, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Distt. Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra.
Compilation and Editing: S.K. Dhyani
S.P. Ahlawat
D. R. Palsaniya
FINAL REPORT OF NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION FUNDED PROJECT ON
BAMBOO BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS
1. Project title
: “Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry
Systems for Six Agroclimatic Zones”
2. Sanction No.
: No. 44-11/2006 – Hort-NBM, Dt. 21st August, 2007
3. Report period
: From 1st October, 2007 - 31st March, 2011
4. Date of start
: October, 1st, 2007
5. Date of termination
: March, 2011
6. Name of Institute
: National Research Centre for Agroforestry,
Jhansi-284003 (U.P.)
7. Total grant sanctioned : ` 106.44 lakh
8. Total grant released
: ` 93.51 lakh
CONTENTS
S. No.
1
Chapter
Preface
Page No.
1
2
Executive Summary
2-3
3
Introduction
4
4
Project Objectives
5
5
Technical Programme
6
6
List of Centres
6
7
Final Progress Report of the Centres
7-149
(i)
NRC for Agroforestry, Jhansi
7-20
(ii)
AAU, Kahikuchi, Assam
21-33
(iii)
BCKVV, Jhargram, W.B.
34-72
(iv)
UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka
73-84
(v)
OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
85-140
(vi)
B.S.K.K.V. Dapoli, Maharashtra
141-149
Tel. Office: 91-510-2730214/2730213
Telegram: KRISHIVANIKI
Fax : 91-510-2730364 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
National Research Centre for Agroforestry
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Gwalior Road, Near Pahuj Dam, Jhansi 284 003, U.P.
Preface
Bamboo is playing a significant role in the economy and providing livelihood
support to millions of people in rural and urban India. Recognizing bamboo's enormous
potential in the country, there has been lot of R&D activities on various aspects of bamboo
plantation. NRC for Agroforestry (NRCAF), Jhansi initiated a coordinated research
project in October, 2007 on Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for
Six Agroclimatic Zones with funds under R&D project of National Bamboo Mission.
NRCAF is the lead and coordinating centre and five other associated centres under the
State Agricultural Universities are located in different agro-climatic zones at Guwahati
(Assam), Jhargram (West Bengal), Bhubneshwar (Orissa), Dharwad (Karnataka) and
Dapoli (Maharashtra). Project aims to develop bamboo based agroforestry models for
different agroclimatic zones at each centre. Different species of bamboo and crops suitable
to the agro-climatic conditions were selected for each centre. Intercrops were also taken
along bamboo species. The trials were conducted at the research station and in farmer’s
field at all the Centres. The final report of the project is presented here.
The Coordinated project generated valuable information on bamboo-crop-legume
interface under different edapho-climatic situations. It also gave insight to farmers’ choice
and preferences to opt for bamboo or the intercrops. The Centres organized a number of
training programs, Kisan Mela and interaction with stakeholders which gave strength to
the project. Since, the project was sanctioned only for three years, hence, the results on
interactions between bamboo and crops, soil properties under different systems and initial
economic analysis are indicative and could have been strengthened if at least one rotation
of bamboo was complete. However, all the coordinating centres did good work and a
number of research publications were brought out. I congratulate all the PIs and
Associates at the Centres for achieving the targets and contributing significantly. Dr. S.P.
Ahlawat and Dr. D.R. Palsaniya deserve appreciation for compilation of the report.
(S.K. Dhyani)
1
Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for Six
Agroclimatic Zones
Executive Summary
Importance of bamboo for the rural poor, farmers, industry and ecology are very
well known. Being one of the fastest growing plant, perennial nature and ability to
produce culms every year, it gives very high return in comparison of timber trees. Under
agroforestry system, it provide higher economic returns than mono-cropping systems to
the farmers, conserve and improve the soil, fill the gap of national forest cover (33%) and
provide raw material to the industry as well as for domestic use for the rural community.
Because of the use of various intercrops, products are obtained even in the early stages of
plantation and the income would be much higher than any other system. Bamboo can be
harvested every year and hence regular income will start much earlier than expected from
any other woody component.
The project envisaged to develop and standardize bamboo based agroforestry
systems for six agroclimatic zones of the country. For this purpose six research centres of
ICAR and State Agricultural Universities at Jhansi (U.P.), Kahikuchi (Assam), Jhargram
(West Bengal), Bhubneshwar (Orissa), Dharwad (Karnataka) and Dapoli (Maharashtra)
situated in different agroclimatic zones of the country, were taken. Bamboo based agrisilviculture systems evaluated at these centres revealed that growth of bamboo in terms of
clump height, canopy and number of culms in bamboo were higher under the agroforestry
situation as compared to pure bamboo. Bamboo and intercrops did not exhibit any adverse
effect on each others survival, growth and yield. Further, there was no much variation in
the growth of bamboo and growth and yield of intercrops in 12 x 10 m and 10 x 10 m
spacings, though, their performance was slightly better in closer spacing (10 x 10 m). The
intercrops found suitable for bamboo based agroforestry are chickpea and sesame for
Jhansi (U. P.); turmeric, pine apple and banana for Kahikuchi (Assam); paddy, groundnut,
pigeon pea, turmeric, elephant foot yam and colocasia for Jhargram (W. Bengal); cotton
for Dharwad (Karnataka); toria and sesame for Bhubaneswar (Orissa) and Nagli (Eleusine
corasana), sweet potato (Ipomea batata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) for Dapoli
(Maharashtra) region. The study also indicates that bamboo can tolerate diverse soil
moisture regimes and with an extensive underground root-and-rhizome system it
effectively binds the top soil, and help in soil conservation. The bamboo based
agroforestry systems had positive effects on soil profile and surface soil properties as the
organic carbon and organic matter content and available phosphorus increased. The
exchangeable K, Ca and Mg decreased with increasing distance from the bamboo clumps.
Soil pH and EC also improved under the system.
In the current coordinated trials as bamboo has not completed a rotation of even
four years, therefore, the economic analysis attempted in these studies can only be an
indicative. However, experiments conducted at NRC for Agroforestry, Jhansi and under
the All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Agroforestry Centres in different
agroclimatic regions reported better economic returns from bamboo based agroforestry
systems in comparison of sole cropping. These studies revealed that the bamboo based
systems yielded B-C ratio higher than one, indicating high profitability. In middle
Gangetic plain region, bamboo based silvipasture system in non-arable land under rainfed
condition is reported to provide economic returns in terms of B:C ratio of 1.76 with IRR
55 in ten years.
Introduction
Bamboo is a fast growing, perennial, renewable natural resource and wonderful
gift of nature to mankind. Importance of Bamboo is very well known in daily life of
human beings especially in rural areas. There are more than 1500 recorded uses of
bamboo. It provides food, fodder, construction material, tool and implements for
agriculture, raw material for pulp and paper, and for handicrafts. In addition, it conserves
soil, stabilize slopes and river banks, regreens wastelands. Many cultural traditions in rural
areas are intimately connected with bamboos.
Commercial consumption of bamboo in the world is to the tune of $ 10 billion
(`46,000 crore), which is expected to double by 2012. Based on current trends, it is
estimated that the bamboo industry in India could grow to $ 5.6 billion (` 26,000 crore) by
2015. The international trade represents only a small proportion of total bamboo usage,
domestic use is estimated to account for at least 80 per cent. Bamboo is thus a major world
commodity and backbone of handicrafts and small-scale cottage industries.
Currently there is a mismatch in demand and supply. At present the demand for
bamboo is 26.9 million tonnes as against the supply of 13.47 million tonnes. A
coordinated action plan could put this skewed equation right, especially given the wide
availability of bamboo in India. Government of India has established National Bamboo
Mission to boost the bamboo sector in the country. With this background and keeping in
view the objectives and targets of National Bamboo Mission, Ministry of Agriculture,
New Delhi, this project was proposed for the resource enhancement of bamboo and
improve economy of farmers through bamboo based farming systems in the country.
Bamboo as a woody grass is perfectly suited to agroforestry. Under agroforestry
systems, it is suitable for intercropping, soil conservation, wind break, riparian filter,
permaculture and yields value added products, timber, forages, edible shoots, fiber and
craft wood. Economically its cultivation ensures IRR of more than 25%, almost equal to
eucalyptus but returns are recurrent on annual basis after 5-6 years upto 30 years or more
without recurring investments on plantations.
Indian farmers have been growing bamboo since ancient times at their homesteads,
small scale farm lands and farm/field boundaries for livelihood support, various purposes
including as live fence to protect their agricultural crops. They are managed as grooves or
following some agroforestry models. Different agroforestry systems based on bamboo i.e.
agri-silviculture, agri-horticulture, silvi-pasture etc. are prevalent in different states namely
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Chhattishgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand
and Bihar. Shade loving crops like, turmeric, zinger, large cardamom, vanilla, tea and
some medicinal plants are ideal intercrops with bamboo for agroforestry systems. For
extending bamboo cultivation through agroforestry system to other states, the
compatibility of food crops with bamboo based system, need to be tested so that, a
complete package can be provided to the farming community. In China, bamboo based
agroforestry models based on mainly Bambusa, Dendrocalamus and Phyllostachyus
species are very popular and have given best economical, social and ecological benefits to
the farming community at large.
Bamboo based agroforestry models will provide higher economic returns to the
farmers, improve the soil, fill the gap of national forest cover (33%) and provide raw
material to the industry as well as for domestic use of the rural community. Because of the
use of various intercrops, products are obtained even in the early stages of plantation and
the income would be much higher than any other system. Bamboo can be harvested every
year from fourth year onwards and hence regular income will start much earlier than
expected from any other woody component. Agroforestry practice will also benefit the
bamboo plants by sharing the inputs of irrigation, manure and fertilizers, weeding etc.
applied to agriculture crops, and hence bamboo quality and yield would be better than
unmanaged plantations. So, the total returns can be much higher than other woody
plantations.
Throughout the country, farmers and field foresters are cultivating bamboo
following traditional practices and majority of them are not aware of the new techniques
of propagation, farming and management of bamboo plantations. Recent developments in
any field do not reach to the grass root users without demonstrations and extension
activities. Due to lack of knowledge, poor management, unscientific method of culms
extraction and over harvesting makes most of the clumps and bamboo plantations
unproductive. Therefore, National Bamboo Mission has kept a target of improvement of
7,500 ha existing stock of bamboo plantation in initial phase. State Forest Departments
have been creating bamboo plantations in forests, on degraded lands to check soil erosion
and ecological rehabilitation. If potential of quality-planting material giving high returns,
proper management and harvesting practices of bamboo clumps are demonstrated, farmers
and foresters will definitely come foreword to take up its cultivation. That will not only fill
the gap in demand and supply of bamboo, but will also meet national forest cover target,
save significant amount of foreign exchange by reducing the import of timber, pulp and
paper and more importantly improve the economy of rural poor.
Keeping above facts in mind this project was proposed with following objectives:
Objectives



To develop and standardize bamboo based agroforestry systems suitable to different
agroclimatic conditions.
To demonstrate the scientific management practices and potential of bamboo based
agroforestry systems at farmer’s fields for economic gain.
To evaluate production potential, economics and impact of bamboo based
agroforestry system on natural resource base.
Technical Programme
The study was proposed to conduct at the research farm of each centre (six centres)
and on farmer’s fields in the respective region. Accordingly, different technical
programmes were made for both type of farms and develop the suitable systems.
Following experimental treatments were proposed.
1. Agroforestry Experiments at Research Centre’s
Bamboo species
: 1 at 4 centers, and 2 species at Assam and Jhargram center
Spacing
:2
(10x10 m = 100 clumps/ha and 12x10 m=84 clumps/ha)
Clumps per plot
: 12 (3 x 4, rows x clumps)
Plot area
: 1200 m2 in 10x10 m spacing, and
1440 m2 in 12 x10 m spacing
Inter-crops
: Locally grown rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) season crops
Control
: Pure crop (without bamboo), and
Pure bamboo plantation (without crop)
Replications
: Three
Design
: RBD
2. Demonstrations on Farmer’s Fields
Species
: 1 (best adapted and preferred by the farmers of the region)
Spacing
: 4 - 5 m clump to clump in single row on field bunds
Intercrops
: Locally grown crops (as per farmers choice)
Treatments
: Soil forking and soil mounding
Manure & fertilizer application (twice)
Pruned and un-pruned culms (branches from node)
Control (unmanaged clump)
Area
: 2 ha (along field bunds at different locations according to the availability
of land in farmers fields)
List of Rsearch Centres with a name of bamboo species and intercrops
Research Centre
Bamboo species
Intercrops
NRCAF, Jhansi
Dendrocalamus strictus Chickpea in rabi and sesamum in kharif
Kahikuchi, Assam Bambusa tulda & B.
Turmeric, pine apple and banana
balcooa
Jhargram,
Bambusa tulda and
Paddy, groundnut, pigeon pea, turmeric,
W. Bengal
Bambusa balcooa
elephant foot yam and colocasia
Dharwad,
Bambusa bambos
Cotton
Karnataka
Bhubaneswar,
Dendrocalamus strictus Toria in rabi & Sesame in kharif
Orissa
Dapoli,
Pseudo-oxytenenthera.
Nagli (Eleusine corasana) and sweet
Maharashtra
stocksii
potato (Ipomea batata) in kharif &
cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in rabi
FINAL PROGRESS REPORT
ON
DEVELOPMENT OF BAMBOO BASED AGROFORESTRY
SYSTEMS FOR SIX AGROCLIMATIC ZONES
National Research Centre For Agroforestry,
JHANSI - 248003 (U.P.)
NRC FOR AGROFORESTRY, JHANSI (U.P.)
Investigators
Principal Investigator
: Dr. S.P. Ahlawat,
Senior Scientist (Pl. Breeding)
Co-Principal Investigator
: Dr. Ram Newaj,
Principal Scientist (Agronomy)
: Dr. R. K. Tewari,
Principal Scientist (Horticulture)
: Dr. R.V. Kumar,
Sr. Scientist (Pl. Breeding)
: Dr. Ramesh Singh,
Sr. Scientist (Ag. Engineering)
: Dr. R.S. Yadav,
Scientist, Sr. Scale (Soil Science)
: Dr. A. Venkatesh,
Sr. Scientist (Forestry)
: Dr. R. P. Dwivedi,
Sr. Scientist (Agril. Extension)
Project title: “Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for Six
Agroclimatic Zones”
Technical programme
1. Agroforestry Experiments at Research Centre
Bamboo species
Spacing
Clumps per plot
Plot area
Inter-crops
Control
: Dendrocalamus strictus
:2
(10x10 m = 100 clumps/ha and 12x10 m=84 clumps/ha)
: 12 (3 x 4, rows x clumps)
: 1200 m2 in 10x10 m spacing, and
1440 m2 in 12 x10 m spacing
: Chickpea in rabi and Sesamum in kharif
: Pure crop (without bamboo), and
Pure plantation (without crop)
: Three
: RBD
Replications
Design
Treatments:
T1 : 10x10m Bamboo + Gram
T2 : 12x10m Bamboo + Gram
T3 : 10x10 m Pure Bamboo
T4 : 12x10m Pure Bamboo
T5 : Pure Gram
2. Demonstrations on Farmer’s Field
Species
: D. strictus, B. bambos and B. vulgaris
Spacing
: 4 - 5 m clump to clump in single row on field bunds
Intercrops
: Locally grown crops (as per farmers choice)
Treatments
: Soil forking and soil mounding
Manure & fertilizer application (twice)
Control (unmanaged clump)
Area
: 2 ha (along field bunds at different locations according to the availability
of land in farmers fields)
1. Agroforestry Experiments at Research Centre
Experimental site at research centre
The experimental trial was laid out at the Research Farm of the National Research
Centre for Agroforestry, Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh), which is located on 4 26’N 78 8’E and
251 m altitude from MSL. The soil type is red and black. Selected field has mix of both
type soil i.e. sandy soil.
The climate of the experimental site is tropical with short winter followed by long
and hot summer. In this area, the summer temperature is generally very high and during
winter temperature remains moderately low. Maximum and minimum temperatures were
found to vary between 39-24.10C and 26.7-6.20C respectively. Average relative humidity
was found to vary from 90.6-33.5 %. Average rainfall of Jhansi is 850mm per year.
However, it is drought prone area, where recurrent drought occurs at interval of one or two
year.
Field Preparation
A field of 1.4 ha area was selected for conducting experiment in the research farm
of the centre. Ploughing by mouldboard plough, disc-harrow and then leveling, etc
operations were carried out before planting of bamboo at the end of August. The field was
then ready for planting of bamboo plants. Drainage channels were made to remove excess
water.
Soil status
Soil of the experimental site is low in fertility. Initial status of soil was pH 6.54,
EC 0.180 dSM-1, organic carbon 3.92 kg-1 soil, available N213 kg ha-1, available P 5.28 kg
ha-1 and available K 185 kg ha-1.
Experimental design, layout and digging of pits
The experiment was laid out in simple randomized block design with three
replications. The gross plot size is 1200 m2 (Spacing - 10 × 10m) and 1440 m2 (Spacing 12 × 10m). The layout of experiment was done using 30 m tape, rope and rods for planting
bamboo as per the technical programme. Pegs (2 feet long wooden sticks) were put in the
field at a spacing of 10 × 10m and 12 × 10m. Pits having a dimension of 60 × 60 × 60 cm
(length, width and depth) were dug during second week of September, 2007. Then pits
were filled up with the mixture of 15-200 kg FYM + Top soil of same field + 100 g DAP
per pit. Chloropyrophos (2 g per pit) was applied in each pit as an anti-termite treatment.
Procurement and transportation of bamboo plants
Seedlings of D. strictus (200 nos.), were procured from the Agroforestry Research
Centre, GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, which were raised
under a project supported by NMBA (National Mission on Bamboo Applications). Then
those plants were transported to the site of plantation i.e. at the NRCAF, Jhansi for
planting in the experimental field.
Layout of bamboo experimental plot : D. strictus
R2
East
R1
North
10 x
10 m
10 x
10 m
Aonla
Pure
field
crop
Pure
bambo
o
12 x
10 m
R3
12 x
R3
10 x
10 m
R2
10 m
12 x
Pure
Bambo
o
10 x
10 m
R1
10 m
12 x
10 m
Planting and maintenance of bamboo plants in field
Though as a thumb rule planting should be done during the second rain of
monsoon normally in the first week of July. But, due to delayed commencement of the
project (September, 2007) the seedlings of D. strictus could be planted on 25th September
2007. Due to the drought there was no rain after planting of the bamboo plants. That’s
why the plantation was needed to be nurtured with water and nutrients. Basin of 1-1.5 m
around the plant and a mound of 15 cm high around the seedling were made. Each plant
was given 60 litres of water immediately after plantation. Thereafter, plants were irrigated
periodically as per requirement. Irrigation is generally done through the tankers available
at the centre. Due to the drought, life saving irrigation was very essential and hence same
was provided through water tanker at an interval of 10-15 days. Time to time weeding and
soil forking was done for better growth of the plants.
Gap filling of bamboo plants
Since the optimum season for transplanting from nursery to fields is onset of rainy
season and hence if planted before this time, there are further chances of high mortality.
So, bamboo plants are being raised in large size (60 x 60cm) polybags containing mixture
of soil, FYM and vermin-compost, for better growth and to match with the plants growing
in fields. They are planted in place of un-survived plants in the month of July, 2008.
Results
1. Bamboo
The initial data has been recorded on survival and their growth parameters of
bamboo plants (D. strictus) during April 2008, after harvest of rabi crop, as given the
following tables. The survival rate in April 2008 was 70 per cent. The mean plant height,
culms/plant and internode length was 61.27cm, 2.86, 6.49 cm, respectively. Results
indicated that maximum plant height (73.38cm) and culms/plant (3.88) were recorded in
T1 (10x10m), while internode length was maximum (8.46cm) in T4 i.e. sole bamboo
(12x10m). At the time of submission of report the bamboo plants have picked up very
good growth and full size of bamboo culms were sprouting and growing in almost all the
clumps.
The mortality and poor growth performance of bamboo plants is due to the fact
that plantation was done at the end of September, when the planting season was over. The
Bundelkhand region was under severe drought from last four years and during the period
of plantation to growth assessment (from Oct.2007 to April, 2008) there was no rain in the
region. Another major reason is that the bamboo plants were of very poor conditions,
because by the receipt of the sanction of the project all the tall and healthy seedlings were
sold by the nurseries. The plants available at that time had about 15-25cm height. To
ensure the plantation of certified species and improved quality planting stock all the
possible sources were explored. Hence, the material was procured from the Agroforestry
Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar,
(Uttarakahand). This material was multiplied under the programme supported by National
Mission on Bamboo Applications, New Delhi. However, the plants were maintained in
large size poly bags (40cm dia. and 60cm height) each consisting around 35 kg media of
soil:FYM: vermicompost in ratio of 1:1:0.05, to ensure the casualty replacement by the
plants of same size as growing the field. In fields also the plants were regularly watered at
an interval of 10-15 days by providing 60 lit. water per irrigation.
Availability of the quality planting material of bamboo species is always a
constraint. The culms of Dendrocalamus strictus are comparatively thin and smaller size,
which are generally not preferred by the farmers for cultivation, as they demand for large
culm size of bamboos. In order to conduct trial at farmers fields and to meet their demand,
at the same time two potentially species of the region i.e. B. vulgaris (green) and B. tulda,
which were originally proposed in the project, also procured from the Agroforestry
Reserch Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Haldi, Pantnagar,
(Uttarakahand). Two hundred plants of B. vulgaris and 60 plants of B. tulda were
procured. The plants of B. vulgaris were multiplied by culm cuttings and had attained
good enough size for field planting. On the other hand, the plants of B. tulda were in very
poor condition similar to the D. strictus. These plants were also planted at 10x10m spacing
in three replications in another field to conduct agroforestry trials.
The growth performance of the plants of both species is presented in table 2 and 3.
Performance of B. vulgaris is better than D. strictus and B. tulda, because initial size of the
plants of B. vulgaris was much higher than other two species.
Table 1. Growth of D. strictus planted at different spacing
Treatment Plant height (cm)
No. of culms /plant
T1
73.38
3.88
T2
58.00
2.25
T3
66.25
3.75
T4
68.30
3.55
T5
Mean*
61.27
2.86
Minimum
25.00
1.0
Maximum
102.0
5.0
* - mean of the total population
Internode length (cm)
7.72
6.36
8.12
8.46
6.49
4.60
9.60
Table 2. Growth performance of B. vulgaris
Plant height (cm) No of clump/plant
Mean
119.40
3.33
Minimum
60.0
2.0
Maximum
194.0
10.0
6.49
7.60
14.0
Table 3. Growth performance of B. tulda
Plant height (cm) No of clump/plant
Mean
68.10
3.40
Minimum
40.0
2.0
Maximum
100.0
7.0
5.90
4.60
7.40
2. Intercrop
Chickpea (variety Samrat) was taken as intercrop during rabi with D. strictus.
Lentil was taken with B. vulgaris and B. tulda. The crop was sown in the end of October
and harvested in March 2008. The data on both the crops was recorded and same is
presented in Table 4-7.
The observations on germination of gram was cent per cent in the initial tests.
Among different treatments, T5 treatment i.e. sole gram was found best due to highest
values of all the parameters. Average mean of plant height, number of branches /plant,
number of pods/ plant , grains weight / plant, grain yield (kg/ha) and test weight was 43.4
cm, 6.60, 66.87, 12.66g, 1853.0 kg/ha, 178.98g was found highest in T5. This was
followed by T1 and T2. In case of lentil as intercrop with B. vulgaris and B. tulda, the
maximum yield of intercrop was recorded in pure lentil as shown in Table 6 and 7.
2. Demonstrations on farmer’s fields
Simultaneously, on farm trials were initiated to assess the suitability and
acceptability of the bamboo based agroforestry systems at the fields of selected farmers.
Bamboo species, D. strictus, B. bambos and B. vulgaris, suitable to the agroclimatic
conditions and preferred by the farmers have been planted on farmers fields. Intercrops
were grown by the farmers in the fields as per their choice. Generally, mustard was grown
by all the farmers.
Table 4. Growth and yield attributes parameters of gram under bamboo based AF
system
Treatment
Plant
stand/
m2 area
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
branches
/plant
No. of
pods/
plant
No. of
grains
/ pod
Grain
wt./ plant
(g)
Test
wt. (g)
Straw
wt./
plant (g)
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
42.27
36.8
43.87
42.97
43.26
43.52
6.45
5.82
6.60
65.09
66.73
66.87
1.96
1.89
2.2
11.79
12.23
12.66
178.43
178.88
178.98
17.74
17.40
18.02
Table 5. Yield parameters of gram under bamboo based AF system
Treatment Grain yield Straw yield
Biological yield
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
T1
1720.21
2301.91
4022.12
T2
1735.59
2269.77
4005.36
T3
T4
T5
1853.00
2413.00
4266.00
Harvest index
(%)
43.00
43.00
43.43
Table 6. Growth and yield attributes parameters of lentil under bamboo based AF
system
Treatment
B. vulgaris
+Lentil
B. tulda + Lentil
Pure Lentil
Plant Plant
stand/ height
m2
(cm)
area
No. of
branches
/plant
No. of
pods/
plant
No. of
grains/
pod
Grain
wt./
plant
(g)
Straw
wt./
plant
(g)
Test
wt.
(g)
61.53
33.68
5.61
54.11
1.68
2.58
5..86
26.90
68.00
69.00
34.00
36.50
5.41
5.86
44.12
58.16
1.78
1.96
2.24
2.62
5.60
5.90
26.81
27.18
Table 7 . Yield parameters of Lentil under bamboo based AF system
Treatment
Grain yield
Straw yield Biological
Harvest index
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
yield (kg/ha) (%)
B. vulgaris + Lentil 661.12
1235.12
1896.51
35.00
B. tulda + Lentil
531.46
1242.95
1774.41
30.00
Pure Lentil
682.86
1246.80
1985.18
34.86
Selection of farmers
A team of scientists surveyed the prospective areas and visited the progressive
farmers interested in its cultivation. Based on the farmer’s interests and prospects, the
team has finalized the farmers in different villages of district Jhansi.
Planting of bamboo
On farmers fields also the pits having a dimension of 60 × 60 × 60 cm (length,
width and depth) were dug during third week of September, 2007. Then pits were filled up
with the mixture of 15-200 kg FYM + Top soil of same field + 100 g DAP per pit.
Chloropyrophos (2 g per pit) was applied in each pit as an anti-termite treatment. The
bamboo species D. strictus was planted in farmers fields and their growth performance is
given below.
Growth performance of Bamboo in farmer’s fields in March 2008
(Planted in Sept. 2007)
1. Farmer: Sh. Harprasad, Vill. Ganeshgarh, Jhansi, land holding 2.0 acre
Table 8. Growth performance of 182 plants of D. strictus in farmer’s field
Attribute
Plant height (cm) No of clump/plant Internodes length (cm)
Mean
41.99
6.13
19.52
Minimum
24.00
2.0
Maximum
83.00
13.0
• Crop: Mustard; Yield : Av. 1026 kg/ha
13.80
24.60
2. Farmer: Sh. Ram Kumar, Vill. Ganeshgarh, Jhansi, land holding 5.0 acre
Attribute
Mean
69.00
2.89
18.12
Minimum
21.00
2.0
12.15
Maximum
120.00
4.00
20.30
Crop: Mustard;Yield : Av. 1217 kg/ha
3. Farmer: Sh. Shobha Ram Rajput, Vill. Nayakheda, Jhansi, land holding 60 acre
Attribute
Mean
210.67
3.07
18.82
Minimum
90
1
13
Maximum
310
6
26
Field crop : Mustard; Grain yield : Av. 1352 Kg/ha,
Gap Filling
Due to the drought from last four years and non availability of water in the
Bundelkhand region, severe mortality occurred on farmer’s fields. Hence, all the unsurvived plants were again planted in the fields of above farmers during July 2008. This
year very good rain (>1200mm) was received and bamboo was planted well in time hence,
all the plants are surviving as well as picked up good growth. Intercultural operations are
being carried out time to time as per the requirements. Besides the vacancy filling, more
plants for taking additional plantation were provided to all the farmers. A total of 1450
plants of D. strictus were provided for vacancy filling and planting in the fields of the
farmers.
Trials on Farmer’s Fields initiated in 2008
Several farmers have shown their interest for planting of bamboo on the bunds of
their fields and approached at the centre. In order to conduct the agroforestry trials on
large scale in varied soil conditions and test their viability, some more farmers were
selected in 2008. Details of farmers and plantations done on their fields are given below:
1. Sh. Ram Singh, vill. Hastinapur, Jhansi
Species B. vulgaris: 85 plants – 100% survival
Intercrop: Lobia (Vigna unguiculata) in kharif
2. Sh. Lakshman Singh, vill. Chaurari, block: Mauranipur, Jhansi.
Species D. strictus: 200 plants – 100% survival
Intercrop: Nil in kharif
Field has black soil and due to continuous rain kharif crop could not be sown.
3. Sh. Ghanshyam Prasad, vill. Piplokhar, block: Mauranipur, Jhansi.
Species D. strictus: 250 plants – 100% survival
Intercrop: Nil in kharif
Field has black soil. Due to continuous rain, kharif crop could not be taken.
View of trial during rabi crop, 4 months after planting
D. strictus with Chickpea – Intercrop (4 months after planting)
Trials view during kharif crop, 10 months after planting
Sesamum (Til) intercrop with D. strictus
Growth performance of bamboo in 2009-10
Growth attributes of D. strictus were recorded after two years age (November2009), under various treatments and presented in table 1. The results revealed that the
average height was maximum under T1 (423.56cm) followed by T4 (412.5cm) and T3
(369.40cm) and least under T2 (352.91cm). Average clump diameter was found maximum
under T1 (460.97cm) followed by T3 (424.82cm), T2 (391.83) and T4 (324). The total
number of culms/clump were highest in T4 (25) followed by T3 (24.32), T1 (20.39) and T2
(20.16). The mean number of new culms/clump was in the order of T1>T3>T4>T2. Mean
height of five culms was maximum under T1 (283.5cm) and lowest in T4 (232.1). Among
different treatments T2 had highest length at 3rd internode, while T4 had lowest. Treatment
T1 had maximum culm diameter at 3rd internode. Treatment T1 exhibited maximum
canopy followed by T3, T2 and T4 treatments. At this stage, there was no definite pattern in
growth parameters due different treatments of spacing and intercropping with in the same
bamboo species.
Growth behavior of three bamboo species under a uniform spacing of 10x10m
under agroforestry system is presented in Table 2. Mean plant height was recorded
maximum in B. vulgaris (548.55cm) followed by D. strictus (423.56cm) and B. tulda
(175.36cm). Clump diameter was heights in D. strictus (460.97cm) followed by B.
vulgaris (351.73cm) and least in B. tulda (153.865cm). Highest mean number of
culms/clump was recorded in B. tulda (33.12) and least in B. vulgaris (18.28). Average
number of new culms/clump was highest in B. tulda (4.88) and lowest in D. strictus
(1.73). Further B. vulgaris was found superior to D. strictus and B. tulda in respect to the
length and diameter of 3rd internode. The lowest values of B. tulda are due to the smallest
size of seedlings at the time of planting.
