GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS

Transcription

GRAIN ORIENTED
ELECTRICAL STEELS
M-2 M-3 M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES
M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 MILL-ANNEAL GOES
P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N
Applications Potential
AK Steel Grain Oriented Electrical Steels (GOES) are used
most effectively in transformer cores having wound or sheared
and stamped laminations with the magnetic flux path entirely,
or predominately, in the rolling direction. They also are used in
large generators and other apparatus when the design permits the
directional magnetic characteristics to be used efficiently.
LITE CARLITE® AND MILL-ANNEAL GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS
LITE CARLITE® AND MILL-ANNEAL GOES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Product Description........................................................................ 1
Specifications ................................................................................ 3
Surface Insulation & Lamination Factor Curves............................... 4
Representative Mechanical Properties............................................ 5
Magnetostriction............................................................................. 5
Stress-Relief Annealing................................................................... 6
Thickness, Width, Camber & Flatness Tolerances............................ 8
Manufacturing Specifications ......................................................... 9
Design Tables............................................................................... 10
Design Graphs
Core Loss Curves..................................................................... 12
Exciting Power Curves............................................................. 20
D-C Magnetization Curves....................................................... 28
D-C Hysteresis Loops.............................................................. 36
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Grain Oriented Electrical Steels are iron-silicon alloys that were developed
to provide the low core loss and high permeability required for efficient and
economical electrical transformers. First produced commercially by AK Steel,
these magnetic materials exhibit their superior magnetic properties in the
rolling direction. This directionality occurs because the steels are specially
processed to create a very high proportion of grains within the steel which
have similarly oriented atomic crystalline structures relative to the rolling
direction.
In iron-silicon alloys, this atomic structure is cubic and the crystals are most
easily magnetized in a direction parallel to the cube edges. By a combination
of precise steel composition, rigidly controlled cold rolling and annealing
procedures, the crystals of these oriented electrical steels are aligned with
their cube edges nearly parallel to the direction in which the steel is rolled.
Consequently, they provide superior permeability and lower core loss when
magnetized in this direction.
Since the inception of grain oriented electrical steels in 1933, AK Steel
Research has continued to develop new and improved grades to provide the
electrical industry with core materials for the manufacture of more efficient
electrical apparatus.
AK Steel Oriented Mill-Anneal finish and LITE CARLITE Electrical Steels are
suitable for those types of transformers where a stress relief annealing
treatment of the magnetic core is used and the magnetic flux path is entirely,
or predominately, in the rolling direction. The technology used for Oriented
LITE CARLITE provides superior transformer performance when compared to
oriented electrical steels with Mill-Anneal finish. This is accomplished by:
• Excellent response to stress-relief annealing
• High tension CARLITE® 3 coating
FORMS AND STANDARD SIZES
Nominal Thickness
M-2:
0.007 in. (0.18 mm)
M-3:
0.009 in. (0.23 mm)
M-4:
0.011 in. (0.27 mm)
M-5:
0.012 in. (0.30 mm)
M-6:
0.014 in. (0.35 mm)
Width
Standard:
Maximum:
Minimum:
36.00 in. (914 mm)
36.22 in. (920 mm)
0.50 in. (12.7 mm)
Inside Coil Diameter
Master Coil 20.0 in. (508 mm)
Slit Width Coil 16.0 and 20.0 in.
(406 and 508 mm)
1
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
MILL-ANNEAL SURFACE INSULATION
The Mill-Anneal insulation coating is formed at very high temperatures
during the final annealing operation. It is a tightly adherent magnesiumsilicate type of coating equivalent to ASTM A976 C-2. Mill-Anneal coating
provides insulative properties suitable for transformers operated at flux
densities where the induced voltage is at or below 10 volts per turn such
as distribution transformers and other devices.
The Mill-Anneal surface provides good resistance to abrasion during
winding into core form and will withstand stress-relieving anneal without
loss of insulative value. No danger of transformer oil contamination exists
with this coating. Prolonged exposure to oils or air at transformer operating
temperatures does not endanger insulating qualities.
