Chapter 2 Southern Colonies PPT

European Land Holdings on the Eve of
the French and Indian War (1754-1763)
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754
part one: English settlement of southern colonies
PERIOD 2: 1607-1754
“the British are coming…”
Key Concept 2.1:
Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns,
influenced by different imperial goals, cultures and the varied North
American environment where they settled, and they competed with each
other and American Indians for resources.
text chapter 2: “the planting of English
America” (1500-1733)
turning point
DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA
1588
Spain overextends itself; leaving it and parts of its
empire in New World vulnerable
England defeats Spanish Armada (1588)
recognition of England’s investment in a
powerful naval.
Beginning of the end; a slow decline of Spanish
empire
an important first step deciding which
empire (culture) would end up
dominating “New World”
ENGLAND ON THE EVE OF AN EMPIRE
GROWING NATIONALISM AND UNITY
Defeat of Spanish Armada: formal peace 1604
Elizabeth I (1533-1603) ascends to England’s throne (1558); a popular monarch
Protestant Queen: unifies religion in England after King Henry VII’s break from
Catholic Church and Protestant Reformation
Golden Age of English Literature
Growing sense of self-confidence, adventure and curiosity of the unknown
Developing capitalistic national economy; use of early corporations: joint stock companies
Growing perceived “overpopulation”
Empire Building in North America
ENGLAND: PLANTING THE SEEDLINGS FOR A NEWNEVER-BEFORE-SEEN NATION
ROANOKE ISLAND
(1585) Sir Walter Raleigh lands off coast of North Carolina
English military excursions first scope out are for future
settlement: some Indian conflicts
(1587) A ship of families arrives to establish permanent
settlement
(1590) returning supply ship finds deserted settlement
one of American history’s great mysteries.
JAMESTOWN
(1606) James I issues charter to (joint stock company) Virginia Company to settle in new world.
! charter: granted all the protection and rights under English rule
“Have We Found the Lost Colony?”
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
A Difficult Start
disease, poor drinking water, food shortages and
poor leadership (council of seven)
While stealing food, Cpt Smith kidnapped by
Powhatan Indians – dominate in area
Smith is “adopted” by Powhatan – in ceremony “saved” by
Pocahontas
Captain John Smith
1580-1630
(Winter, 1608) released, Smith returns to fort to find 38 of 104 settlers alive,
and more arriving. Chieftain Powhatan sends food, establishing tenuous
relations.
Cpt Smith elected president of colony; enacts hard work ethics for survival.
“He that will not work, shall not eat.”
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
CULTURAL CLASHES
Relations between Smith and Chieftain Powhatan turn sour
(1614) First Anglo-Powhatan War
Ends with Pocahontas-Smith marriage
(1644) Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Indians’ last attempt to dislodge Virginians: “Powhatan’s
Confederacy suffer disease and disorganization
Serving no economic function for colonists, Powhatans
become disposable.
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
TOBACCO: The “Bewitching Weed”
King Nicotine
a cash cow for the mother-land
requires a lot land.
Tobacco… a lot of labor.
depletes land quickly.
Need for a lot of land and labor
Indentured servants and families encouraged to
cross the Atlantic…and
John Rolfe
1585-1622
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
WEST INDIES: The Way Station to Mainland America
England secures claims to
some Caribbean islands.
Slavery become
an important
source of labor
on sugar
plantations
sugar plantations
! (1619) Dutch privateer ship White Lion lands in Jamestown with “20 and odd negroes”
the “ATLANTIC ECONOMY”
The start of the TRIANGULAR TRADE pattern
MERCANTILI$M: motherland-colonial economic relationship;
England gains wealth via a favorable balance of trade
!
ENGLAND BEGINS PLANTING THE SEEDS
Democratic-Capitalism
develops to bring order out of chaos to a
hardly successful first permanent settlement.
Burgesses (‘representatives”) elected by
to decide issues involving tobacco prices, Am
Ind issues, vices and church attendance.
Labor Shortage
Indentured servants under absolute rule
of landowner for 4-7 years
…Headright System offers of 50 acres
of land to immigrants or landowners
paying for immigrant passage.
(1619) HOUSE OF BURGESSES
! The First elected colonial legislature
? Elections limited to property owners.
! (1624) Continued financial and political issues, King James revokes
Virginia Charter, making settlement a royal colony – under King’s domain
MARYLAND COLONY: THE CATHOLIC EXPERIMENT
LB granted land between Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay;
second plantation colony
A refuge for persecuted Catholics during a Protestant era in England
a Proprietary colony: land divided up by king and given to
landlords who appointed colonial governors.
Indentured servants provide majority of the labor
for tobacco economy
Lord Baltimore
1605-1675
MARYLAND COLONY: THE CATHOLIC EXPERIMENT
LB allowed unusual freedom of worship.
Local assembly passed ACT OF TOLERATION (1649)
guaranteeing toleration of all CHRISTIANS
Lord Baltimore
1605-1675
SETTLING THE CAROLINAS
(1663) Charles II awards grants to establish proprietary colony.
Profitable sugar plantations in West Indies displaces other forms of agriculture
black slaves will outnumber white settlers…
large plantations where growing seasons are longer
…Barbados Slave Code: legally defining slaves’
legal status and masters’ prerogatives.
1670 Carolina created: displaced settlers from
Barbados arrive in Carolina.
Rice becomes principle export crop; creating
busiest southern port, Charlestown.
(1696) Barbados Slave Code adopted
DEVELOPING NORTH CAROLINA
(1663) Charles II awards grants to establish proprietary colony.
SQUATTERS (without land rights) move in from Virginia and New England
poorer transportation and fewer good harbors
small farms and fewer plantations; less reliance on slavery
small farms and fewer plantations
(1712 ) splits from South Carolina
BLOODY EUROPEAN – AM INDIAN RELATIONS
(1711-1713) Tuscarora War
(1715-1716) Yamasee Indians; devastating most costal tribes;
BUT interior tribes remain strong.
GEORGIA: THE BUFFER COLONY
Founded (1733) as a buffer to protect itself from Spanish and Am Indian
Invasions; proprietary colony
Launched by philanthropists: to serve as a haven for debtors
James Oglethorpe, first settlement of Savannah
Strict regulations: no slavery, no drinking rum….
Slow Growing….
turning point
Becomes a royal colony: duplicates
plantation S Carolina plantation system
CHANGING INDIAN LIFE
Destinies of Am Inds changed.
Shock of large-scale European colonization upends Am Ind life.
forces adaptation/cultural death.
Horses, diseases, trade and expanding Atlantic Economy transforms Am Ind life.
Am Ind elders take brunt of disease; preservers of oral traditions, culture,
wisdom.
Spanish conquest and intermarriage; English bloody conflicts over land rights
also has an damaging effect on Am Ind culture.
Am Ind transition from trade and barter to European commerce.
EX: introduction of firearms and horses increased competition/conflict between
tribes for land rights new “middle ground” compels both European and Am
Inds to accommodate each other for survival.
THE PLANTATION COLONIES
Plantation development; longer growing seasons and wide open spaces
Larger plantation in hands of few: creates an aristocratic atmosphere.
lack of schools and printing presses
Mainly agricultural exporting economy; tobacco and rice
“soil butchery”
Need for labor: indentured servants and slavery
Reform-minded Georgia last to introduce slavery (1750)
Slow growth of cities; few inland navigable waterway and large-scale ports
Religious toleration
A tendency to expand – need for more land