Table 1. Growth performance of D. strictus under different treatments
Treatments
and spacing
(m)
Plant Clump
New Total Length of
height diameter culms culms 3rd
(cm)
(cm)
Internode
(cm)
423.56 460.97
1.73 20.39 13.69
T1(10x10m)
Bamboo+ crop
T2 (12x10m)
369.40 424.82
Bamboo+ crop
T3(10x10m)
352.91 391.83
Bamboo alone
T4(12x10m)
412.50 324.00
Bamboo alone
Diameter
of 3rd
internode
(mm)
18.76
Canopy
diameter
(cm)
333.66
1.36
24.32
13.05
16.95
282.24
0.76
24.32
13.72
17.13
277.25
1.00
25.00
12.89
15.37
265.75
Table 2: Performance of different species of bamboo under agroforestry systems
Species
Height
(cm)
Clump
diameter
(cm)
B. vulgaris
B. tulda
D. strictus
548.55 351.73
175.36 153.87
423.56 460.97
New Total
culms culms
4.51
4.88
1.73
Length of
3rd
internode
(cm)
18.28 20.35
33.12 15.77
20.39 13.69
Diameter Canopy
of 3rd
diameter
internode
(cm)
(mm)
27.98
6.81
18.76
459.99
333.66
Growth and Yield of Intercrop in 2009-10
This year chickpea and sesame was grown in rabi and kharif with D. stictus,
Bambusa vulgaris and B. tulda. The data of growth and yield of chickpea, lentil and
sesame intercrops are presented table 3 to table 5. Data reveal that under different spacing
of bamboo based agroforestry system, growth, yield and yield attributes were better under
10x10m as compare to 12x10m spacing of D. strictus. However, performance of sesame
was better under control in comparison to the intercrop.
The grain yield of sesame varied from 260.47 to 352.11 kg ha-1 in different spacing
and species of bamboo. The performance of crop under pure system was better than of
intercrop of bamboo and grain yield in pure was 509.47 kg ha-1. The harvest index of till
varied from 17.02 to 22.99% in pure as well as in intercrop with bamboo. It indicates that
the grain yield was 17 to 23 per cent of the biological yield.
Growth and yield of sesame under three bamboo species i.e. Bambusa tulda, B.
vulgaris and D. strictus is presented in Table 4. The value of growth, yield attributes and
yield of sesame indicates that species of bamboo did not exhibit any definite trend in
respect of all characters. Plant population, plant height, grain yield and harvest index was
higher under D. strictus, while number of pods/plant, grain weight/plant, and straw
weight/plant, straw yield and biological yield was higher under B. vulgaris. Number of
branches /plant was better under B. tulda.
The data pertaining to growth, yield attributes and yield were also recorded at
different distances (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 m) from bamboo plants. The values of
these characters were less in most of the cases at 0.5 m away from bamboo as compared to
1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0m away from the bamboo plant but differences were non-significant.
Table 3: Growth and yield attributes of chickpea intercrop in D. strictus based
agroforestry system
Treatment
Plant
(Spacing
intensity
lineXplant) (m2 area)
Plant
height
(cm)
10 x 10m
42.27
42.97
12 x 10m
36.80
43.26
Distance from bamboo plant (m)
0.5
38.83
41.20
1.0
38.00
41.40
2.0
40.84
43.97
3.0
38.84
44.47
4.0
43.17
44.87
Grain
wt./
plant
(g)
11.79
12.23
10.24
12.72
13.10
12.03
11.94
Straw Test wt.
wt./
(g)
plant (g)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Straw
yield
(kg/ha)
17.74
17.40
178.43
178.88
1779
1759
2326
2311
Biological
yield
(kg/ha)
4103
4069
17.35
17.88
18.67
16.56
16.80
178.48
179.78
180.72
178.33
178.97
1622
1730
1945
1765
1778
2100
2217
2525
2420
2480
3722
3809
4320
4185
4245
Harvest index
0.435
0.438
0.450
0.422
0.422
0.434
0.432
Table 4: Growth and yield attributes of lentil intercrop in bamboo based
agroforestry system
Treatment
Plant
(Bamboo intensity
species)
(m2 area)
Plant
height
(cm)
B. vulgaris
61.53
33.68
B. tulda
68.00
34.00
Distance from bamboo plant (m)
0.5
62.33
30.87
1.0
66.00
33.40
2.0
65.67
34.43
3.0
64.67
35.00
4.0
65.17
35.20
Grain
wt./
plant
(g)
2.58
2.24
Straw
wt./
plant
(g)
5.86
5.60
Test wt.
(g)
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
Straw
yield
(kg/ha)
Harvest index
1274
1289
Biological
yield
(kg/ha)
1936
1784
26.90
26.81
668
534
2.39
2.22
2.54
2.43
2.54
6.05
5.35
5.72
5.73
5.83
26.98
26.78
26.93
26.94
26.67
509
660
628
596
611
1147
1348
1340
1248
1302
1617
1947
1970
1871
1897
0.313
0.348
0.320
0.320
0.308
0.338
0.305
Table 5: Growth and yield attributes of sesame intercrop in D. strictus based
agroforestry system
Spacing
Treatm
ents
10X10
D. strictus
12x10
D. strictus
Control
Plant
Plant No.of No. of Grain
Popula Height pods/ branch/ Wt./
tion/
(cm)
plant plant
plant
(m2)
(g)
Straw Grain Straw
Wt./ yield
yield
plant (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
(g)
Biological Harvest
yield
index
(kg/ha)
(%)
27.87 132.08 30.27
2.49
4.61 15.25 352.11 1392.1
1744.21
20.19
21.13 120.04 23.99
2.09
3.28 11.28 301.46 1240.13 1541.59
19.56
42.00 134.27 43.27
4.23
7.07 15.01 509.47 2233.93 2743.40
22.99
Table 6: Growth and yield attributes of till (sesame) intercrop under different species
of bamboo
Species
(10X10 m)
Plant Plant
popula height
tion/
(cm)
2
m
No.of No. of
pods/ branc
plant h
/plant
Grain
Wt./
plant
(g)
Straw Grain
Wt./ yield
plant kg/ha
(g)
Straw
yield
kg/ha
Biologica Harvest
l yield
index
kg/ha
%
D.strictus
27.87 132.08 30.27
2.49
4.61
15.25 352.11 1392.10 1744.21
20.19
B.vulgaris
B.tulda
24.2 130.29 41.37
18.13 129.35 32.21
2.48
2.56
5.23
4.19
15.99 323.33 1575.66 1898.99
13.09 260.47 1003.73 1264.20
17.02
20.60
Fig. Bamboo based agroforestry systems at NRCAF, Jhansi
Agroforestry Experiments on Farmers field’s in 2009-10
In order to assess the on farm potential and preference of bamboo cultivation,
experimental trials were also taken on the farmers fields of the region Farmers have shown
their keen interest and desired to adopt the bamboo in their field boundary under
agroforestry. Plants of Bambusa vulgaris were planted (85 in 1.0 ha) at village Hastinapur
in the field of Shri Harpal Singh Rajpoot. During kharif season ground nut (282kg/ha) and
in rabi season Wheat (3756kg/ha) were taken. Dendrocalamus strictus was planted (280
Nos. in 2.0 ha) at village Nayakhera in the field of Shri Shobha Ram Rajpoot. During
kharif season Urd (515kg/ha), Mung (525kg/ha), Ground nut (550 kg/ha) and in rabi
season Wheat var. Malviya 234 (3260 kg/ha) were taken. Any adverse effect of bamboo
on the crop was not observed. The details of growth of bamboo species are given below:
Table 7: Performance of different bamboo species on farmer’s fields
Clump Clump
New
Total
Length of 3rd
Diameter of 3rd
Height diameter culms culms
Internode
internode
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(mm)
Bambusa vulgaris vill.- Hastinapur
517.83 235.87
1.16
7.16
17.42
27.81
Dendrocalamus strictus: vill.-Nayakhera
264
167.5
6.63
0.38
15.13
13.43
Canopy
(cm)
426.5
173.92
ON
DEVELOPMENT OF BAMBOO BASED
AGROFORESTRY
From
Horticulture Research Station,
Assam Agricultural University,
Kahikuchi, Guwahati - 17, Assam
Name of Centre
Technical programme
Location
Main plantation
Bamboo species
Spacing
Intercrops
Design
Treatments
: Horticulture Research Station,
Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi,
Guwahati - 17, Assam
:
: Horticultural Research Station, AAU,
Kahikuchi
: Bamboo
: 2 (Two)
i) Bambusa
tulda
ii) Bambusa balcooa
: i) 10 x 10 m for Bambusa tulda
ii) 12 x 10 m for Bambusa balcooa
3 (Three)
i) Turmeric
ii) Pineapple
iii) Banana
: 3 RBD
T1 Pure plantation of
bamboo
pineapple
T2 Bamboo + pineapple
T6 Pure plantation of banana
T3 Bamboo + banana
turmeric
T4 Bamboo + turmeric
Table 2.1. Meteorological data of the centre (2010-11)
Month
No. of
rainy
days
Rainfall
(cm)
Jan, 10
1
Feb, 10
Temperature
(0C)
Humidity
(%)
Sunshine
hours
Maximum
Minimum
M*
E**
0
22.4
11.0
89
70
5.36
0
0
26.7
15.0
72
50
5.21
Mar, 10
2
7.4
31.6
17.1
66
51
5.26
April, 10
4
55.5
28.3
21.4
99
89
7.70
May, 10
24
154.9
30.2
23.5
88
71
6.25
June, 10
22
92.5
30.8
26.2
90
84
4.83
July, 10
19
303.8
32.8
27.6
97
82
3.60
Aug, 10
14
202.5
33.0
26.5
98
86
4.70
Sept, 10
18
198.0
31.3
25.5
99
84
6.60
Oct, 10
6
82.0
28.9
23.1
99
84
6.70
Nov, 10
2
2
27.1
18.1
99
78
7.10
Dec, 10
10
167
28.2
21.0
99
91
6.50
142
1265.6
--
--
--
--
--
Total
M* = Morning at 8-30 a.m.
E** = Evening at 5-30 pm
1. Meteorological data during the period (January to December, 2010) of experimental site
of AICRP on Agroforestry, Horticultural Research Station, AAU, Kahikuchi Centre
2. Mean annual rainfall of the area: 2000 mm (approx.)
3. Climatic aberration: About 36.7% less amount of total rainfall with 52 days more
number of rainy days
4. Agro climatic region: Himalayan zone
Methodology
A. On station
Bamboo rhizomes of one year old culm was selected as planting materials for both
the species viz. Bambusa tulda (Jati) and Bambusa balcooa (Bhaluka). Bamboo rhizomes
with one meter length culm length having atleast 2 – 3 internodes were taken for the
purpose. Rhizomes were planted in pits at 450 angle inclined towards North and the base
were tempered in the month of March-August, 2008. Gap filling was done twice in the
month of May, 2008 and June, 2008 in B. tulda. Likewise, gap filling in B. balcooa was
done thrice in the month of June, 2008, July, 2008 and April, 2009 in Research Station.
Three intercrops viz. pineapple (var. Kew), banana (var. Chenichampa) and
turmeric (cv. Tall Clone) were selected for both bamboo species. Pineapple suckers and
banana suckers were planted in the month of September, 2007. Turmeric was sown in
April, 2009.
Initial soil samples during 2008 were collected from the depth of 0-30 cm, 15 cm –
30 cm and 30 cm -50 cm and analyzed with routine procedures. During 2009 it was
collected from the depth of 0-30 cm.
B. Farmer’s field
In farmers’ field bamboo was planted in single row in the border of crop field at a
distance of 5 m x 5 m. Other methodologies for bamboo and intercrops were similar to that
of the Research station. Four members of the farmers in 3 different villages were selected
as follows for experiment:
S. No.
Name of Farmers
1.
Sri Lohit Rabha
2.
Md. Ratul Ahmed
3.
Md. Amrul Hoque
Village
Malong Pura,
Rongjuli
Block
Pordupara,
Rongjuli
Block
Bijoypur
Bongaon,
Area
(ha)
0.8
Crops
Banana (Chenichampa),
Pineapple (Kew)
0.75
Banana (Malbhog),
Turmeric (Tall Clone)
0.75
Banana (Chenichampa),
Turmeric (Tall Clone)
4.
Md. Abdul Hamid
Rongjuli
Block
Pordupara,
Rongjuli
Block
0.60
Areca nut and
pineapple (Kew)
Soil samples from the farmer’s field were collected from the depth of 0-30 cm.
In Research Station
Table 1. Growth of different species of bamboo under agroforestry system
Species
Clump Clump
New
Total
Length of
Diam. of
height diameter culms culms
3rd
3rd
(m)
(m)
internode
internode
(cm)
(mm)
Bambusa 13.04
2.02
9.97
20.57
33.66
67.8
tulda
Bambusa
9.34
0.85
3.2
14.2
16.48
59.97
balcooa
Table 2. Growth performance of Bambusa tulda
Treatments
Clump Clump New
Total
Height diam. Culms culms
(m)
(m)
(no.)
(no.)
Bamboo (Sole)
Bamboo + Pineapple
Bamboo + Banana
Bamboo + Turmeric
Pineapple (sole)
Banana (Sole)
Turmeric (Sole)
13.0
11.7
13.2
12.7
-
1.7
1.7
2.3
1.7
-
8.0
11.3
8.3
12.3
-
15.3
16.3
19.7
22.7
-
Length of
3rd
internode
(cm)
36
35
36
32
-
Canopy
diameter
(m)
8.33
6.80
Diam. of Canopy
3rd
diam.
Internode
(m)
(mm)
45.0
7.4
46.0
7.0
56.6
9.1
73.0
7.5
-
Growth of Bambusa tulda in agroforestry system is described in Table 1&2.Maximum
plant height (13.2 m) and spread (2.3 m) of Bambusa tulda was recorded in the intercrop
plot with banana while average culms (12.3 no.) was the highest in bamboo intercropped
with turmeric in 3 years after plantation.
Table 3. Growth performance of Bambusa balcooa
Treatments Clump Clump
New Total Length of 3rd Diam. of 3rd
height diam.
culms culms internode
internode
(m)
(m)
(no.) (no.)
(cm)
(mm)
Bamboo (Sole) 8.9
0.7
3.5
8.5
20.5
20.1
Bamboo +
9.2
0.6
2.8
6.2
18.7
19.6
Pineapple
Bamboo +
13.2
0.9
3.6
6.8
18.8
23.2
Banana
Canopy
diam.
(m)
6.8
6.7
5.9
Bamboo +
Turmeric
Pineapple
(sole)
Banana (Sole)
Turmeric
(Sole)
8.5
0.9
3
7.8
18.3
22.1
5.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Growth of Bambusa balcooa in agroforesry system is described in Table
1&3.Maximum plant height (13.2 m) and spread (0.9 m) of Bambusa balcooa was
recorded in the intercrop plot with banana while average culms (8.5 no.) was the highest in
bamboo as sole in 3 years after plantation.
Table 4. Growth and yield attributes of pineapple under different species of bamboo
Species Pl. ht. Canopy Leaf Fruit Fruit Fruit Plant Plant Fruit Biological Harvest
(m) spread /plant length girth yield
wt
yield
yield
yield
index
(m)
(cm) (cm) (kg/pl) (kg)
(q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha)
(%)
B. tulda
1.3
0.85
39.3 19.3 35.2
0.90
5.5
333.6
63
396.6
15.8
B. balcooa 1.0
0.85
50
17.5
33.5
0.88
6.2
427.2
10.7
437.9
2.4
Pineapple as intercrop with Bambusa tulda registered fruit yield of 63q/ha while
with Bambusa balcooa fruit yield was only 10.7q/ha because of less flowering. Fruit yield
was maximum (60.2 q/ha) in pineapple at 4.0 m away from the base of Bambusa tulda.
Similar results were observed in Bambusa balcooa (Table 4,5,6).
Table 5. Effect of Bambusa tulda on growth and yield of pineapple
Distance Pl. ht. Canopy Leaf Fruit Fruit Fruit Plant Plant
from
wt
yield
bamboo
(m)
(cm) (cm) (kg/pl) (kg) (q/ha)
(m)
0.5
0.9
1.0
36.3 18.5 33.1
0.9
5.5
330.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
S. Ed. (5%)
C. D.
CV
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.1
0.11
NS
13.17
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.15
0.33
23.40
22.5
32.2
38.0
38.9
1.83
NS
8.03
17.2
16.5
19.2
19.3
0.68
1.48
5.88
29.2
35.2
30.1
35.5
1.81
3.95
7.85
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.8
0.17
0.36
17.54
5.2
3.5
4.8
5.3
0.40
0.87
12.77
243.0
355.6
291.6
353.6
7.47
15.28
3.25
Fruit Biological Harvest
yield
yield
index
(q/ha) (q/ha)
(%)
55.0
385.6
14.26
58.0
48.0
55.9
60.2
0.97
NS
14.83
301.0
403.6
347.5
413.8
18.94
41.29
8.00
19.27
11.90
16.09
14.54
1.08
2.35
9.94
Table 6. Effect of B. balcooa on growth and yield of pineapple
Distance Pl. ht. Canopy Leaf Fruit Fruit Fruit Plant Plant
from
Wt.
yield
bamboo
(m)
(cm) (cm) (kg/pl) (kg) (q/ha)
(m)
0.5
1.1
1.0
32.0 15.5 33.1
0.9
5.1
322.6
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
S. Ed. (5%)
C. D.
CV
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.1
0.11
NS
13.17
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.15
0.33
23.40
30.5
32.2
33.0
32.9
1.83
NS
8.03
17.3
16.4
15.2
17.3
0.68
1.48
5.88
29.2
35.2
30.1
35.5
1.81
3.95
7.85
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.8
0.17
0.36
17.54
5.0
3.8
3.8
4.3
0.40
0.87
12.77
263.0
405.1
300.0
336.6
7.47
16.28
3.25
Fruit Biological Harvest
yield
yield
index
(q/ha) (q/ha)
(%)
9.6
332.2
2.8
8.0
9.6
8.6
10.6
0.97
NS
14.83
271.0
414.7
308.6
347.2
18.94
41.29
8.00
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.0
0.32
NS
16.9
Banana as intercrop in Bambusa tulda was3.09 m plant height and recorded 16.0
q/ha fruit yield (Table 7&8).Statistical analysis showed that fruit yield of banana was
significantly higher (18.3 q/ha) in 4.0 m away from the base of bamboo clump in
comparison to 3.0 ,2.0 and 1.0 m distance. While in Bambusa balcooa fruit yield in 4.0
and 3.0 m was at par and was significantly higher than the fruit yield observed at 2.0 and
1.0 m distance from the base of bamboo(Table 9).
Table 7. Growth and yield attributes of banana under different species of bamboo
Species Plant Suckers Leaves Plant Hands Fingers Finger Finger Hand Fruit Plant Fruit Plant Bio. Harvest
height per
Per girth per
per
girth length weight yield weight yield weight yield
Index
(m) Plant plant (cm) bunch hand (cm) (cm) (kg)
(kg) (q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha)
(%)
per
plant
(kg)
B. tulda 3.09
1.0
32.0 15.5 33.1
0.9
5.1 322.6 9.6
12.4
47.6 16.0 4760 4776.0 0.335
B. balcooa 3.21
0.8
30.5
17.3
29.2
1.2
5.0
263.0
8.0
13.1
Table 8. Effect of Bambusa tulda on growth and yield of banana
Distance Plant Suckers Leaves Plant Hands Fingers Fruit Fruit Hand Fruit
from height per
Per girth per
per length girth weight yield
bamboo (m)
Plant plant (cm) bunch hand (cm) (cm) (kg)
per
(m)
plant
(kg)
1.0
3.20
2.92
10.8 39.8 8.00 16.3
13.1 12.1 2.63 13.0
45.3
15.4
4530 4545.4
Plant Fruit Plant
weight yield weight
(kg)
(q/ha) (q/ha)
0.338
Bio.
yield
(q/ha)
Harvest
index
(%)
41.0
14.0
4545
4369
0.36
2.0
3.04
3.18
5.1
28.7
7.25
15.3
13.0
12.0
2.69
13.0
42.3
16.3
4303
4318
0.35
3.0
2.93
3.26
5.2
41.6
7.29
15.4
13.2
11.6
2.98
13.2
40.0
15.6
4563
4580
0.37
4.0
3.20
3.49
9.5
48.1
8.12
17.2
13.8
12.5
3.20
13.2
41.6
18.3
4763
4780
0.36
S. Ed.
0.21
0.14
0.59
3.40
0.58
0.95
1.0
1.07
0.18
0.53
2.12
0.87
18.7
112.95
0.03
C. D.
NS
0.31
1.29
7.41
NS
NS
NS
NS
0.39
1.15
NS
1.91
NS
246.22
NS
CV
10.8
6.9
12.2
13.6
11.9
9.3
11.9
14.0
9.8
5.6
8.1
8.6
6.5
3.9
13.7
(5%)
Table 9. Effect of Bambusa balcooa on growth and yield of banana
Distance Plant Suckers Leaves Plant Hands Fingers Fruit Fruit Hand Fruit
from height per
Per girth per
per length girth weight yield
bamboo (m)
Plant plant (cm) bunch hand (cm) (cm) (kg)
per
(m)
plant
(kg)
1.0
3.23
3.03
12.0 49.2 8.05 17.2
13.2 11.7 2.70 12.4
Plant Fruit Plant
weight yield weight
(kg)
(q/ha) (q/ha)
Bio.
yield
(q/ha)
Harvest
index
(%)
42.6
16.0
3408
3424
0.47
2.0
3.14
3.30
5.6
38.6
8.25
15.3
13.5
11.2
2.85
11.1
45.2
15.0
3616
3631
0.41
3.0
3.00
3.40
5.6
55.3
7.20
18.2
14.0
11.0
3.20
13.2
45.3
17.2
3624
3641
0.47
4.0
3.45
3.63
10.1
62.0
8.55
19.0
14.5
12.0
3.55
13.5
46.6
17.0
3728
3745
0.45
S. Ed.
0.25
0.12
.088
3.30
0.58
0.95
1.0
1.07
0.18
0.53
2.12
0.87
60.13
59.75
0.03
C. D.
.054
0.26
1.92
7.18
NS
NS
NS
2.33
.39
1.15
NS
1.91
131.0
130.3
NS
CV
12.2
5.59
16.7
12.6
11.9
9.3
11.9
14.0
9.8
5.6
8.1
8.6
2.7
2.6
12.1
(5%)
Turmeric as intercrop yielded 77.0 q/ha and 222.8 q/ha with Bambusa tulda and
Bambusa balcooa respectively (Table 10).With the increasing distance from the base of
bamboo all the growth and yield parameters were recorded higher significantly in both the
species of bamboo (Table 11 & 12).
Table 10. Growth and yield attributes of turmeric under different species bamboo
Species Plant Leaves Rhizome Plant Rhizome Plant Biological Harvest
height per yield/plant weight yield
yield
yield
Index
(m) plant
(kg)
(kg)
(%)
B. tulda 1.03 10.33
1.9
0.35
77.0
703.5
780.5
9.86
B. balcooa 1.16 20.3
2.0
0.37
222.8 777.0
999.8
22.28
Table 11. Effect of B. tulda on growth and yield of turmeric
Distance Plant Leaves Rhizome Plant Rhizome Plant Biological Harvest
from
height per yield per weight yield
yield
yield
Index
bamboo
(m)
plant plant
(kg) (q/ha) (q/ha) (q/ha)
(%)
(m)
(kg)
0.5
1.00
6.3
1.2
0.3
68
495.4
563.4
12.1
1.0
1.23
10.1
2.2
0.2
72
568.3
640.3
11.2
2.0
3.0
1.33
1.13
9.9
13.2
2.3
2.0
0.3
0.4
78
80
720.3
755.3
798.3
835.3
9.7
9.6
4.0
1.50
S. Ed. (5%) 0.14
C. D.
0.30
CV
15.81
15.0
0.62
1.35
8.03
2.1
0.23
0.51
16.68
0.3
0.03
0.06
12.45
79
3.37
7.35
6.32
765.0
4.35
9.47
0.93
844.0
6.36
13.87
1.22
9.4
0.49
1.07
6.67
Table 12. Effect of B. balcooa on growth and yield of turmeric
Distance Pl. ht. No. of Rhizome Plant Rhizome Plant Biological Harvest
from
(m)
leaf yield per weight yield yield
yield
Index
bamboo
plant
plant
(kg)
(%)
(m)
(kg)
0.5
0.98
6.3
1.2
0.2
102.3 495.4
563.4
12.1
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.11
1.01
1.05
7.3
9.9
11.6
2.0
2.3
2.4
0.2
0.3
0.4
213.2
213.6
218.0
568.3
720.3
755.3
640.3
798.3
835.3
11.2
9.7
9.6
4.0
S. Ed. (5%)
C. D.
CV
1.30
0.04
0.09
5.46
12.0
0.61
1.34
9.21
2.4
0.21
0.46
14.47
0.4
0.03
0.06
13.03
221.3
2.38
5.19
1.74
765.0
5.24
11.42
1.14
844.0
4.21
9.17
0.81
9.4
0.49
1.06
6.63
The initial characteristics of soil under bamboo plantation has been shown in Table
13 and Table 14. In the Bambusa tulda (Jati) plot soil textural class was found to be loam
down to the depth of 50 cm. Available N and P2O5 was medium from top soil to 30 – 50
cm depth. However, available K was high (350.70 kg/ha) in top soil and it decreased with
depth.
On the other hand, soil texture was sandy loam to loam in Bambusa balcooa
(Bhaluka) plot. High organic matter was observed in the soil. Available N was medium in
top soil. Available P was recorded to be medium from surface down to the depth of 50 cm.
However, available K was recorded low.
Table 13. Initial soil characterstics of Bamboosa tulda
Depth
Texture Organic
pH
Available nutrients
(cm)
(kg/ha)
matter
(1:2.5
soil:water) N
P2O5
K2O
0-15
l
0.95
5.5
378.3
31.4
350.7
15-30
30-50
l
l
0.66
0.57
5.3
5.4
329.3
316.2
26.1
23.1
315.7
306.2
Classification: Fine, loamy mixed, hyperthermic DystricEutrudepts
Table 14. Initial soil characterstics of Bamboosa balcooa
Available nutrients (kg/ha)
Depth
Texture Organic
pH
(cm)
matter
(1:2.5
soil:water)
N
P2O5
K2O
0-15
sl
1.69
4.6
275.4 M
29.4 M
133.2 L
15-30
sl
0.91
5.2
218.7 L
32.0 M
130.1 L
30-50
l
0.85
5.3
206.6 L
34.2 M
122.6 L
Classification: Fine, loamy mixed, hyperthermic Fluventic Dystrudepts
After three years of experimentation soil analyses revealed no definite built up in a
spell of only three years (Table 15 &16).
Table15. Soil status in Bamboosa tulda (2010-11)
Treatment
Organic matter(%)
Bamboo(Sole)
Bamboo + pineapple
Bamboo + banana
0.84
0.86
0.96
N
P2O5
K2O
372.5
25.7
349.5
387.4
32.7
345.6
393.3
32.7
336.7
Bamboo + turmeric
1.06
395.7
36.72
362.4
Pineapple (Sole)
0.90
385.9
36.5
342.6
Banana (Sole)
1.04
395.3
38.50
359.6
Turmeric (Sole)
1.06
392.6
37.7
375.9
Table16. Soil status in Bamboosa balcooa (2010-11)
Treatment
Organic matter
(%)
N
P2O5
K2O
Bamboo(Sole)
1.62
270.2
25.6
142.7
Bamboo + pineapple
1.68
292.6
32.4
140.6
Bamboo + banana
1.72
286.4
31.4
144.5
Bamboo + turmeric
1.78
292.4
35.6
150.2
Pineapple (Sole)
1.62
285.1
35.4
143.6
Banana (Sole)
1.68
290.4
33.6
150.2
Turmeric (Sole)
1.75
300.5
39.2
165.9
From the data it is observed that there is no significant difference among the
treatment in respect of soil nutrient builds up after 3years of experimentation both in
Bamboosa tulda and Bamboosa balcooa. However, the lowest amount of of organic
carbon, available N, available was recorded in the soil under sole bamboo.
Experiment in farmer’s field:
Growth of bamboo and yield of intercrop in farmers’ field are presented in Table
17. Survival percentage and growth of Bambusa tulda was better than Bambusa balcooa
(Table 17).
Out of 400 banana plants cv.Chenichampa 350 yielded fruit in Farmer 1. 75 per
cent pineapple plants as intercrop in Bambusa balcooa yielded fruit (30.5 t/ha) in third
year.
In Farmer 2, 300 Malbhog banana plants recorded fruit yield of 32 t/ha as intercrop
with Bambusa tulda. Turmeric as intercrop yielded 60 q/ha.
Farmer 3 had grown Chenichampa banana and turmeric cv. Tall Clone as intercrop
with Bambusa tulda. 72 per cent produced fruits in second year and yielded 38 t/ha.
Turmeric yield was 142 q/ha.
Pineapple and arecanut were grown as intercrop with Bambusa balcooa by Farmer
4. Arecanut is in vegetative growth stage. Fruit yield of pineapple cv. Kew was 184 q/ha
Table 17. Yield of intercrop in farmers’ field
Yield (t/ha)
Farmer
Banana Pineapple Turmeric Areca nut
1.
36.0
30.5
--2.
32.0
-6.0
-3.
38.0
-7.2
-4.
-18.4
---
Bamboo
spp./height/culm
B. balcooa / 7.5 m / 4 no.
B. tulda / 11.8 m / 12no.
B. tulda / 10.9 m / 10 no.
B. balcooa / 8.2 m / 5 no.
Budget and Expenditure: 2007 to 31 January, 2011
Budget (lakh `)
Particulars
A. R/C
1.SRF
2. FA
3. TA
4.Chemical &
Glassware
5. R/C
Total of A
B. Non R/C
1. Drip irrigation
2. Lux meter
3.Digital soil
moisture meter
Total of B
Total of A+B
Instl charge10%
Grand Total
07-08
08-09
09-10
1.04
0.48
0.50
0.25
1.04
0.48
0.40
-
1.16
0.48
0.40
0.25
2.00
4.27
2.00
3.92
2.00
4.29
1.35
0.08
2.00
-
3.43
7.70
0.77
8.47
3.92
0.39
4.31
4.29
0.43
4.72
Expenditure (`)
Total
3.24
1.44
1.30
0.50
07-08
08-09
09-10
10-11*
Total (`)
75877
62710
49978 38346 19775 18289 -
120000
258587
-
88324
38064
6.00 113155 138373 223840
12.48 182908 270885 286550
97230
217230
572598
957573
96289
4098
199775
28364
3.43 96289 228139
4098
15.91 182908 367174 502913 221328
1.59 159000
17.50 182908 367174 514689 380328
96289
4098
199775
28364
328526
1286099
159000
1445099
1.35
0.08
2.00
Expenditures in addition to the amount mentioned in the Table:

Salary of Field Asstt for the month March drawn in April,2011=`
4,000/-

R/C for the month March drawn in April,2011
=`
15,732/-

Anticipated expenditure(arrear pay of SRF due to
pay enhancement as per ICAR norms) to be paid
=` 1,16,774/-
Total
* (Enclosure attached)_____________________________________
=` 1, 36,506/-
Final expenditure up to March, 2011
Sanctioned budget
Fund released
i) F5/Bamboo/ 07-08/Audit; dt.3.11.07
ii) NRCAF/NBM/3/2007/Dtd 5.10.09
(` in Lakh)
17.50
8.47
1.35
iii) NRCAF/NBM/3-7/Bamboo/07-08/2489 /dtd 31.01.2011
3.00
iv) FNo.44-14/2006-Hort ((NBM)/dtd 28.03.2011
2.55
Total fund released
15.37
st
Total expenditure mentioned in the Table up to 31 January, 2011
14, 45,099
Expenditure up to March, 2011 in addition to the amount mentioned in the
1, 36,506
Table
Grand total of expenditure
15, 81,605
Minus balance
(-) Rs 44,605
*Enclosure:
Arrear pay of SRF in the adhoc project on “Development of Bamboo baed Agroforestry
for six agro climatic zones” functioning at Horticultural Research Station, Kahikuchi centre
during 2007 – 2011
1. Sri Pinkudhar Barman, SRF
His arrear consolidated pay to be drawn with w.e.f.16-05-08 to 06-01-09@ ` 12,000/p.m vide Memo No.AAURG-1.3(78)/2008-09/1527-607 Dtd 24-04-08
(Pay=` 12,000/-x 7month 22 days) =` 92,516.00
Less already drawn as follows:
(Pay=` 8,000/-x 7 month 22 days)= ` 61,677.00
Net payable arrear= ` 92,516.00 - ` 61,677.00 = `30,839.00 … (A)
2. Miss Himadri Rabha, SRF
Her arrear consolidated pay to be drawn with w.e.f.06-01-10 to 31-03-10@ ` 12,000/p.m vide Memo No.AAURG-1.3(78)/2008-09/1527-607 Dtd 24-04-08
(Pay=` 12,000/-x 2month 26 days) =` 34065.00
(Pay=` 8,000/-x 2 month 26 days)= ` 22710.00
Net payable arrear= ` 34065.00- ` 22710.00= ` 11355.00 … (B)
3. Miss Himadri Rabha, SRF
Her arrear consolidated pay to be drawn with w.e.f.01-04-10 to 10-01-11@ ` 16,000/p.m vide F.No.15 (1)/2010-A&P (Edn) Dtd 26-10-10
(Pay=`16,000/-x 9month 10 days) =` 149161.00
(Pay=`8,000/-x 9 month 10 days)= ` 74581.00
Net payable arrear= ` 149161.00 - ` 74581.00= ` 74,580.00…(C)
Grand total (A+B+C) = `1, 16,774.00
Certified that the bills are verified as per Acquaintance Roll. Also certified that the
overdrawn if any detected against the incumbent shall be deducted and deposited in the
University account.