CARLITE 3 SURFACE INSULATION
AK Steel’s LITE CARLITE Grain Oriented Electrical Steels (GOES) products are
supplied with CARLITE 3 insulative coating, an inorganic coating equivalent
to ASTM A976 C-5. LITE CARLITE is ideal for materials that will be used in
distribution transformers and other magnetic apparatus with low to moderate
volts per turn where the cores are stress-relief annealed. In addition to
supplying the basic benefits of C-5 Insulation, LITE CARLITE provides other
important advantages which include:
• Potential for reduced transformer building factor from added resistance
to elastic strain damage
• Potential for reduction of magnetostriction related transformer noise
• High stacking factor
• Easy assembly due to smoothness of coating (low coefficient of friction)
Sample chemically etched to reveal grain structure
2
SPECIFICATIONS
In terms of maximum core loss, AK Steel Oriented Mill-Anneal and LITE CARLITE Electrical Steel specifications are determined at 17kG at 60Hz. Induction is
specified at 10 Oe. All test grading is conducted using stress-relief annealed Epstein test samples which are tested in the direction of rolling in accordance with
ASTM testing procedure A343. Samples are secured from each end of the coil and the higher core loss value is used for certification of conformance to product
grade guarantees.
GUARANTEED CORE LOSS
Product
Oriented
LITE
CARLITE
Oriented
MillAnneal
Approximate
Grade ASTM Grades
Nominal
Thickness,
in. (mm)
M-2
0.007 (0.18)
M-3X
0.009 (0.23)
M-3
Assumed
Density,
g/cm³
7.65
Resistivity,
Ω-m,
x 10-6
51
Maximum Core Loss, W/lb.
15 kG
17 kG
15 kG
17 kG
Minimum
Induction at
10 Oe, kG
0.307
0.479
0.395
0.609
18.0
0.305
0.453
0.395
0.580
18.0
50 Hz
60 Hz
0.009 (0.23)
0.313
0.477
0.405
0.610
18.0
M-2
18G041
0.007 (0.18)
0.307
0.488
0.395
0.620
18.0
M-3
23G045
23H070
0.009 (0.23)
0.316
0.484
0.410
0.630
18.0
M-4
27G051
27H074
0.011 (0.27)
0.390
0.560
0.510
0.740
18.0
M-5
30GO58
30HO83
0.012 (0.30)
0.440
0.630
0.580
0.830
17.8
M-6
35GO66
35HO94
0.014 (0.35)
0.500
0.710
0.660
0.940
17.8
7.65
51
TYPICAL CORE LOSS
Product
Oriented
LITE
CARLITE
Oriented
MillAnneal
Approximate
Grade ASTM Grades
Nominal
Thickness,
in. (mm)
Assumed
Density,
g/cm³
Resistivity,
Ω-m,
x 10-6
Typical Core Loss, W/lb.
15 kG
17 kG
15 kG
17 kG
Typical
Induction at
10 Oe, kG
0.292
0.446
0.375
0.567
18.4
50 Hz
60 Hz
M-2
0.007 (0.18)
M-3X
0.009 (0.23)
0.301
0.449
0.390
0.575
18.4
M-3
0.009 (0.23)
0.305
0.461
0.395
0.590
18.4
7.65
51
M-2
18G041
0.007 (0.18)
0.295
0.462
0.379
0.587
18.4
M-3
23G045
23H070
0.009 (0.23)
0.303
0.464
0.393
0.594
18.4
M-4
27G051
27H074
0.011 (0.27)
0.352
0.525
0.461
0.680
18.4
M-5
30G058
30H083
0.012 (0.30)
0.391
0.567
0.514
0.738
18.2
M-6
35G066
35H094
0.014 (0.35)
0.440
0.614
0.582
0.806
18.2
7.65
51
The core loss and exciting power of the AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steel grades are determined by magnetic tests performed in accordance with general procedures approved by the
American Society for Testing and Materials. The following conditions apply:
1. Epstein test specimens sheared parallel to the rolling direction of the steel from fully processed coils and stress-relief annealed per ASTM A876.
2. Tested per ASTM A343.
3. Density of all grades is 7.65 g/cm³ per ASTM A34.
ASTM A664 is a grade identification system for electrical steels. While this system has not been widely adopted by the manufacturers and consumers of electrical steels, it is used in
ASTM A876 to designate various grades of grain oriented electrical steel.
