Protozoan infections (cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis) of the

Protozoan infections (cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis) of the

Protozoan infections
(cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis)
of the gastrointestinal tract of the calf:
an update.
Geurden Thomas
DVM, PhD, Dipl EVPC
Mortality in calves
(Afdeling Landbouw en Visserij Vlaamse Overheid)
12,5% or 1/8 calves die before the age of 12 months
→ 77% before the age of 4 months
Why?:
1st 2 days : congenital problems
0,9%
before 4 mths : diarrhea
9,35%
between 4 -12 mths : pneumonia
2,25%
Diarrhea in calves
<3 days E. coli
< 1month (3-­‐5 weeks) Rota/Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium
> 1 month Coccidiosis
Salmonella, BVD, Clostridium
Different pathogens < 1 month
In calves < 1 month
de Graaf et al., 1999!
Updates 2001-2013!
Crypto in (diarrhea) calves in Europe
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Belgium
France
Spain
Ireland
History and rise of C. parvum in calves
1971:
First description of C. parvum in calves (1)
1980:
C. parvum : primary pathogen (2)
1983:
± 7% due to C. parvum (3)
1993:
± 40% due to C. parvum (3)
2000:
± 50-70% due toC. parvum (3)
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1 Panciera
2 Tzipori et
et al., 1971!
al., 1980!
3 de Graaf et al., 1999!
History and rise of Crypto in calves: reasons?
Ø  higher prevalence: intensified management systems
6%
45%
Geurden et al, 2006 Vet Parasitol. 138, 217-22.
History and rise of Crypto in calves: reasons?
Ø Better diagnosis
Ø  Better known with vets and farmers
Ø  Other pathogens less prevalent ? (vaccination)
Ø  More reserach funding
C. Parvum : Zoonosis
Animal
Direct contact
Drinking water
Pools, recreational water, etc.
Food
Human
Cryptosporidium :
Zoonotic diseases
1993: drink water related outbreak in Milwaukee (USA)
400,000 infected (population 1,600,000)
50-100 patients died
Total cost $96.2M
= $31.7M medical costs + $64.6M production losses
C. parvum in East Flanders
25% of beef farms
6 % of calves ≤ 10 weeks
25 % of calves ≤ 4 weeks
39 % of dairy farms
16 % of calves ≤ 10 weeks
20 % of calves ≤ 4 weeks
Crypto: cumulative prevalence
Weekly samples from birth
⇒ cumulative incidence up to 100%
⇒ on a positive farm:
- each calf will be infected
- >50% before the age of 10 days
C. Parvum : prevalence vs age
80
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AGE - WEEKS
prevalence
prevalence PCR
oocyst excretion
Bovine cryptosporidiosis
26 species described (4 in cattle)
Ø  C. parvum
Ø  C. ryanae
Ø  C. bovis
calves < 1mth
calves < 1 and > 1 mth
Ø  C. andersoni
older calves and adult cattle
Ø  C. felis
on occasion
Ø  C. canis
Crypto species: prevalence vs age
C. parvum
C. bovis (C. ryanae)
80
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
AGE - WEEKS
prevalence
prevalence PCR
oocyst excretion
Rieux et al 2013. Vet Parasitol. 197, 7-12 & 195: 169-172
C. parvum: life cycle
Feco-oral transmission of oocysts !
direct !
( indirect)!
cow
!
(calving area)
!
other calves!
(calf housing)!
C. parvum: pathogenesis!
Lysis enterocyts
(ileum, jejunum)
Shortening villi
C. parvum: clinical symptoms
-Diarrhea
⇒ yellow
⇒ watery in acute fase
⇒ mucoid in latent fase
⇒ (blood)
⇒ selflimiting (5-13d)
-Deshydratation
-Weight loss of retarted growth
-Death (in mixed infections)
!
Faecal examination: Microscopy
4- 6 µm
Faecal examination: IFA and ELISA
! !
!
! Faecal examination: Dip-Sticks
Evaluation of different tests
In samples from calves with diarrhea
Se
Sp
IFA
97
95
Techlab ELISA
95
93
Tetrakit ELISA
94
96
Dip-stick
88
92
Cryptosporidiosis: treatment
Ø  Halocur
7 days
dose appropriately 100 µg/kg
around feeding
!
!
Diarree score controle groep !
Diarree score halofuginone groep !
Oocyst telling controle groep !