Sd/Illegible
Chief Scientist
Horticultural Research Station
Assam Agricultural University
Kahikuchi, Guwahati-17
ON
AGROFORESTRY
From
Regional Research Station,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Jhargram-721507, Dist. Paschim Medinipur,
West Bengal, India
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The performance of bamboo-based agroforestry systems (bamboo intercropped
with rice, pigeon pea, bottle gourd and turmeric) was investigated at the Research Farm,
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram, West Bengal. The experiment was laid
out in a strip-split plot design, replicated thrice keeping spacing (with two levels i.e. 10 x
10 m and 12 x 10 m) in the main plot, bamboo (with two levels i.e. Bambusa tulda Roxb
and Bambusa balcooa Roxb) in the sub-plot and four levels of intercrops (i.e. rice, pigeon
pea, bottle gourd and turmeric) in the sub-sub-plot. Each plot contains 12 clumps (3 x 4,
rows x column) and altogether 12 such plots have been maintained in the experiment. The
four arable crops were cultivated during the kharif season of 2008, 2009 and 2010. Results
indicated that the survival rate of both the bamboo species was 100%. Significantly better
growth parameters of both the bamboo species were higher when grown under
intercropping situation than sole bamboo plantation. Significantly higher mean for most of
the growth parameters of both the bamboo species were observed when planted at closer
planting (10×10 m) as compared to wider spacing (12×10 m) under both sole and
intercropping situation. Significant improvement in the soil fertility was observed under
intercropping system as compared to sole bamboo cultivation. The yield of all the
intercrops was slightly higher in sole cropping than intercropping system. Further, yield
difference of the intercrops under the two bamboo plantation was negligible. However, the
yield of all the intercrops was higher in wider spacing (12×10 m) as compared to closer
spacing (10 ×10 m). Estimates of the B:C ratio for the different bamboo based agroforestry
systems revealed that bamboo-based agroforestry system have immense potentiality for
providing livelihood security to the poor farmers through self-employment and higher
income.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name of the Centre
: Regional Research Station, (Red & Laterite Zone), Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram-721507, Dist.
Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
2. Telephone
: 03221-205500 (Office)/09433890079 (Mobile)
3. E-mail
: [email protected] /[email protected]
4. Project Title
: Development of Bamboo-based Agroforestry Systems for
Six Agro-climatic Zones
5. Date of Commencement : October, 2007
6. Funding Agency
: National Bamboo Mission, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, Krishi
Bhawan, New Delhi-110001
7. Name, Designation &
Address of PI
: Dr. Pratap Kumar Dhara
Associate Professor in Soil & Water Conservation
Regional Research Station (Red & Laterite Zone), Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram – 721507, Dist.
8. Name, Designation &
Address of Co-PI
: Dr. Hirak Banerjee
Assistant Professor in Sr. Scale in Agronomy
Regional Research Station, (Red & Laterite Zone), Bidhan
Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram-721507, Dist.
9. Name of the SRF
: T. Vanlalngurzauva
M.Sc. (Ag.) in Soil & Water Conservation, BCKV
INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is a large grass belonging to the subfamily Bambusoideae (Family
Poaceae). As a plant, bamboo is straight, hollow, smooth, light yet hard and strong. It is
pliable, flexible and can easily be bent and split. Bamboo is one of the fastest-growing
plants on earth, gaining approximately 121 cm in 24 hrs. It is one of the most important
non-wood forest products as well as agricultural plants in the world. About 18 million
hectares of bamboo are distributed in world forest ecosystems particularly in Asia, Africa,
and America. Worldwide there are more than 1,250 species under 75 genera of bamboo. It
is found to grow practically all over the country, particularly in the tropical, sub-tropical
and temperate regions where the annual rainfall ranges between 1,200 mm to 4,000 mm
and the temperature varies between 16oC and 38oC. The most suitable conditions for the
occurrence of bamboo are found in between 770-1,080 meter above sea level. However,
two-thirds of the growing stock of bamboo in the country is available in the north-eastern
states. This natural resource plays a major role in the livelihood of rural people and in rural
industry. This green gold is sufficiently cheap and plentiful to meet the vast needs of
human populace from the "child's cradle to the dead man's bier". That is why sometimes
bamboo is known as "poor man's timber".
Bamboos are distinct and fascinating plants, with a wide range of values and uses.
They play a significant role in bio-diversity conservation and contribute to soil and water
conservation. They are important for biomass production and play an increasing role in
local and world economies. Furthermore, bamboo provides considerable environmental
benefits. Bamboo produces over 35% more oxygen than trees generating a significant
increase in carbon sequestration (12 tonnes/ha/annum), which can repair and sustain our
rapidly diminishing atmosphere. Bamboos are good soil binders owing to their peculiar
clump formation and fibrous root system and thereby play an important role in soil and
water conservation. Because the extensive rhizome system of bamboos lies primarily in
the top layers of soil, they often play a major role in stabilizing soils on slopes and river
banks, preventing erosion and land slips.
An estimated 8.96 million ha forest area of the country contains bamboo. Bamboo
generally forms the under-storey in the natural forests. Bamboo is not only grown in
forests but also it can be planted under agroforestry systems. In agroforestry systems
where each plant receives individual care, bamboo shows promising results. Bamboo
reaches structural maturity within three years and the mean annual increment (MAI) of
medium or large sized bamboos is as high as or higher than that of many of the fast
growing tree species. The economic impact of the bamboo based agroforestry system
considerably influences general economic development and this system is especially
important as well as significant for developing country like India. Under this system
because of growing of various intercrops, products are obtained even in the early stages of
plantations and the income is much higher than any other system of cropping. It is also
believed that the scope for bamboo in agroforestry in India, more specifically in West
Bengal, is very wide because of the uncertain weather conditions and the increasing cost
of labour involved in raising agricultural crops on marginal lands rendered the later option
less attractive.
With this background and keeping in view the following broad objectives, the
project entitled “Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for Six
Agroclimatic Zones” has been initiated during September, 2007.
OBJECTIVES
i.
To develop and standardize bamboo-based agroforestry system suitable for red &
laterite zone of West Bengal.
ii.
To demonstrate the scientific management practices and potential of bamboo-based
agroforestry systems at farmer’s field for economic gain.
iii.
To evaluate production potential, economics and impact of bamboo-based
agroforestry systems.
iv.
To create awareness among the farmers about bamboo and its importance in
agroforestry system both in state as well as national level.
EXPERIMENTAL SITE
Location
The research farm where the experimental work was carried out is located at
Regional Research Station, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. The station is
situated at 22.5° N latitude and 87.0° E longitudes and at an elevation of 78.77 m above
mean sea level under red and laterite zone of West Bengal. Topographically, the land is
located on higher situation.
Soil characteristics
The soils of the farm where the experiments were conducted fall under red and
laterite type. The upland soils are coarse textured and strongly acidic (pH 4.58) and poor
in organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium content. Soils are very deficient in
available plant nutrients and highly susceptible to erosion hazards.
Meteorological features of the experimental site
The details of meteorological parameters pertaining to the period of experiment i.e.
October 2007 to December 2010 have been depicted in Table 1.
Table1. Agro-meteorological data during experimentation (October, 2007 to
December, 2009)
Month
Average Temperature
(ºC)
Maximum
October
November
December
32.0
29.0
27.5
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
24.1
26.7
37.4
38.8
39.6
36.7
32.6
32.2
32.7
32.6
28.0
26.5
January
22.0
Average Relative
Humidity (%)
Minimum Maximum
YEAR 2007
21.0
87.3
16.4
89.9
13.1
80.5
YEAR 2008
12.6
77.8
15.0
79.0
22.8
83.5
26.4
85.5
27.5
86.2
26.3
88.4
25.8
90.5
25.2
91.6
23.0
91.4
20.2
90.2
15.4
85.2
13.2
81.5
YEAR 2009
10.5
76.0
Total No. of
Rainfall rainy
(mm)
days
Minimum
59.6
53.3
45.6
19.8
2.4
-
2
1
-
42.8
46.9
50.3
51.6
52.8
58.4
56.2
60.8
72.1
59.8
50.8
47.3
3.5
35.5
48.6
102.8
258.4
462.6
498.8
320.6
58.0
-
1
5
8
11
14
15
18
14
2
-
43.1
-
-
Month
Average Temperature
(ºC)
Maximum
February
25.4
March
35.8
April
44.9
May
41.6
June
43.4
July
37.5
August
36.9
September
36.4
October
34.4
November
28.5
December
28.5
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
26.6
34.0
36.9
37.5
39.8
40.2
38.4
37.6
36.5
35.6
30.4
26.6
Average Relative
Humidity (%)
Minimum Maximum
15.6
80.2
23.0
82.7
23.1
76.1
25.8
83.1
27.9
82.1
27.4
92.6
26.1
93.2
25.9
94.2
21.2
94.8
13.6
92.3
11.2
93.4
YEAR 2010
7.8
86.7
13.9
78.8
18.7
68.2
19.6
69.4
22.8
70.8
26.8
88.8
26.4
89.6
26.6
91.4
25.8
92.4
24.6
80.6
20.2
84.6
14.8
82.8
Total No. of
Rainfall rainy
(mm)
days
Minimum
46.8
50.6
54.5
0.5
1
57.7
59.4
34.0
5
68.3
219.5
23
72.2
342.0
21
68.2
337.0
15
55.8
88.5
7
42.7
1.0
1
36.7
33.9
28.9
29.3
34.2
46.8
66.4
72.8
79.8
82.4
62.4
46.4
44.2
1.5
11.5
30.5
56.8
106.6
235.4
240.5
60.8
-
2
2
3
5
6
12
15
7
-
Source: Zonal Agricultural Research Station, B.C.K.V., Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur,
West Bengal)
Climate
The climate of the experimental site is humid sub-tropical with short winter and
long hot summer. The crop season of this region are broadly classified as summer or prekharif (March to May), rainy season or monsoon or kharif (June to October) and winter or
rabi or boro (November to February).
Temperature
In this area, the summer temperature is generally very high while during winter
temperature remains moderately low. The average maximum and minimum temperatures
were found to vary between 22.0°C (Jan., 2009) to 44.9°C (April, 2009) and 7.8°C
(January, 2010) to 27.9°C (June, 2009) respectively during the whole period of
experimentation.
Relative humidity
During the period of experimentation the average maximum and minimum relative
humidity was found to vary from 68.2% (March, 2010) to 94.8% (October, 2009) and
42.8% (January, 2008) to 76.6% (August, 2009).
Rainfall
The annual precipitation of this area generally varies between 1000 mm to 1800
mm, about 80% of which are usually precipitated during the monsoon period. Even within
this short period, the rainfall may be unevenly distributed. Monsoon sometime commences
early or late and retreat before time. Even within this period there may be prolonged
breaks. As a result, partial or even total crop failures are the usual feature of the rainfed
agriculture in this region. The rainfall characteristics of the experimental site showed that
the total rainfall received during 2007 (October – December, 2008 and 2009) was 22.2
mm (3 rainy days), 1788.8 mm (88 rainy days) and 1021 mm (73 rainy days) respectively.
Year 2010 was faced severe drought in West Bengal and received lowest rainfall i.e. only
50% of the average rainfall (730.6 mm in 48 rainy days).
Establishment and Management of Bamboo Based Agroforestry System
Preparation of field
Firstly, all shrubs and weeds were removed from the area (2 ha) demarcated for the
experiment. Then the field was prepared by ploughing with disk harrow. For a nice field
preparation, this operation was repeated three times so that most of the weeds which had
emerged out were well incorporated into the soil. After the third harrowing, levelling of
the field was done for uniform distribution of irrigation water in the intercropped area.
Shallow depressions in the field in which water can accumulate were filled up. This
activity was carried out 15-20 days prior to actual plantation. This allows stones to be
removed and the soil to be loosened before planting commences. The field was then ready
for planting of bamboo plants.
Preparation of experimental design and layout
The experiment was laid out in a strip-split-plot design with three replications. The
same layout plan was followed in the same site during the whole period of
experimentation (Fig. 1). The gross plot size is 1200 m² (for 10m x 10m spacing) and 1440
m² (for 12m x 10m spacing). There are twelve (12) plots altogether in the experiment.
Procurement, collection and transportation of culm cuttings
Culm cuttings of Bambusa tulda and Bambusa balcooa were procured from the
National Mission on Bamboo Applications (NMBA) supported existing Vegetative
Propagation Centres (VPC) network situated at Directorate of Research, BCKV, Kalyani,
Nadia, West Bengal. When the culm cuttings attain a height of 0.5 – 0.6 m, they were
transported to the site of plantation i.e., at the Regional Research Station (Red & Laterite
Zone), BCKV, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal.
Layout and digging of pits
The layout for the plantation was made using 50 m tape and rope. Wooden pegs of
1 foot were put in the field at a spacing of 10m x 10m and 12m x 10m for B. tulda and B.
balcooa. Pits were dug having a dimension of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm (length, width and
depth). The pits were filled up with 20 kg FYM + top soil of the same field + 100g DAP
per pit. Chloropyriphos or Malathion (2g per pit) was also applied in each pit as an antitermite measure.
5m
5m
R1














































5m
5m
5m
70m

70m

10m
10m
5m
6m
12m
12m
 Bambusa tulda,  Bambusa balcooa
Fig 1: Layout plan for bamboo-based agroforestry system
Planting of bamboo plants in the field, making basins and watering
6m
The culm cuttings of B. tulda and B. balcooa were planted on 4th October, 2007.
The plantation was then nurtured with water and nutrients. Culm cuttings were placed in
the pit and covered with soil. Basins were made 50 cm around the plant and a mound of 15
cm high around the seedling. A dug well was constructed near the experimental plot for
providing irrigation water. Each plant was given 15-20 litres of water immediately after
plantation. Irrigation is usually done through can/ bucket. For the first two weeks,
watering was done at every alternate day @ 5-6 litres/plant.
Maintenance of the bamboo clumps
The maintenance of the bamboo clump involves application of irrigation water,
fertilizer application, intercultural operation, plant protection measures etc. Irrigation is
usually done through can/ bucket watering @ 5-6 litres/plant at every alternate day in the
basins which were made 50 cm around the plant and a mound of 15 cm high around the
bamboo plant. FYM @ 3 kg/clump was applied to each bamboo plant. Immediately after
fertilization, soil forking followed by mounding at the base of the bamboo clump was
done. For protection measures against insect-pests, 200 g chloropyriphos were also applied
to each bamboo plant. Manual weeding was done as and when required to keep the
rhizosphere zone weed-free. Pruning of the lateral branches of bamboo was done to
maintain proper clump growth.
Vacancy / gap filling of bamboo plants
Since the survival percentage was 100% for both B. tulda and B. balcooa, there
was no need for gap filling.
Sowing of the intercrops
After the bamboo plantation is well established, intercropping of the four arable
crops was undertaken during the kharif season of 2008, 2009 and 2010. Rice (cv. Annada),
pigeon pea (cv. UPAS 120), bottle gourd (cv. Pusa Summer Prolific Round) and turmeric
(cv. Sugandham) were sown between the widely spaced rows of the bamboo plants.
Separate plots of sole cropping (for the intercrops) were maintain in the adjacent area. All
the intercrops were grown following the recommended package of practices under both
Bambusa tulda and Bambusa balcooa based agroforestry system.
Detail information regarding the intercrops management practices have been
presented below:
Rice (Oryza sativa)
The cultivated variety was “Annada” having duration of 110 days. The seed rate
was 80 kg/ha. Chemical fertilizers (N: P: K) were applied @ 40: 20: 20 kg/ha respectively.
Rice was sown at a spacing of 20cm x 10cm.
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
The variety cultivated was “UPAS 120” with a seed rate of 10 kg/ha. Inorganic
fertilizers (N: P: K) were applied @ 20: 50: 20 kg/ha respectively. In addition, ZnSO4 @
10 kg/ha was also applied. Seeds were sown at a spacing of 30cm x 15cm.
Bottle-gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)
The cultivated variety was “Pusa Summer Prolific Round” having duration of 65
days. The seed rate was 3 kg/ha. FYM @ 30 t/ha was applied. A spacing of 2.5m x 1.5m
was maintained for this crop.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
The cultivated variety was “Sugandham” with 7 months duration. Rhizome cutting
@ 2500 kg/ha was cultivated in the field with a spacing of 30cm x 15cm. Compost @ 1015 t/ha was applied along with chemical fertilizers (N : P : K) @ 80 : 60 : 60 kg/ha.
Fertilizer application
All the intercrops, as mentioned above, were given fertilizers as per their
recommended doses. Also, chemical fertilizers (N: P: K) were given to the bamboo plants
@ 50: 25: 50 kg/ ha.
Intercultural operation
Thinning of the intercrop was done during the second week after sowing. Manual
weeding was done 45 days after sowing in each crop.
Experimental details
The rainfed field experiments on bamboo based agroforestry system was
conducted at Regional Research Station (Red and Laterite Zone), Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, during kharif season in
2008, 2009 and 2010 with two different levels of spacing and four levels of intercrops viz.,
rice, pigeon pea, bottle gourd and turmeric, fitted in a strip-split plot design and replicated
thrice, keeping the spacing in the main plots, bamboo species in the sub-plot and the
intercrops in the sub-sub plot as:
Main plots (Spacing)
i)
S1 = 10m x 10m spacing
ii)
S2 = 12m x 10m spacing
Sub-plots (Bamboo species)
i)
ii)
B1 = Bambusa tulda Roxb.
B2 = Bambusa balcooa Roxb.
Sub-sub-plots (Intercrops)
i)
ii)
C1 = Rice (Oryza sativa) (cv. Annada)
C2 = Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan ) (cv. UPAS 120)
iii)
iv)
C3 = Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) (cv. Pusa Summer Prolific Round)
C4 = Turmeric (Curcuma longa) (cv. Sugandham)
Treatment Information
Bamboo species
:
2 (Bambusa tulda and Bambusa balcooa)
Spacing
:
2 (10 x 10m = 100 clumps /ha and
12 x 10m = 84 clumps/ha)
Clumps per plot
:
12 (3 x 4; rows x columns)
Plot area
:
1200 m2 in 10 x 10m spacing, and
1440 m2 in 12 x 10m spacing
Intercrops
:
Rice, Pigeon pea, Bottle gourd and Turmeric
during kharif season of 2008, 2009 and 2010
Control
:
Sole intercrop (without bamboo), and
Sole bamboo species (without crop)
Replication
:
Three
Design
:
Strip-split-plot Design
Treatments combinations
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
S1 B1 C1
S1B1 C2
S1 B1 C3
S1B1 C4
S1 B2 C1
S1B2 C2
S1B2 C3
S1 B2 C4
S2 B1 C1
S2 B1 C2
S2 B1 C3
S2 B1 C4
S2 B2 C1
S2 B2 C2
S2B2 C3
S2 B2 C4
Control - Sole bamboo species and Sole intercrop
Methods of recording observation on bamboos
Survivals of bamboo plants, numbers of culms per clump, height of the leading
culm, length and diameter of the fifth internode of the leading culm, length and diameter
of the lowest internode of the leading culm, number of internodes of the leading culm and
clump diameters were recorded for both the bamboo species.
Methods of recording biometrical observation on the intercrops
Yield of arable crops grown as an intercrop in bamboo plantations was recorded
after harvest of each crop every year.
Collection and analysis of soil samples
Initial soil samples were collected at different depths viz., 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and
30-60 cm before the experimentation. The collected soil samples were completely airdried in the shade at room temperature and were grinded by a wooden mortar to break the
soil aggregates and passed through a 2 mm sieve and analyzed for pH, organic carbon,
available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status of the soil and recorded. Soil samples
were again collected from both the intercropped plots as well as from the control plot (sole
bamboo plantation) at the end of the second year after harvesting the different intercrops
and analysis was done as initially.
Statistical analysis
For correct interpretation of the results, all the data generated in this experiment
was analyzed following the method of analysis for strip-split-plot design as described by
Gomez and Gomez (1984). All main and interaction effects were tested by F test. Standard
error of mean i.e. S.Em (±) was also calculated for mean comparison. Critical difference
(CD at 5% level of significance) was also calculated for interaction means where the no.
of means is more than two.
Production economics of bamboo-based agroforestry systems
The value of the yields obtained with the different intercrops (t/ha) were calculated
on the basis of the local market prices. The cost of cultivation and gross returns were also
calculated plot-wise and converted to hectare area. B: C ratio was also calculated.
OBSERVATIONS ON BAMBOO PLANTS AND INTERCROPS
For this study, all the growth parameters of bamboo as affected by year, spacing,
intercrops and its interaction with the various factors are recorded and statistically
analyzed. Also, their interaction effect on the yield of various intercrops was also recorded
and statistically analyzed. In addition, the influence of bamboo-based agroforestry systems
on the soil nutrient status was also statistically analyzed. The production economics has
also been discussed to give an idea of the suitability of this agroforestry system for this
zone.
Growth attributes of bamboo species
Average no. of culms per clump
It was observed that all the main effects and interaction effects for increasing the
no. of culms/ clump were significant due to spacing of bamboo, species of bamboo and the
intercrops and its various interaction effects (Table 2). It was also observed that
irrespective of the bamboo species, a spacing of 10m x 10m resulted in a significant higher
mean no. of culms/ clump than a spacing of 12 x 10m. Among the two bamboo species,
the average no. of culms/ clump was observed to be significantly higher in case of B. tulda
than B. balcooa, irrespective of the spacing at the end of December, 2010. Under
intercropping situation, significantly higher mean values for increasing the no. of
culms/clump was observed under Pigeon pea and Bottle gourd irrespective of the spacing
or species of bamboo than sole or other intercrops. Thus, it was observed at the end of the
second year that for maximizing the number of culms/ clump, the best treatment
combination was found to be 10 x 10m spacing vs. B. tulda vs. pigeon pea.
Table 2. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average no. of culms/clump of
bamboo species at the end of December 2010
10 x 10m
12 x 10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B
Treatment
B.balcooa Mean
B. balcooa Mean
Mean
tulda
tulda
tulda balcooa
Sole
27.65 11.94 19.80 22.56
11.68
17.12 25.11 11.81 18.46
bamboo
Bamboo + 30.70 14.98 22.84 26.62
14.69
20.66 28.66 14.84 21.75
Rice
Bamboo + 35.37 15.10 25.24 26.83
14.98
20.90 31.10 15.04 23.07
Pigeon pea
Bamboo + 33.75 15.06 24.40 26.71
14.89
20.80 30.23 14.98 22.60
Bottle
gourd
Bamboo + 31.28 15.02 23.15 25.58
14.82
20.20 28.43 14.92 21.68
Turmeric
31.75 14.42 23.09 25.66
14.21
19.94 28.71 14.32 21.51
Mean
Spacing Bamboo
AxBx
A x B Intercrop(C) A x C
BxC
(A)
(B)
C
0.1292
0.1333
0.1667
0.1336
0.1890 0.1890 0.2673
SEm(±)
0.7861** 0.8111** 1.0143** 0.3848** 0.5444** 0.5444** 0.7699**
CD
(P=0.05)
Average height (m) of the leading culm
All the main effects and interaction effects for the height growth of the two
bamboos were significant due to spacing of bamboo, species of bamboo and the intercrops
except for spacing vs. intercrop interaction effects (Table 3) during December, 2010. A
spacing of 10x10m resulted in significantly higher mean height than 12x10m irrespective
of the two bamboo species. Also, B. tulda showed significantly higher mean for the
average height of the leading culm than B. balcooa, irrespective of the two spacing. While
in B. tulda, 10x10m showed better height growth than 12x10m spacing, the reverse was
observed for B. balcooa. Among the four intercrops taken, pigeon pea intercropped with
bamboo showed significantly higher mean height of the leading culm of B. tulda with 10 x
10m while it was 12x10m spacing for B. balcooa. Overall, pigeon pea showed
significantly higher mean for increasing the height followed by bottle gourd and turmeric
whereas the least was observed for rice, irrespective of the spacing or species of bamboo.
Table 3. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average height of the leading
culm of bamboo species at the end of December 2010
10m x 10m
Treatment
B. tulda
12m x 10m
Overall
B.balcoo
B. B.balco
B.
Mean
Mean
B.balcooa Mean
a
tulda
oa
tulda
Sole bamboo
10.33
7.61
8.97 10.33
7.93
9.13 10.33
7.77
9.05
Bamboo +
Rice
10.52
8.63
9.57 10.36
9.15
9.75 10.44
8.89
9.66
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
10.87
8.96
9.91 10.75
9.33
10.04 10.81
9.15
9.98
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
10.75
8.84
9.79 10.53
9.29
9.91 10.64
9.06
9.85
Bamboo +
Turmeric
10.57
8.65
9.61 10.42
9.18
9.80 10.50
8.91
9.70
Mean
10.61
8.54
9.57 10.48
8.98
9.73 10.54
8.76
9.65
SEm(±)
CD(P=0.05)
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
0.0205
0.0062
0.1247*
0.0377**
A x B Intercrop A x C
(C)
0.0270
0.0174
0.1643 0.0501**
**
BxC
0.0246 0.0246
NS
**
0.0709
AxBxC
0.0347
0.0999**
NS – Non significant
Average length (cm) of the 5th internode
From the data presented in table 4 revealed that all the main effects due to spacing
of bamboo, species of bamboo and the intercrops were significant while all the interaction
effects for increasing the length of the fifth internode were insignificant at the end of
December, 2010. A spacing of 12 x 10m resulted in a significant higher mean length of the
fifth internode than a spacing of 10 x 10m irrespective of the bamboo species. Of the two
bamboo species, B. tulda resulted in significantly higher mean for the average length of
the fifth internode than B. balcooa irrespective of the spacing. Out of the four intercrops,
pigeon pea resulted in a significantly higher mean length of the fifth internode than sole or
other intercrops. The best treatment combination for maximising the average length of the
fifth internode was found to be 12m x 10m spacing vs. B. tulda vs. pigeon pea.
Table 4. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average length (cm) of the 5 th
internode of the leading culm of bamboo species at the end of December,
2010
10 x 10m
Treatment
12 x 10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Mean
B.balcooa Mean
Mean
tulda balcooa
tulda
tulda balcooa
Sole bamboo
41.98
21.49
31.74 42.29
21.55
31.92 42.14
21.52
31.83
Bamboo +
Rice
44.41
23.86
34.14 44.74
23.98
34.36 44.58
23.92
34.25
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
45.26
24.51
34.86 45.93
24.63
35.28 45.60
24.57
35.08
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
44.55
23.98
34.27 44.71
24.18
34.44 44.63
24.08
34.36
Bamboo +
Turmeric
44.49
23.78
34.13 44.72
23.89
34.30 44.60
23.83
34.22
Mean
44.14
23.53
33.83 44.48
23.65
34.06 44.31
23.59
33.95
SEm(±)
CD
(P=0.05)
Spacing
(A)
0.0283
0.1722*
Bamboo A x B Intercrop A x C
(B)
(C)
0.1554 0.0526
0.0576
0.0815
0.9455**
NS
0.1659**
NS
BxC
AxBxC
0.0815
NS
0.1153
NS
Average diameter (cm) of the 5th internode
It was revealed that all the main effects and interaction effects at the end of the
second year of the experiment for the diameter growth of the fifth internode of the two
bamboos were found to be significant due to spacing of bamboo, species of bamboo and
the intercrops except for spacing vs. bamboo, spacing vs. intercrop and the three factor
interaction effects (Table 5). Irrespective of the two species of bamboo, a spacing of 10x
10m resulted in a significantly higher mean diameter of the fifth internode of the leading
culm than 12 x 10m. However, unlike the first year, it was also observed at the end of the
second year that B. balcooa resulted in a significantly higher mean for increasing the
growth of the fifth diameter than B. tulda. Among the four intercrops taken, intercropping
of bamboo with pigeon pea showed significantly higher diameter of the fifth internode of
the leading culm than the other intercrop and the sole bamboo followed by Bottle gourd.
Intercropping with Turmeric and Rice (which are homogeneous) also showed better results
than the sole bamboo plantation.
Table 5.
Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average diameter (cm) of the
5th internode of the leading culm of bamboo species at the end of
December 2010
10 x 10m
Treatment
12 x 10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Mean
Mean
Mean
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
Sole bamboo
4.31
4.56
4.44
4.26
4.47
4.37
4.29
4.52
4.40
Bamboo +
Rice
4.41
5.12
4.76
4.31
5.09
4.70
4.36
5.10
4.73
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
4.62
5.17
4.90
4.51
5.13
4.82
4.57
5.15
4.86
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
4.51
5.23
4.87
4.46
5.18
4.82
4.49
5.20
4.84
Bamboo +
Turmeric
4.46
5.11
4.78
4.36
5.03
4.70
4.41
5.07
4.74
Mean
4.46
5.04
4.75
4.38
4.98
4.68
4.42
5.01
4.71
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
AxB
Intercrop
(C)
SEm(±)
0.0057
0.0087
0.0047
0.0190
CD
(P=0.05)
0.0347*
0.0529**
NS
0.0547**
AxC
BxC AxBxC
0.0269 0.0269
NS
0.0380
0.0775**
NS
Average length (cm) of the lowest internode
At the end of December, 2010 it was observed that all the main effects and
interaction effects are significant at 5% level of significance (Table 6). It was observed
that a spacing of 12x10m resulted in a significantly higher mean length of the lowest
internode than a spacing of 10x10m. Of the two bamboo species, B. tulda was observed to
have significantly higher mean length of the lowest internode than B. balcooa irrespective
of the spacing. Intercropping of pigeon pea in the bamboo plantation resulted in a
significant higher mean length of the lowest internode than sole or other intercrops,
followed by turmeric intercropped with bamboo. Sole bamboo plantation, irrespective of
the species and spacing showed the least mean length of the lowest internode. Thus, the
best treatment combination for maximising the average length of the lowest internode was
found with 12x10 m spacing vs. B. tulda vs. pigeon pea.