3
SURFACE INSULATION & LAMINATION FACTOR CURVES
0.69
0.69
100000
100000
-
TEST
PRESSURE ---MPa
Test
Pressure
mPa
Test
Pressure
mPa
SURFACE INSULATION CURVES
6.89
6.89
0.006
0.006
The graph on the left shows the variation of surface insulation resistance
versus pressure and provides a guide to users interested in knowing the
relative insulative capabilities of the available surface finishes. Resistance
values are typical of tests made on such surfaces by the Franklin Test
(ASTM A717). However, the user should recognize that the normally small
variations in mill oxide and coating thickness within a lot necessitate allowing
for some test values lower as well as higher than those shown in the curves.
LAMINATION FACTOR
0.031
0.031
Lamination factor is the measure of compactness of an electrical steel core.
This is also referred to as “stacking factor” and “space factor.” Lamination
factor is the ratio of the equivalent “solid” volume, calculated from weight and
density of the steel, to the actual volume of the compressed pack, determined
from its dimensions. Special processing gives AK’s Oriented Electrical Steels
exceptionally and consistently high lamination factors.
10000
10000
0.114
0.114
TEST METHOD
0.244
0.244
1000
1000
The lamination factor of electrical steels is determined from measurements
of a stack of Epstein strips under known pressure in accordance with
ASTM A719. The graph below illustrates how the ASTM lamination factor
varies as a function of pressure for LITE CARLITE and Mill-Annealed Oriented
Electrical Steels. The values shown are representative of the lamination factor
determined by this test.
FRANKLIN
CURRENT
FRANKLIN
CURRENT (A) (A)
TEST
PRESSURE
- MPa
TEST
PRESSURE - MPa
99.5
0.07
0.14
0.35
0.70
1.4
3.5
7.0
99.0
0.763
0.763
100
100
LAMINATION
FACTOR-- percent
%
LAMINATION
FACTOR
APPARENT INSU
LATI OINSULATION
N RESISRESISTIVITY
TI VITY –-ΩΩ·
m2/lamination
m ² per l(two
am isurfaces)
nation (two surfaces)
•mm
APPARENT
0.013
0.013
98.5
Mill
98.0
97.5
97.0
96.5
96.0
95.5
10
10
0.985
0.985
100
100
1000
1000
TEST
PRESSURE - psi.-- psi
TEST
PRESSURE
psi
TEST
PRESSURE
Typical surface insulation characteristics of AK Steel Oriented Electrical
Steels at various pressures as determined by the Franklin Test.
95.0
10
20
50
100
100
200
500
1000
TEST
TESTPRESSURE
PRESSURE - psi.- psi
Representative lamination factors for AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steels
at various pressures.
4
REPRESENTATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Ultimate Tensile Strength in rolling direction, psi. (MPa)
51,000
(352)
Yield Strength in rolling direction, psi. (MPa)
48,000
(331)
Percent Elongation in 2" (50.8 mm) in rolling direction
9
Microhardness (Knoop Hardness Number, HK)
167
Equivalent Rockwell B Scale Hardness
81
Modulus of Elasticity, psi. (MPa)*
in rolling direction
17,700,000
(122000)
at 20° to rolling direction
20,800,000
(143000)
34,300,000
(236000)
37,500,000
(258000)
at right angles to rolling direction
29,000,000
(200000)
*Values may vary as much as plus or minus 5%
MAGNETOSTRICTION
The magnetostriction coefficients are inherent to Mill-Anneal finish and LITE CARLITE Oriented
owing to the degree of grain orientation.
The information below, while purely comparative in nature, is considered to be representative
of AK Steel’s Mill-Anneal finish and LITE CARLITE Oriented products.
