Storytown Grade 6 Lesson 22

CONTENTS
Text Structure: Compare and Contrast . . . . . . .562
Analyze text that has a compare-and-contrast
organizational pattern.
Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564
Read, write, and learn the meanings of new words.
“The Emperor’s Silent Army: Terracotta
Warriors of Ancient China” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566
by Jane O’Connor
• Learn the characteristics of expository nonfiction.
• Use a Venn diagram to show similarities and differences.
“A Hidden City in the Andes”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
by Claire Llewellyn
Read about the discovery of an ancient city in Peru.
Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
• Compare texts.
• Review vocabulary.
• Reread for fluency.
• Write a comparison.
560
RXENL08ASE6X_T5LP22.indd 512
NL 2ND REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/12/06 3:12:10 PM
Genr e: Ex
po
y No
si t o r
n f ic t ion
Genr e: Exposi t o r y Non f ic t ion
561
RXENL08ASE6X_T5LP22.indd 513
NL REVISED DIGITAL GGS
9/27/06 2:14:20 PM
Text Structure:
Compare and Contrast
Authors of expository texts use different text structures to show
the relationships between ideas in the text. When the author
points out similarities and differences between two or more
things, the text is organized in a compare-and-contrast text
structure.
Clue words and phrases like the ones below let you know
the author has used a compare-and-contrast text structure.
• Compare: similar, like, alike, both, also, too, as well as, same as
• Contrast: different, but, on the other hand, however, although,
unlike, yet
Both
Authors may use a certain text
structure for a paragraph, a section of
text, or a complete text. Some texts are
made up of different text structures.
562
RXENL08ASE6X_T5FS22.indd 562
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/20/06 8:00:11 AM
Read the paragraph below. Then look at the Venn diagram.
It shows that papyrus and modern paper, two materials used for
writing, have some important differences.
The ancient Egyptians made a paperlike
material called papyrus from the bark of
papyrus reeds. They cut the reeds into strips
and pressed them together, creating a
smooth surface for writing. By contrast, the
paper we know today is made from plant
fibers that have been mashed into pulp and
spread to dry in a thin sheet. Unlike papyrus,
it was first made in China more than 2,000
years ago.
Papyrus
• made by the
Egyptians
• made of
papyrus
reeds cut into
thin strips
Both
Modern Paper
• writing surface
• made from plants
• first made
in China
• made of plant
fibers mashed
into pulp
Try This
Rewrite the paragraph, using different clue words. Be sure to
keep the meaning the same.
www.harcourtschool.com/storytown
563
RXENL08ASE6X_T5FS22.indd 563
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/19/06 2:57:01 PM
Build Robust Vocabulary
Perfectly Preserved
precede
Although warning signs usually precede a
volcanic eruption, Mt. Vesuvius gave the
people of Pompeii, Italy, little time to escape.
In A.D. 79, the volcano suddenly erupted and
buried the city under a layer of ash.
Pompeii remained buried for more than
1,600 years. In 1748, people began to explore
the region. Treasure seekers uncovered
buildings, stripped them of their lustrous wall
paintings, and then covered them with dirt.
lustrous
trespass
strategically
prolong
resigned
temperaments
The residents of Pompeii appreciated
beauty, as the remains of this garden show.
restored
564
RXENL08ASE6X_T5VP22.indd 564
NL DIGITAL GGS
8/21/06 1:06:59 PM
In 1860, Italian archaeologist
Giuseppe Fiorelli took control of the
site. He forbade anyone to trespass
and devised a plan to excavate the
city strategically. This planning would
prolong the process of excavating the
ruins, but it would insure that the
work was done properly.
The ash preserved nearly
everything in the city, from living
rooms to loaves of bread. Imprints
of some of Pompeii’s residents also
remain. Some must have been fleeing
in panic. Others seem to have been
peaceful, apparently resigned to
their fate. Pompeii’s remnants are a
haunting reminder of a tragedy, but
they offer a rare look at the daily life
of people from the distant past.