Table 6. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average length (cm) of the lowest
internode of the leading culm of bamboo species at the end of December,
2010
10 x10m
Treatment
12x10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Mean
Mean
Mean
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
Sole bamboo
31.62
15.39
23.51 31.29
15.39
23.33 31.46
15.39
23.42
Bamboo +
Rice
31.98
18.73
25.36 31.41
19.52
25.46 31.69
19.12
25.41
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
34.92
18.87
26.90 34.77
20.14
27.46 34.85
19.51
27.18
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
31.89
18.77
25.33 31.73
20.09
25.91 31.81
19.43
25.62
Bamboo +
Turmeric
33.78
18.71
26.25 33.56
19.49
26.53 33.67
19.10
26.39
Mean
32.84
18.04
25.47 32.55
18.93
25.74 32.70
18.51
25.60
SEm(±)
CD (P=0.05)
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
AxB
Intercrop
(C)
0.0267
0.0567
0.0350
0.0277
0.1625
*
**
0.3450
0.2130
**
**
0.0798
BxC
AxBx
C
0.0392 0.0392
0.0555
AxC
*
**
0.1129 0.1129
0.1599**
*
Average diameter (cm) of the lowest internode
Experimental revealed that all the main effects and interaction effects for
increasing the lowest internode diameter were significant due to spacing of bamboo,
species of bamboo and the intercrops and its various interaction effects (Table 7). It was
observed that irrespective of the bamboo species, a spacing of 10x10m resulted in a
significant higher mean diameter of the lowest internode than a spacing of 12x10m.
However, of the two bamboo species, the average diameter of the lowest internode was
observed significantly higher for B. balcooa compared to B. tulda, irrespective of the two
spacing. Under intercropping condition, bamboo + pigeon pea and bamboo + bottle gourd
were found homogeneous statistically, but resulted in a significantly higher diameter of the
lowest internode than sole or other intercrops.
Table 7. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average diameter (cm) of the
lowest internode of the leading culm of bamboo species at the end of
December, 2010
Treatment
10 x 10m
12 x 10m
B.
B.
Mean B.
B.
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
Overall
Mean B.
B.
tulda balcooa
Mean
Sole bamboo
5.13
5.94
5.53
4.81
4.86
4.84
4.97
5.40
5.19
Bamboo +
Rice
5.20
6.31
5.75
5.09
5.68
5.38
5.14
5.99
5.57
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
5.48
6.38
5.93
5.37
5.93
5.65
5.43
6.16
5.79
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
5.39
6.47
5.93
5.28
6.03
5.66
5.34
6.25
5.79
Bamboo +
Turmeric
5.24
6.29
5.77
5.14
5.84
5.49
5.19
6.06
5.63
Mean
5.29
6.28
5.78
5.14
5.67
5.40
5.21
5.97
5.59
SEm(±)
CD
(P=0.05)
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
0.0186
0.0124
0.1132
**
**
0.0754
A x B Intercrop
(C)
AxC
BxC
AxBx
C
0.0291
0.0312 0.0312
0.0441
0.1771
*
0.0221
**
0.0637
**
**
0.0899 0.0899
0.1270**
Average no. of internodes of the leading culm
At the end of December, 2010, it was observed that all the main effects and
interaction effects for the average no. of internodes are significant at 5% level of
significance except for the interaction effect of spacing vs. intercrop and the three factor
interaction effects. It was observed that, for B. tulda, a spacing of 10m x 10m resulted in a
higher mean for average no. of internodes (Table 8). The reverse was observed for B.
balcooa. However, irrespective of the bamboo species, a spacing of 12x10m resulted in
higher average no. of internodes. Overall, of the two bamboo species, B. balcooa was
observed to have significantly higher mean value for the average no. of internodes than B.
tulda as far as increasing the average no. of internode is concerned. Out of the four
intercrops, bamboo intercropped with pigeon pea resulted in a significantly higher average
no. of internodes than the other intercrops. Sole bamboo plantation, irrespective of the
species and spacing, showed the least mean value with respect to increase in the average
no. of the internodes.
Table 8. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average no. of internodes of the
leading culm of bamboo species at the end of December, 2010
10x10m
Treatment
12x10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Mean
Mean
Mean
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
Sole bamboo
23.04
28.95
26.00 22.55
29.73
26.14 22.80
29.34
26.07
Bamboo +
Rice
25.57
32.09
28.83 25.07
32.42
28.75 25.32
32.26
28.79
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
28.48
32.33
30.41 27.41
35.42
31.42 27.95
33.87
30.91
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
27.31
32.26
29.79 26.90
33.67
30.29 27.11
32.97
30.04
Bamboo +
Turmeric
26.10
32.18
29.14 25.34
33.45
29.40 25.72
32.82
29.27
Mean
26.10
31.56
28.83 25.46
32.94
29.20 25.78
32.25
29.01
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
AxB
Intercrop
AxC BxC
(C)
SEm(±)
0.0434
0.1080
0.0684
0.1332
CD (P=0.05)
0.2641*
0.6571**
0.4162**
0.3837**
0.1883 0.1883
NS
AxBx
C
0.2663
0.5424** 0.7670**
Average clump diameter (m)
It was observed that all the main effects and interaction effects are significant at
5% level of significance except for the interaction effect of spacing vs. bamboo, spacing
vs. intercrop and the three factor interaction effects (Table 9). It was observed that a
spacing of 10x10m, irrespective of the the bamboo species, resulted in a significantly
higher clump diameter than a spacing of 12x10m. Of the two bamboo species, it was
observed that B. tulda resulted in a significantly higher clump diameter than B. balcooa.
Intercropping of bamboo plantation with pigeon pea resulted in a significantly higher
clump diameter than the other intercrops or sole bamboo plantation, followed by
intercropping of bamboo with bottle gourd and turmeric whereas the least was observed
with rice, irrespective of the spacing and bamboo species. Sole bamboo plantation,
irrespective of the species and spacing, was again observed to have the least mean value
with respect to increase in the average clump diameter. The best treatment combination for
maximising the average clump diameter was thus found with 10x10m spacing vs. B. tulda
vs. pigeon pea.
Table 9. Effect of spacing and intercropping on the average clump diameter (m) of
bamboo species at the end of December, 2010
10x10m
Treatment
12x10m
Overall
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
Mean
Mean
Mean
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
tulda balcooa
Sole bamboo
0.61
0.52
0.57
0.56
0.48
0.52
0.53
0.50
0.54
Bamboo +
Rice
0.87
0.64
0.75
0.79
0.58
0.68
0.83
0.61
0.72
Bamboo +
Pigeon pea
1.05
0.81
0.93
0.98
0.77
0.88
1.02
0.79
0.90
Bamboo +
Bottle gourd
0.97
0.76
0.87
0.91
0.71
0.81
0.94
0.74
0.84
Bamboo +
Turmeric
0.91
0.68
0.80
0.85
0.63
0.74
0.88
0.66
0.77
Mean
0.88
0.68
0.78
0.82
0.63
0.73
0.85
0.66
0.75
SEm(±)
CD (P=0.05)
Spacing
(A)
Bamboo
(B)
AxB
Intercrop
(C)
0.0029
0.0036
0.0071
0.0067
0.0176**
0.0219**
NS
0.0408**
Yield of different intercrops
AxC BxC AxBxC
0.0100 0.0100
NS 0.0288**
0.0142
NS
The yield of all the four intercrops (viz., rice, pigeon pea, bottle gourd and
turmeric) which were grown under two bamboo species with two different spacing during
the kharif season of 2008, 2009 and 2010 were recorded as tabulated in table 10 to 13. The
yield data of the four intercrops obtained were statistically analyzed for correct
interpretation. The yield of the intercrops as affected by all the main and interactions
effects during the kharif season of 2008, 2009 and 2010 are discussed below:
Yield of rice
The pooled analysis over two years for the yield of rice showed that all the main
and interaction effects were non-significant (for factors like treatment, year vs. spacing,
year vs. treatment and the three factor interaction effects) except for factors like year and
spacing which are significant at 5% level of significance (Table 10). Like the first and
second year of the experimentation, the pooled result showed that the yield of rice,
irrespective of the bamboo species, was higher under wider spacing (12x10m) as
compared with the closer spacing (10x10m). Also, the pooled result revealed that,
irrespective of the spacing, higher rice yield were obtained when rice was intercropped
with B. balcooa. Furthermore, it was observed during the period of experimentation that
intercropping of rice with bamboo significantly reduces the rice yield. Nevertheless, it was
observed from the pooled result that for obtaining maximum rice yield under intercropping
situation, the best treatment combination was 12x10m vs. B. balcooa.
Table 10. Effect of years and two species of bamboo with two different spacing on
the yield of rice (t/ha) during three years of study
Spacing
Treatment code Kharif 2008 Kharif 2009 Kharif 2010
Pooled
Sole Rice
1.95
2.01
2.00
1.98
MEAN
1.95
2.01
2.00
1.98
10 x10 m
Bambusa tulda
1.80
1.90
1.88
1.85
10 x10 m
Bambusa balcooa
1.85
1.88
1.86
1.87
MEAN
1.82
1.89
1.87
1.86 Q
12x10 m
Bambusa tulda
1.88
1.92
1.90
1.90
12 x10 m
Bambusa balcooa
1.90
1.95
1.94
1.92
MEAN
1.89
1.93
1.92
1.91 P
0
1
2
Overall
Sole Rice
1.95 a
2.01 a
2.00 a
1.98 A
Overall
Bambusa tulda
1.84 b
1.91 b
1.89 b
1.87 B
Overall
Bambusa balcooa
1.87 b
1.91 b
1.90 b
1.89 B
Grand
MEAN
1.88
1.93
1.93
1.90
Where, the alphabets a, b, c are used as Duncan’s test at 5% level of significance to
compare the main effects of two bamboo species and “without bamboo as main crop”
where a > b > c significantly.
Similarly, p and q are used to compare the spacing effect as Duncan’s result.
A, B, C, P and Q have similar meaning as mentioned above but are only for pooled mean
comparison.
Yield of pigeon pea
The pooled analysis over two years for the yield of pigeon pea showed that all the
main effects were significant at 5% level of significance while all the interaction effects
were non-significant (Table 11). Like the first and second year of the experimentation, the
pooled result showed that the yield of pigeon pea, irrespective of the bamboo species, was
higher under wider spacing (12x10m) than closer spacing (10x10m). Also, the pooled
result revealed that, irrespective of the spacing, higher pigeon pea yield were obtained
when pigeon pea was intercropped with B. balcooa. Furthermore, it was observed during
the period of experimentation that intercropping of pigeon pea with bamboo significantly
reduces the pigeon pea yield. Nevertheless, it was observed from the pooled result that for
obtaining maximum pigeon pea yield under intercropping situation, the best treatment
combination was 12m x 10m vs. B. balcooa.
the yield of pigeon pea (t/ha) during three years of study
Kharif
2008
Kharif 2009
Kharif
2010
Pooled
Sole Pigeon pea
2.20
2.25
2.22
2.22
MEAN
2.20
2.25
2.22
2.22
10 x10 m
Bambusa tulda
1.92
1.96
1.94
1.94
10x10 m
Bambusa balcooa
1.98
2.01
2.00
1.99
1.95 q
1.99 q
1.97
1.97 Q
12 x 10 m Bambusa tulda
2.10
2.15
2.10
2.12
12 x 10 m Bambusa balcooa
2.17
2.22
2.20
2.20
MEAN
2.14 p
2.19 p
2.15
2.16 P
Overall
Sole Pigeon pea
2.20 a
2.25 a
2.22
2.22 A
Overall
Bambusa tulda
2.01 c
2.06 c
2.02
2.03 C
Overall
Bambusa balcooa
2.08 b
2.12 b
2.10
2.10 B
Grand
MEAN
2.07
2.12
2.11
2.10
Spacing
0
1
2
Treatment code
MEAN
Yield of bottle gourd
The pooled analysis over two years for the yield of bottle gourd showed that all the
main effects and interaction effects were significant at 5% level of significance except for
treatment, year vs. spacing and the three factor interaction effects were non-significant
(Table 12). Like the first and second year of the experimentation, the pooled result showed
that the yield of bottle gourd, when intercropped with B. tulda, were higher under wider
spacing (12 x 10m) while it was the reverse when intercropped with B. balcooa. However,
the mean of the two spacing revealed that the yield of bottle gourd was higher with 12m x
10m spacing. The pooled result revealed that, irrespective of the spacing, the yield of
bottle gourd was higher when intercropped with B. balcooa. Furthermore, it was observed
during the period of experimentation that intercropping of bottle gourd with bamboo
significantly reduces the yield of bottle gourd. Nevertheless, it was observed from the
pooled result that for obtaining maximum bottle gourd yield under intercropping situation,
the best treatment combination was 12 x 10m vs. B. balcooa.
the yield of bottle gourd (t/ha) during three years of study
Spacing
Treatment code
Kharif 2008
Kharif 2009 Kharif 2010 Pooled
Sole Bottle gourd
11.50
12.50
12.20
12.00
MEAN
11.50
12.50
12.20
12.00
10 x 10 m
Bambusa tulda
10.00
11.42
11.36
10.71
10 x 10 m
Bambusa balcooa
11.15
11.25
11.16
11.20
10.57 q
11.33
11.26
10.95 Q
0
1
MEAN
12 x 10 m
Bambusa tulda
11.01
11.56
11.44
11.29
12 x 10 m
Bambusa balcooa
11.11
11.22
11.18
11.17
MEAN
11.06 p
11.39
11.31
11.23 P
Overall
Sole Bottle gourd
11.50 a
12.50 a
12.20
12.00 A
Overall
Bambusa tulda
10.51 b
11.49 b
1.40
11.00 B
Overall
Bambusa balcooa
11.13 ab
11.24 b
11.17
11.18 B
Grand
MEAN
10.95
11.59
11.59
11.27
2
Yield of turmeric
Pooled analysis over two years for the yield of turmeric showed that all the main
effects were significant at 5% level of significance except for treatment effect (Table 13).
However, all the interaction effects were non-significant except for year vs. spacing
interaction effect. Like the first and second year of experimentation, the pooled result
showed that the yield of turmeric when intercropped with bamboo, irrespective of the
species, was higher under wider spacing (12x10m) for both the species. Also, the yield,
irrespective of the spacing, was higher when intercropped with B. balcooa. Maximum
yield was obtained under sole turmeric cultivation. Pooled result showed that, irrespective
of the spacing, the yield of turmeric was higher when intercropped with B. balcooa. The
mean of the two spacing, irrespective of the species of bamboo, revealed higher yield of
turmeric with 12x10m spacing. Furthermore, it was observed during the period of
experimentation that intercropping of turmeric with bamboo significantly reduces its yield.
It was thus observed from the pooled result that for obtaining maximum turmeric yield
under intercropping situation, the best treatment combination was 12x10m vs. B. balcooa.
Table 13. Effect of years and two species of bamboo with two different spacing on the
yield of turmeric (t/ha) during three years of study
Spacing
Treatment code Kharif 2008 Kharif 2009 Kharif 2010
Pooled
Sole Turmeric
25.05
15.32
15.40
20.19
MEAN
25.05
15.32
15.40
20.19
10 x10 m
Bambusa tulda
21.90
14.66
14.80
18.28
10 x10 m
Bambusa balcooa
22.16
14.88
14.96
18.52
22.03 q
14.77 q
14.88
18.40 Q
0
1
MEAN
12 x10 m
Bambusa tulda
24.00
15.01
15.26
19.51
12 x10 m
Bambusa balcooa
24.52
15.22
15.44
19.87
MEAN
24.26 p
15.12 p
15.35
19.69 P
Overall
Sole Turmeric
25.05 a
15.32 a
15.40
20.19 A
Overall
Bambusa tulda
22.95 b
14.84 b
15.03
18.90 B
Overall
Bambusa balcooa
23.34 b
15.05 b
15.20
19.20 B
Grand
MEAN
23.53
15.02
15.21
19.27
2
Soil fertility status under bamboo-based agroforestry system (after three years of
cropping)
Soil samples were collected at the end of two years of the experimentation at three
different depths viz., 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm under two different bamboo species
after the intercrops had been harvested and analyzed for pH, organic carbon, available
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status. The results obtained were statistically analyzed
and presented in table 14 to 18. The various soil parameters of different depth as affected
by the main effects and the interactions effect at the end of the third year of the study are
discussed below:
Soil pH
The pooled analysis for the soil pH of the different soil depth revealed that all the
main effects due to factors like depth, species of bamboo (as two species of bamboo and
without bamboo) and the intercrops (as four intercrops along with no intercrop) and all the
interaction effects were significant at 5% level except for bamboo vs. intercrop and the
three factor interaction effect (Table 14). From the overall result, it was observed that
bamboo have a significant effect in increasing the soil pH though the two bamboo species
were statistically at par. It was also observed that all the intercrops (i.e., rice, turmeric,
pigeon pea and bottle gourd) when intercropped with either of the bamboo species were
statistically at par but resulted in a significant higher soil pH than that of the sole bamboo
cultivation. Sole bamboo cultivation, however, resulted in significantly higher soil pH as
compared to the without bamboo cultivation. The two factors (bamboo vs. intercrop)
interaction effect was found insignificant. However, bamboo vs. initial interaction effects
was found significant. Thus, the desirable treatment combination would be any intercrop
with either of the bamboo species (i.e. either B. tulda or B. balcooa). The choice of the
intercrop can, however be easily established from the interaction mean value. From the
study it was observed that, as the depth of the soil increases, the soil pH increased
significantly.
Soil organic carbon
The pooled data of soil organic carbon at different soil depth revealed that all the
main effects due to factors like depth, species of bamboo (as two species of bamboo and
interaction effects were significant at 5% level except for bamboo vs. intercrop and the
three factor interaction effect significance (Table 15). From the pooled analysis, it was
observed that bamboo have a significantly higher mean value for improving the soil
organic carbon compared to the without bamboo (initial) cultivation. Though both the
bamboo species were statistically homogeneous, both the bamboo species showed higher
mean value compared to the without bamboo cultivation. From the study it was also
observed that all the intercrops were statistically at par with each other as well as along
with the sole bamboo cultivation. However, all the intercrops and the sole bamboo have
significant higher mean for improving the soil organic carbon compared to the initial
value. The two factor (bamboo vs. intercrop) interaction effect was found insignificant.
However, Bamboo vs. Initial interaction effects was observed significant. Though the
choice of the intercrop can be easily established from the interaction mean values, the
desirable treatment combination would be any intercrop with either of the two bamboo
species. From the study it was observed that, as the depth of the soil increases, the soil
organic carbon decreases significantly.
Soil available N
It was revealed from pooled data on soil available nitrogen at different soil depth
revealed that all the main effects and the interaction effects due to factors like depth,
species of bamboo (as two species of bamboo and without bamboo) and intercrops (as four
intercrops along with no intercrop) was significant at 1% level of significance (Table 16).
From the pooled analysis, it was observed that the available N due to B. tulda was
significantly higher compared to B. balcooa as main crop and without bamboo cultivation.
B. balcooa also resulted significantly higher in available N than without bamboo
cultivation. It was also observed that out of the four intercrops, pigeon pea showed
significantly higher available N compared to the other intercrops. Bottle gourd again
resulted in higher mean available N than rice and rice yielded higher available N than
turmeric. The sole bamboo cultivation resulted in significantly the least mean for available
N compared to the intercropping situation. The two factor (bamboo vs. intercrop)
interaction effect was also found significant. Furthermore, bamboo vs. initial interaction
effects was also observed significant. Thus, the desirable treatment combination would be
any intercrop with B. tulda. The choice of the intercrop can, however, be easily established
from the interaction mean value. From the study it was observed that, as the depth of the
soil increases, the available N decreases significantly.
Soil available P
The pooled analysis for soil available P of the different soil depth revealed that all
the main effect due to the depth, species of bamboo (as two species of bamboo and
without bamboo) and intercrops (as four intercrops along with no intercrop) and all the
interaction effects were significant at 1% level of significance (Table 17). From the pooled
result, it was observed that out of the two bamboo species, B. tulda have significantly
higher mean for available P than B. balcooa as main crop and without bamboo cultivation.
B. balcooa was also observed to result in significantly higher mean for available P than
without bamboo cultivation. Of the four intercrops, pigeon pea resulted in significantly
higher mean for available P than all the other intercrops, followed by bottle gourd which
resulted in higher mean for available P than turmeric while turmeric yielded higher mean
for available P than rice. Sole bamboo cultivation, however, resulted in significantly the
least mean for available P compared to the intercropping condition. It was also observed
that the two factor (bamboo vs. intercrop) interaction effect was significant at 1% level.
Furthermore, bamboo vs. initial interaction effects was also observed significant. Thus, the
desirable treatment combination would be any intercrop with B. tulda. The choice of the
intercrop can be easily ascertained from the interaction mean values. From the study it was
observed that as the depth of the soil increases, the soil available P decreases significantly.
Soil available K
It was revealed from pooled analysis of soil available K for different soil depth that
the main effect due to the depth, species of bamboo (as two species of bamboo and
interaction effects were significant at 1% level of significance (Table 18). Of the two
bamboo species, B. tulda resulted in significantly higher mean for available K than B.
balcooa as main crop and without bamboo cultivation. B. balcooa was also observed to
result in significantly higher available K than without bamboo cultivation. From the
pooled result of the four intercrops, it was also observed that pigeon pea resulted in
significantly higher mean for available K as compared with the other intercrops. It was
also observed that rice resulted in higher mean for available K than bottle gourd while
bottle gourd yielded higher mean than turmeric. Sole bamboo cultivation, however,
resulted in significantly the least mean for available K as compared with the intercropping
condition. The two factor (Bamboo vs. Intercrop) interaction effect was also observed
significant at 1% level. In addition, bamboo vs. initial interaction effects was also
significant. Thus, the desirable treatment combination would be any intercrop with B.
tulda. The choice of the intercrop can, however be easily ascertained from the interaction
mean value. From the study it was observed that, as the depth of the soil increases, the
available K decreases significantly.
Economics of the different bamboo-based agroforestry systems
The economic analysis of bamboo-based agroforestry systems at the end of
December, 2010 are tabulated (Table 19) and discussed below. It may be mentioned that
since the bamboo were not at harvestable age even at the end of the third year of the
experimentation, the economics of the different bamboo-based agroforestry systems were
calculated by estimating the culm yield of bamboo under different agroforestry systems.
The B:C ratio was calculated by estimating the bamboo culm yield (no. of
culms/ha) for the different bamboo-based agroforestry systems, although the bamboo
culms were still not at harvestable age. Estimate of bamboo culm yield was done by
assuming 35–40% of the total culms/ clump as harvestable and the return from the
bamboo was calculated as per the prevailing market prices (i.e., `40/culm for B. tulda and
`60/culm for B. balcooa respectively). Employing this estimation, it was thus observed
that, the B:C ratio ranges from 0.23 (B. balcooa 12×10 + rice) to 2.28 (B. tulda 10×10 + bottle
gourd) under the different agroforestry system while the B:C ranges from 0.18 (sole rice)
to 4.78 (sole bottle gourd) under the sole intercrops. The B:C ratio for sole B. tulda was
0.63 (12 x10m) and 0.72 (10x 10m) while it was 0.18 (12x10m) and 0.36 (10x10m) for B.
balcooa. The highest B:C ratio (2.28) was obtained with B. tulda 10×10 + bottle gourd,
closely followed by B. tulda 12×10 + bottle gourd (2.13) and B. balcooa 10×10 + bottle gourd
(2.04). The next based agroforestry system was bamboo + pigeon pea which not only
provide good return per unit area but also improve the soil health.
Table 19. Economics of different bamboo-based agroforestry system at the end of
December 2010
Systems of cropping
B. tulda 10×10 + Rice
Total cost
39,220.00
Total return Net return
59,000.00 19,780.00
B: C ratio
0.50
B. tulda 12×10 + Rice
39,220.00
51,200.00
11,980.00
0.31
B. tulda 10×10 + Pigeon pea
39,020.00
1,18,400.00
79,380.00
2.03
B. tulda 12×10 + Pigeon pea
39,020.00
1,18,000.00
78980.00
2.02
B. tulda 10×10 + Bottle gourd
39,420.00
1,29,360.00
89,940.00
2.28
B. tulda 12×10 + Bottle gourd
39,420.00
1,23,480.00
84,060.00
2.13
B. tulda 10×10 + Turmeric
41,420.00
70,320.00
28,900.00
0.70
B. tulda 12×10 + Turmeric
41,420.00
62,520.00
21,100.00
0.51
B. balcooa 10×10 + Rice
39,220.00
48,800.00
9,580.00
0.24
B. balcooa 12×10 + Rice
39,220.00
48,300.00
9,080.00
0.23
B. balcooa 10×10 + Pigeon pea
39,020.00
1,10,400.00
71,380.00
1.83
B. balcooa 12×10 + Pigeon pea
39,020.00
1,16,800.00
77,780.00
1.99
B. balcooa 10×10 + Bottle gourd
39,420.00
1,20,000.00
80,580.00
2.04
B. balcooa 12×10 + Bottle gourd
39,420.00
1,17,760.00
78,340.00
1.99
B. balcooa 10×10 + Turmeric
41,420.00
59,760.00
18,340.00
0.44
B. balcooa 12×10 + Turmeric
41,420.00
59,240.00
17,820.00
0.43
Sole B. tulda 10×10
22,120.00
38,000.00
15,880.00
0.72
Sole B. tulda 12×10
22,120.00
36,000.00
13,880.00
0.63
Sole B. balcooa 10×10
22,120.00
30,000.00
7,880.00
0.36
Sole B. balcooa 12×10
22,120.00
26,000.00
3,880.00
0.18
Sole Rice
17,100.00
20,100.00
3,000.00
0.18
Sole Pigeon pea
16,900.00
90,000.00
73,100.00
4.33
Sole Bottle gourd
17,300.00
1,00,000.00
82,700.00
4.78
Sole Turmeric
19,300.00
30,640.00
11,340.00
0.59
CONCLUSION
Development and standardization of bamboo-based agroforestry system suitable
for red & laterite zone of West Bengal involving two bamboo species (Bambusa tulda and
Bambusa balcooa) and agricultural crops like paddy (upland), pigeon pea, bottle gourd
and turmeric has immense potentiality of providing livelihood security to the poor farmers
of western part of West Bengal through self employment and higher income. There is still
a substantial need to promote bamboo-based agroforestry systems as well as utilization of
bamboos to the extent possible in wasteland particularly in economic backward district
West Midnapore, Bankura and Purulia.
SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE PROJECT
1. In terms of growth performance, Bambusa tulda performed better than Bambusa
balcooa irrespective of any planting geometry.
2. Survival and growth performance of culm cuttings of both the bamboo species was
better than rhizome cutting.
3. Bamboo spacing 10m x 10m is suitable for both the species under agroforestry
model.
4. Among different intercrops, both pigeon pea and bottle gourd gave higher return
under bamboo based agroforestry system.
5. The yield of turmeric (shade loving crop) increased as the age of the bamboo
plantation increases.
6. Pigeon pea intercropping helped to improve the soil health.
7. Mulching with water hyacinth /paddy straw at the initial stage of bamboo
plantation helped to conserve moisture at the rhizosphere zone.
8. As regards to economic analysis, Bamboo tulda + pigeon pea and Bamboo tulda +
bottle gourd with 10m x 10m spacing gave higher system productivity and
livelihood security.
BAMBOO BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN THE FARMER’S FIELD
Five farmers of village Banstala under Jhargram block of Paschim Medinipur
district had planted bamboo on the bunds around their cultivated land. Two of them
planted Bambusa vulgaris and the others planted Bambusa balcooa along the field bunds.
Many farmers of the nearby area have already shown their interest for planting bamboo
during monsoon season. Recently, we have supplied culm cuttings of B.balcooa (200 nos.)
to the farmers for planting in their own farm land. Furthermore, we have been providing
the technological know-how for successful development of bamboo-based agroforestry
system in red and laterite zone of West Bengal. The impact of the bamboo-based
agroforestry system is expected to influence the general economic development of the
farmer and the income will be much higher than other popular system of cropping in a
particular area.
Table: Growth performance of bamboo species in farmers’ field
Sl.
No.
Name of the
farmer
Area/
location
Growth of bamboo species
Bambusa tulda
Bambusa balcooa
Avg. height Avg. no. of Avg. height Avg. no. of
of leading culms/clump of leading culms/clump
clump
clump
1.
Kamal Mahato
Lodhasuli
8.51
10
5.62
4
2.
Bikash Mahato
Lodhasuli
7.98
8
5.36
5
3.
Sukumar Majhi
Lodhasuli
8.26
11
5.26
4
4.
Purnendu Pal
Banstala
7.88
7
5.78
5
5. Ganadhar Mahato Banstala
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Research Articles
8.10
10
6.25
6
1. Banerjee, H. and Dhara, P.K. (2009). Evaluation of bamboo-based agroforestry
system under rainfed upland situation. International Journal of Tropical
Agriculture, 27 (3-4) : 439-445.
2. Banerjee, H., Dhara, P.K. and Mazumdar, D. (2009). Bamboo-based agroforestry
systems under rainfed upland ecosystem. Journal of crop and weed, 5 (1) : 288292.
Presentation in Seminar / Symposium / Workshop
1. Vanlalngurzauva, T., Dhara, P.K., Banerjee, H. And Mazumdar, D. 2010. Bamboo
(Bambusa spp.) based agroforestry system in rainfed uplands under red and laterite
zone of West Bengal. In Extended Summaries: XIX National Symposium on
“Resource Management Approaches Towards Livelihood Security”, December 24, 2010 at University of Agricultural Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, pp. 373.
2. Vanlalngurzauva, T., Dhara, P.K., Banerjee, H. And Mazumdar, D. 2010.
Agroforestry interventions in bamboo (Bambusa spp.) plantation to sustain
productivity under fragile agro-ecosystem. In Book of Abstract: National
Conference on “Horticulture for rural development – biotechnological and biochemical aspects”, September 25, 2010 at Department of Chemsitry, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata, pp. 1.
3. Dhara P. K. And Banerjee, H. 2009. Bamboo (Bambusa spp.) based agroforestry
systems under rainfed upland ecosystem. In Book of Abstracts: National
Symposium on “Agriculture in the Paradigm of Intergenerational Equity”, May 2223, 2009 at Farmer’s Training Centre (FTC), BCKV, Kalyani, West Bengal, pp,
20.
Award: Dr. P. K. Dhara, PI, NBM Project and Dr. H. Banerjee, Co-PI, NBM Project have
been honoured with ‘Best Poster Presentation’ for the topic “Bamboo (Bamboo spp.)
based agroforestry systems under rainfed upland ecosystem”.