COMPARATIVE MAGNETOSTRICTION
Magnetostriction x 108
Product
Oriented LITE
CARLITE
Oriented MillAnneal
60 Hz
Grade
Nominal Thickness,
in. (mm)
15 kG
17 kG
M-2
0.007 (0.18)
-64
-78
M-3X
0.009 (0.23)
-67
-83
M-3
0.009 (0.23)
-67
-83
M-2
0.007 (0.18)
-55
-63
M-3
0.009 (0.23)
-59
-69
M-4
0.011 (0.27)
-77
-93
M-5
0.012 (0.30)
-67
-86
M-6
0.014 (0.35)
-66
-83
TEST METHOD
The above data is meant for comparative purposes only and was developed using stressrelief annealed Epstein specimens from representative samples which were prepared in
accordance with ASTM A876 and tested in accordance with ASTM A343. While there are no
agreed upon standard testing methods for magnetostriction, these data were acquired using
an accelerometer-based measurement of crossover-to-tip displacement of many individual
Epstein strips which were tested at a frequency of 60Hz at the inductions shown above.
The magnetostriction values are, to our best knowledge, believed to be representative of
commercially produced materials.
5
STRESS-RELIEF ANNEALING
In wound or formed cores, there is a substantial amount of both plastic and elastic strain which
substantially degrades the magnetic properties of the electrical steel. When the strain is low, the strain
will be elastic and removal of the load or restraining force will permit the steel to return to essentially a
stress-free condition. However, if the steel is plastically deformed, it will retain stresses even after the
load is removed. In these circumstances, stress-relief annealing is needed to return the material to a
stress-free condition.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Although a thermal flattening treatment is part of the process for application of CARLITE 3 insulation
coating to LITE CARLITE Oriented electrical steel, both AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE and Oriented
Mill-Anneal products require stress-relief annealing to fully develop the magnetic properties.
The annealing should be conducted for a suitable time and temperature in a protective atmosphere
to prevent adverse changes to the steel chemistry. The parameters of time, temperature and atmosphere
are not interchangeable with those procedures used for annealing of semiprocessed non-oriented or
carbon lamination steel products. Conditions that create excessive thermal gradients should be avoided
since these can reintroduce stresses and/or distort the shape of the steel.
TEMPERATURE CYCLE
While a soaking temperature of 1450 - 1500 °F (790 - 820 °C) for a time of at least 15 minutes is
recommended, stress-relief annealing should be conducted for the shortest time possible without
producing excessive thermal gradients. It is recommended that higher stress-relief annealing
temperatures be employed only after experimentation with the cores being annealed shows it is
clearly beneficial as higher annealing temperatures can result in increased “sticking” and/or “flaking”
of the CARLITE coating.
6
STRESS-RELIEF ANNEALING
Proper specification of annealing time must take into account the size and weight of the finished cores
being annealed, the degree of exposure to heating and cooling during annealing and the amount of
plastic deformation imparted by core fabrication. The furnace heat input should be adjusted so that the
heating rate is not too great when approaching the soaking temperature. Forcing cores to heat rapidly
to soak temperature should be avoided owing to incomplete annealing and/or thermal distortion is likely.
If the cores are not well exposed, the length of the soaking period should be extended.
Proper specification of the cooling time requires similar consideration. It is recommended that the rate
of cooling after annealing does not exceed 185 °F (85 °C) per hour from soaking temperature to 1400 °F
(750 °C) and not exceed 330 °F (165 °C) per hour to a temperature of 1200 °F (650 °C). Steel cores or
laminations usually can be removed from the protective atmosphere at 600 - 700 ° F (325 - 375 °C)
without ill effect.
ANNEALING ATMOSPHERE
The Mill-Anneal finish (sometimes referred to as Glass Film) is developed at very high temperatures in
a hydrogen atmosphere. Consequently, it is completely compatible with hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures
ranging from 0 to 100% nitrogen without adversely affecting the interlaminar resistance quality of the
insulation coating. However, for economy and safety, the hydrogen content usually is maintained below
10%. Vacuum annealing gives very satisfactory results with a Mill-Anneal surface, but may be too costly.
AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE is supplied with a CARLITE 3 type of insulation coating. The qualities
of the CARLITE coating are best maintained or enhanced when stress-relief annealing is conducted
in an atmosphere that is neutral or slightly oxidizing to iron. An oxygen-free nitrogen atmosphere or a
nitrogen-hydrogen mixture containing 5% hydrogen or less is recommended for batch annealing where
exposure times in excess of one hour are typical. Vacuum annealing of CARLITE insulated materials is not
recommended.