Archaeologists are known for their
patient temperaments. In the
nineteenth century, they restored the
roofs of some Pompeian houses to
protect the mosaics and frescoes like the
one shown here.
www.harcourtschool.com/storytown
Word Detective
Your mission this week is to search for
Vocabulary Words outside your classroom.
You may read them in a book, find them in a
newspaper, or hear them in a movie. Look for Vocabulary
Words in advertisements or on signs. When you find a word,
write it in your vocabulary journal and tell where you found it.
565
RXENL08ASE6X_T5VP22.indd 565
NL 2ND REV. DIGITAL GGS
9/28/06 9:08:29 AM
Exposi t o r y Non f ic t ion
Genre Study
Expositor y nonfiction
presents and explains
information about a topic.
As you read, look for
• photographs, diagrams, or
maps that support facts.
• text structure—the way ideas
are organized.
Both
Comprehension
Strategy
Use graphic organizers like
the one shown above to
compare and contrast.
566
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 566
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:51:29 AM
THE
EMPEROR’S
SILENT A
ARMY
RMY
T ERRACOTTA W ARRIORS
OF
A NCIENT C HINA
by Jane O ‚ Connor
567
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 567
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:51:38 AM
The terracotta army was discovered when well-diggers found the head of a
“pottery man” like this one. No photographs were taken that day.
A S TRANGE D ISCOVERY
LINTONG COUNTY, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC
OF CHINA, MARCH 1974
It’s just an ordinary day in early
spring, or so three farmers think as
they trudge across a field in northern
China. They are looking for a good
place to dig a well. There has been
a drought, and they must find water
or risk losing their crops later in the
year.
The farmers choose a spot near a
grove of persimmon trees. Down they
dig, five feet, ten feet. Still no water.
They decide to keep on digging a
little deeper. All of a sudden, one of
the farmers feels his shovel strike
against something hard. Is it a rock?
It’s difficult to see at the bottom of
the dark hole, so the farmer kneels
down for a closer look. No, it isn’t a
rock. It seems to be clay, and not raw
clay but clay that has been baked
and made into something. But what?
Now, more carefully, the men dig
around the something. Perhaps it is a
pot or a vase. However, what slowly
568
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 568
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:51:45 AM
reveals itself is the pottery head of a man who stares back at
them, open-eyed and amazingly real looking. The farmers have
never seen anything like it before. But they do remember stories
that some of the old people in their village have told, stories of a
“pottery man” found many years ago not far from where they are
now. The villagers had been scared that the pottery man would
bring bad luck so they broke it to bits, which were then reburied
and forgotten.
The three well-diggers are not so superstitious. They report
their discovery to a local official. Soon a group of archaeologists
arrives to search the area more closely. Maybe they will find
pieces of a clay body to go with the clay head.
In fact, they find much more.
During the weeks and months that follow, the archaeologists
dig out more pottery men, which now are called by a more
dignified term—terracotta figurines. The figurines are soldiers.
That much is clear. But they come
from a time long ago, when Chinese
warriors wore knee-length robes,
armor made from small iron “fish
scales,” and elaborate topknot
hairdos. All of the soldiers are lifesize or a little bigger and weigh as
much as four hundred pounds. They
stand at attention as if waiting for
the command to charge into battle.
The only thing missing is their
weapons. And those are found too—
hundreds of real bronze swords,
daggers, and battle-axes as well as
thousands of scattered arrowheads—
all so perfectly made that, after
cleaning, their ancient tips are still
sharp enough to split a hair!
These soldiers’ hands are clenched as
if still holding their bronze weapons.
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 569
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:51:56 AM
Today, after nearly thirty years
of work, terracotta soldiers are still
being uncovered and restored. What
the well-diggers stumbled upon,
purely by accident, has turned out
to be among the largest and most
incredible archaeological discoveries
of modern times. Along with the
Great Pyramids in Egypt, the buried
army is now considered one of the
true wonders of the ancient world.
Spread out over several acres near
the city of Xian, the soldiers number
not in the tens or hundreds but in
the thousands! Probably 7,500 total.