Table 14. Effect of the two bamboo species intercropped with four agricultural crops
on the soil pH after three years study
0 – 15 cm Depth 15 – 30 cm Depth 30 – 60 cm Depth
Overall
Intercr
Initi
Mea Initi
Mea Initi
Mea Initi
Mea
op
B 1 B2
B1 B 2
B1 B2
B1 B2
al
n
al
n
al
n
al
n
4.9 4.8
4.89
1 7
Rice
4.8 4.8
4.82
4 0
5.1 5.1
5.14
6 2
5.2 5.2
5.23
5 0
5.0 5.0
5.06
8 4
Pigeon
pea
4.7 4.7
4.76
8 3
5.0 4.9
5.00
2 8
5.2 5.1
5.18
0 6
5.0 4.9
4.98
0 6
4.78
5.1 5.0
5.10
1 8
5.01
4.9 4.9
4.93
5 0
4.76
4.6 4.6
4.65
7 2
4.58
Sole
bamboo
Bottle
gourd
4.7 4.7
4.73
5 0
5.1 5.0
5.10
2 8
5.1 5.1
5.16
8 4
5.0 4.9
5.00
2 7
Turmeri
c
4.8 4.7
4.78
0 6
5.1 5.1
5.13
4 1
5.2 5.2
5.24
6 1
5.0 5.0
5.05
7 3
Mean
4.7 4.7
4.75
7 2
5.0 5.0
5.06
8 4
5.2 5.1
5.18
0 6
5.0 4.9
5.00
2 7
Where
B1 = B. tulda and
0 – 15 cm
Only for
CD
intercro SEm(±
(P=0.05
p
)
)
B2 = B. balcooa
15 – 30 cm
CD
SEm(±
(P=0.05
)
)
30 – 60 cm
Overall
SEm(±
)
CD
(P=0.05
)
CD
SEm(±
(P=0.05
)
)
Bamboo
0.011
0.042
0.006
0.022
0.009
0.036
0.004
0.017**
Intercrop
0.011
0.032
0.009
0.026
0.012
0.034
0.006
0.019**
Bamboo
*
Intercrop
0.015
NS
0.012
NS
0.016
NS
0.009
NS
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
0.018
0.071
0.009
0.037
0.016
0.061
Bamboo*Initial
Table 15. Effect of two bamboo species intercropped with four agricultural crops on
the soil organic carbon (%) after three years study
Overall
Intercr
Initi
Mea Initi
Mea Initi
Mea Initi
Mea
op
B 1 B2
B1 B 2
B1 B2
B1 B2
al
n
al
n
al
n
al
n
0.3 0.3
0.34
7 1
Rice
0.4 0.4
0.44
5 2
0.3 0.3
0.36
7 4
0.3 0.2
0.31
3 9
0.3 0.3
0.37
8 5
Pigeon
pea
0.4 0.4
0.46
8 4
0.3 0.3
0.36
9 3
0.3 0.3
0.33
5 0
0.4 0.3
0.39
1 6
0.28
0.3 0.2
0.29
2 5
0.22
0.3 0.3
0.36
8 3
0.29
0.4 0.3
0.39
1 6
0.33
Sole
bamboo
Bottle
gourd
0.4 0.4
0.44
6 2
0.4 0.3
0.39
1 7
0.3 0.3
0.34
7 1
0.4 0.3
0.39
1 7
Turmeri
c
0.4 0.4
0.43
4 1
0.3 0.3
0.35
7 3
0.3 0.2
0.30
1 8
0.3 0.3
0.36
7 4
Mean
0.4 0.4
0.43
5 1
0.3 0.3
0.36
8 4
0.3 0.2
0.32
4 9
0.3 0.3
0.37
9 5
where,
B1 = B. tulda and
B2 = B. balcooa
0 – 15 cm
Only for
intercrop
SEm(±)
15 – 30 cm
30 – 60 cm
Overall
CD
CD
CD
CD
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
Bamboo
0.007
0.026
0.007
0.026
0.006
0.025
0.005 0.019**
Intercrop
0.007
0.022
0.006
0.017
0.010
0.029
0.005 0.014**
0.011
NS
0.008
NS
0.014
NS
Bamboo
Intercrop
*
0.007
NS
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
0.011
0.043
0.011
0.043
0.011
0.042
Bamboo*Initial
the soil available N (kg/ha) after three years study
Intercro 0 – 15 cm Depth 15 – 30 cm Depth 30 – 60 cm Depth
Overall
p
Initia
Mea Initia
Mea Initia
Mea Initia
Mea
B 1 B2
B1 B 2
B1 B2
B1 B2
l
n
l
n
l
n
l
n
15 14
149
0 7
Rice
21 19
202
1 3
17 16
167
4 0
15 13
145
5 6
18 16
171
0 3
Pigeon
pea
22 20
214
6 2
19 17
183
3 4
17 14
160
4 5
19 17
186
7 4
134
12 11
119
0 7
105
15 15
157
9 5
139
17 16
171
2 9
159
Sole
bamboo
Bottlegourd
22 19
209
1 7
18 15
169
3 5
16 14
153
4 1
19 16
177
0 4
Turmeri
c
20 19
200
7 3
17 15
164
4 5
15 13
141
0 1
17 16
168
7 0
Mean
20 19
199
7 1
17 16
168
6 0
15 13
143
3 4
17 16
170
9 1
30 – 60 cm
Overall
Where,
B1 = B. tulda and
0 – 15 cm
Only for
intercrop
SEm(±)
B2 = B. balcooa
15 – 30 cm
CD
CD
CD
CD
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
Bamboo
0.340
1.335
0.313
1.229
0.234
0.919
0.263
1.033**
Intercrop
0.170
0.503
0.321
0.949
0.072
0.214
0.155
0.459
0.240
0.71
0.454
1.34
0.102
0.30
0.219
0.649
Bamboo
Intercrop
*
Bamboo*Initial
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
0.569
2.234
0.524
2.056
0.392
1.539
the soil available P (kg/ ha) after three years study
Intercr
eop
Overall
Rice
16. 13. 15.4
10. 9.9 10.4
96 2
4
13. 11. 12.7
9.6 8.7 9.22
8 6
10. 10. 10.7
9.98
12. 10. 11.9
86 94 0
9.37
10.56
Sole
10.02
Initi B1 B2 Me Initi B1 B2 Me Initi B1 B2 Me Initi B1 B2 Me
al
an al
an al
an al
an
11. 9.8 10.5
17 7
2
13. 12. 12.9
97 93
5
58 82
0
98 48
3
84 08
6
Pigeon
pea
17. 15. 16.6
34 86 0
15. 13. 14.5
86 28 7
12. 10. 11.6
64 69 7
15. 13. 14.2
28 28 8
Bottle
gourd
16. 14. 15.8
78 84 1
13. 13. 13.3
47 27 7
10. 10. 10.6
83 37 0
13. 12. 13.2
69 83 6
Turmeri
c
16. 14. 15.8
83 83 3
13. 11. 12.6
29 94 2
10. 10. 10.5
95 13 4
13. 12. 13.0
69 30 0
Mean
16. 14. 15.1
16 08 2
13. 12. 12.7
43 05 4
11. 10. 10.5
02 09 6
13. 12. 12.8
54 07 1
Where,
B1 = B. tulda and
B2 = B. balcooa
0 – 15 cm
Only for
intercrop
SEm(±)
15 – 30 cm
30 – 60 cm
Overall
CD
CD
CD
CD
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
Bamboo
0.035
0.139
0.016
0.063
0.018
0.070
0.021
0.081
Intercrop
0.036
0.105
0.022
0.064
0.020
0.060
0.020
0.059
0.050
0.15
0.031
0.09
0.029
0.09
0.028
0.084
Bamboo
Intercrop
*
Bamboo*Initial
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
0.059
0.233
0.027
0.106
0.030
0.117
soil available K (kg/ ha) after three years study
Overall
Intercro
Initia
Mea Initia
Mea Initia
Mea Initia
Mea
p
B 1 B2
B1 B 2
B1 B2
B1 B2
l
n
l
n
l
n
l
n
11 10
111
3 9
Rice
14 13
141
2 9
13 13
137
8 5
13 12
130
2 8
13 13
136
8 4
Pigeon
pea
Bottle
gourd
15 15
153
4 1
13 13
137
8 5
15 14
149
0 8
13 12
131
3 9
14 14
142
3 1
12 12
126
8 4
105
10 10
106
8 4
101
11 11
112
3 0
105
11 11
115
6 3
108
Sole
14 14
148
9 7
13 13
132
3 0
Turmeri
c
13 13
135
6 3
13 12
129
1 7
12 12
124
6 1
13 12
129
1 7
Mean
13 13
136
8 5
13 13
132
3 0
12 12
126
8 4
13 13
131
3 0
30 – 60 cm
Overall
Where,
B1 = B. tulda and
0 – 15 cm
Only for
intercrop
SEm(±)
B2 = B. balcooa
15 – 30 cm
CD
CD
CD
CD
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
SEm(±)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
(P=0.05)
Bamboo
0.011
0.042
0.006
0.022
0.009
0.036
0.067
0.264
Intercrop
0.011
0.032
0.009
0.026
0.012
0.034
0.085
0.252
0.015
NS
0.012
NS
0.016
NS
0.120
0.356
Bamboo
Intercrop
*
Bamboo*Initial
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
SE (d)
CD
(P=0.05)
0.200
0.787
0.214
0.840
0.136
0.534
Jhargram Plates
Plate 1. Initial land condition before starting of the experimentation
Plate 2. Mulching with dry leaves & twigs for moisture conservation
Plate 3. Bambusa tulda (2 months after planting)
Plate 4. Bambusa balcooa (2 months after planting)
Plate 5. Use of water hyacinth for conserving moisture (early stage)
Plate 6. New culm emergence in Bambusa tulda
Plate 7. Bambusa tulda at the end of December 2008
Plate 8. Emergence of new culms in Bambusa balcooa
Plate 9. Bambusa balcooa at the end of March, 2011
Plate 10. Bambusa tulda at the end
of March 2011
Plate 11. Bambusa balcooa at the
end of December 2008
Plate 12. Bambusa balcooa at the end of October 2010
Plate 13. Bamboo + Rice intercropping system
Plate 14. Bamboo + Pigeon pea intercropping system
Plate 15. Bamboo + Bottle gourd intercropping system
Plate 16. Bamboo + Turmeric intercropping system
Plate 17. Matured bamboo stand (B. tulda) at the end of March 2011 year
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DHARWAD
ON
“DEVELOPMENT OF BAMBOO BASED
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS FOR SIX AGROCLIMATIC ZONES”
Dr.S.J.Patil
Principal Scientist Agroforestry
ALL INDIA COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON
AGROFORESTRY
Introduction
Bamboos (Bambusa bambos) are woody perennial grasses that occur in the tropical
and subtropical evergreen and deciduous forest formations of Asia-Pacific. Important uses
of bamboo include paper and pulp industry, fuel, food, feed, house construction, and
scaffolding, making several articles of everyday use, besides controlling soil erosion. One
hundred and thirty wild and cultivated bamboo species are reported to occur in India. They
exist under diverse ecological conditions, often as an under-storey in many forest types.
Bamboos are propagated either by seeds or vegetative means (offsets, division,
culm/ rhizome cuttings or layering). They flower only once and die after producing seeds
(monocarp). Most of the economically important bamboos flower gregariously at long
intervals of 30-40 years. Although large quantities of seeds are produced during gregarious
flowering, they are viable only for about six to eight months. Seeds can be germinated in
nursery beds and pricked out into polybags of size 18 cm (flat width) x 22 cm. One yearold seedling can be used for planting. However, when seeds are not available, bamboos are
propagated vegetatively.
With this background the Adhoc Project “Development of Bamboo based
Agroforestry Systems for Six Agro-climatic Zones” was implemented in our research
form at ARS, Prabhunagar. Initially it was planned at the main campus only. But low
rainfall received in the first fortnight of June-2008 compelled us to shift the place.
Accordingly the crop was also changed to cotton.
FIRST YEAR PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT
Land Preparation:
The shrubs / bushes in the experimental area were removed and with the receipt of
pre monsoon shower in March – 2008, land was ploughed, harrowed and brought to fine
tilth.
Layout and pit digging:
The pits of the size of 75x75x75 cm for bamboo at recommended spacing were
dug in the month of April – 2008 and filled with FYM (5 kg/pit) and Pongamia leaf and
were allowed to settle and decompose.
Seedlings:
Bamboosa bombos seedlings were raised in 20x30 cm poly bags in Farm Forestry
nursery as the UAS, Dharwad campus following all scientific methods. The potting
mixture consisted of 1:1:1 proportion of FYM Sand and Red soil. The seeds were sown in
the month of September – 2007 and were nurtured in the nursery.
Planting:
Bamboo seedling raised in the UAS, nursery were planted as per the treatments of
the project on 14.6.2008. At the time of planting pits were drenched with chlonopyriphos
(@ 5ml / pit). Fertilizer at the rate of 10 gm of DAP was applied. After planting the
seedlings were staked with bamboo stick (tied loosely with gunny thread). Around the
seedlings basin was made by clearing the weed to collect the rain water.
Field crops:
The field crop finalized for the experimental is cotton BT cotton (Bikenari Nerma).
Cotton seeds were dibbled on 14.6.2008 at the spacing of 90 x 60 cms as per the
recommendation.
Fertilizer applications:
Out of 80:40: 40 kg NPK/ha recommended for the crop 40:40:40 kg NPK/ha is
given as basal doze. After 45 days first top dressing with 20 kg N/ha was done.
Plant protection:
Cotton: To control trips, aphids, jassids & white fly chloropyriphos and confidor
was sprayed at 30 day and 45 days after sowing.
Bamboo: Chloriphyriphus was sprayed to bamboo to control leaf roller and leaf
eating cater filler.
Experimental design
: Randomized Block Design
Experimental area
: 1.7 ha
Chrorvations: (as on 31.7.2008)
Bamboo:
a) culm height
: 70 cms
b) nos of culms/seedling
:5
Cotton:
a) Height
: 40 cm
b) Nos. of Leaves
: 18
c) Nos of primary branches : 2-3.
Field Demonstrations:
Demonstration on Farmers’ fields
The planting of bamboo demonstration block is taken up in the field of Sri. S.B.
Ganiger at village Shirur, Tq: Navalagund of Dharwad district and another in the field of
Sri. M.V.Patil, at Guddadahulikatti, Tq:.Kalaghatagi of Dharwad district.
Soil forking and soil mending for the seedlings is done to ensure better
establishment.
SECOND YEAR PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT
Field crops:
The field crop finalized for the experimental is cotton BT cotton (Britoneri
Nerma). Cotton seeds were dibbled on 14.6.2008 at the spacing of 90x60 cms as per the
recommendation.
Plant protection:
Cotton: To control trips, aphids, jassids & white fly chloropyriphos and confidor
was sprayed at 30 day and 45 days after sowing.
Bamboo: Chlorophyriphos was sprayed to bamboo to control leaf roller and leaf
eating caterpiller.
Experimental design
: Randomized Block Design
Experimental area
: 1.7 ha
Observations: (as on 18.09.2008): The observations recorded in Bamboo and cotton
are as follows
Bamboo: New shoot sprouted (Rhizome), shoot died, number of new culms,
total
number of culms per clump, clump diameter, height of culms,
Internode
length and culm diameter.
Cotton: Germination percent and growth parameters such as plant height, number
of
leaves and number of squares.
Soil nutrient status of the experimental plot: For the nutrient analysis of the soil in the
proposed experimental plot, the soil samples were colleted as per standard method and
analyzed. The analysis of the soil samples revealed that, the pH of the soil was 6.10, EC,
0.13 ds/m, Organic carbon: 0.78%, N: 185.7 kg/ha, P; 21.6 kg/ha and K 220 kg/ha.
Treatment details:
T1: 10mX 10m Bamboo + Cotton,
T2: 12m X10m Bamboo + Cotton,
T3: 10m X10m Sole Bamboo,
T4 : 12m X10m Sole Bamboo
T5: Sole cotton
Results of the experiment:
Growth parameters of Bamboo
The growth parameters of bamboo recorded on 18.09.2008 indicated that, number
of new shoot sprouts (rhizomes) observed did not differed significantly. However, the
maximum number of rhizomes was recorded in T4 (12X10m bamboo alone) (1.67). There
was no significant variation in number of dried culms as the planting was taken up in
monsoon season. The number of new culms also did not differ significantly, however
maximum number of culms were recorded in both T3 and T4 (3.23). The number of culms
per clump was non-significant but more number of culms per clump were recorded in T2
:12 X10m Bamboo +cotton (18.40). There was no significant difference in culm height
recorded in treatment receiving T1: 10X 10m Bamboo +Cotton (120.2 cm) and
significantly lowest was observed in T4 (108.8 cm). The internode length was found to be
non significant however maximum internode length was registered in treatment receiving
T1:10X10m Bamboo +Cotton (17.03 cm) and least was observed in T4 (11.67 cm). The
observation on both culm collar and clump diameter did not differ significantly.
The observations on Cotton was recorded which was sown as intercrop in the
Bamboo based AF system. The per cent germination of cotton was observed to be cent
percent in the initial periods of date of sowing. There was germination percent, average
plant height, number of leaves and numbers of squares were highest in sole cotton (99.5,
153.8cm, 140.8 and 102.3, respectively).
Table: Growth parameters of Bamboo and Cotton in Bamboo based AF system
Treatment
Bamboo
No. of No. of No. of
No. of
Culm Internode
Culm
Clump
New
dried
New
culms
height
length
collar
diameter
sprouts culms culms
/clump
(cm)
(cm)
diameter
(cm)
(cm)
T1
1.36
2.85
2.60
15.32
120.2
12.03
0.92
26.16
T2
1.61
3.17
2.96
18.40
120.3
12.33
0.74
25.93
T3
1.30
3.00
3.23
11.13
110.4
11.78
0.74
21.20
T4
1.67
2.93
3.23
11.26
108.8
11.67
0.59
23.83
T5
Mean
1.36
2.99
3.01
14.03
116.70
13.70
0.75
24.28
0.14
0.57
0.19
2.98
3.74
0.72
0.12
1.61
SEm
CD @5%
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Germin
ation
(%)
98.6
98.5
99.5
-
Cotton
Height No. of
(cm)
leaves
126.4
120.6
153.8
-
129.8
108.0
140.8
-
T1: 10mX 10m bamboo +Cotton, T2 : 12m X10m Bamboo +cotton, T3: 10m X10m Sole Bamboo, T4 : 12m X10m Sole Bamboo, and
T5 : sole cotton
No. of
squares
80.6
79.9
102.3
-
THIRD YEAR PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT
Irrigation:
Protective irrigation was given for bamboo clumps (once in a week) with bore well
which was connected to water tank in order to provide sufficient water to each bamboo
clumps. (Copy of photograph is enclosed)
Field crops:
The field crop finalized for the experiment is cotton BT cotton (Britoneri Nerma).
Cotton seeds were dibbled on 14.6.2008 at the spacing of 90x60 cms as per the
recommendation. Cotton crop was harvested fortnightly from 13. 11. 2008 to 6 .01. 2009.
Plant protection:
Bamboo:
Chlorophyriphos was sprayed to bamboo to control leaf roller and leaf eating
caterpiller and Zinc sulphide was placed in each clump to control rodents. In order to
protect bamboo from grazing animals, tree guard was installed around the each bamboo
clump.
Cotton:
To control trips, aphids, jassids & white fly chloropyriphos and confidor was
sprayed at 30 day and 45 days after sowing.
Observations: The observations recorded in Bamboo and cotton are as follows
Bamboo: New shoot sprouted (Rhizome), shoot died, number of new culms,
total
number of culms per clump, clump diameter, height of culms,
Internode
length and culm diameter.
Cotton: Cotton yield was recorded in each sample plot and expressed in q/ha.
Soil nutrient status of the experimental plot:
For the nutrient analysis of the soil in the proposed experimental plot, the soil
samples were colleted as per standard method and analyzed. The analysis of the soil
samples revealed that, the pH of the soil was 6.10, EC, 0.13 ds/m, Organic carbon: 0.78%,
N: 185.7 kg/ha, P; 21.6 kg/ha and K 220 kg/ha.
Treatment details:
T1: 10X10 m Bamboo + Cotton,
T2: 12X10 m Bamboo + Cotton,
T3: 10X10 m Sole Bamboo
T4 : 12X10 m Sole Bamboo
T5: Sole cotton
81
Results of the experiment:
Growth parameters of Bamboo
The growth parameters of bamboo recorded on 28.01.2009 indicated that, number
of new sprouts (rhizomes) significantly higher in treatment T4 (12X10 m Sole Bamboo),
which was on par with T3 (10x10 m sole bamboo), and least was recorded in T1 (10 x 10
m bamboo + cotton). Growth parameter with respect to number of culms was significantly
higher in T1 (10x10 m bamboo + cotton) and least was registered in T4. (12X10 m Sole
Bamboo).
Varition with respect to number of new culms and number of culms per clump was
significantly higher in T3 and T4 and least was recorded in T1(10 m X 10m Bamboo +
Cotton) in both parameters.
Culm height and internode length did not differ significantly. However, maximum
culm height was noticed in T3 (10X10m SoleBamboo) and least was observed in T2
(12X10m Bamboo + Cotton). Whereas, maximum internode length was recorded in T1
(10x10m bamboo+cotton). Culm diameter significantly higher in T2 (12X10m
Bamboo+Cotton). Interestingly, clump diameter did not differ significantly. However
maximum clump diameter was noticed in T4 (12X10m Sole Bamboo).
Cotton was harvested in each sample plot and which was expressed in quintals per
hectare. Maximum seed cotton yield was recorded in sole cotton (T5) followed by T2
(12X12m Bamboo+ Cotton) and least was recorded in T1 (10X 10m Bamboo + Cotton).
Table: Growth parameters of Bamboo (At 6 MAT) and associated Cotton yield in
Bamboo based AF system.
Treatm
ent
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Mean
SEm
CD@5
%
No. of
new
sprouts
2.98
3.68
4.50
4.75
3.96
0.28
0.86
No. of
dried
culms
4.76
4.46
3.69
3.53
3.76
0.94
2.80
No. of
New
culms
8.47
10.40
11.20
11.35
10.35
1.22
3.64
Bamboo
No. of
Culm
culms/
height
clump
(m)
17.62
1.12
20.50
1.01
20.56
1.38
20.53
1.26
19.71
1.44
1.83
0.26
5.35
NS
Internode
length
(cm)
14.80
13.85
13.45
13.56
12.80
0.98
NS
Culm
diameter
(cm)
1.50
1.84
1.18
1.20
1.03
0.18
0.64
Clump
diameter
(cm)
62.76
65.44
58.01
66.10
63.07
3.61
NS
T1: 10mX 10m bamboo +Cotton, T2: 12m X10m Bamboo +cotton, T3: 10m X10m Sole
Bamboo, T4: 12m X10m Sole Bamboo, and T5: Sole cotton MAT – Months After
Treatment
82
Cotton
Yield
(q/ha)
10.9
12.50
19.61
-
FINAL PROGRESS
Field crops:
The field crop sown for the experiment was BT cotton (Bikenari Nerma). Cotton
seeds were dibbled in the Kharif 2009 (26.06.2009) at the spacing of 90 x 60 cms as per
the recommended package of practice. Cotton crop was harvested fortnightly from 28. 11.
2009 to 15 .01 2010
Plant protection:
To control trips, aphids, jassids & white fly chloropyriphos and confidor was
sprayed at 30 days and 45 days after sowing.
Bamboo:
Irrigation
Protective irrigation was given for bamboo clumps at fortnight interval to each
bamboo clumps.
Mulching:
Grasses and sedges were used for mulching each bamboo clump to retain soil
moisture for longer period.
Plant protection
Chlorophyriphos was sprayed to bamboo to control leaf roller and leaf eating
caterpiller and Zinc sulphide was placed in each clump to control rodents.
Observations: The observations recorded in Bamboo and cotton are as follows
Bamboo: Number of new culms, total number of culms per clump, clump diameter,
clump height, Internode length and culm diameter.
Cotton: Cotton yield was recorded in each sample plot and expressed in q/ha
Treatment details:
T1: 10X 10 m Bamboo + Cotton,
T2: 12 X10 m Bamboo + Cotton,
T3: 10 X10 m Sole Bamboo
T4 : 12 X10 m Sole Bamboo
T5: Sole cotton
Results of the experiment
Growth parameters of Bamboo:
83
The growth parameters of bamboo recorded on 28.02.2010 indicated that Number
of new culms where significantly higher in treatment receiving 12 m x 10 m bamboo alone
(T4) which is on par with treatment receiving 10 m x 10 m bamboo + cotton (T 1)
Interestingly, number of culms per clump was not significant. However, maximum
number of culms per clump was higher in treatment receiving 12m x10 m bamboo +cotton
(T2) Variation with respect to clump height was significantly higher in treatment receiving
10 m x10 m bamboo alone (T3).Internode length and clump diameter where significantly
higher in treatment receiving 12 m x10 m bamboo +cotton (T2). Clump diameter was
significantly higher in treatment receiving 10 m x 10 m bamboo alone which is at par with
12 m x 10 m bamboo +cotton
Cotton was harvested in each sample plot and which was expressed in quintals per
hectare. Maximum seed cotton yield was recorded in sole cotton (T5) followed by 12 mX
10m Bamboo+ Cotton (T2) and least was recorded in 10mX 10m Bamboo + Cotton (T 1)
Field Demonstrations:
Demonstration on Farmers’ fields.
The planting of bamboo demonstration block is taken up in the field of Sri. S.B.
Ganiger at village Shirur, Tq: Navalagund of Dharwad district and another in the field of
Sri. M.V.Patil, at Guddadahulikatti, Tq:.Kalaghatagi of Dharwad district.
Soil working and regular watering was recommended during the summer season
for better establishment of culms.
84
Table : Growth parameters of Bamboo and associated Cotton yield in Bamboo based
AF system
Treatment
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Mean
SEm
CD@5%
No of
New
culms
No. of
culms/
clump
Clump
height
(m)
14.07
12.69
12.93
14.55
13.05
0.45
1.37
21.99
23.10
21.93
21.63
22.16
1.34
NS
3.63
4.06
4.33
4.26
4.07
0.28
0.85
Bamboo
Internode
Clump
length
diameter
(cm)
(m)
20.62
23.45
19.68
18.02
20.44
0.86
2.57
1.57
2.77
2.16
1.77
2.06
0.19
0.59
Culm
diameter
(cm)
10.45
8.39
10.13
10.82
9.95
0.57
1.72
Cotton
Yield
q /ha
8.50.
11.15
15.61
T1: 10mX 10m bamboo +Cotton, T2: 12m X10m Bamboo +cotton, T3: 10m X10m Sole
Bamboo, T4: 12m X10m Sole Bamboo, and T5: Sole cotton
85
Dharwar Plates
Bamboo with Cotton as intercrop in 10x10m and 10x12m spacing
86
ON
AGROFORESTRY
From
College of Forestry,
Orissa University of Agriculture and
Technilogy,
Bhubaneswar-751003, Orissa, India
87
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The adhoc project “Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry System for six
Agroclimatic zones” functioned during September, 2007 and March, 2011 under Faculty
of Forestry, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar. This was operated at Central Research Station,
O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar under East and South Eastern Central Plain Agroclimatic Zone of
Orissa. In this project studies were carried to develop Dendrocalamus strictus based
agroforestry system. The bamboo plants (D. strictus) were planted at two spacings e.g.
1010 m and 1210 m in 3 replications in 1.0 ha area. The intercrops were raised with
bamboo and without bamboo. Also there were bamboo clumps without crop as control.
The field crops were grown as per standard practices.
The demonstration programme of Dendrocalamus strictus in farmers’ field was
also carried out in village Maniabandh in the district of Dhenkanal, Orissa. An area of 1.0
ha rainfed upland was selected and bamboo seedlings were planted on field bunds at 5m
interval in single row. The farmers raised crops according to their own practices.
The bamboo seedlings were planted both at Research station, Bhubaneswar and at
Farmers’ field, Dhenkal in November, 2007 after launching of the project. The seedlings
did not survive because of low temperature in succeeding months of December and
January and hence, in both sites replanting was done in June-July, 2008.
In 2007, only rabi crop was grown at the Research Station with the help of
irrigation. No rabi crop could be taken in farmers’ field because of unavailability of
irrigation facility. At Research Station, Toria (Brassica compestris) var. Anuradha was
grown as rabi crop. The seed yield was 5.90 q/ha in pure stand while it was 5.46 q/ha
under 10×10 m and 5.67 q/ha under 12×10 m spacing of D. strictus. The growth characters
such as plant height, branches/plant, siliqua/plant and seeds/siliqua did not differ much as
regards to variation in spacing as well as in pure crop stand.
In kharif, 2008 sesamum was grown as intercrop. The bamboo seedlings were
replanted on 30th June, 2008. The seed yield of sesamum under bamboo spacing of
10×10 m and 12× 10 m did not vary significantly as compared to the sole crop. Seed yield
of 5.35 q/ha in sole crop and 5.20 q/ha and 5.30 q/ha as intercrop in 10×10 m and 12 ×10
m spacing of bamboo, respectively was recorded. The growth parameters such as plant
height, branches/plant, capsules/plant and seeds/capsule did not differ much under two
different spacings of bamboo and in pure crop.
In rabi, 2008-2009 toria was grown as intercrop. The seed yield was 6.18 q/ha in
pure stand while it was 5.68 q/ha under 10×10 m spacing of bamboo and 5.80 q/ha under
12×10 m spacing. The growth parameters such as plant height, branches/plant,
88
siliqua/plant and seeds/siliqua did not differ much as regards to variation in bamboo
spacing as well as in pure stand of crop.
By the end of rabi, 2008-2009 the bamboo plants could attain significantly higher
growth in terms of height and dbh and also number of culms under agroforestry system in
both the spacings of bamboo than the pure plantations without crop. However, the values
under both the spacings of bamboo with crop and without crop separately remained
similar.Maximum height and dbh of culms were recorded as 2.0m and1.24cm, respectively
under 12x10m spacing with crop whereas the minium values were 1.5m and 0.97cm,
respectively under 12x10m spacing pure plantation.
At farmers’ field, Dhenkanal during kharif 2008 the bamboo seedlings were
replanted in July, 2008 on field bunds. The farmers raised field crops and vegetables in
kharif season only because the field becomes very dry in rabi season. In the first season,
the growth of bamboo was not impressive on field bunds. The seedlings attained a height
of 1m. The yield of different crops such a Rice (Khandagiri), Maize (Navjot), Arhar
(Upas-120), Cowpea (SEB-2), Cluster bean (Local), Brinial (BB-46C), Chili (Utkal Ava),
Okra (Utkal Gaurav), Cucumber (Local), Pumpkin (Loacal), Ridge Gourd (Local),
Colocassia (Local) and Turmeric (Surama) were normal because there was no competition
from bamboo. The farmers cultivated the crops according to their own practices.
In kharif 2009, four intercrops such as cowpea (var. Utkal Manika), blackgram (var.
Ujala), greengram (var. PDM 11) and sesamum (var. Uma) were grown. The yield and
return of field crops; growth, yield and return of bamboo and root intensity of bamboo at
four different distances from clump and three different depths were recorded. The yields
of different crops were higher in pure than with bamboo. Cowpea resulted pod yield of
18.92 q/ha in pure crop while 17.48 q/ha with bamboo under 1210 m spacing and 17.21
q/ha with bamboo under 10 10 m spacing. Blackgram recorded maximum grain yield of
5.62 q/ha in pure while greengram recorded minimum grain yield of 3.99 q/ha with
bamboo having spacing 1010 m. The yield of respective crops under both the spacings of
bamboo was statistically at par. The yield of crops per unit area increased with increase of
peripheral distance from bamboo clumps.
The number of new bamboo culms recruited per hectare was more under
intercropping than pure bamboo plantation. Further, the culm number was higher per
hectare in 10 10 m spacing with particular crop than the corresponding 1210 m spacing.
The number of new culms/ha ranged from 872 to 894 in 10 10 m spacing with crop while
746 to 776 in 1210 m spacing with crop. In pure bamboo plantation it was 700 and
588/ha in 1010 m and 12 10 m spacing, respectively.
In kharif-2009, the gross return was maximum (` 21932/ha) under cowpea with
bamboo at 10 m  10 m spacing which was at par with cowpea + bamboo of 12  10 m
spacing. The gross returns under bamboo + crops were higher than the corresponding pure
89
crop. However, net return was maximum (` 5556/ha) under pure cowpea and minimum
under pure geengram (` 1526/ha).
In rabi 2009-2010, four intercrops were grown such as greengram (var. OBGG52), sunflower (var. KBG-11), toria (var. Anuradha) and blackgram (var. Ujala). The rabi
crops suffered from moisture stress particularly at the time of flowering and fruiting,
hence a lower yield and lower return were obtained.
At farmers’ field, Dhenkanal in kharif-2009, the participating farmers raised the
crops normally they grow in upland condition in kharif such as rice, arhar, ragi, colocassia,
okra, brinjal, ridge gourd and bitter gourd. The reduction of crop yield was neglible with
bamboo than pure crop. The growth of bamboo clumps was significantly less in field bund
(2.54. height and in comparison to on station trial.
