bus–based transit - Engineers Ireland
Transcription
bus–based transit - Engineers Ireland
BUS–BASED TRANSIT INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH BRT AND BHLS BRENDAN FINN ETTS LTD. All unattributed images are by the Author Mass Transit based on Buses Scope of this Presentation Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Metrics M i ffor BRT and d BHLS International findings Spectrum of Bus-Based Transit High g p performance,, high g capacity p y BRT Major infastructure, rapid service, intensive services Up to 1 million passengers/day Bogota, Bogota Guangzhou Guangzhou, Istanbul Istanbul, … High-performance, moderate capacity BRT Major infastructure, rapid service, strong service Range 100-250,000 passengers/day Brisbane, Ottowa, Beijing, Mexico City, … Bus with High Level of Service (BHLS) Moderate/little infrastructure, focus on reliability and quality Range 25,000-65,000 passengers/day Amsterdam, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Paris, Madrid, Hamburg, … BRT– Bus Rapid Transit FEATURES EXAMPLES AND PRACTICE Features of BRT Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan Features of BRT – Running Ways Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan Running Way options Dedicated bus road Exclusive road for use of buses Operate at up to 100 kph (Adelaide, Brisbane) Median dedicated lanes – centre of the road Usually have physical segregation Passing lane required for high efficiency If stations in the centre, probably need dedicated fleet If lateral stations, can offset to reduce road-take requirements Lateral dedicated lanes – located at edge of the road May have problem to gain sufficient pavement width More difficult if many existing roadside uses Running way - Istanbul Source: EMBARQ Running Way – Beijing, China Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Running Way – Guanghzhou, China Source : Paul Barter Running way – Seoul, Korea BRT Running way – Rio de Janeiro MSOffice3 BRT Running Way – Lagos Source : Dayo Mobereola, LAMATA Slide 14 MSOffice3 Future tense , 21/09/2010 MSOffice2 BRT Running Way - Jakarta Source : Transjakarta Slide 15 MSOffice2 Future tense , 21/09/2010 BRT Running way - Pereira Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank BRT running way - Pereira Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank BRT Running Way - Nantes BRT running way - Paris Essen : Busway track Source : Cambridgeshire County Council BRT running way - Amsterdam Pittsburgh b g – East Buswayy construction o o Cambridge : Busway Source : Cambridgeshire County Council BRT Tunnel section - Brisbane Features of BRT – Stations and Terminals Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan BRT Bus Station - Bogota Source : Peter Danielsson, Volvo Bus Corporation BRT Station - Johannesburg BRT Station, Sao Paulo Source : Toni Lindau BRT Station - Istanbul Source: EMBARQ BRT Station - Pereira Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank BRT Station – Rio de Janeiro BRT Station – Rio de Janeiro BRT Station – Rio de Janeiro BRT Station – Rio de Janeiro Busway Station - Pittsburgh BRT Station - Brisbane Passenger lift at BRT station - Brisbane Precision docking – Amsterdam Precision docking - Nantes Wheelchair ramp - Nantes Wheelchair ramp - Cleveland Rouen, France – optical guidance system Castellon, Spain– Optical Guidance system Cambridge : Park’n’Ride Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Features of BRT – Service Plan Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan Service Plan – Mixed service type Statio on Statio on Statio on Statio on Statio on Statio on Statio on Statio on Transfer Terminal Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank ● Base: All All--day, all all--stops trunk line ● Overlay: l Peak Peakk-only l or allall ll-day d express services i Local C B D Express Express University, Hospital District 46 BRT and land-use in Curitiba Source : URBS, Curitiba BRT Network - Curitiba Source : URBS Curitiba Service differentiation - Curitiba Source : URBS Curitiba Ahmedabad – 85 km of BRT network 15 CORRIDORS OF BUSWAY - JAKARTA 201 2015 5 5 10 9 15 3 1 Blok M - Kota Gajah Mada/Hayam Wuruk – Majapahit – M. Merdeka Barat – Mh. Thamrin – J end. Sudirman - Sisingamangaraja 2 16 1 P.Gadung – Harmoni 3 Kalideres - Harmoni 4 P.Gadung – Dukuh Atas 5 Kp.Melayu - Ancol 6 Ragunan – Kuningan 7 Kp.Melayu – Kp.Rambutan 8 Lebak Bulus – Harmoni 9 Pinangranti Pi ti - Pluit Pl it 2 4 Pahlawan Kemerdek aan – Suprapto – Senen – J uanda Harmini CB – Merdek a Barat – Kwitang Daan Mogot – Ky ai Tapa – Has yim As yhari – Harmoni CB – Juanda – Pasar Baru Pemuda – Pramuka - Tambak – Sultan Agung g g – Setia Budi Jatinegara – Matraman Ray a – Kramat Raya – Senen – Gunung Sahari A B 14 11 Warung Jati – Mampang Prapatan – Ras una Said – Latuharhari – Sultan Agung – Rasuna Said Otista – Cawang – Sutoy o – Raya Bogor 12 8 Pondok Indah – S. Isk andar Muda – T.Nyak Arief – Jalan Panjang – Daan Mogot – S.Parman – Tomang – Harmoni CB Sutoyo – Hary ono – Gatot Subroto – S.Parman – J embatan 2 Latumenten 10 Cililitan - Tanjung Priok 11 Ciledug - Blok M 12 Kalimalang - Blok M Sutoy o – DI. Panjaitan – A. Yani 6 7 13 Hos Cokroaminoto – Cileduk Raya – Kya Maja Kalimalang – Let Hary ono – Kapten Tendean – W. Minginsidi 13 Depok - Manggarai 14 Pulo Gebang – Kp.Melayu Margonda – Lenteng Agung – PS. Minggu – Prof. DR Supomo – Minangkabau Sentra Prima – Soek anto – Soegiono – Bas uk i Rachmat – Pedati 15Tanjung Priok Tg. Priok - Kemayoran - Pluit Pluit Nantes – Busway and Chronobus network Features of BRT Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan Articulated buses – Bogota and Curitiba Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Hamburg: “XXL” bus Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG BRT vehicle - Pereira Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank BRT Vehicle - Nantes BRT Vehicle – Amsterdam Standard Bus – Brisbane Features of BRT Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Vehicles Running Ways Stations & Terminals Systems Service Plan ITS systems for BRT Operations p Management g Automatic Vehicle Location and Management Traffic Signal Priority Service S i and d System S planning l i and d support Collision avoidance/warning Precision docking Customer-facing and support services Automatic fare collection Real-time passenger information Journey planning Security S it and d passenger managementt systems t Control Centre – Bogota, Columbia Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Control Centre – Rio de Janeiro Zurich – AVM Control Centre Control Centre - Johannesburg In-vehicle headway management - Seoul Real-time passenger information - Brisbane Fare collection at BRT Stations Smart Card Fare Gates TransMillenio, Bogota Mag. Ticket Mag Quito: TroleBus Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank Image and Marketing - Brisbane Brisbane: S.E. Busway 69 Source : Sam Zimmerman, World Bank BRT Branding – Rio de Janeiro BRT Branding – Johannesburg BHLS Bus with High Level of BHLS– Service CAPACITY AND COST FEATURES EXAMPLES What is BHLS? BHLS? Derives from French term ‘BHNS’, maybe later another name Generic term for a wide range of quality bus systems Is it BRT? Not exactly, a different product in the spectrum of bus priority Focus more on reliability/quality than on speed/capacity Holistic approach Improved operating environment – reliability, better speed Higher quality vehicles with better comfort and image Improved passenger facilities – stops, terminals, ... Branding, marketing, ‘repositioning the product’ Case Study 1 : Nantes, France Opted for Busway rather than additional LRT Started 2006, 7km, 15 stations Designed to tram tram-style style specification 4 min frequency, 20 km/hr 25,000 px.day Key design features: 4 park’n’ride facilities Articulated buses, CNG Priority at traffic signals High quality design in city centre High High-specification specification vehicle Like BRT in style, not in volume Case Study 2 : Zuidtangent, Netherlands Priority y channel for buses Dedicated lanes between Haarlem and Schiphol, then bus priority 24 km, km 1.8 1 8 km in tunnel, tunnel 35 km/hr Intervals 6-8 minutes, 24/7 40,000 p passengers g dailyy Use normal buses, normal contracts Additional features: Integration with rail at many places Efficient stop dwell times Euro 5 emissions emissions, standard models Unique design elements, identity Zuidtangent at Schiphol Airport Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam Running way - Amsterdam Running way - Amsterdam Running way - Amsterdam Source : Stadsregio Amsterdam Amsterdam: Hard shoulder reserved for bus Source : COST TU0603 action In-street operation – Amsterdam Station - Amsterdam Precision docking – Amsterdam Cyclist controlled crossing – Amsterdam Bicycle facilities - Amsterdam Bike’n’Ride Extensive i bike bik parking ki Amsterdam, Almere Bike Bik on b bus iis rare O. HEDDEBAUT Case Study 2 : Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire Guided Busway Operates on dedicated bus road Converted disused rail line Links developing towns to city Deregulated environment Operators bear revenue risk Modest M d t ttrack k charge, h maint. i t fund f d Key features Two track g guided buswayy Normal