Continuous stress-relief annealing of slit widths or single laminations may be carried out in air if the
exposure time is only a matter of minutes.
ANNEALING ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONS TO AVOID
AK Steel Oriented Electrical Steels are produced under exacting controls of composition and
processing to provide a steel that is extremely low in impurities such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen.
The Mill-Anneal insulation coating provides very limited protection to contaminants in the annealing
atmosphere, significant degradation of the magnetic properties will occur if these impurities are
reintroduced into the steel. The CARLITE insulation coating of the Oriented LITE CARLITE electrical steels
does provide some protection, degradation of the magnetic properties will also occur if these above
mentioned impurities are reintroduced into the steel. Annealing atmospheres which contain high chemical
potentials of carbon, oxygen or their compounds may contaminate the steel under certain circumstances
and should be avoided.
7
THICKNESS, WIDTH, CAMBER & FLATNESS TOLERANCES
THICKNESS TOLERANCES
Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)
Grade
Nominal Thickness
in. (mm)
Minimum
Maximum
M-2
0.007 (0.18)
0.0060 (0.152)
0.0080 (0.203)
M-3
0.009 (0.23)
0.0075 (0.191)
0.0100 (0.254)
M-4
0.011 (0.27)
0.0095 (0.241)
0.0120 (0.305)
M-5
0.012 (0.30)
0.0105 (0.267)
0.0130 (0.330)
M-6
0.014 (0.35)
0.0125 (0.318)
0.0150 (0.381)
The thickness values are based on the test sample weight plus typical coating thickness such as
would be measured using a contacting micrometer. The typical coating thickness is 0.0002 – 0.0004 in.
(0.005 – 0.010 mm). Thickness measured at any point on the sheet not less than 0.375 in. (10 mm)
from an edge shall not deviate more than +/- 0.0008 in. (0.020 mm) from the average thickness of
the test lot or coil.
WIDTH TOLERANCES
Specified Width, in. (mm)
Tolerance over, in. (mm)
Tolerance under, in. (mm)
To 4 (102) Inclusive
0.005 (0.127)
0.005 (0.127)
Over 4 to 9 (102 to 229) inclusive
0.007 (0.178)
0.007 (0.178)
Over 9 to 15 (229 to 381) inclusive
0.010 (0.254)
0.010 (0.254)
Over 15 (381)
0.016 (0.406)
0.016 (0.406)
CAMBER TOLERANCES
The deviation of a side edge from a straight line over a length of 80 in. (2 m), or a fraction thereof, shall
not exceed 0.1 in. (2.54 mm).
FLATNESS TOLERANCES
While a thermal flattening treatment is part of the process for application of CARLITE 3 insulation coating,
the conventional flattening methods for electrical steel products were not used in the production of
AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE due to their effects on magnetic quality after stress-relief annealing.
Because of this circumstance, AK Steel Oriented LITE CARLITE typically has a small amount of coil set
remaining in the delivered product. Thereby, it is not feasible to employ flatness tolerance tables for flat
rolled steel. Some applications, and certain types of fabricating techniques for construction of magnetic
cores, are tolerant of certain flatness deviations. However, it is generally recognized that sharp, short
waves and buckles are objectionable and should be avoided as much as possible. The producer should
determine the flatness requirements for its particular application and the suitability of this electrical steel.
8
MANUFACTURING SPECIFICATIONS
Thickness
0.007 in. (0.18mm) Oriented M-2
Width
Master coils are available in widths of 36.0 in. (914 mm) and
36.22 in. (920 mm).
For the 36.22 in. (920 mm) width, we reserve the option of
furnishing cutdowns, in 35.43 in. (900 mm) and 34.65 in.
(880 mm) widths, not to exceed 10% of the ordered quantity.
For the 36.00 in. (914 mm) width, we reserve the option
of furnishing cutdowns, in 33.07 in. (890 mm) and
34.25 in. (870 mm) widths, not to exceed 10% of the
ordered quantity.