In kharif-2010, Cowpea (Utkal Manika), Blackgram (Ujala), Greengram (Dhauli),
Sesamum (Uma) were grown with and without bamboo.The seed yield of different crops
varied significantly under different systems. The mean seed production (kg/ha) under pure
condition was significantly higher over crop produced under both the spacings of bamboo.
However, seed produced under both the spacings of Bamboo remained at par with each
other. Irrespective of system/spacing, the yield was maximum under cowpea (493.92 kg/ha)
followed by blackgram, sesamum and greengram (407.82 kg/ha). With respect to interaction
of crop and system/spacing, the cowpea as pure crop yielded maximum (580.60 kg/ha) and
greengram yielded the minimum (388.29 kg/ha) under Bamboo 10x 10m spacing. The yield
of respective crops under both the spacings of Bamboo was very close.
In kharif-2010, the number of new culms recruited per clump showed no significant
difference among two spacings. However, irrespective of spacing it was higher under crops
in comparison to pure bamboo plantation (16.62/clump). With regard to interaction of
spacing and crop, the number of new culms recruited was remarkably higher under bamboo
with intercrops than pure plantation in the both the spacings. Bamboo with blackgram under
10x10m spacing resulted maximum number of new culms (21.22/clump). But the values
under the four intercrops in both the spacings remained at par.
In kharif-2010, the net return (`/ha) under different crop combinations with bamboo
and as pure crop differed significantly. Irrespective of crop, significantly higher net return
was obtained under bamboo + crop in both the spacings in comparison to pure crop (`
4295/ha). The return under 10m x 10m spacing was maximum (` 8210). The net return
under different crops irrespective of spacing/system varied remarkably with maximum of `
8256/ha under blackgram followed by sesamum, greengram and cowpea (` 5622/ha).
With regard to combination, blackgram with bamboo under both the spacings registered
significantly higher net return over rest of combinations as well as pure crop. The highest
90
return (` 9787/ha) was obtained under blackgram with bamboo 10x10m spacing. Minimum
return (` 3248/ha) was found under greengram as pure crop.
The yield of different intercrops reduced with decrease of distance from the bamboo
clumps in both the spacings of bamboo in different years. In 2nd and 3rd year of the
plantation, the crop production was nil within the radius of 0.5m from the clump. In
Kharif'- 2010, between the radius of 0 to 4m from the clumps, the grain yield (kg/ha) of
cowpea, blackgram, greengram and sesamum ranged from 0 - 462.24, 0 - 480.32, 0-430.16
and 0-460.76 respectively under 10m x 10m spacing of bamboo while 0-464.22, 0-488.28.
0-435.12 and 0-470.36, respectively under 12m x 10m spacing.
In rabi, 2010-11 horsegram was grown as intercrop. The rainfed situation of the site
resulted poor yield of horsegram. The seed yield, stover yield and biological yield were
remarkably higher in pure crop than the crop grown with bamboo in both the spacings. In
pure crop, the mean seed yield, stover yield and biological yield were 205.1 kg/ha, 426.1
kg/ha and 631.8 kg/ha, respectively. The harvest index was found in the same order with
32.46% in pure crop and 30.22% under bamboo spacing of 10x10m.The growth
parameters such as plant height, pod/plant and branches/plant were more in crop raised as
pure stand than in crop grown with bamboo. The values of these parameters under the two
spacings of bamboo were very close.
The growth and yield of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) clumps steadily
increased from date of planting to February, 2011 in different systems i.e. pure bamboo
and bamboo with field crops in both the spacings of bamboo (10x10m and 12x10m). At
the end of each growing season, the growth and yield of bamboo clumps in terms of
height, canopy diameter, number of new culms recruited, total number of culms ad size of
culms were higher in clumps grown with field crops than in pure bamboo. The
performance of bamboo plants irrespective of system (with and without field crops) under
both the spacings of bamboo was statistically at par with each other. By the end of
February, 2011 the mean clump height, canopy diameter number of new culms of the year
per clump, total number of culms per clump were 8.53m 7.07m, 21.25 and 34.40,
respectively under 10x10m with crops and 7.15m, 6.34m, 18.18 and 28.68, respectively
under 10x 10m pure plantation. The mean values of these parameters in 12x10m spacings
were 9.46m, 7.52m, 20.40 and 34.03 with intercrops and 7.86m, 6.42m, 17.84 and 28.34
in pure plantation
Root studies were carried out in two years old bamboo clumps to know the
distribution of roots. The root intensity, irrespective of bamboo spacing, decreased with
increase of distance from clump. The root intensity of bamboo was found to be 330/m2 at
1m distance while it was 20/m2 at 4m distance from the clump.The root intensity of
bamboo with different crops was higher over the bamboo grown as pure. It decreased with
91
increase of distance from clump and increase of soil depth. Maximum rooting intensity
was observed at 10-15 cm depth of soil.
At Farmers’ demonstration field in kharif, 2010 crops such as groundnut, colocassia
and okra were grown with bamboo successfully with slight reduction in yield. By the end
of rabi, 2010-11, the bamboo clumps reached to a height of 5.12m and 768 number of
annual culms on one hectare of field bund.
The overall performance of bamboo clumps and imtercrops tried reflected that
Dendrocalamus strictus with Blackgram in kharif under 10m x 10m spacing was found to
be the best agroforestry system among the systems developed followed by Bamboo +
Greengram, Bamboo + Sesamum and Bamboo + cowpea under 10 x 10m spacing.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusion may be drawn from the results obtained during
2007- 2011.
- Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) based agroforestry systems are viable in rainfed
upland condition of Orissa.
- Bamboo based agroforestry systems were found more remunerative than pure crop
production as well as pure bamboo plantation.
- Among the two bamboo spacings tried 10x10m was more effective.
- Out of several intercrops tried blackgram was found best followed by greengram,
sesamum and cowpea with bamboo in kharif.
- Bamboo + Blackgram under 10x10m spacing was found best agroforestry system
followed by Bamboo+ Greengram, Bamboo + Sesamum and Bamboo + cowpea under 10
x10m spacing.
- In such rainfed uplands rabi crops were found not economic.
- Intercrops should not be raised within 0.5m radius of the bamboo clumps because
it not only results a neglible or no yield of intercrop, but also may affect the root system of
the clump.
- More studies should be carried out on the developmemt of bamboo based
agroforestry systems.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Name of the Project
: Development of Bamboo based agroforestry
92
Name of the University
:
Division
:
Location of Experimental Field
:
Year of Start
Year of Completion
:
:
system for Six Agroclimatic zones.
Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar
Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture,
Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar (200 15’ N latitude, 850 52’ E
longitude and 25.9 m above MSL) and Dhenkanal
(200 3’ to 300 16’ N latitude, 840 6’ to 880 6’ E
longitude and 300 m above MSL)
The project is in operation since September, 2007
March, 2011
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
To develop and standardize bamboo based agroforestry systems suitable to
different agro-climatic conditions.
To demonstrate the scientific management practices and potential of bamboo
based agroforestry systems at farmers’ field for economic gain.
To evaluate production potential, economics and impact of bamboo based
agroforestry system on natural resource base.
LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
Development of Bamboo based agroforestry system for six Agro-climatic zones,
under Faculty of Forestry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology functioned
from September, 2007 to March, 2011 at Central Research Station, O.U.A.T.,
Bhubaneswar under East and South Eastern Coastal Plain Agroclimatic zone of the state.
Geographically it is located at 20015’ N latitude and 85052’ E longitude at an altitude of
25.9 m above mean sea level. The soil is predominantly red lateritic, having loamy sand to
sandy loam texture. It is rich in oxides of iron and aluminum but poor in dibasic cations
and soluble salts. The normal rainfall of the station is 1493.7 mm with 113 rainy days in a
year. The University provided a land area of 1 hectare inside Central Research Station to
conduct field trials on Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems. The land is located around 6
km away from main campus of the University on the side of the Bhubaneswar-Chandaka
Road. The demonstration programme of Dendrocalamus strictus in farmers’ field was
carried out at Maniabandha village of Dhenkanal district under Mid Central Table Land
Zones (20030’ N to 30016’ N latitude and 8406’ E to 8806’ E longitude at an altitude of 300
m above mean sea level). The soil is acidic, having loamy sand to sandy loam texture with
poor water retentivity and deficient in organic carbon and phosphorus but medium in
potassium availability.
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE
93
The adhoc project was headed by the Principal Investigator. In the first year it was
assisted by two Co-PIs, one SRF and one Field Assistant. From July it was run by PI
assisted by one Field Assistant and one Agricultural Overseer of the College of Forestry.
The Project was run under the technical guidance of the Head of College of forestry and
was administered by the Director of Research through Head of Forestry.
TECHNICAL PROGRAMME
At Research Station, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar
a
b
Bamboo species
Date of planting of bamboo
c
d
Spacing of bamboo
Number of clumps under
intercropping
e Intercrops taken
Season and Year
Rabi, 2007-2008
Kharif, 2008
Rabi, 2008-2009
Kharif, 2009
Rabi, 2009-2010
Kharif, 2010
Rabi, 2010-2011
f
Control
:
g
h
i
j
Design
Area
Land situation
Fertilizers applied
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Dendrocalamns strictus
19th November, 2007. However, clumps died
because of low temperature during succeeding
months of December and January and re-plating
was done on 30th June, 2008
12 ×10 m and 10×10 m
72 (36 inch each spacing)
Name of Intercrop
Toria (Anuradha)
Sesamum (Uma)
Toria (Anuradha)
Cowpea (Utkal Manika), Blackgram (Ujala),
Greengram (PDM- 11), Sesamum (Uma)
Greengram (OBGG- 52), Sunflower (KBS -11),
Toria (Anuradha), Blackgram (Ujala)
Cowpea (Utkal Manika), Blackgram (Ujala),
Greengram (Dhauli), Sesamum (Uma)
Horsegram (Local)
Pure crop (without bamboo) and pure bamboo (without
crop)
RBD
1.0 ha
Upland
In each season (Kharif/Rabi), the fertilizers were
applied @ 25 : 50 : 25 kg/ha for cowpea, 20 : 40 : 20
kg/ha for blackgram, 20 : 40 : 20 kg/ha for greengram,
30 : 15 : 15 kg/ha for sesamum, 60 : 80 : 60 : kg/ha for
sunflower, 60 : 30 : 30 kg/ha for toria and 20 : 40 : 20
kg/ha for horsegram with one tonne of FYM per ha.
In case of bamboo plants, fertilizers were applied @ 50
: 25 : 25 g/ N : P : K per plant to first year plants, 100 :
94
k
Cultural practices
:
50 : 50 g N : P : K to second year plants and 150 : 75 :
75 g N : P : K to third year plants.
The normal cultural practices were carried out for the
crops as well as bamboo plants
Demonstration at Farmers’ Field, Dhenkanal
a
b
Bamboo species
Dendrocalamus strictus
Date of planting of November 3rd week, 2007. However clumps died because of
bamboo
low temperature in succeeding months of December ad
January. In July 1st week, 2008 replanting was done and
further, 44 clumps were replanted in July, 2009)
c Spacing of bamboo
5 m from clump to clump in single row on field bunds
d Area of Field
1.0 ha
Intercrops taken by farmers
Season and Year
Name of intercrop
Kharif, 2008
Rice (Khandagiri), Maize (Navjot), Arhar (Upas-120),
Cowpea (SEB-2), Cluster bean (Local), Brinial (BB-45C),
Chili (Utkal Ava), Okra (Utkal Gaurav), Cucumber (Local),
Pumpkin (Loacal), Ridge Gourd (Local), Colocassia
(Local), Turmeric (Surama)
Kharif, 2009
Rice (Khandagiri), Arhar (Upas-120), Ragi (Local),
Colocassia (Local), Okra (Utkal Gaurav), Brinjal (BB-46C),
Ridge Gourd (Local) and Bitter Gourd (Local)
Kharif, 2010
Groundnut (Local), Colocassia(Local), Okra (Utkal Gaurav)
e
f
g
Land Situation
Upland
Location
Village-Maniabandh, District-Dhenkanal
Fertilizers
and The farmers practiced their own cultural practices and own
Cultural Practices
dose of fertilizers and manures
RESULTS OBTAINED
The results obtained in kharif and rabi seasons during 2007-2011 at Research
Station of O.U.A.T. Campus, Bhubaneswar and at the framers’ field, Dhenkanal are
presented below.
RESULTS OBTAINED IN 2007-2008
The project was launched in September, 2007. The bamboo (Dendrocalamus
strictus) seedlings were planted in November, 2007 both at the Research Station,
Bhubaneswar and farmers’ field, Dhenkanal. Only rabi crop was grown at the Research
Station with help of irrigation. No rabi crop could be taken in farmers’ field because of
unavailability of irrigation facility. At Research Station, Toria (Brassica compestris) var.
Anuradha was grown as rabi crop.
95
Bamboo seedlings died both at Research Station, Bhubaneswar as well as at
Farmers’ field, Dhenkanal, because very low temperature in December and January.
Hence, no observation on its growth could be recorded. However, toria as intercrop in
alleys of 10×10 m and 12×10 m bamboo planting showed no significant differences in
seed yield. The seed yield was 5.90 q/ha in pure stand while it was 5.46 q/ha under 10×10
m and 5.67 q/ha under 12×10 m spacing of D. strictus (Table 1). The growth characters
such as plant height, branches/plant, siliqua/plant and seeds/siliqua did not differ much as
regards to variation in spacing as well as in pure crop stand.
Table 1. Growth and yield of toria (var. Anuradha) during rabi, 2007-2008
Treatment
Plant
Branches/
Siliqua/
Seeds/
height (cm)
Plant
Plant
Siliqua
With Bamboo
10 m × 10 m spacing
78.7
6.8
82.4
12.4
79.0
6.2
86.6
12.8
Without Bamboo
(Pure stand of toria)
78.0
7.2
86.0
13.6
Seed yield
(q/ha)
5.46
5.67
5.90
At Research Station, Bhubaneswar
Kharif, 2008
In kharif, 2008 sesamum was grown as intercrop. The bamboo seedlings were
replanted on 30th June, 2008. The seed yield of sesamum under bamboo spacing of 10×10
m and 12 ×10 m did not vary significantly as compared to the sole crop. Seed yield Table
Table 2. Growth and yield of sesamum (var. Uma) during kharif, 2008
Treatment
Plant
Branches/ Capsules/
Seeds/
height (cm)
Plant
Plant
Capsule
With Bamboo
93
6.2
54.3
28.4
89
6.9
58.8
30.0
Without Bamboo
102
7.2
60.0
27.6
(Pure stand of sesamum)
Seed yield
(q/ha)
5.20
5.30
5.35
of 5.35 q/ha in sole crop and 5.20 q/ha and 5.30 q/ha as intercrop in 10×10 m and 12 ×10
m spacing of bamboo, respectively was recorded (Table 2). The growth parameters such as
plant height, branches/plant, capsules/plant and seeds/capsule did not differ much under
two different spacings of bamboo and in pure crop.
Rabi, 2008-09
In rabi, 2008-2009 toria was grown as intercrop. The seed yield was 6.18 q/ha in
pure stand while it was 5.68 q/ha under 10 × 10 m spacing of bamboo and 5.80 q/ha under
12×10 m spacing (Table 3). The growth parameters such as plant height, branches/plant,
96
siliqua/plant and seeds/siliqua did not differ much as regards to variation in bamboo
spacing as well as in pure stand of crop.
Table 3. Growth and yield of toria (var. Anuradha) during rabi, 2008-2009.
Treatment
Plant height Branche/ Siliqua/
Seeds/
Seed yield (q/ha)
(cm)
Plant
Plant
Siliqua
With Bamboo
10 × 10 m spacing
75.3
7.1
85.0
12.5
5.68
12 × 10 m spacing
75.0
6.8
88.5
12.2
5.80
Without Bamboo
(Pure stand of toria)
76.2
7.0
92.1
12.7
6.18
Performance of Dendrocalamus strictus
By the end of rabi, 2008-2009 the bamboo plants could attain significantly higher
growth in terms of height and dbh and also number of culms under agroforestry system in
both the spacings of bamboo than the pure plantations without crop (Table 4). However,
the values under both the spacings of bamboo with crop and without crop separately
remained similar.
Table 4. Performance of D. strictus at Bhubaneswar with and without intercrop by
the end of rabi, 2008-09
Treatment
Total no. of
No. of new
Height (m) DBH (cm)
shoots/ clump
culms/ clump
With intercrop
5.02
3.52
197.40
1.27
5.04
3.54
200.33
1.24
Without crop
4.0
2.50
150.20
0.97
4.0
2.50
154.00
0.98
At Farmers’ Field, Dhenkanal
The bamboo seedlings were replanted in July,2008 on field bunds. The farmers raised
field crops and vegetables in kharif season only because the field becomes very dry in rabi
season. In the first season, the growth of bamboo was not impressive on field bunds.The
seedlings attained a height of 1m. The yield of different crops grown is presented in Table
5. The farmers cultivated the crops according to their own practices.
Table 5.Yield of different crops taken up by farmers along with Bamboo during
kharif, 2009 at Dhenkanal
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Crop
Rice (var. Khandagiri)
Maize (var.Navjot)
Arhar (var. Upas-120)
Cluster bean (Local)
Yield of Crop with Bamboo
26.14 q/ha (grain)
15600 (green cobs)
8.4 q/ha (grain)
110 q (green pod)
97
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Brinjal (var. BB-45C)
Chilli (var. Utkal Ava)
Okra (var. Utkal Gaurav)
Cucumber (Local)
Pumpkin (Local)
Ridge gourd (Local)
Colocassia (Local)
Turmeric (var.Surama)
225 q (green pod)
120 q (green fruit)
65 q (green fruit)
160q (green fruit)
165 q (green fruit)
85 q (green fruit)
50 q (tuber)
83 q (rhizome)
Kharif, 2009
In Kharif, 2009 four field crops such as cowpea (var.Utkal Manika),blackgram
(var.Ujala), Greengram(var. PDM-11) and sesamum(var.Uma) were grown as intercrop as
well as pure crop. The performance of field crops and bamboo as pure as well as in
combination is explained below.
Yield of field crops
The yield of different crops varied significantly under different systems. The mean
crop production (q/ha) under pure condition was significantly higher over crop produced
under both the spacings of bamboo (Table 6). However, crop produced under both the
spacings of bamboo remained statistically at par with each other. Irrespective of
system/spacing, the yield was maximum under cowpea (17.87 q pod/ha) followed by
blackgram, sesamum and greengram (5.05 q grain/ha). With respect to interaction of crop
and system/spacing, the cowpea as pure crop yielded maximum (18.92 q pod/ha) and
greengram yielded the minimum (3.99 q grain/ha) under Bamboo 10x10m spacing. The
yield of respective crops under both the spacings of Bamboo was statistically alike.
Table 6. Yield of field crops (q/ha) with and without Dendrocalamus strictus during
kharif-2009
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea (pod)
Blackgram (seed)
Greengram (seed)
Sesamum (seed)
Mean
With bamboo
under 1010m
spacing
17.21
5.17
3.99
4.91
7.82
With bamboo
under 1210m
spacing
17.48
5.24
4.04
4.96
7.93
Without
Bamboo
Mean
18.92
5.62
4.34
5.28
8.54
17.87
5.34
4.12
5.05
98
SE (m) for spacing/system=0.127,
SE (m) for crop=0.202,
SE (m) for spacing x crop=0.285,
CD(0.05) for spacing/system=0.377
CD(0.05) for crop=0.600
CD(0.05) for spacing x crop=0.846
Return from field crops
The data in Table 7 reveals that the return of crop produced (Rs./ha) varied
significantly under different treatments during kharif-2009. In case of spacing/system the
return of crop produced as pure crop irrespective of crop was significantly higher over
crop produced with Bamboo. However, return of crop produced under two different
spacings did not differ much. Regarding return of different crops irrespective of
spacing/system cowpea recorded maximum (` 19147/ha) followed by sesamum,
blackgram and greengram. In case of interaction of crop and system the return of cowpea
produced as pure crop was highest (` 20266/ha) while it was lowest in greengram with
Bamboo under 10x10 m spacing. The return of crops under 12x10 m spacing of Bamboo
was similar in respective crops under 10 x10 m spacing of Bamboo.
Table 7. Return from field crops (Rs/ha) with and without D. strictus during kharif-2009
Spacing/ Sale price
With bamboo
With bamboo
Without
Me
System
(Rs/q)
Bamboo
an
under 10m  10m
under 12m 
Tot
spacing
10m spacing
Crop
Seed Sto Seed Stov Tot Seed Sto Tot Seed Sto Tot al
/Pod ver /Pod
er
al
/Pod ver al /Pod ver al
Cowpea 1000 80 1721 123 184 1748 12 187 1892 134 202 191
(pod)
0
4
44
0
51 31
0
6
66 47
Blackgr 2520 80 1302 131 143 1320 13 145 1416 135 155 147
am
8
8
46
5
23 28
2
2
14 96
(seed)
Greengr 2760 80 1101 112 121 1115 11 122 1197 115 131 125
am
2
6
38
0
30 80
8
8
36 18
(seed)
Sesamu 2850 80 1399 113 151 1413 11 152 1504 114 161 155
m (seed)
5
8
32
6
43 79
8
6
94 35
Mean
1381 120 150 1399 12 152 1502 125 162
1
4
15
3
12 05
7
1
78
99
Performance of Dendrocalamus strictus during kharif-2009
Number of new culms recruited per clump
The observation presented in Table 8 reflects that the number of new culms
recruited per clump showed no significant difference among two spacings. However,
irrespective of spacing it was higher with crops in comparison to pure bamboo plantation
(7.0/clump). With regard to interaction of spacing and crop, the number of new culms
Table 8.
Number of new culms recruited per clump of D. strictus with and without
intercrops during kharif-2009
Spacing
Bamboo spacing of
10  10m
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
8.72
Blackgram
8.90
Greengram
8.94
Sesamum
8.80
Bamboo pure
7.00
Mean
8.47
SE (m) for spacing=0.127,
Bamboo spacing of
12  10m
8.88
9.20
9.22
9.00
7.00
8.66
CD(0.05) for spacing=0.377
CD(0.05) for crop=0.600
Mean
8.80
9.05
9.09
8.90
7.00
recruited was remarkably higher under bamboo with intercrops than pure plantation in the
both the spacings. But the values under the four intercrops in both the spacings remained
statistically at par with each other.
Total number of culms per clump
The total number of culms per clump irrespective of crops was 12.0 and 11.79
under 12x10 m and 10x 10 m spacing, respectively and remained statistically at par (Table
9). However, it differed significantly under crops irrespective of spacing. The value was
significantly lower (9.50) in case of pure Bamboo plantation in comparison to Bamboo
with crops. Regarding interaction of spacing and crops, the number of culms in clump
grown with crops was significantly higher over the clumps of pure plantation in both the
spacings. However, no variation was found among the clumps grown with different crops
in both the bamboo spacings.
100
Table 9.
Total number of culms per clump of D. strictus with and without
Spacing
Bamboo spacing of
10  10m
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
12.24
12.42
12.46
12.32
9.50
11.79
Bamboo spacing of
12  10m
12.42
12.74
12.78
12.54
9.50
12.00
CD(0.05) for crop=0.653
Mean
12.13
12.58
12.62
12.43
9.50
Height of culm
The height of culm was statistically alike under both the spacings of Bamboo
(Table 10). In case of bamboo with intercrops irrespective of spacing, it was significantly
Table 10. Height of culm (m) of D. strictus with and without intercrops during
kharif-2009
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
Bamboo spacing of
10m  10m
Bamboo spacing of
12m  10m
4.74
4.82
4.82
4.87
4.88
4.95
4.92
5.00
3.55
3.56
4.58
4.64
CD(0.05) for crop=0.306
Mean
4.78
4.85
4.92
4.96
3.56
higher over clumps grown as pure plantation. With respect to interaction of spacing and
crop, the height was significantly more in clumps grown with intercrops over their
respective pure bamboo plantation in both the spacings. But the values were similar
among clumps with all four crops.
101
DBH of culm
The data presented in Table 11 revealed that the DBH of dominating culms followed
similar trend as that of height. The clumps grown with four intercrops recorded
significantly higher values over their respective pure plantations.
Table 11. DBH of culm (cm) of D. strictus with and without intercrops during kharif-2009
Spacing
Bamboo spacing of
1010m
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
Bamboo spacing of
1210m
2.16
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.26
1.57
1.58
2.07
2.09
CD(0.05) for crop=0.160
Mean
2.17
2.19
2.23
2.25
1.58
Total number of new culms recruited per hectare
The number of new culms recruited per hectare of D. strictus varied significantly
under two different spacings and under different crop combinations (Table 12).
Irrespective of crops, 847 number of new culms /ha was recorded under 10x10 m spacing
while it was 728 number under 12x10 m spacing. Irrespective of spacing all crops
produced significantly higher number of new culms over pure bamboo (644 number /ha).
With regard to crop combinations with bamboo, the bamboo clumps with all four
intercrops under 10x10m spacing produced significantly higher number of new culms over
rest of combinations. However, the values under four intercrops were statistically alike.
The pure bamboo under 12x10m spacing recorded the minimum value (588 number/ha).
Table 12. Total number of new culms per hectare of D. strictus with and without
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Bamboo spacing of
1010m
Bamboo spacing of
1210m
Mean
872
890
894
746
773
776
809
832
835
102
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
SE (m) for spacing=11,
SE (m) for crop=18,
SE (m) for spacing x crop=75,
880
756
700
588
847
728
CD(0.05) for spacing=33
CD(0.05) for crop=52
CD(0.05) for spacing x crop=74
818
644
Return from new culms recruited per hectare during kharif-2009
The return of new culms recruited per hectare as reflected in Table 13 differed
significantly under different spacings and crop combinations. Irrespective of crops, the
Table 13. Return from new culms recruited per hectare (@ Rs. 4/culm) of D. strictus
with and without intercrops during kharif-2009
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
SE (m) for spacing=48,
SE (m) for crop=77,
SE (m) for spacing x crop=108,
Bamboo spacing of
10m  10m
Bamboo spacing of
12m  10m
3488
2984
3560
3092
3576
3104
3520
3024
2800
2352
3389
2911
CD(0.05) for spacing=144
CD(0.05) for crop=227
CD(0.05) for spacing x crop=322
Mean
3236
3326
3340
3272
2576
return of new culms produced under 10 x 10m was ` 3389/ha while it was ` 2911/ha in 12
x10 m spacing. Irrespective of spacing the return of new culms produced under all four
intercrops was significantly higher over bamboo planted as pure.Regarding bamboo with
crops the clumps with all four intercrops under 10x10 m spacing produced culms of
significantly higher return over 12x10 m spacing. The pure bamboo plantation at 12 x10 m
spacing produced culms of minimum return (` 2352/ha).
Gross return in kharif-2009
The gross return (` /ha) from different crop combinations with bamboo and as pure
crop in kharif 2009 differed significantly (Table 14). Irrespective of crop, significantly
higher return was obtained under bamboo +crop in both the spacings in comparison to
pure crop (` 16278/ha). Although the return was maximum (` 18551/ha) in 10 m x 10 m
103
spacing, it was at par with the return from 12 m x10 m spacing (` 18200/ha). With regard
to crop irrespective of system/ spacing, cowpea recorded
Table 14. Gross return (Rs/ha) under different Bamboo based systems in 2nd year
(kharif-2009)
Spacing
With Bamboo at
spacing of 1010m
With Bamboo at
spacing of 1210m
21932
17906
15714
18652
18551
21715
17620
15384
18079
18200
Crop+Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
Pure
field
crop
20266
15514
13136
16194
16278
Mean
21304
17013
14745
17642
maximum return (` 21304/ha) followed by sesamum, blackgram and greengram (`
14745/ha). In respect to combination, cowpea with bamboo as well as pure resulted
significantly higher return over rest of combinations as well as pure crop. Maximum return
was obtained from bamboo+cowpea under 10 m x 10 m spacing (` 21932/ha) which was at
par with bamboo+cowpea under 12 x 10 m spacing and cowpea pure. Minimum return
was obtained from greengram pure (` 13136/ha).
Net return in kharif-2009
The net return (`/ha) under different crop combinations with bamboo and as pure
crop in kharif -2009 differed remarkably (Table 15). Irrespective crop, significantly
higher net return was obtained under bamboo + crop in both the spacings in comparison
to pure crop ` 3803/ha). The return under both spacings of bamboo were similar. The net
return under different crops irrespective of spacing/system varied remarkably with
maximum of
Table 15. Net return (`/ha) under different bamboo based systems in 2nd year (kharif2009)
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea (pod)
Blackgram (seed)
Greengram (seed)
Sesamum (seed)
Mean
With bamboo
under 1010m
spacing
With bamboo
under 1210m
Spacing
Pure field
crop
Mean
5222
4296
2104
4682
4076
5325
4330
2094
4429
4045
5556
3904
1526
4224
3803
5368
4177
1908
4445
104
(` 5368/ha under cowpea followed by sesamum, blackgram and greengram (` 1908/ha).
With regard to combination, cowpea as pure crop as well as with bamboo registered
significantly higher net return over rest of combinations as well as pure crop. The highest
return (` 5556/ha) was obtained under cowpea as pure crop which was statistically similar
to return under both spacings of bamboo. Minimum return ` 1526/ha) was found under
greengram as pure crop.
Benefit : Cost ratio in kharif-2009
The benefit: cost ratio did not exhibit any significant differences under two
spacings of bamboo as well as pure crop irrespective of crop (Table 16). However, the
benefit: cost ratio irrespective of spacing/system, differed pronouncedly under different
crops. Cowpea, sesamum and blackgramm recorded significantly higher benefit: cost ratio
over greengram. The highest value of 1.34 was obtained under cowpea which was same
assesamum (1.34) and blackgram (1.33). With regard to interaction of spacing/system with
crop, significant variation was noticed among different combinations. Cowpea, sesamum
and blackgram in both spacings of bamboo and as pure crop demonstrated significantly
higher benefit: cost ratio over greengram.
Table 16. Benefit : Cost ratio under different Bamboo based systems
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea (pod)
Blackgram (seed)
Greengram (seed)
Sesamum (seed)
Mean
With bamboo
under 10  10m
spacing
With bamboo
under 12  10m
Spacing
Pure field
crop
Mean
1.31
1.32
1.15
1.34
1.28
1.32
1.33
1.16
1.32
1.29
1.38
1.34
1.13
1.36
1.30
1.34
1.33
1.15
1.34
Yield of field crops during kharif-2009 at different distances from bamboo clumps
The yield of crops at four different distances (0-1 m, 1.2 m, 2-3 m and 3-4 m) from
centre of bamboo clumps under two spacings of bamboo (12  10 m and 10 10 m) has
been depicted in Table 17. The data shows that there was no significant variation in
overall yield within these distances under the two spacings (5.339 q/ha in S1 and 5.356
q/ha in S2).
The crop yield irrespective of spacing and distance varied significantly under four
crops. Cowpea recorded highest pod yield of 11.519 q/ha followed by blackgram grain
yield (3.59 q/ha), sesamum grain yield (3.464 q/ha) and greengram grain yield (2.818
q/ha).
105
The interaction between spacing and crop (SC) revealed remarkable variation in
yield. S1C1 and S2C1 recorded significantly higher yield over other combinations of SC
and minimum was found under greengram in both the spacings (C3S1, C3S2).