Until 1974, nobody knew that right
below the people of northern China
an enormous underground army
had been standing guard, silently
and watchfully, for more than 2,200
years. Who put them there?
One man.
Known as the fierce tiger of Qin
(CHIN), the divine Son of Heaven,
he was the first emperor of China.
The map shows the Qin
kingdom in green and the
empire in stripes. The
dot indicates where the
terracotta army was found.
570
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 570
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:00 AM
T HE Q UEST FOR
I MMORTALITY
If he couldn’t live forever, then Qin
Shihuang (pronounced CHIN shirhwong) was determined to live as
long as possible. He ate powdered
jade and drank mercury in the belief
that they would prolong his life. In
fact, these “medicines” were poison
and may have caused the emperor
to fall sick and die while on a tour
of the easternmost outposts of his
empire. He was forty-nine years old.
If word of Qin Shihuang’s death
got out while he was away from the
capital there might be a revolt. So
his ministers kept the news a secret.
With the emperor’s body inside his
chariot, the entire party traveled
This is a modern stone engraving
of the first emperor of China.
back to the capital city. Meals were
brought into the emperor’s chariot;
daily reports on affairs of state were delivered as usual—all to
keep up the appearance that the emperor was alive and well.
However, it was summer, and a terrible smell began to come from
the chariot. But the clever ministers found a way to account for
the stench. A cart was loaded with smelly salted fish and made
to precede the chariot, overpowering and masking any foul odors
coming from the dead emperor. And so Qin Shihuang returned to
the capital for burial.
The tomb of Qin Shihuang had been under construction for
more than thirty years. It was begun when he was a young boy of
thirteen and was still not finished when he died.
571
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 571
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:08 AM
Even incomplete, the
emperor’s tomb was enormous,
larger than his largest palace.
According to legend, it had
a domed ceiling inlaid with
clusters of pearls to represent
the sun, moon, and stars.
Below was a gigantic relief
map of the world, made from
bronze. Bronze hills and
mountains rose up from the
floor, with rivers of mercury
flowing into a mercury sea.
Along the banks of the rivers
were models of the emperor’s
palaces and cities, all exact
replicas of the real ones.
In ancient times, the Chinese
believed that life after death was not
so very different from life on earth.
The soul of a dead person could
continue to enjoy all the pleasures
of everyday life. So people who were
rich enough constructed elaborate
underground tombs filled with silk
robes, jewelry with precious stones,
furniture, games, boats, chariots—
everything the dead person could
possibly need or want.
Qin Shihuang knew that grave
robbers would try their best to loot
the treasures in his tomb. So he had
machines put inside the tomb that
For thousands of years, the Chinese have made
silk fabric. This detail of a silk robe shows an
embroidered dragon, the symbol of Chinese
emperors.
produced the rumble of thunder to
scare off intruders, and mechanical
crossbows at the entrance were set
to fire arrows automatically should
anyone dare trespass. The emperor
also made certain that the workers
who carried his coffin in to its final
resting place never revealed its exact
whereabouts. As the men worked
their way back through the tunnels
to the tomb’s entrance, a stone door
came crashing down, and they were
left to die, sealed inside the tomb
along with the body of the emperor.
572
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 572
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:13 AM
Even all these measures, however,
were not enough to satisfy the
emperor. And so, less than a mile
from the tomb, in underground
trenches, the terracotta warriors were
stationed. Just as flesh-and-blood
troops had protected him during his
lifetime, the terracotta troops were
there to protect their ruler against
any enemy for all eternity.
with approximately six thousand
soldiers and horses. About one
thousand have already been
excavated and restored. None of the
soldiers in the army wears a helmet
or carries a shield, proof of the Qin
soldiers’ fearlessness. But the archers
stationed in the front lines don’t
wear any armor either. They
needed to be able to
B URIED S OLDIERS
move freely in order
to fire their arrows
with accuracy. And
so these frontline
sharpshooters,
who were the
first targets of
an approaching
enemy, also
had the least
protection.
Qin Shihuang became emperor
because of his stunning victories on
the battlefield. His army was said to
be a million strong. In every respect
except for number, the terracotta
army is a faithful replica of the
real one.