Coils-Slit
Minimum width
0.5 in. (12.7 mm)
Narrower
Inquire
Inside diameters
16 in. (406 mm)
20 in. (508 mm)
Coils-Not Slit
Inside diameter
Approximate Coil Weight
335 lbs./in. of width (600 kg per 100 mm of width)
20 in. (508 mm)
9
TYPICAL VALUES OF CORE LOSS
AT 50 AND 60 Hz FOR TYPICAL EPSTEIN SPECIMENS OF AK STEEL ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS
Core Loss (W/lb.) - ASTM A343
Flux Density
(kG)
0.007 in M-2 LITE CARLITE
50 Hz
60 Hz
0.009 in M-3X LITE CARLITE
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
0.007 in M-2 Mill-Anneal Oriented
50 Hz
60 Hz
1
0.00140
0.00182
0.00150
0.00195
0.00155
0.00202
0.00148
0.00193
2
0.00528
0.00688
0.0056
0.00734
0.00576
0.00753
0.00547
0.00716
3
0.0117
0.0152
0.0123
0.0160
0.0126
0.0164
0.0119
0.0156
4
0.0205
0.0265
0.0214
0.0279
0.0219
0.0285
0.0206
0.0269
5
0.0316
0.0409
0.0329
0.0429
0.0336
0.0437
0.0316
0.0412
6
0.0451
0.0584
0.0469
0.0611
0.0478
0.0621
0.0450
0.0585
7
0.061
0.0788
0.0633
0.0824
0.0643
0.0836
0.0607
0.0789
8
0.0791
0.102
0.0821
0.107
0.0833
0.108
0.0788
0.102
9
0.0995
0.129
0.103
0.135
0.105
0.136
0.0994
0.129
10
0.122
0.158
0.127
0.166
0.129
0.167
0.122
0.159
11
0.148
0.191
0.154
0.200
0.155
0.202
0.148
0.192
12
0.176
0.228
0.183
0.239
0.185
0.241
0.177
0.230
13
0.208
0.269
0.217
0.282
0.219
0.285
0.210
0.271
14
0.246
0.317
0.255
0.331
0.258
0.335
0.248
0.320
15
0.292
0.375
0.301
0.390
0.305
0.395
0.294
0.379
16
0.352
0.451
0.360
0.464
0.367
0.473
0.358
0.459
17
0.446
0.567
0.449
0.575
0.461
0.590
0.462
0.587
18
0.607
0.768
0.603
0.767
0.617
0.784
0.638
0.807
19
0.797
1.00
0.796
1.01
0.805
1.02
0.84
1.06
Core Loss (W/lb.) - ASTM A343
Flux Density
(kG)
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
1
0.00147
0.00194
0.00194
0.00256
0.00212
0.00281
0.00261
0.00343
2
0.00556
0.00735
0.00719
0.00953
0.00789
0.0105
0.00956
0.0129
3
0.0122
0.0161
0.0155
0.0205
0.0170
0.0228
0.0205
0.0275
4
0.0212
0.0279
0.0265
0.0351
0.0293
0.0391
0.0350
0.0470
5
0.0326
0.0428
0.0402
0.0532
0.0446
0.0596
0.0528
0.0709
6
0.0465
0.061
0.0565
0.0747
0.0631
0.084
0.0741
0.0994
7
0.0628
0.0822
0.0756
0.0998
0.0847
0.113
0.0988
0.132
8
0.0817
0.107
0.0976
0.129
0.109
0.145
0.127
0.170
9
0.103
0.135
0.122
0.161
0.138
0.182
0.159
0.212
10
0.127
0.166
0.150
0.198
0.169
0.224
0.194
0.258
11
0.154
0.201
0.181
0.238
0.204
0.271
0.233
0.310
12
0.184
0.239
0.216
0.284
0.242
0.320
0.276
0.368
13
0.217
0.283
0.255
0.335
0.285
0.377
0.324
0.431
14
0.256
0.333
0.299
0.393
0.334
0.440
0.378
0.501
15
0.304
0.393
0.351
0.461
0.391
0.514
0.439
0.582
16
0.367
0.472
0.423
0.551
0.464
0.606
0.512
0.677
17
0.465
0.594
0.527
0.680
0.569
0.738
0.611
0.806
18
0.627
0.795
0.688
0.881
0.723
0.931
0.768
1.010
19
0.806
1.02
0.876
1.11
0.899
1.15
0.953
1.24
10
TYPICAL VALUES OF RMS EXCITING POWER
AT 50 AND 60 Hz FOR TYPICAL EPSTEIN SPECIMENS OF AK STEEL ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS
Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) - ASTM A343
Flux Density
(kG)
0.009 in M-3X LITE CARLITE
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
1
0.00399
0.00486
0.00379
0.00463
0.00403
0.00493
0.00347
0.00426
2
0.0134
0.0164
0.0127
0.0156
0.0135
0.0165
0.0115
0.0142
3
0.0269
0.0330
0.0255
0.0314
0.0269
0.0332
0.0228
0.0283
4
0.0433
0.0533
0.0412
0.0510
0.0434
0.0536