The crop yield varied significantly at four different distances irrespective of
spacing and crop. Within one meter radius no crop yield occurred. This may be due to
shade effect and high root net work of bamboo clumps within one meter radius. Within 12 m radius, the yield was drastically less (4.81 q/ha). The yield per unit were increased
Table 17. Yield of field crops (q/ha) during kharif-2009 at different distances from
bamboo clumps under two spacings
Crop
Cowpea pod (C1)
Blackgram grain (C2)
Greengram grain (C3)
Sesamum grain (C4)
Irrespective of crop
Distance from
clump
Under bamboo
Spacing 12
10m (S1)
Under bamboo
spacing 10  10m
(S2)
Mean
Cd
0-1 m (d1)
1-2 m (d2)
2-3 m (d3)
3-4 m (d4)
Mean SC
0-1 m (d1)
1-2 m (d2)
2-3 m (d3)
3-4 m (d4)
Mean SC
0-1 m (d1)
1-2 m (d2)
2-3 m (d3)
3-4 m (d4)
Mean SC
0-1 m (d1)
1-2 m (d2)
2-3 m (d3)
3-4 m (d4)
Mean SC
0-1 m (d1)
1-2 m (d2)
2-3 m (d3)
3-4 m (d4)
Mean SC
0.0
9.544
17.771
18.788
11.501
0.0
3.481
5.300
5.556
3.584
0.0
2.828
4.184
4.242
2.813
0.0
3.147
5.167
5.253
3.458
0.0
4.792
8.104
8.460
5.339
0.0
9.556
17.792
18.804
11.538
0.0
3.489
5.332
5.564
3.596
0.0
2.835
4.198
4.254
2.822
0.0
3.428
5.182
5.268
3.469
0.0
4.827
8.126
8.472
5.356
0.0
9.500
17.781
18.796
11.519
0.0
3.485
5.316
5.560
3.590
0.0
2.832
4.191
4.248
2.818
0.0
3.423
5.171
5.260
3.464
0.0
4.810
8.115
8.466
5.347
106
SE(m) for spacing = 0.056
SE(m) for crop = 0.080
SE(m) for spacing  crop = 0.113
SE(m) for distance = 0.080
SE(m) for spacing  distance = 0.113
SE(m) for crop  distance = 0.160
SE(m) for spacing  crop  distance =
0.226
CD0.05 for spacing = 0.158
CD0.05 for crop = 0.226
CD0.05 for spacing  crop = 0.319
CD0.05 for distance = 0.226
CD0.05 for spacing  distance = 0.319
CD0.05 for crop  distance = 0.452
CD0.05 for spacing  crop  distance = 0.639
with increase of distance from clump (8.115 q/ha at 2-3 m radius, 8.466 q/ha at 3-4 m
radius).
The interaction of spacing  distance (Sd) resulted wide variation in yield under
different combinations. In both the spacings, the crop yield was nil within 1 meter radius
of clump. Within 1-2 m radius yield was obtained but very low (4.792 q/ha in S1 and 4.827
q/ha in S2). Beyond 2 m radius, the yield was significantly higher in both the spacings. The
values at four different distances under S1 were statistically at par with corresponding
values under S2.
The interaction of crop  distance (Cd) revealed significant variation in yield
among various combinations. In all four crops irrespective of spacing, crop yield was nil
within 0-1 m radius from clump. With increase of distance from clump, the yield increased
in all four crops. However, values under d3 and d4 in blackgram, greengram and sesamum
remained statistically at par with each other.
In respect of the interaction of spacing  crop  distance (SCd), the crop yield
differed significantly under various combinations. In both the spacings all four crops under
d1 resulted zero yield. C1S2d4 resulted highest pod yield (11.538 q/ha) which was at par
with C1S1d4 (11.501 q/ha). Under both S1 and S2 in all four crops (C1, C2, C3 and C4 ) the
crop yield increased from d1 to d4 distance. However, the values under S1 were statistically
at par with corresponding values under S2. Excepting cowpea, the values under d3 and d4
were statistically alike.
Rabi, 2009-10
The rabi crops suffered from moisture stress particularly at the time of flowering
and fruiting. Hence, a lower yield and lower return were obtained
Yield of field crops
The field crop yield in rabi 2009-10 has been presented in Table 18. It shows that
irrespective of crop, the yield was significantly higher in pure crop (3.37 q/ha) than with
bamboo in both spacings (3.06, 2.98 q/ha). Significant variation was also found between
crops irrespective of spacing/system. Highest grain yield (3.79 q/ha) was noticed in
sunflower while lowest yield (2.56 q/ha) in blackgram. Regarding interaction of crop and
107
system, sunflower in pure produced significantly higher yield (4.12 q/ha) over others and
lowest value was recorded under balckgram at 1010m spacing (2.45 q/ha). The yield in
both spacings of respective crops remained statistically at par with each other.
Table 18.
Yield of field crops (q/ha) with and without Dendrocalamus strictus
during rabi, 2009-10
Spacing/System
Crop
With bamboo
With bamboo
Without
Bamboo
under 1210m
under 1010m
spacing
spacing
Greengram (seed)
2.61
2.53
2.82
Sunflower (seed)
3.66
3.59
4.12
Toria (seed)
3.49
3.37
3.84
Blackgram (seed)
2.50
2.45
2.73
Mean
3.06
2.98
3.37
SE (m) for spacing/system=0.038,
CD(0.05) for spacing/system=0.112
CD(0.05) for crop=0.130
Mean
2.65
3.79
3.56
2.56
Performance of D. strictus
The growth performance of Bamboo clumps was similar in different crop
combinations in both the spacings (Table 19). However, the values of growth parameters were
slightly more under 12 × 10 m spacing. But the total number of new culms recruited per
hectare was remarkably higher under 10 ×10 m spacing than 12×10m spacing. The growth of
performance D. strictus clumps in pure plantation was significantly lower than the clumps
in agroforestry systems with intercrops. All parameters such as total number of
culms/clump, number of new culms recruited/clump, height of culm, DBH of culm, and
total numbers of new culms recruited/ha were higher in agroforestry systems than pure
plantation. With regard to spacing the values were similar.
A. 12 × 10 m Spacing
Cowpea-Greengram
Blackgram-Sunflower
13.75
13.96
10.21
10.42
108
4.94
4.98
2.23
2.25
858
875
culms/ha @ `. 4/culm
Total return of new
Total number of new
culms recruited/ha
DBH of culm (cm)
Height of culm (m)
With intercrops
Number of new culms
recruited/clump
Performance D. strictus with and without intercrops by the end of rabi,
2009-10
Total number of
culms/clump
Table 19.
3432
3500
Greengram-Toria
Sesamum-Blackgram
B. 10× 10 m Spacing
Cowpea-Greengram
Blackgram-Sunflower
Greengram-Toria
Sesamum-Blackgram
Pure Plantation
Pure Plantation (12m 10m)
Pure Plantation (10mx10m)
14.11
13.76
10.57
10.22
5.08
5.15
2.28
2.30
888
858
3552
3432
13.57
13.64
13.79
13.54
10.05
10.12
10.27
10.02
4.88
4.95
5.02
5.08
2.20
2.23
2.26
2.29
1005
1012
1027
1002
4020
4048
4108
4008
10.50
10.50
8.00
8.00
3.67
3.65
1.63
1.61
672
800
2688
3200
Yield of intercrops
The farmers cultivated these crops according to their own practices. The yield of
different crops so obtained is given in Table 20. The yield of different crops cultivated with
Bamboo were almost similar as that of crops grown without Bamboo, although a negligible
reduction was noticed under Bamboo.
Table 20.Yield of different crops taken up by farmers along with and without
Bamboo during kharif, 2009 at Dhenkanal.
Sl.
No.
Crop
1.
2.
3.
4.
Rice (Oryza sativa) Var. Khandagiri
Arhar (Cajanus cajan) Var. Upas-120
Ragi (Eleusine coracona) Var. Local
Colocassia (Colocassia esculanta) Var.
Local
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Var.
Utkal Gaurav
Brinjal (Solanum melongena) Var. BB46C
Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) Var.
Local
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Var. Local
5.
6.
7.
8.
109
Yield of Crop
without Bamboo
(q/ha)
26.36 grain
8.92 grain
16.25 grain
48.24 tuber
Yield of Crop
with Bamboo
(q/ha)
26.14 grain
8.79 grain
15.96 grain
47.89 tuber
61.1 green fruit
60.7 green fruit
116.8 green fruit
116.0 green fruit
82.3 green fruit
82.0 green fruit
84.4 green fruit
84.1 green fruit
Performance of D. strictus in Farmers’ field
In July 2009, replanting of 44 clumps was again done because in last summer
mortality of Bamboo clumps occurred due to dry situation. The average growth of
Bamboo clumps in farmers’ field is given as below (Table 21).
Table 21. Growth Performance of D. strictus in Farmers’ field
Total Number of culms/clump
Number of new culms recruited/clump
Height of culm
DBH of culm
110
4
2
2.54 m
1.1 cm
Some photographs of 2009-10
Bamboo + Sesamum
Bamboo + Blackgram
Bamboo + Sunflower
Bamboo + Upland Rice
111
kharif, 2010:
In kharif, 2010 four field crops such as cowpea (var.Utkal Manika), blackgram
(var.Ujala), Greengram (var. Dhauli) and sesamum (var.Uma) were grown as intercrop as
well as pure crop. The performance of field crops and bamboo as pure as well as in
combination is presented below.
Seed Yield of field crops
The seed yield of different crops varied significantly under different systems. The
mean seed production (kg/ha) under pure condition was significantly higher over crop
produced under both the spacings of bamboo (Table 22). However, seed produced under
both the spacings of Bamboo remained at par with each other. Irrespective of system /
spacing, the yield was maximum under cowpea (493.92 kg/ha) followed by blackgram,
sesamum and greengram (407.82 kg/ha). With respect to interaction of crop and
system/spacing, the cowpea as pure crop yielded maximum (580.60 kg/ha) and greengram
yielded the minimum (388.29 kg/ha) under Bamboo 10m x 10m spacing. The yield of
respective crops under both the spacings of Bamboo were very close.
Table 22. Seed Yield of field crops (kg/ha) with and without Dendrocalamus strictus
during kharif-2010
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
With bamboo
under 1010m
spacing
434.67
427.78
388.29
399.22
412.49
With bamboo
under 1210m
spacing
466.48
458.33
397.06
422.41
436.07
Without
Bamboo
Mean
580.60
558.24
438.12
522.02
524.75
493.92
481.45
407.82
447.88
Stover Yield of field crops
The stover yield of different crops varied appreciably under different systems. The
mean stover production (kg/ha) under pure condition was higher over crop produced under
both the spacings of bamboo (Table 23). However, stover produced under both the
spacings of Bamboo remained at par with each other. Irrespective of system/spacing, the
112
Table 23. Stover Yield of field crops (kg/ha) with and without Dendrocalamus strictus
during kharif-2010
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
With bamboo
under 1010m
spacing
1504.13
1372.64
1391.21
1253.18
1380.29
With bamboo
under 1210m
spacing
1583.12
1454.57
1394.74
1272.69
1426.28
Without
Bamboo
Mean
1860.70
1690.91
1470.08
1421.38
1610.77
1649.32
1506.04
1418.68
1315.75
stover yield was maximum under cowpea (1649.32 kg/ha) followed by blackgram,
greengram and sesamum (1315.75 kg/ha). With respect to interaction of crop and
system/spacing, the cowpea as pure crop yielded highest (1860.70 kg/ha) and sesamum
yielded the lowest (1253.18 kg/ha) under Bamboo 10x10m spacing. The stover yield of
respective crops under both the spacings of Bamboo were very close.
Biological Yield of field crops
The biological yield of different crops varied remarkably under different systems.
The biological yield (kg/ha) under pure condition was appreciably higher over crop
produced under both the spacings of bamboo (Table 24). However, the values under both
the spacings of Bamboo remained at par with each other. Irrespective of system/spacing,
the biological yield was maximum under cowpea (2125.2 kg/ha) followed by blackgram,
greengram and sesamum (1764.6 kg/ha). With respect to interaction of crop and
system/spacing, the cowpea as pure crop yielded maximum (2387.3 kg/ha) and sesamum
yielded the minimum (1652.4 kg/ha) under Bamboo 10x10m spacing. The biological yield
of respective crops under both the spacings of Bamboo were alike.
Table 24. Biological Yield of field crops (kg/ha) with and without Dendrocalamus
strictus during Kharif-2010
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
With bamboo
under 10 10m
spacing
1938.8
1800.4
1779.5
1652.4
1792.8
With bamboo
under 12 10m
spacing
2049.6
1912.9
1791.8
1695.1
1862.4
Without
Bamboo
Mean
2387.3
2249.2
1908.2
1946.4
2122.8
2125.2
1987.5
1826.5
1764.6
Harvest Index of field crops
The harvest index of different crops did not vary much under different systems.
However, the harvest index (%) under pure condition was higher over crop grown under
113
both the spacings of bamboo (Table 25). The values under both the spacings of Bamboo
remained very close to each other. Irrespective of system/spacing, the harvest index (%)
was maximum under sesamum (25.30%) followed by blackgram, cowpea and greengram
(22.31%). With respect to interaction of crop and system/spacing, the sesamum as pure
crop recorded maximum (26.82%) and greengram resulted the minimum harvest index
(21.82%) under Bamboo 10x10m spacing. The harvest index of respective crops under
both the spacings of Bamboo was similar.
Table 25. Harvest Index (%) of field crops with and without Dendrocalamus strictus
during kharif-2010
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
With bamboo
under 1010m
spacing
22.42
23.76
21.82
24.16
23.04
With bamboo
under 1210m
spacing
22.76
23.96
22.16
24.92
23.45
Without
Bamboo
Mean
24.32
24.82
22.96
26.82
24.73
23.17
24.18
22.31
25.30
Growth and yield attributes of Cowpea intercrop in Dendrocalamus strictus based
agroforestry system
The growth of cowpea plants such as plant population, plant height, pods, branches,
seed weight, stover weight per plant and yield attributes per hectare were higher in plants
grown as pure crop than plants grown with bamboo (Table 26). The average plant height,
pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield/ha, stover
yield/ha,biological yield/ha and harvest index were 62.2cm, 8.4, 4.1,10.24g, 31.68g,
580.60 kg/ha, 1860.74 kg/ha, 2367.34 kg/ha and 24.32 %, respectively in pure crop.
Among two spacings of bamboo, the values under 12x10m were slightly more than the
plants grown under 10x10m spacing. The average plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant,
seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and
harvest index were 56.8cm, 8.1,3.8,8.62g, 30.01g, 434.67 kg/ha, 1504.09 kg/ha, 1938.76
kg/ha and 22.42%, respectively in crop under 10x10m spacing of bamboo.
Growth and yield attributes of Cowpea intercrop at increasing distance from plants
of Dendrocalamus strictus under different spacings
The growth and yield attributes of cowpea as intercrop with bamboo varied
significantly at different distances from bamboo plants in both the spacings (Table 27).The
values of different attributes such as plant population, plant height, pods, branches, seed
weight, stover weight per plant and seed yield, stover yield, biological yield per hectare
and harvest index increased with increase in distance from bamboo plant. However, the
corresponding values in both the spacings of bamboo were almost similar. Within the
distance of 0 to 0.5m from bamboo plant the growth and yield attributes were zero. This
114
may be due to high root intensity and shade effect of bamboo clumps near the base.
Under 10m x 10m spacing of bamboo, the values of plant height, pods/plant,
branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant and seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha,
biological yield/ha and harvest index ranged as 0-58.4cm, 0-8.2, 0-3.9, 0-8.68g, 0-32.24g,
0-462.24kg, 0-1593.99kg, 0-2056.23kg and 0-22.48%, respectively whereas under 12m x
10m spacing of bamboo these values were 0-60.1cm, 0-8.2, 0-3.9, 0-11.75g. 0-38.56g, 0464.22kg, 0-1566.48kg, 0-2030.7kg and 22.86 %, respectively.
Table 26. Growth and yield attributes of Cowpea intercrop in Dendrocalamus strictus
based agroforestry system
Spac
Plant
Plant
ing populatio height(
n/m2
cm)
Po
ds/
pla
nt
Branc
hes/
plant
Seed
weig
ht/
plan
t (g)
10x1
0m
12x1
0m
Pure
crop
6.7
56.8
8.1
3.8
8.62
7.0
57.2
8.2
4.0
8.70
8.2
62.2
8.4
4.1
10.2
4
Stov
er
weig
ht/
plan
t (g)
30.0
1
30.1
2
31.6
8
Seed Stov
yiel
er
d
yield
(kg/ (kg/
ha)
ha)
Biolog Harv
ical
est
yield
inde
(kg/ha
x
)
(%)
434.
67
466.
48
580.
60
1938.7 22.42
6
2049.5 22.76
6
2387.3 24.32
4
1504
.09
1583
.08
1860
.74
115
Table 27. Growth and yield attributes of Cowpea intercrop at increasing distance from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under different
spacings
Spacing &
Plant
Plant
Pods/
Branches/
Seed
Stover
Seed
Stover
Biological Harvest
distance from population/ height(cm)
plant
plant
weight/
weight/
yield
yield
yield
index
2
bamboo
m
plant (g) plant (g)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(%)
10x10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
4.2
20.2
4.8
2.6
3.62
14.08
50.42
195.77
246.19
20.48
1.0-2.0
5.4
35.4
6.2
3.4
6.36
23.02
152.64
561.97
714.61
21.36
2.0-3.0
6.8
52.8
8.0
3.7
8.64
31.96
290.36
1069.00
1359.36
22.14
3.0-4.0
7.4
58.4
8.2
3.9
8.68
32.24
462.24
1593.99
2056.23
22.48
12x10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
4.3
22.3
5.0
2.5
3.60
14.04
48.24
188.00
236.24
20.42
1.0-2.0
5.4
37.6
6.3
3.5
6.38
23.48
150..39
552.7
703.09
21.39
2.0-3.0
7.0
54.2
8.2
3.8
8.69
30.36
292.22
1015.09
1307.77
22.38
3.0-4.0
7.5
60.1
8.2
3.9
8.72
30.32
464.22
1566.49
2030.71
22.86
116
Growth and yield attributes of Blackgram intercrop in Dendrocalamus strictus based
agroforestry system
The growth of blackgram plants such as plant population, plant height, pods,
branches, seed weight, stover weight per plant and yield attributes per hectare were higher
in plants grown as pure crop than plants grown with bamboo (Table 28). In pure crop the
average plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant,
seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha, biological yield/ha and harvest index were 27.8cm, 14.2,
2.3,5.28g, 16.04g, 558.24 kg/ha, 1690.91 kg/ha,2249.2 and 24.82 %, respectively. Among
two spacings of bamboo, the values under 12 x 10m were slightly higher than the plants
grown under 10x10m spacing. In crop under 10 x 10m spacing of bamboo, the average
plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield,
stover yield, biological yield and harvest index were 26.1cm, 12.6,2.0,5.02g, 16.32g,
427.78 kg/ha, 1372.64 kg/ha, 1800.4 kg/ha and 23.76%, respectively.
Growth and yield attributes of Blackgram intercrop at increasing distance from
plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under different spacings
The growth and yield attributes of blackgram as intercrop with bamboo varied
Under 10 x 10m spacing of bamboo, the values of plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant,
seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant and seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha, biological
yield/ha and harvest index ranged as 0-27.9cm, 0-13.8, 0-2.3, 0-5.12g, 0-16.1g, 0480.32kg, 0-1507.78kg, 0-1988.1kg and 0-24.16 %, respectively whereas under 12m x
10m spacing of bamboo these values were 0-28.1cm, 0-14.0, 0-2.3, 0-5.16g. 0-16.35g, 0488.28kg, 0-1526.12kg, 0-2014.4kg and 24.24 %, respectively.
117
Table 28. Growth and yield attributes of Blackgram intercrop in Dendrocalamus
strictus based agroforestry system
Spaci
Plant
Plant
Po Branc Seed Stov Seed Stov Biolog Harv
ng
populati height( ds/
hes/
weig
er
yiel
er
ical
est
2
on/m
cm)
pla plant
ht/ weig
d
yield yield inde
nt
plan ht/
(kg/ (kg/ (kg/ha
x
t (g) plan ha)
ha)
)
(%)
t (g)
10mx
20.1
26.1
12.
2.0
5.02 16.2 427. 1372 1800.4 23.7
10m
6
2
78
.64
2
6
12mx
20.7
26.7
13.
2.1
5.05 15.8 458. 1433 1892.0 23.9
10m
2
4
33
.70
3
6
Pure
24.4
27.8
14.
2.3
5.28 16.0 558. 1690 2249.1 24.8
crop
2
4
24
.91
5
2
118
Table 29. Growth and yield attributes of Blackgram intercrop at increasing distance from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under
different spacings
Spacing &
Plant
Plant
Pods/
Branches
Seed
Stover
Seed
Stover
Biological Harvest
plant
/ plant
weight/
weight/
yield
yield
yield
index
2
bamboo
m
plant (g) plant (g)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(%)
10x10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
11.0
13.2
7.8
1.5
2.45
8.72
42.28
151.31
193.59
21.84
1.0-2.0
15.2
19.3
9.6
2.0
3.25
10.84
176.64
592.70
769.34
22.96
2.0-3.0
20.6
26.8
11.4
2.0
4.82
15.68
384.42
1252.80
1637.22
23.48
3.0-4.0
24.1
27.9
13.8
2.3
5.12
15.92
480.32
1507.76
1988.08
24.16
12x10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
10.8
13.1
7.7
1.6
2.48
8.88
41.86
149.72
191.58
21.85
1.0-2.0
15.4
18.6
9.8
2.0
3.51
11.67
178.28
590.83
769.11
23.18
2.0-3.0
20.2
26.9
11.8
2.1
4.92
15.96
390.14
1261.60
1651.74
23.62
3.0-4.0
24.4
28.1
14.0
2.3
5.16
16.20
488.28
1526.08
2014.36
24.24
119
Growth and yield attributes of Greengram intercrop in Dendrocalamus strictus based
agroforestry system
The growth of greengram plants such as plant population, plant height, pods,
in plants grown as pure crop than plants grown with bamboo (Table 30). The average plant
height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield/ha,
stover yield/ha, biological yield/ha and harvest index were 28.9cm, 12.92, 13.5,4.99g,
16.78g, 438.12kg,1470.08 kg, 1908.2 kg and 22.96 %, respectively in pure crop. Among
two spacings of bamboo, the values under 12x10m were slightly more than the plants
grown under 10x10m spacing. The average plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed
weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield, stover yield, biological yield and harvest
index were 27.4cm, 12.82, 3.1,4.75g, 17.02g, 388.29 kg/ha, 1391.21 kg/ha, 1779.5 kg/ha
and 21.82%, respectively in crop under 10x 10m spacing of bamboo.
Growth and yield attributes of Greengram intercrop at increasing distance from
plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under different spacings
The growth and yield attributes of greengram as intercrop with bamboo varied
biological yield/ha and harvest index ranged as 0-29.0cm, 0-12.97, 0-3.4, 0-4.85g, 016.42g, 0-430.16kg, 0-1449.94kg, 0-1880.1kg and 0-22.88%, respectively whereas under
12m x 10m spacing of bamboo these values were 0-28.9cm, 0-13.02, 0-3.4, 0-4.90g. 015.88g, 0-435.12kg, 0-1458.38 kg, 0-1893.5kg and 22.98 %, respectively.
120
Table 30. Growth and yield attributes of Greengram intercrop in Dendrocalamus
Spaci
Plant
Plant
Po Branc Seed Stov Seed Stov Biolog Harv
ng
hes/
weig
er
yiel
er
ical
est
on/m2
cm)
pla plant
ht/ weig
d
yield yield inde
nt
plan ht/
(kg/ (kg/ (kg/ha
x
t (g) plan ha)
ha)
)
(%)
t (g)
10mx
19.3
27.4
12.
3.1
4.79 17.9 388. 1451 1779.5 21.8
10m
82
5
29
.22
1
2
12mx
20.6
27.8
12.
3.2
4.87 17.0 397. 1394 1791.7 22.1
10m
88
8
06
.73
9
6
Pure
24.2
28.9
12.
13.5
4.99 16.7 438. 1470 1908.1 22.9
crop
92
8
12
.07
9
6
121
Table 31. Growth and yield attributes of Greengram intercrop at increasing distance from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under
different spacings
Spacing &
Plant
Plant
Pods/
Branches/
Seed
Stover
Seed
Stover
Biological Harvest
plant
plant
weight/
weight/
yield
yield
yield
index
bamboo
m2
plant (g) plant (g)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(%)
10mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
10.8
14.4
8.22
2.0
2.58
9.91
38.22
145.35
183.57
20.82
1.0-2.0
14.9
20.5
10.36
3.1
3.62
13.62
170.28
639.81
810.09
21.02
2.0-3.0
20.8
27.9
12.88
3.3
4.78
17.20
370.64
1332.67
1703.31
21.76
3.0-4.0
23.4
29.0
12.97
3.4
5.03
16.97
430.16
1449.91
1880.07
22.88
12mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
9.2
14.5
8.08
2.1
2.60
9.84
40.16
151.63
191.79
20.94
1.0-2.0
13.8
19.8
10.52
3.1
3.69
13.60
174.36
641.93
816.29
21.36
2.0-3.0
21.2
28.0
12.86
3.4
4.81
17.21
380.24
1357.60
1737.84
21.88
3.0-4.0
23.7
28.9
13.02
3.4
5.05
17.01
435.12
1458.35
1893.47
22.98
122
Growth and yield attributes of Sesamum intercrop in Dendrocalamus strictus based
agroforestry system
The growth of sesamum plants such as plant population, plant height, pods,
in plants grown as pure crop than plants grown with bamboo (Table 32). In pure crop the
average plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant,
seed yield/ha, stover yield/ha, biological yield/ha and harvest index were 96.2cm, 59.6,
5.8,3.96g, 10.88g, 522.02 kg, 1424.38 kg,1946.4 kg and 24.82 %, respectively. Among
two spacings of bamboo, the values under 12 x10m were slightly higher than the plants
grown under 10m x 10m spacing. In crop under 10 x 10m spacing of bamboo, the average
plant height, pods/plant, branches/plant, seed weight/plant, stover weight/plant, seed yield,
stover yield, biological yield and harvest index were 85.3cm, 54.1,5.1,3.54g, 11.15g,
399.22 kg/ha, 1253.18 kg/ha, 16520.4 kg/ha and 24.16%, respectively.
Growth and yield attributes of Sesamum intercrop at increasing distance from plants
of Dendrocalamus strictus under different spacings
The growth and yield attributes of blackgram as intercrop with bamboo varied
biological yield/ha and harvest index ranged as 0-92.8cm, 0-56.7, 0-5.2, 0-3.76g, 010.88g, 0-460.76kg, 0-1327.94kg,1788.7kg and 0-25.76 %, respectively whereas under
12m x 10m spacing of bamboo these values were 0-93.2cm, 0-57.2, 0-5.1, 0-3.86g, 010.82g, 0-470.36kg, 0-1330.44kg, 0-1800.8kg and 26.12 %, respectively.
123
Table 32. Growth and yield attributes of Sesamum intercrop in Dendrocalamus
Spaci
Plant
Plant
Po Branc Seed Stov Seed Stov Biolog
ng
hes/
weig
er
yiel
er
ical
on/m2
cm)
pla plant
ht/ weig
d
yield yield
nt
plan ht/
(kg/ (kg/ (kg/ha
t (g) plan ha)
ha)
)
t (g)
10mx
19.8
85.3
54.
5.1
3.02 9.51 399. 1253 1652.4
10m
1
22
.18
0
12mx
20.4
86.4
58.
5.3
3.16 9.55 422. 1272 1695.0
10m
3
41
.65
6
Pure
22.3
96.2
59.
5.8
3.52 9.56 522. 1388 1910.6
crop
6
02
.67
9
124
Harv
est
inde
x
(%)
24.1
6
24.9
2
27.3
2
Table 33. Growth and yield attributes of Sesamum intercrop at increasing distance from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under
different spacings
Spacing &
Plant
Plant
Pods/
Branches/
Seed
Stover
Seed
Stover
Biological Harvest
plant
plant
weight/
weight/
yield
yield
yield
index
bamboo
m2
plant (g) plant (g)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(%)
10mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
8.1
30.2
18.5
1.4
2.02
6.92
60.21
208.58
268.79
22.40
1.0-2.0
16.8
62.4
37.4
3.7
2.56
8.38
170.62
561.03
731.65
23.32
2.0-3.0
20.2
90.6
54.4
4.8
3.00
9.24
320.42
988.49
1308.91
24.48
3.0-4.0
20.1
92.8
56.7
5.2
3.12
9.02
460.76
1327.90
1788.66
25.76
12mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
8.0
30.5
18.4
1.5
2.04
7.02
60.28
208.59
268.87
22.42
1.0-2.0
16.4
62.0
37.6
3.8
2.52
8.22
174.62
567.18
741.80
23.54
2.0-3.0
20.4
91.2
54.2
5.0
3.02
9.18
328.64
1006.21
1334.85
24.62
3.0-4.0
20.5
93.2
57.2
5.1
3.10
8.92
470.36
1330.41
1800.77
26.12
125
Return from field crops during kharif -2010
The data in Table 34 reveals that the return of crop produced (Rs./ha) varied
significantly under different treatments during Kharif-2010. In case of spacing/system the
return of crop produced as pure crop irrespective of crop was significantly higher over
crop produced with Bamboo. However, return of crop produced under two different
spacings did not differ much. Regarding return of different crops irrespective of spacing
/system cowpea recorded maximum (Rs 16467/ha) followed blackgram, greengram and
sesamum. In case of interaction of crop and system the return of cowpea produced as pure
crop was highest (Rs. 19279) while it was lowest in sesamum with Bamboo under 10m x
10 m spacing(Rs 12830). The return of crops under 12 m x 10 m spacing of Bamboo was
similar in respective crops under 10 m x 10 m spacing of Bamboo with slightly higher in
former..
Performance of Dendrocalamus strictus during kharif-2010
Number of new culms recruited per clump
The observation presented in Table 35 reflected that the number of new culms
recruited per clump showed no significant difference among two spacings. However,
irrespective of spacing it was higher under crops in comparison to pure bamboo
Table 35. Number of new culms recruited per clump of D. strictus with and without
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
Bamboo spacing of
10  10m
Bamboo spacing of
12  10m
Mean
19.99
21.22
18.44
20.11
16.86
19.32
18.33
20.66
17.50
19.66
16.37
18.54
19.16
20.94
17.97
18.89
16.62
plantation (16.62/clump). With regard to interaction of spacing and crop, the number of
new culms recruited was remarkably higher under bamboo with intercrops than pure
plantation in the both the spacings. Bamboo with blackgram under 10x10m spacing
resulted maximum number of new culms (21.22/clump). But the values under the four
intercrops in both the spacings remained at par.
126
Table 34. Return from field crops (Rs/ha) with and without D. strictus during kharif2010
Spacin Sale price
With bamboo
With bamboo
Without Bamboo Me
g/
(Rs/q)
an
under 10  10m
under 12  10m
System
Tot
spacing
spacing
al
See Stov See Stov Tot See Stov Tot See Stov Tot
Crop
d
er
d
er
al
d
er
al
d
er
al
Cowpea 30 100 130 1504 145 139 1583 155 174 1861 192 164
00
40
44
94
77
18
79
67
Blackgr 29 100 124 1373 137 132 1455 147 161 1691 178 154
am
00
06
79
92
47
89
80
69
Greengr
am
31
70
100
123
09
1391
137
00
125
87
1395
139
82
138
88
1470
153
58
143
47
Sesamu
m
29
00
100
115
77
1253
128
30
122
50
1273
135
23
151
38
1424
165
62
143
05
Mean
-
-
123
33
1380
137
13
130
31
1426
144
57
156
59
1611
172
70
Total number of culms per clump
The total number of culms per clump irrespective of crops were 31.94 and 31.51
under 10 m x 10 m and 12 m x 10 m spacing, respectively (Table 36). However, it differed
significantly under crops irrespective of spacing. The value was significantly lower
(27.12) in case of pure Bamboo plantation in comparison to Bamboo with crops.