So far terracotta troops have
been found in three separate pits,
all close to one another. A fourth pit
was discovered, but it was empty.
The entire army faces east. The Qin
kingdom, the emperor’s homeland,
was in the northwest. The other
kingdoms that had been conquered
and had become part of his empire
lay to the east. So Qin Shihuang
feared that any enemy uprising
would come from that direction.
The first pit is by far the biggest,
more than two football fields long,
Unlike most of
the figures, who
stand stiffly, face
forward, this
archer is in a much
more natural pose.
573
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 573
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:21 AM
This diagram shows the
four pits that have been
discovered. Only three
contain terracotta figures.
Following the vanguard are
eleven long columns of foot soldiers
and lower-ranking officers, the main
body of the army, who once carried
spears, battle-axes, and halberds.
The soldiers are prepared for an
attack from any direction; those in
the extreme right and extreme left
columns face out, not forward, so
that they can block enemy charges
from either side. Last of all comes
the rear guard, three rows of
soldiers with their backs to the rest
of the army, ready to stop an attack
from behind.
The terracotta horses are life-size.
Stationed at various points
among the foot soldiers are about
fifty charioteers who drove wooden
chariots. Each charioteer has a team
of four horses and is dressed in
full-length armor. In some carts, a
general rides beside the charioteer,
ready to beat a drum to signal a
charge or ring a bell to call for a
retreat.
The long rectangular arrangement
of soldiers in Pit 1 follows a real
battle formation used to defeat
real enemies in ancient times. It is
called a sword formation, with the
frontline archers representing the
tip of the sword, the chariots and
columns of foot soldiers forming
the blade, and the rear guard the
handle.
574
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 574
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:27 AM
Pit 2 is far smaller than Pit 1.
With an estimated 900 warriors of
all different ranks, Pit 2 serves as
a powerful back-up force to help
the larger army in Pit 1. There are
also almost 500 horses—about 350
chariot horses and more than 100
cavalry horses.
The terracotta horses are
Mongolian ponies, not very big, but
muscular and full of power. With
their flaring nostrils, bared teeth,
and bulging eyes, the chariot horses
all look as if they are straining to
gallop across a battlefield. The mane
of each chariot horse is trimmed
short and its tail is braided. That
is so it won’t get caught in the
harness.
By the time of the first emperor,
soldiers on horseback were
replacing war chariots. It was hard
for even the most experienced
drivers to manage a chariot over
bumpy, rock-strewn ground.
Cavalrymen could move much more
swiftly and easily. Their horses had
fancy saddles decorated with rows
of nail heads and tassels, but no
stirrups—they hadn’t come into
use yet.
Pit 3, by far the smallest,
contains fewer than seventy
warriors and only one team of
horses. Archaeologists think that
Pit 3 represents army headquarters.
That’s because the soldiers are not
arranged in an attack formation.
Right: This drawing shows what a wooden chariot would have
looked like. Below: The actual chariots rotted away long before
the discovery of the terracotta army.
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 575
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:52:57 AM
Instead, they face one another
in a U shape, as if they are busy
consulting among themselves.
Although the officers at command
central would not engage in handto-hand combat, the fate of the
thousands of troops in Pit 1 and
Pit 2 rests in their hands.
Altogether, the three pits of
warriors and horses make up an
unstoppable army. All the warriors
are stationed strategically, exactly
as they would have been on a real
battlefield. For example, rows of
kneeling soldiers with crossbows
alternate with rows of standing
archers. This way, while one row
is firing, the other row has time to
reload their bows. The crossbow
was by far the most powerful
weapon of the time. The Chinese
were using crossbows as early
as 400 B.C. In Europe, however,
crossbows didn’t come into use for
at least another 1,300 years.
T HE F ACES OF
A NCIENT C HINA
About two thousand soldiers have
been unearthed, yet, amazingly,
so far no two are the same. The
army includes men of all different
ages, from different parts of China,
with different temperaments. A
young soldier looks both
excited and nervous; an
older soldier, perhaps a
veteran of many wars,
appears tired, resigned.