0.0366
0.0455
5
0.0621
0.0765
0.0593
0.0737
0.0622
0.0772
0.0526
0.0655
6
0.0829
0.102
0.0796
0.0991
0.0834
0.104
0.0703
0.0879
7
0.106
0.131
0.102
0.127
0.107
0.133
0.0900
0.113
8
0.131
0.162
0.127
0.158
0.132
0.165
0.112
0.140
9
0.158
0.196
0.154
0.192
0.160
0.200
0.136
0.171
10
0.188
0.234
0.184
0.230
0.191
0.240
0.162
0.205
11
0.223
0.277
0.218
0.273
0.227
0.284
0.193
0.243
12
0.263
0.328
0.257
0.323
0.268
0.336
0.228
0.288
13
0.314
0.390
0.306
0.383
0.319
0.399
0.272
0.343
14
0.382
0.474
0.370
0.463
0.387
0.483
0.332
0.416
15
0.490
0.604
0.469
0.582
0.491
0.610
0.426
0.531
16
0.698
0.853
0.652
0.803
0.686
0.843
0.608
0.749
17
1.23
1.50
1.11
1.35
1.18
1.43
1.08
1.32
18
3.43
4.17
3.00
3.64
3.23
3.92
3.00
3.66
19
15.0
18.3
13.4
16.3
14.1
17.2
12.7
15.5
Exciting Power (rms VA/lb.) - ASTM A343
Flux Density
(kG)
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
50 Hz
60 Hz
1
0.00336
0.00414
0.00378
0.0047
0.00346
0.00436
0.00367
0.00471
2
0.0112
0.0140
0.0125
0.0157
0.0115
0.0147
0.0124
0.0161
3
0.0225
0.0281
0.0249
0.0315
0.0233
0.0299
0.0253
0.0331
4
0.0364
0.0455
0.0403
0.0511
0.0383
0.0494
0.0418
0.0549
5
0.0524
0.0659
0.0582
0.0740
0.0562
0.0728
0.0618
0.0813
6
0.0706
0.0890
0.0786
0.100
0.0770
0.100
0.0850
0.112
7
0.0908
0.115
0.101
0.130
0.101
0.131
0.112
0.147
8
0.113
0.143
0.127
0.162
0.128
0.166
0.141
0.187
9
0.138
0.175
0.155
0.199
0.158
0.206
0.175
0.231
10
0.166
0.211
0.186
0.239
0.191
0.249
0.212
0.279
11
0.197
0.251
0.221
0.285
0.230
0.303
0.254
0.334
12
0.235
0.298
0.262
0.337
0.274
0.357
0.300
0.394
13
0.281
0.356
0.310
0.398
0.327
0.424
0.354
0.465
14
0.344
0.433
0.371
0.475
0.396
0.510
0.420
0.549
15
0.441
0.552
0.459
0.583
0.498
0.635
0.509
0.661
16
0.627
0.774
0.613
0.769
0.687
0.862
0.658
0.842
17
1.11
1.36
1.01
1.24
1.21
1.49
1.04
1.30
18
3.21
3.81
2.90
3.53
3.67
4.46
3.04
3.70
19
13.8
16.3
12.7
15.4
14.7
18.0
12.8
15.6
11
CORE LOSS CURVE – M-2 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
M-2 LITE CARLITE® GOES
0.007 in. Thick
2
CORE LOSS - 50 and 60 Hz
15
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
12
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
Test: Parallel; ASTM A343
0
CORE LOSS CURVE – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
M-3X LITE CARLITE® GOES
0.009 in. Thick
2
14
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
13
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
CORE LOSS CURVE – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
16
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
14
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
CORE LOSS CURVE – M-2 MILL-ANNEAL
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
M-2 Mill-Anneal GOES
0.007 in. Thick
2
17
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
15
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
18
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
16
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.011 in. Thick
2
19
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
17
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.012 in. Thick
2
20
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
18
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.014 in. Thick
2
21
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
19
CORELOSS
LOSS - W/lb.