Regarding interaction of spacing and crops, the number of culms in clump grown with
crops were significantly higher over the clumps of pure plantation in both the spacings.
However, no variation was found among the clumps grown with different crops in both the
bamboo spacings.
Table 36. Total number of culms per clump of D. strictus with and without
intercrops during Kharif-2010
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
Bamboo spacing of
1010m
Bamboo spacing of
1210m
Mean
33.74
32.18
32.55
33.87
27.36
31.94
31.90
34.30
31.29
33.20
26.87
31.51
32.82
33.24
31.92
33.54
27.12
127
Growth attributes of D.strictus during Kharif-2010
The growth of attributes of D. strictus clumps in terms of clump height, clump girth,
length of internode, diameter of culm and canopy diameter were significantly higher with
intercrops in agroforestry systems than pure plantation (Table 37). With regard to spacing
the corresponding values were similar. But the values were similar among clumps with all
four crops. The clump size and culm size were relatively higher in 12 x 10m spacing than
10 x 10m spacing. The maximum clump height (8.84m), clump girth (5.42), length of 3rd
internode (17.93 cm), diameter of 3rd internode (35 mm) and canopy diameter (7.74 m)
were recorded with blackgram under 12 x 10m spacing whereas the minimum values were
6.23m, 3.95m, 12.55cm, 26.6mm and 6.15m, respectively in pure bamboo under 10 x
10m spacing.
Table 37. Growth and yield of Dendrocalamus strictus under different spacings
during kharif-2010
Treatment
& specing
Clump
height
(m)
Clump
girth
(m)
New
culms
of the
year /
clump
Total
culms
/
clump
Length of
3rd
internode
(cm)
Diameter
of 3rd
internode
(mm)
Canopy
diameter
(m)
7.17
4.42
19.99
33.74
16.43
30.0
6.64
7.74
4.85
21.22
32.18
16.76
30.7
7.17
7.01
4.21
18.44
32.55
16.65
28.6
6.83
7.32
4.29
20.11
33.87
16.70
33.2
7.02
8.37
4.70
18.33
31.90
17.52
32.8
7.02
8.84
5.42
20.66
34.30
17.93
35.0
7.74
8.32
4.62
17.50
31.29
17.73
34.6
7.10
8.46
4.91
19.66
33.20
17.82
33.1
7.33
6.23
3.95
16.86
27.36
12.55
26.6
6.15
6.98
4.02
16.37
26.87
12.87
26.7
6.25
T1 (10x10m)
Bamboo +
Cowpea
Bamboo +
Blackgram
Bamboo +
Greengram
Bamboo +
Sesamum
T2 (12x10m)
Bamboo +
Cowpea
Bamboo +
Blackgram
Bamboo +
Greengram
Bamboo +
Sesamum
T3 (10x10m)
Pure bamboo
T4 (12x10m)
Pure bamboo
128
Return from new culms recruited per hectare during kharif-2010
The return from new culms recruited per hectare as reflected in Table 38 differed
significantly under different spacings and crop combinations. Irrespective of crops, the
return from new culms produced under 10m x 10m was Rs. 9662/ha while it was Rs.
7771/ha in 12 m x 10 m spacing. Irrespective of spacing the return from new culms
produced under all four intercrops was significantly higher over bamboo planted as pure.
Table 38. Return from new culms recruited per hectare (@ Rs. 5/culm) of D. strictus
with and without intercrops during kharif-2010
Spacing
Crop/Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Bamboo pure
Mean
Bamboo spacing of
10  10m
Bamboo spacing of
12  10m
New culms/ha
Rs/ha
New culms/ha
Rs/ha
1999
2122
1844
2011
1686
1932.4
9995
10610
9220
10055
8430
9662
1540
1735
1470
1681
1375
1554.2
7700
8675
7350
8255
6875
7771
Mean
`/ha
8847.5
9642.5
8285.5
9155.0
7652.5
Regarding bamboo with crops the clumps with all four intercrops under 10m x 10 m
spacing produced culms of significantly higher return over 12 m x 10 m spacing. The pure
bamboo plantation at 12 m x 10 m spacing produced culms of minimum return (Rs.
6875/ha).
Gross return in kharif-2010
The gross return (`/ha) from different crop combinations with bamboo and as pure
crop in kharif 2010 differed significantly (Table 39). Irrespective of crop, significantly
higher return was obtained under bamboo +crop in both the spacings in comparison to
pure crop (` 17270/ha. The return was maximum (`/ 23685/ha) in 10 m x 10 m spacing
followed return from 12 m x10 m spacing (` 22452/ha). With regard to crop irrespective of
system/ spacing, cowpea recorded maximum return (` 22365/ha) followed by blackgram,
sesamum and greengram (` 19870/ha). In respect to combination, cowpea with bamboo as
well as blackgram with bamboo significantly higher return over rest of combinations as
well as pure crop. Maximum return was obtained from bamboo+cowpea under 10x10 m
spacing (` 24539/ha) closely followed by bamboo+blackgram under 10x10 m spacing
(24397). Minimum return was obtained from greengram pure (`15358/ha).
129
Table 39. Gross return (Rs/ha) under different Bamboo based systems in 3rd year
(kharif-2010)
Spacing
With Bamboo at
spacing of 1010m
With Bamboo at
spacing of 12 10m
24539
24397
22920
22885
23685
23277
23422
21332
21778
22452
Crop+Bamboo
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
Pure
field
crop
19279
17880
15358
16562
17270
Mean
22365
21900
19870
20408
Net return in kharif-2010
The net return (`/ha) under different crop combinations with bamboo and as pure
crop in kharif-2010 differed significantly (Table 40). Irrespective of crop, significantly
higher net return was obtained under bamboo + crop in both the spacings in comparison
Table 40. Net return (Rs/ha) under different bamboo based systems in 3rd year (kharif2010)
Spacing/System
Crop
Cowpea
Blackgram
Greengram
Sesamum
Mean
With bamboo
under 10 10m
spacing
With bamboo
under 12 10m
Spacing
Pure field
crop
Mean
6829
9787
8310
7915
8210
5969
9212
7122
7208
7378
4069
5770
3248
4092
4295
5622
8256
6227
6405
to pure crop (` 4295/ha). The return under 10m x 10m spacing was maximum (`8210).
The net return under different crops irrespective of spacing/system varied remarkably with
maximum of ` 8256/ha under blackgram followed by sesamum, greengram and cowpea
(`5622/ha). With regard to combination, blackgram with bamboo under both the spacings
registered significantly higher net return over rest of combinations as well as pure crop.
The highest return (` 9787/ha) was obtained under blackgram with bamboo 10 x 10m
spacing. Minimum return (` 3248/ha) was found under greengram as pure crop.
130
Benefit : Cost ratio in kharif-2010
The benefit: cost ratio irrespective of crop was higher under two spacings of
bamboo with crop in comparison to pure crop (1.34) and highest ratio (1.54) was obtained
under 10m x 10m spacing (Table 41). The benefit: cost ratio irrespective of
spacing/system, differed pronouncedly under different crops. Blackgramm recorded
significantly higher benefit : cost ratio over others. The lowest value of 1.33 was obtained
under cowpea. With regard
Table 41. Benefit : Cost ratio under different Bamboo based systems during kharif-2010
spacing/system
crop
cowpea
blackgram
greengram
sesamum
mean
with bamboo
under 10 10m
spacing
with bamboo
under 12 10m
spacing
pure field
crop
mean
1.39
1.67
1.57
1.53
1.54
1.34
1.65
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.27
1.48
1.27
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.60
1.45
1.45
to interaction of spacing/system with crop, significant variation was noticed among
different combinations. Blackgram in both spacings of bamboo demonstrated significantly
higher benefit : cost ratio over other combinations and pure crops.
Rabi, 2010-11
In rabi, 2010-11 horsegram (Local) was grown taking the experience in mind that
other crops failed in that site last year due to dry situation. The crop also suffered from
moisture stress particularly at the time of flowering and fruiting. Hence, a low yield was
obtained.
Growth and yield of horsegram during rabi, 2010-11
The growth and yield attributes of horsegram as intercrop in D.strictus based
agroforestry system are presented in Table 42.The seed yield, stover yield and biological
yield were remarkably higher in pure crop than the crop grown with bamboo in both the
spacings. In pure crop, the mean seed yield, stover yield and biological yield were 205.1
kg/ha, 426.1 kg/ha and 631.8 kg/ha, respectively. The harvest index was found in the same
order with 32.46% in pure crop and 30.22% under bamboo spacing of 10x10m.The growth
parameters such as plant height, pod/plant and branches/plant were more in crop raised as
pure stand than in crop grown with bamboo. The values of these parameters under the two
spacings of bamboo were very close.
131
Growth and yield attributes of Horsegram intercrop at increasing distance
from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus
The growth and yield attributes of horsegram as intercrop with bamboo varied
distance of 0 to 0.5m from bamboo plant the values of growth and yield attributes were
zero. This may be due to high root intensity and shade effect of bamboo clumps near the
base. Under 10x10m spacing of bamboo, the values of plant height, pods/plant,
biological yield/ha and harvest index ranged as 0-30.6cm, 0-12.2, 0-2.32, 0-1.90g, 0-4.12
g, 0-190.2 kg, 0-405.7 kg,0-595.9 kg and 0-31.92 %, respectively whereas under 12m x
10m spacing of bamboo these values were 0-30.9 cm, 0-12.4, 0-2.38, 0-1.92g, 0-4.12g, 0193.4kg, 0-408.0 kg, 0-601.4 and 32.16 %, respectively.
Table 42. Growth and yield attributes of Horsegram intercrop in Dendrocalamus
Spacin
g
Plant
populati
on/m2
Plant
height(c
m)
Pods
/
plan
t
Branc
hes/
plant
Seed
weig
ht/
plant
(g)
10x10
m
12x10
m
Pure
crop
18.8
24.4
10.4
2.12
1.80
Stov
er
weig
ht/
plant
(g)
4.22
19.1
26.5
10.8
2.24
1.86
4.25
20.6
31.2
12.6
2.48
2.04
4.29
Seed
yield
(kg/
ha)
Stov
er
yield
(kg/
ha)
Biologi
cal
yield
(kg/ha)
Harv
est
index
(%)
168.
8
174.
5
205.
1
389.
8
395.
0
426.
7
558.6
30.22
569.5
30.64
631.8
32.46
132
Table 43. Growth and yield attributes of Horsegram intercrop at increasing distance from plants of Dendrocalamus strictus under
different spacings
Spacing &
Plant
Plant
Pods/
Branches/
Seed
Stover
Seed
Stover
Biological Harvest
plant
plant
weight/
weight/
yield
yield
yield
index
bamboo
m2
plant (g) plant (g)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
(%)
10mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
7.6
10.2
3.2
1.08
0.32
0.86
12.1
32.0
44.1
27.24
1.0-2.0
16.2
20.5
8.1
2.12
0.76
1.81
66.2
157.0
223.2
29.66
2.0-3.0
18.1
27.8
10.1
2.24
1.42
3.21
138.4
311.2
449.6
30.78
3.0-4.0
19.6
30.6
12.2
2.32
1.90
4.12
190.2
405.7
595.9
31.92
12mx10m
0.0-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5-1.0
7.5
10.0
3.1
1.02
0.28
0.77
12.0
32.3
44.3
27.08
1.0-2.0
16.0
20.2
8.4
2.10
0.72
1.74
65.3
156.2
221.5
29.48
2.0-3.0
18.2
28.1
10.3
2.30
1.48
3.33
138.6
310.5
449.1
30.86
3.0-4.0
19.8
30.9
12.4
2.38
1.92
4.12
193.4
408.0
601.4
32.16
133
Performance of Dendrocalamus strictus by the end of rabi, 2010-11
The growth and yield of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) clumps by end of rabi,
2010-11 (February, 2011) in different systems i.e. pure bamboo and bamboo with field
crops in both the spacings of bamboo (10x 10m and 12x 10m) differed significantly (Table
44). The growth and yield of bamboo clumps in terms of height, canopy diameter, number
of new culms recruited, total number of culms, size of culms and return from new culms
were higher in clumps grown with field crops than in pure bamboo. The performance of
bamboo plants irrespective of system (with and without field crops) under both the
spacings of bamboo was at par with each other. The clump height, clump girth, length of
internode and diameter of culm were comparatively more under 12 x 10m spacing whereas
the number of culms recruited per hectare was significantly higher under 10x10m spacing.
By the end of February, 2011 the mean clump height, canopy diameter, length of 3rd
internode, diameter of 3rd internode, number of new culms of the year per clump, total
number of culms per clump and new culms of the year per hectare were 8.53m 7.07m,
16.71cm, 30.8mm, 21.25, 34.40 and 2125, respectively under 10m x 10m with crops
whereas these values were 7.15m, 6.34m, 12.68cm, 26.7mm, 18.18, 28.68 and 1818,
respectively under 10m x 10m pure plantation. The mean values of these parameters in
12m x 10m spacing were 9.46m, 7.52m,17.86cm, 34.1mm, 20.40, 34.03 and 1713 with
intercrops while 7.86m, 6.42m,12.98cm, 26.8mm, 17.84, 28.34 and 1499 in pure
plantation.
Among different crop combinations , bamboo with blackgram-horsegram under
10m x 10m spacing resulted maximum number of culm production per hectare (2250) and
maximum annual return from new culms (` 11250/ha) followed by greengram-horsegram
and sesamum-horsegram under same spacing. The lowest performance in terms of culm
production per hectare and return from culms were observed under 12x10m pure
plantation.
134
Table 44.
Performance Dendrocalamus strictus with and without intercrops by the end of rabi, 2010-11
With intercrop
Clump
height
(m)
Clump
girth
(m)
New culms
of the year /
clump
Total
culms /
clump
Length of
3rd
internode
(cm)
Diameter
of 3rd
internode
(mm)
Canopy
diameter
(m)
New
culms of
the year /
ha
Return from
new culms@
Rs 5/culm
T1 (10mx10m)
Cowpea-Horsegram
Blackgram- Horsegram
Greengram- Horsegram
Sesamum- Horsegram
Mean T1
T2 (12mx10m)
Cowpea – Horsegram
Blackgram- Horsegram
8.42
8.84
8.28
8.56
8.53
4.76
5.78
4.58
4.62
4.94
21.21
22.50
19.76
21.53
21.25
34.96
33.46
33.87
35.29
34.40
16.52
16.85
16.72
16.76
16.71
30.2
30.8
28.8
33.3
30.8
6.76
7.32
6.96
7.24
7.07
2121
2250
1976
2153
2125
10605
11250
9880
10765
10625
9.52
9.66
5.08
5.78
19.49
22.08
33.06
35.72
17.69
18.02
32.9
35.3
7.28
7.92
1637
1855
8185
9275
Greengram- Horsegram
Sesamum-Horsegram
Mean T2
T3 (10x10m)
Pure bamboo
T4 (12x10m)
Pure bamboo
9.34
9.30
9.46
7.15
5.64
5.28
5.45
4.40
18.76
21.25
20.40
18.18
32.55
34.79
34.03
28.68
17.83
17.91
17.86
12.68
34.8
33.3
34.1
26.7
7.40
7.48
7.52
6.34
1576
1785
1713
1818
7880
8925
8565
9090
7.86
4.88
17.84
28.34
12.98
26.8
6.42
1499
7495
135
Yield of intercrops
The farmers cultivated groundnut, cowpea and okra in kharif-2010 according to their own
practices. The yield of different crops so obtained is given in Table 45.
Table 45.Yield of different crops taken up by farmers along with and without Bamboo
during kharif, 2010 at Dhenkanal
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
Crop
Groundnut(Local)
Colocassia (Local)
Okra (var. Utkal Gaurav)
Yield of Crop without
Bamboo (kg/ha)
527(pod)
4928 (tuber)
6118(green fruit)
Yield of Crop with
Bamboo (kg/ha)
512 (pod)
4802 (tuber)
5910(green fruit)
The yield of different crops cultivated with Bamboo were almost similar as that of crops
grown without Bamboo, although a negligible reduction was noticed under Bamboo.
Performance of D. strictus in Farmers’ field by end of rabi, 2010-11
The farmers did not raise rabi crops because of dry situation of the site. The average
growth of Bamboo clumps in farmers’ field by end of rabi, 2010-11 is given as below (Table
46).
Table 46. Growth Performance of D. strictus in Farmers’ field
Clump height (m)
Clump girth (m)
New culms of the year / clump
Total culms / clump
Length of 3rd internode (cm)
Diameter of 3rd internode (mm)
Canopy diameter (m)
New culms of the year / ha
Return from new culms @ Rs 4.00 (Rs)
5.12
3.71
9.6
13.6
14.88
25.1
4.45
768
3072
Studies on Root Intensity of Dendrocalamus strictus
Root intensity was studied to know the number of root faces per square metre of vertical
side of soil. The root intensity of Bamboo clumps in both spacings (S1-1212m and S2-1010m)
with intercrop and without intercrop (C0) was studied at the end of Rabi crop, 2009-10. It was
136
studied in four distances from base of clumps (1m-D1, 2m-D2, 3m-D3 and 4m-D4) and three
depths of soil (0-15cm-d1, 15-30cm-d2 and 30-45cm-d3).
The results of root intensity of D. strictus of 2 years old under different spacing, crops,
distance from clump base and depth of soil are depicted in Table 47. Overall, there is no
significant difference in rooting intensity under two spacings.
The rooting intensity under different crops irrespective of spacing, distance and depth
varied remarkably. The Bamboo clumps with all four intercrops recorded higher intensity over
the clumps grown without crop (C0). It was maximum (197/m2) under C3 followed by C2, C1 and
C4 (161/m2).
Incase of spacing and crop interaction (SC) variation in root intensity was noticed under
different combinations. It was significantly higher under greengram-toria in both the spacings
(207 in S1C3 and 187 in S2C3). Lowest values were recorded in clumps without crop in both
spacings (116 in S1C0 and 113 in S2C0).
With regard to distance (D), root intensity differed significantly in different distances.
The root intensity decreased with increase of distance from clump. At 1m distance it was 330/m2
while at 4m distance it was 20/m2.
The interaction of spacing  distance (SD) reflects a wide variation of root intensity
under different combinations. In both the spacings, the values at closer distances were
remarkably higher over the wider distances from base of clump. However, the values at a
particular distance in both the spacings are statistically at par with each other. The value ranged
from 19 to 335/m2.
The root intensity under interaction of crop  distance (CD) varied greatly ranging from 0
in C0D4 to 396 in C3D1.
Table 47. Root intensity of D. strictus of 2 year old under different systems
S1
S2
Treatment
D1
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
Mean
SDd
d1
533
565
607
541
450
539
521
559
565
522
446
522
d2
320
357
470
328
266
348
317
349
429
324
261
336
d3
65
142
170
127
84
118
123
128
132
126
72
116
306
355
416
332
266
335
320
345
375
324
260
325
454
493
520
483
250
440
418
489
480
428
237
410
139
186
252
146
122
169
143
183
231
146
121
165
Mean
SCD
d1
D2
d2
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
Mean
SDd
S1 : Spacing 12m  10 m
S2 : Spacing 10m  10 m
C1 : Cowpea-Greengram
C2 : Blackgram-Sunflower
C3 : Greengram-Toria
C4 : Sesamum-Blackgram
C0 : Without Crop
D1 : 1m distance from clump
137
d3
Mean
SCD
d1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
197
226
257
210
124
203
187
224
237
191
119
192
249
287
302
250
192
256
237
284
287
239
191
248
d2
37
41
41
40
27
37
39
33
39
39
25
35
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95
109
114
97
73
98
92
106
109
93
72
94
58
85
124
59
0
65
57
83
83
58
0
56
d2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
28
41
20
0
22
19
28
28
19
0
19
155
180
207
164
116
164
155
176
187
157
113
157
Treatment
C1
C2
C3
C4
C0
Mean
Dd
d1
527
562
586
532
448
531
d2
319
353
450
326
264
342
d3
94
135
151
127
78
117
D3
Mean
SCD
d1
D4
Mean
SCD
Mean SC
Irrespective of S
d1 : 0-15 cm depth of soil
Irrespective of D
C1
Irrespective of CD
S1
S2
Mean
Cd
d1
323
308
316
d2
124
125
124
d3
16
31
SE (m) and CD (0.05)
S1
S2
Mean
d
SE
CD
D1
325
309
317
S
3.72
10.3
D2
139
134
136
C
5.89
16.32
24
d3
29
29
29
SC
8.33
23.08
Mean
S
164
157
D
5.27
14.60
D1
Mean
CD
313
350
396
328
263
330
d1
436
491
500
455
244
425
d2
141
184
242
146
122
d1
357
354
356
d2
146
141
144
SD
7.45
20.62
167
d3
36
32
34
CD
11.78
32.64
d1
388
354
371
SCD
16.64
46.11
d2
191
175
183
d
4.56
12.63
C2
D2
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mean
CD
192
225
247
200
122
197
d1
243
286
294
244
192
252
d3
43
33
38
Sd
6.45
17.87
d2
38
37
40
40
26
36
d1
333
312
322
Cd
10.20
28.26
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
d2
129
127
128
SCd
14.43
39.99
Mean
CD
94
108
111
95
73
96
d3
32
31
32
Dd
9.12
25.33
d1
57
84
104
58
0
60
d1
223
219
221
SDd
12.90
35.75
d2
0
0
0
0
0
0
d2
104
102
103
CDd
20.41
56.56
d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
d3
21
18
20
SCDd
28.86
79.98
Mean
CD
19
28
35
19
0
20
155
178
197
161
114
C3
D3
C4
C0
D4
Mean C
The interaction of spacing, crop and distance (SCD) resulted significant variation in root
intensity which ranged from 416 (S1C3D1) to 0 (S1C0D4 and S2C0D4).
The overall root density under three depths varied significantly. The highest root density
was found in 0-15cm depth (317/m2) and lowest in 30-45 cm depth (29/m2).
138
The root intensity under the interaction of spacing  density (Sd) reveals wide variation
ranging from 325 in S1d1 to 29 both in S1d3 and S2d3.
The interaction of crop  depth (Cd) exhibits significant variation in root intensity.
Maximum intensity (371) was recorded in C3d1 and minimum (20) in 30-45cm depth of pure
Bamboo (C0d3).
The interaction of spacing  crop  depth (SCd) reveals wide variation of root intensity
ranging from 388 (S1C3d1) to 18 (S2C0d3 i.e. spacing 10m  10m of pure Bamboo in depth 30-45
cm).
The root intensity under interaction of distance  depth (Dd) ranged from 0 to 531 (D1d1).
The interaction of spacing  distance  depth (SDd) influenced root intensity greatly
varying from 0 to 539 (S1D1d1).
The root intensity differed significantly under interaction of crop  distance  depth
(CDd). It ranged from 0 to 586 (C3D1d1).
The interaction of all four factors (SCDd) reveals significant variation in root intensity
under different combinations which ranged from 0 to 607 (S1C3D1d1). The pure Bamboo clumps
recorded lower values in comparison to clumps with crops in the respective spacing, distance and
depth.
Relative performance of different bamboo based agroforestry systems
During the investigation period different crops were grown with bamboo (Dendrocalamus
strictus) both in kharif and rabi seasons. It was experienced that in such rainfed upland condition
of Orissa where investigation was carried out, growing of intercrops during kharif season was
economical, but growing of intercrops during rabi was found not suitable because crops suffered
from moisture stress. In kharif, Bamboo+Blackgram under 10x10m spacing performed best from
net return point of view. The relative performance of different agroforestry systems studied was
found to be in the order of Bamboo+Blackgram followed by Bamboo+Greengram,
Bamboo+Sesamum and Bamboo+Cowpea under 10x10m spacing of bamboo.
139
Some Photographs of 2010-11
Bamboo + Sesamum
140
Bamboo + Blackgram
141
Bamboo + Greengram
Bamboo + Groundnut in Farmer’s field
ANNEXURE – I
Month
September,2007
October,2007
November,2007
December,2007
January, 2008
February, 2008
March, 2008
April, 2008
May, 2008
June,2008
July, 2008
August ,2008
September,2008
Meteorological Data during Crop Growth Period
Max
Min
Temp
RH% RH% Rainfall Rainy Evaporation BSH
Temp
0
C
7 hr 14 hr (mm) days
(mm)
(hrs)
0
C
30.9
32.3
31.7
29.2
29.5
29.2
34.9
37.1
37.4
32.5
32.2
31.4
32.0
25.4
22.9
19.2
15.0
14.6
17.1
22.5
26.6
25.8
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.0
96
92
90
86
92
91
93
91
90
92
94
94
94
83
60
46
38
42
48
48
50
56
73
75
79
78
535.3
131.1
15.9
0.0
24.4
33.8
5.10
29.4
129.8
341.5
227.3
297.6
217.8
25
9
3
0
3
2
2
2
8
19
21
23
20
3.5
3.9
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.5
5.8
7.8
7.6
4.8
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.3
7.9
8.8
7.7
8.0
7.2
7.6
8.8
8.3
3.8
2.6
2.6
5.6
142
October,2008
November,2008
December,2008
January, 2009
February, 2009
March, 2009
April, 2009
May, 2009
June,2009
July,2009
August ,2009
September,2009
October,2009
November,2009
December,2009
January, 2010
February, 2010
March, 2010
April, 2010
May, 2010
June, 2010
July, 2010
August , 2010
September,2010
October, 2010
November,2010
December,2010
January, 2011
February, 2011
32.6
30.9
30.0
30.9
34.3
36.4
38.7
37.5
38.3
31.4
33.1
33.2
32.4
31.2
29.3
28.3
33.3
37.4
39.1
37.0
35.5
23.0
33.3
32.8
31.8
31.0
27.0
28.7
31.9
23.4
18.9
17.1
16.9
19.9
21.9
25.8
26.5
26.6
25.6
26.0
25.9
21.9
20.0
15.3
14.1
18.4
24.3
26.7
26.7
26.9
26.2
26.4
25.7
24.5
21.5
14.9
13.9
17.5
92
90
96
96
95
92
91
86
87
94
94
96
90
89
93
88
94
92
88
87
91
92
92
94
92
91
90
87
92
57
51
48
44
37
39
43
53
52
79
75
72
53
51
40
38
34
48
48
61
70
54
75
72
71
60
51
35
43
31.8
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
66.1
86.6
407.3
392.3
252.4
135.0
32.8
T
5.6
T
5.4
0.0
203.8
196.1
209.2
253.5
286.2
188.3
52.6
41.5
0.0
24.6
4
2
0
0
0
0
1
4
8
25
21
16
7
5
1
4
1
2
0
11
10
18
15
18
13
4
6
0
2
4.1
3.8
3.7
3.9
4.6
6.0
7.5
8.4
8.0
3.8
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.8
5.4
7.6
7.2
8.5
3.2
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.6
4.0
7.7
7.2
6.7
7.5
8.5
7.9
8.7
8.1
7.3
2.3
4.0
5.0
7.5
7.6
7.9
7.8
8.4
8.5
8.6
7.2
6.1
5.4
4.7
5.4
3.7
5.9
6.2
7.2
6.9
ANNEXURE-II
Staff Position
Sl No.
i
Name
Dr A.K.Mohapatra
ii
Mr N. Bhol
iv
Mr N. Bhol
v
Dr A.K.Patra
Designation
Professor
(Agronomy),AICRPAF &
Assistant Professor (SG)
&
Assistant Professor (SG)
&
Associate Professor
Date of joining
1.9.2007 to 30.6.2009
1.9.2009 to 30.6.2009
1.9.2009 to 31.3.2011
1.9.2007 to 30.6.2009
143
vi
vii
viii
Ms B,Badajena
Mr P.K.Sahoo
Mr M. Rout
(Agronomy),AICRPAF &
Senior Research Fellow
Senior Research Fellow
Field Assistant
26.12.2007 to 21,4.2008
5.6.2008 to 9.1.2009
17.12.2007 to 31.3.2011
144
ON
From
College of Forestry,
DBSKKV, Dapoli, India
The coordinated research project was conducted at Dapoli (Maharashtra), under
BSKKV. Project aims to develop bamboo based agroforestry models for tropical agroclimatic
zone. Bamboo species viz. Pseudo-oxytenenthera and Dendrocalamus stocksii and crops Nagli
(Eleusine corasana) and sweet potato (Ipomea batata) in kharif and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
in rabi suitable to the agroclimatic conditions weree selected for each centre.
Objectives:
145
1. To develop and standardize bamboo based agroforestry systems
suitable to the agroclimatic conditions.
2. To demonstrate the scientific management practices and potential of
bamboo based agroforestry systems at farmers fields for economic
gain.
3. To evaluate production potential, economics and impact of bamboo
based agroforestry system on natural resource base.
Technical Programme
To achieve the above objectives, the study was proposed at the research farm of each
centre (six centres) and at farmer’s fields in the respective region. Technical programme was
accordingly made to suite for both type of conditions in order to develop the best suitable
system. Following experimental treatments were proposed for both the conditions and farms.
Research trial at the Institute
The experiment was initiated in November, 2007 to evaluate growth performances and to
measure the benefits of growing bamboo and agricultural crops together. The bamboo
(Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii) was planted in two spacings (10 x 10 m and 12 x 10 m). The
planted bamboos were intercropped with two different agricultural systems prominently
cultivated in the region and having different commercially important parts (vegetative and
reproductive). In first system (reproductive part), finger millet was cultivated in kharif followed
by cowpea in rabi and only sweet potato was intercropped in Bamboo in kharif in the second
system (Vegetative part).
After two years, it was observed that bamboo grew luxuriantly when intercropped with
agricultural crops. After the end of the 2009 growing season, more number of new culms
emerged from the bamboos intercropped with finger millet/cow pea (seven bamboos), followed
by sweet potato (five bamboos) and without intercrop (three bamboos). Moreover, only one
bamboo of seedling stage was observed in the dead, decayed and diseased condition in each
clump. However, the growth parameters viz., culm basal diameter, culm height, internode length
between 4th and 5th internode and mid-diameter of 4th and 5th internode did not vary among the
various bamboo-agricultural crop combinations.
Among the agricultural crops, the yield of finger millet ranged from 7.40 to 10.03
quintals ha-1 when intercropped with bamboos. However, light availability influenced the yield
of finger millet and it was highest in the centre of the plot (130g m-2), where the canopy effect
was absent. Interestingly, grain yield near the bamboo clumps was reduced by 50 percent than
146
observed in the open canopy. Under the canopy, lower yields were observed in the East (76.52g
m-2) and West (78.28g m-2) sides of the canopy compared to North (78.91 g m-2) and South
(79.12 g m-2) directions. The harvest index of finger millet ranged form 32.67 percent to 37.55
percent. The yield of sweet potato ranged from 6.09 quintals ha-1 to 6.71quintals ha-1. However,
shade of bamboo had no effect on the tuber growth of sweet potato, which is reflected by the
non-significant differences of yield of sweet potato between the open area (centre) and under the
bamboo canopy (North, East, West and South direction) and ranged from 51.99 g plant-1 to
78.11g plant-1.
The fertility of soil of the bamboo-agricultural crop combinations was slightly higher
than the sole bamboo. However, presently there is no variation among the various bamboo crop
combinations; there is a possibility of variation in the future.
At Farmers Field
The bamboo based agroforestry system have been established in the farmers field at
Deogarh, Dapoli and Wada. The growth of bamboo these plots are satisfactory, as there plots are
unirrigated. The intercrops namely Nagli, groundnut and turmeric have been taken as intercrop
by these farmers.
The results of the experimentation is presented in the following tables.
147
College of Forestry, DBSKKV., Dapoli
Bamboo Sp = Dendrocalamus stocksii
Crops Taken: Finger millet, Sweet Potato and
Cowpea
148
149
150
151
152
153

“Development of Bamboo based Agroforestry Systems for Six Agro

Transcription

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