street mode in Cambridge 4 routes by 2 operators Driving speed 80 kph Cambridge : Busway Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Busway Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Running way Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Park’n’Ride Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Vehicle Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Guide wheel for Busway Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Cambridge : Guide wheel and kerb Guide Kerb Guide wheel Source : Cambridgeshire County Council Customer comfort - Cambridge WiFi on bus Socket for PC, phone Leather seats CCTV for security O. HEDDEBAUT O. HEDDEBAUT O. HEDDEBAUT Case Study 3 : Lund, Sweden Lundalänken Prioritised bus link from Central Station to University, Business Park Total 6 km length 600 m new build, some dedicated road Priority to normal buses Services of City and Region Regular bus routes, regular buses Give i the h bus b space, iit will ill perform f Provision for the future Lundalänken extended to outer area City owns the land, will benefit Lund – access to dedicated bus link Lund – dedicated bus link Lund – key interchange stop Lund - Vehicle Lund – train information at bus exit Madrid : Bus/VAO tidal lane Hamburg: Line 5 in reserved lane Source : Hamburger Hochbahn AG Lorient – running way in city centre Lorient – priority lane in central area Almere : Chicane at station approach Oberhausen: Bus and tram on common lane BHLS - Real-time information – at stops O. HEDDEBAUT O. HEDDEBAUT BHLS - Real-time information – in-vehicle Next stop Transfer f routes, times i Announcements O. HEDDEBAUT O. HEDDEBAUT Hamburg – RTPI at bus stop Source : COST TU0603 action Amstelveen, NL – RTPI at bus station Source : David van der Spek, Stadsregio Amsterdam Paris TVM – Ticket Vending Machine Ticketing Vending Machine : to buy ticket (magnetic technology) to reload your pass (contactless tecnhology) Source : RATP Lisbon – traffic signal Paris TVM – Traffic Signal Priority Priority announcement helping driver to adapt the speed of the bus at cross road Effective taking into account when it is flashing Announcing a change of phase when it is flashings Bus running and car stopped Source : RATP Key Metrics for BRT and BHLS DEPLOYMENT CAPACITY AND COST Global deployment of Bus-Based Systems Region Selected Cities with BRT Australia Adelaide, Brisbane, Sydney (* in development) North America Cleveland, Guatemala City, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Pitt b h Vancouver Pittsburgh, V South America Bogota, Cali, Curitiba, Pereira, Porto Alegre, Quito, Recife, Santiago, Sao Paulo Europe (BHLS) Amsterdam, Cambridge, Eindhoven, Madrid, Nantes, Paris China Asia Africa Beijing, Changzhou, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jinan, Kunming, Xiamen, Ahmedabad, Amman, Bangkok, Cebu*, Delhi, Indore, Istanbul, Jakarta, Manila*, Nagoya, Pune, Seoul, Taipei Accra*, Cape Town, Dar es Salaam*, Johannesburg, Lagos, Pretoria (Tswane)* Actual throughput on selected BRT systems System DAILY Ridership Beijing South Line 90,000 Brisbane SE Busway 150,000 Lagos, BRT-Lite 200,000 Ottowa Transitway system 200,000 M i IInsurgentes Mexico t 225,000 Guangzhou, China 800,000 Istanbul Metrobus Istanbul, 895 000 895,000 Bogota, Transmillenio > 1 million Luas – both lines 80 000 80,000 Dublin Bus – total network 450,000 Capital costs for on selected BRT systems System $ million/km Lagos, BRT-Lite 1.7 Curitiba 2.5 Bogota, Transmillenio Mexico City Insurgentes Bangkok Beijing South Line 3-10 4 4.7 5 Cleveland Healthline 10.4 Dublin Luas – both lines c. 35 Dublin bli Metro West (f (forecast)) c. 50 Dublin Metro North (forecast) c. 200 BHLS in Europe Country Cities with BHLS England Cambridge, Crawley, Dartford, Leeds France Lille, Lorient, Lyon, Nantes, Paris, Rennes, Rouen, Toulouse Germany Essen, Hamburg, Oberhausen Ireland Dublin Italy Brescia*, Pisa, Prato Netherlands Alkmaar, Almere, Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Twente, Utrecht Spain Barcelona*, Castellón, Madrid Sweden Gothenburg, Jönköping, Lund, Stockholm Technical Performance of BHLS Peak and daily ridership are comparable to many tram systems, rarely operating at full system capacity 1,000 – 2,500+ pphpd 23,700 3,7 – 65,000 5, px/day p / y Commercial speed and frequency are good 16 – 35 kph (10-22 mph) 12-40 vehicles/hour hi l /h equal to or exceed that of European street tramways Seating g ratio at p peak is medium to high g 34-84% Investment cost of facility is low and quite affordable $ 6 million/km $3-16.5 illi /k Conclusion REVISITING SOME ASSUMPTIONS USEFUL REFERENCES