Some soldiers seem lost in
thought, possibly dreaming
of their return home; others
look proud and confident.
Although from a distance
the figures appear almost
identical, like giant-size toy
soldiers, each is a distinct
work of art.
The expressions on the soldiers’
faces are what makes the figures
look so real.
576
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 576
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:02 AM
Low-ranking infantrymen wore no armor.
Did real-life models pose for the figures? Probably not. But
hundreds of craftsmen from all over the empire spent more
than ten years in workshops set up near the pits creating the
warriors. It is likely that they made the faces of the soldiers
look like the faces of people that they knew from home.
The uniforms of the terracotta figures are exact copies
in clay of what real soldiers of the day wore. The soldier’s
uniform tells his rank in the army. The lowest-ranking soldiers
are bareheaded and wear heavy knee-length tunics but no
armor. Often their legs are wrapped in cloth shin guards for
protection.
The generals’ uniforms are the most elegant. Their caps
sometimes sport a pheasant feather; their fancy shoes curl
up at the toes; and their fine armor is made from small iron
fish scales. Tassels on their armor are also a mark of their
high rank.
This kneeling archer was found positioned in front of standing
soldiers, just as he would have been on a real battlefield.
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 577
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:07 AM
Modern-day potters make replicas of soldiers, faithfully copying every detail of
their uniforms.
The terracotta soldiers are now
the ghostly grayish color of baked
clay, clay that came from nearby
Mount Li. Originally the soldiers
were all brightly colored. Tiny
bits of paint can still be seen on
many of the figures and are proof
that uniforms came in a blaze of
colors—purple, blue, green, yellow,
red, and orange. The colors of each
soldier’s uniform indicated not only
which part of the army he belonged
to—cavalry or infantry, for example—
but also what his particular rank
was. The terracotta horses were
fully painted, too, in brown with
pink ears, nostrils, and mouths.
Unfortunately, when figures are
dug out of the ground, most of the
paint on them peels off and sticks to
the surrounding earth. Also, when
exposed to air, the paint tends to
crumble into dust.
Today, groups of artisans in
workshops near the three pits make
replicas of the soldiers, following the
techniques used 2,200 years ago.
Their work helps archaeologists learn
more about how the original figures
were created. Even though the
workers today have the advantages
of modern kilns that register
temperatures exactly, no copies have
ever come out as hard or as lustrous
as the ancient originals.
578
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 578
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:13 AM
The colored computer
image shows how the
general would have
looked originally.
579
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 579
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:24 AM
T HINK C RITICALLY
1 Why does the terracotta army face east?
NOTE DETAILS
2 How are the terracotta warriors in Pit 3 different from
the warriors in the other pits?
TEXT STRUCTURE: COMPARE AND CONTRAST
3 The terracotta army is considered one of the greatest creations
of the ancient world. Think about other ancient sites you have
learned about. Which would you like to visit? Explain.
PERSONAL RESPONSE
4 What kind of person do you think Qin Shihuang was? Explain.
MAKE JUDGMENTS
5 WR ITE Write a paragraph that explains why Qin Shihuang
wanted to be buried with an army of clay soldiers. Use
details and information from the selection to support your
answer.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
580
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 580
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:33 AM
A BOUT
THE
A UTHOR
‚
J ANE O C ONNOR
In 2000, Jane O’Connor visited Xian, China, and viewed
the terracotta army. The experience inspired her to learn
more about the clay warriors and the emperor who had them
made. Since then, Jane O’Connor has read everything she
can find about the terracotta army. She decided to write The
Emperor’s Silent Army when she learned there were no books
for young people about the ancient figures. Jane O’Connor
lives in New York City with her husband and two sons.
www.harcourtschool.com/storytown
581
RXENL08ASE6X_T5AS22 581
NL REV. DIGITAL GGS
10/21/06 8:53:44 AM
Social Studies
Exposi t o r y Non f ic t ion
by Claire Llewellyn
Machu Picchu stands on a
remote ridge in the Andes mountains,
around 8,200 ft. (2,500m) above sea
level. The town, overlooked by
towering peaks, was abandoned
by the Incas. Amazingly the
Spanish never found it during
the 300 years that Peru was
part of the Spanish Empire.