CORE
- W/lb
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-2 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
2
EXCITING POWER - 50 and 60 Hz
23
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
20
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
22
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
21
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
24
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
22
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-2 MILL-ANNEAL
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
2
25
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
23
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-3 MILL-ANNEAL
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
26
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
24
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
EXCITING POWER CURVE – M-4 MILL ANNEAL
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.011 in. Thick
2
27
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
25
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.012 in. Thick
2
28
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
26
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
20
18
50 Hz
60 Hz
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.014 in. Thick
2
29
10
7
5
3
2
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
27
EXCITING POWER
- VA/lb. - VA/lb
EXCITING
POWER
1
0
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE – M-2 LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
2
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE
31
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
28
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE – M-3X LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
30
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
29
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE – M-3 LITE CARLITE
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
32
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
30
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
D-C MAGNETIZATION CURVE – M-2 MILL-ANNEAL
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
2
31
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
31
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
34
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
32
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
M-4 Mill-AnnealGOES
0.011 in. Thick
2
35
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
33
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.012 in. Thick
2
36
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
34
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: SRA; 50/50; A596
0
20
18
16
14
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
10
8
6
4
0.014 in. Thick
2
37
100
70
50
30
20
10
7
3
2
1
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
35
MAGNETIC
FIELD STRENGTH - Oe
5
Test: As-Sheared; 50/50; A596
0
D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS – M-2 LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS
2
0
Peak Magnetic Flux Densities of
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
Test: SRA; Parallel; ASTM A773
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
36
39
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS – M-3X LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
37
38
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS – M-3 LITE CARLITE
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
38
40
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
D-C HYSTERESIS LOOPS – M-2 MILL-ANNEAL
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.007 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
39
41
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.009 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
40
42
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.011 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
41
43
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.012 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
42
44
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
18
16
14
10
Change of Scale
FLUX DENSITY - kG
FLUX DENSITY - kG
12
8
6
4
0.014 in. Thick
2
0
10, 13, 15, and 17 kG
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
MAGNETIC
STRENGTH
- Oe
MAGNETICFIELD
FIELD STRENGTH
- Oe
43
45
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.4
0.9
1.8
1.0
2.2
AK Steel Corporation
9227 Centre Point Drive
West Chester, OH 45069
800.331.5050
www.aksteel.com
Headquartered in West Chester, Ohio, AK Steel is a world leader in the production of
flat rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steel products, primarily for automotive,
appliance, construction and electrical power generation and distribution markets. The
company operates seven steel plants and two tube manufacturing plants across four
states – Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and Pennsylvania. All of the company’s steel plants are
ISO/TS 16949, ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified for their quality and environmental
management systems. AK Steel is a publicly held company traded over the New York
Stock Exchange under the symbol AKS – aligning the company with many of the most
prominent corporations in America.
The information and data in this document are accurate to the best of our knowledge
and belief, but are intended for general information only. Applications suggested for the
materials are described only to help readers make their own evaluations and decisions,
and are neither guarantees nor to be construed as express or implied warranties of
suitability for these or other applications.
Data referring to material properties are the result of tests performed on specimens
obtained from specific locations of the products in accordance with prescribed
sampling procedures; any warranty thereof is limited to the values obtained at such
locations and by such procedures. There is no warranty with respect to values of the
materials at other locations.
AK and the AK Steel logo are registered trademarks of the AK Steel Corporation.
Revision 04.17.13

GRAIN ORIENTED ELECTRICAL STEELS

Transcription

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