Buses can deliver needed capacity The major j BRT systems y have veryy high g capacity p y Bogota’s Transmillenio carries 45,000 passengers per hour, per direction – more than most metro lines Istanbul’s Metrobus carries almost 9 900,000 , px/day p / y – more than Dublin Bus, DART, LUAS and Metro North combined Guangzhou BRT carries >800,000 px/day Many a y BRT sys systems e s ope operate a ea at light g railway a ay capac capacity, y, exceeding urban LRT/tramway capacity Mexico city, Brisbane, Ottowa, Lagos > 200,000 px/day Many BHLS systems match street-tramway street tramway capacity Ridership on many rail systems turns out to be far short of initial planning forecasts, design capacity How often were bus-based systems ruled out incorrectly? BRT can operate at short intervals Some p planners p presume a single g route,, and then assume that a low headway cannot be managed Most BRT systems operate multiple routes: Overlapping routes routes, might not all stop at every station Individual route headways may be in range 3-20 minutes Multiple loading bays at the stations to maximise throughput Route/Vehicle R t /V hi l capacity it can be b high: hi h Guangzhou BRT has 28 routes on the main trunk, possible 41 In Seoul, the BRT carries 250 buses per hour, per direction However, this is a critical point of the BRT design Throughput of vehicles at stations Throughput of passengers at stations Throughput of buses at junctions BRT is more than tram on tyres BRT is a different mode,, different characteristics BRT can indeed be designed in the same style as tram … …but then it does not exploit the characteristics of bus BRT is a ‘service plan’ availing of the infrastructure Route system rather than end-to-end services Routes can join/leave the running way way, reducing the need for passenger transfer (and less need for big interchange stations) Options for express, limited stop, and premium services Non-BRT buses/routes may also use it non-stop as a ‘channel’ Business and operator factors are important Can be developed incrementally Car-users will use high-quality g q y bus Major j ridership pg gains in BRT in South America,, Asia,, Australia Significant % of new riders in North American and South American BRT come from car Major ridership gains in European BHLS (range 20140%) Some mode shift from car in European BHLS When of high quality, BRT has high customer perception matching LRT (e.g. perception, (e g Los Angeles) ‘Mode constant’ is increasingly shown to be outdated Growing body of research that transit characteristics are what matter to the user (speed, reliability, comfort) Bus systems y can enhance land-value Metro, M t commuter t rail il and d ttram h have proven iimpactt on land-value, development, and property prices/rents Research on bus transit has been minimal … … but, absence of evidence is NOT evidence of absence In Europe, bus transit projects are below investment th h ld requiring thresholds i i ffull ll post-delivery t d li appraisal i l BRT is a new mode, evidence is beginning to emerge: In Cleveland,, $4.3 $4 3 billion investment along g the buswayy In Pittsburgh, $800 million investment along the busway In Seoul, significant value increase in property value on BRT In Curitiba,, the BRT lines have shaped p the cityy Some BRT/BHLS focus on improving urban-scape Summary BRT and BHLS are established and proven transit modes In almost all cases, bus can provide the required functionality at affordable cost and in short delivery time Many M presumptions ti have h been b shown h tto b be iincorrectt Bus transit can achieve significant ridership growth Bus-based transit can attract car users and achieve modal shift BRT can stimulate property development and raise land values BRT experience suggests that it is the attributes of transit that achieve the results rather than the technology used A fundamental rethink of the role of bus within the “transportation hierarchy” is required International know-how and resources are available Information resources for BRT, BHLS ITDP – www.itdp.org BRT Planning Pl i Guidelines G id li (2007, ( v.4 in i 2012)) Review of US BRT, case studies EMBARQ – www.embarq.org Case study materials, usage guidance, evaluation COST Action on BHLS - www.bhls.eu Final report available 11/2011 (at POLIS Annual Conference) US National BRT Institute – www.nbrti.org SUTP – www.sutp.org Volvo Centre of Excellence, Santiago – www.brt.cl US TRB/TCRP - www.trb.org/TCRP/Public/TCRP.aspx World Bank, APTA, UITP, … Thredbo Th db 12 (conference) ( f ) – www.thredbo-conference-series.org th db f i Contact details Brendan Finn [email protected] @ g