582
RXENL08ASE6X_T5CS22.indd 582
NL DIGITAL GGS
10/10/06 1:05:16 PM
Between A.D. 1100 –1500 the mighty
Inca civilization flourished high up in
the Andes mountains of Peru in South
America. In 1532 Spanish adventurers
known as conquistadores (conquerors)
invaded the region and ransacked
many Inca cities in search of gold. The
Incas abandoned their other cities,
which fell into ruin. One of these cities
was Machu Picchu.
The Professor
Hiram Bingham (1875 –1956), a history
professor at Yale University, studied
South American history for many
years. In 1911, during a visit to Lima,
Peru, he came across an old book that
told of the downfall of the Incas. He
was inspired by the description of the
Inca retreat and the ancient mountain
cities that they had abandoned.
Bingham decided to try to find the
ancient Inca capital city.
A Nerve-racking Climb
Bingham led an expedition to Peru.
He went with his party to Cuzco in the
foothills of the Andes. From there they
climbed into the Urubamba gorge. On
July 23, 1911 the group camped on
the land of a local farmer, who told
Bingham about ruins on top of a ridge.
Bingham paid the farmer to guide
him there, and the two set out one
cold, drizzly morning. It was a nerveracking climb up steep, rocky slopes
and along narrow mountain paths. At
times the professor had to crawl on his
hands and knees across narrow bridges
stretching over terrifying gorges.
A Sensational Find
At the top of the ridge Bingham and
the farmer rested in a hut, where
locals told them about the nearby
ruins. An 11-year-old boy escorted the
professor past overgrown terraces to
some white granite walls. Bingham
saw palaces, temples, terraces, and
towers. Astonishing! It was an ancient
Inca city, known to locals as Machu
Picchu. Bingham was overwhelmed.
He led three additional expeditions to
Machu Picchu over the next four years.
583
RXENL08ASE6X_T5CS22.indd 583
NL DIGITAL GGS
10/10/06 1:05:27 PM
Comparing Texts
1. Imagine you were with the Chinese farmers who found
the terracotta army. Describe the sequence of steps you
would take immediately after you made your big find.
2. “The Emperor’s Silent Army” describes an important
discovery in China. Compare this discovery with Hiram
Bingham’s discovery of Machu Picchu.
3. Did Qin Shihuang possess qualities you think are important
in a leader? Explain.
Vocabulary Review
precede
Rate a Situation
Work with a partner. Take turns reading the sentences
below aloud and pointing to the spot on the word line
that shows how happy or unhappy you would feel in
that situation. Discuss your choices.
Happy
•
•
•
•
lustrous
trespass
strategically
Unhappy
prolong
resigned
Your damaged photograph can be restored.
Your school decides to prolong summer vacation.
temperaments
One hundred people precede you in line.
restored
You face some dogs with unpredictable temperaments.
584
RXENL08ASE6X_T5CN22.indd 584
NL REVISED DIGITAL GGS
9/27/06 1:53:41 PM
Fluency Practice
Par tner Reading
Work with a partner. Choose a
passage from the selection to reread
aloud. Read the passage aloud as your
partner follows along in the book
and listens. Focus on reading with
accuracy. Ask your partner to help you
identify any words you have difficulty
reading. Then reread the passage to
improve your accuracy. Switch roles
and repeat the activity.
Writing
Write a Comparison
My Writing Che
Ideas
I used a Venn di
plan my writi
cklist
agram to
ng.
Imagine that you can somehow see the
terracotta army as it was thousands of years I focused on the
most
important sim
ago. Write a paragraph that compares the
ilarities
and difference
soldiers’ appearance when they were first
s.
placed in the tomb with their appearance I used a
compare-and
-contrast
as they are being excavated in Xian today.
text struct
ure.
Both
585
RXENL08ASE6X_T5CN22.indd 585
NL REVISED DIGITAL GGS
9/27/06 1:53:47 PM