Oocyst telling halofuginone groep !
Excretion is not
suppressed:
environment will still
be contaminated
Diarrhea in calves
<3 days E. coli
< 1month (3-­‐5 weeks) Rota/Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium
> 1 month Coccidiosis: what about Giardia ?
Giardia in East Flanders
!
64% of beef farms
34% of calves ≤ 10 weeks
42 % of dairy farms
17 % of calves ≤ 10 weeks!
Cryptosporidiosis
25% beef
39 % dairy
Eimeria
52% dairy
Giardiose - age
50%
400000
40%
300000
30%
200000
20%
100000
10%
0%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
AGE - WEEKS
prevalence
cyst excretion
9
10
History ofGiardia in calves
1859: 1st description Lambl
1952: multi-species
1987: diarrea in 14 calves
1990’s: increasing number of case reports
!
!
!
Giardia duodenalis: life cycle
Feco-­‐oral transmission cysts direct (indirect) cow
other
calves!
(calving area) (calf housing)!
Pathogenesis and clinical symptoms
↑ mucuoid secre4on ↓ absorp4on ↓ diges4on Intermittent / chronical diarrhea
Impaired growth/development
Dull haircoat
Retarded growth
Diarrea score
W1
1,64
1,79
treated
control
W2
1,38
1,75
W3
1,64
2,04
W4
1,67
2,12
Average
1,58
1,90
Weight gain
treated
control
W1
7,7
3,5
W2
6,1
8,0
W3
7,7
7,2
W4
6,4
4,6
Total
23,3
20,4
DWG
0,832
0,730
Geurden et al., Vet Parasitol. 169, 18-23
Diarrhea in calves
<3 days E. coli
< 1month (3-­‐5 weeks) Rota/Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium
> 1 month Coccidiosis
addGiardia as differential diagnosis
Giardia Diagnosis: Microscopy
CYSTS
Trophozoites
Diagnosis: IFA IFA
Elisa
Dip stick
Giardia duodenalis: test evaluation
Se
Sp
Microscopy
56
87
IFA
77
95
ELISA
89
90
IFA
Coris dip stick
BVT dip stick
se
sp
88 (60-99)
28 (16-41)
26 (16-35)
94 (90-99)
92 (86-98)
93 (88-98)
Giardiose - age
cyst excretion
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
AGE - WEEKS
cyst excretion
7
8
9
10
Cryptosporidium prevalence vs. age
prevalentie!
OPG!
80
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
60
40
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
leeftijd - weken
prevalentie
oocyst excretie
G. duodenalis: treatment
3 days treatment alb or fenb
15 (to 20) mg/kg BW/ day
Third day:management
Paromomycin
(Metronidazole)
(Furazolidine)
(Quinacrine)
management
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
D2
D4
D6
D9
control
D11
25
D13
50
D16
D18
D20
75
Geurden et al., 2006. Vet
Parasitol.135, 241-247
Protozoal infections: management ?
-high excretion
106 - 108 (oo)cysts/g faeces
-immediately infective
except coccidiosis: 2-3 weeks
-few (oo)cysts needed for infection
10 - 100 is sufficient
-resistant in the environment
> 1 year
-not sensitive to standard disinfection (Cl)
⇒ very rapidly; very high infection pressure
Protozoal infections: management ?
decrease environmental infection pressure
to maximize the effect of treatment
1- Isolate animals that are excreting = calves with diarrhea
2- Hygiene
3 – clean and disinfect on a regular basis
Environmental treatment
!
Cleaning
(oo)Cysts are
very resistant!!
Steam
Ammoniumhydroxide
Cl is not effective
hydroperoxide
Oocide® / Kenocox ®
!
Importance of management
Giardia case study
10 farms with diarrea – decreased growth
Ongoing for several months (years)
no coccidiosis; no BVD
Giardia cysts in min 50% of the calves
Importance of management
Giardia case study
Farm!
1!
2!
3!
4!
5!
6!
7!
8!
9!
10!
n!
5!
10!
7!
8!
14!
11!
14!
8!
8!
9!
D-1!
4!
5!
4!
5!
12!
7!
9!
8!
7!
9!
D7!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
nd!
nd!
nd!
nd!
nd!
D14!
0!
0!
0!
0!
0!
nd!
nd!
nd!
nd!
nd!
D21!
0!
0!
3!
2!
3!
1!
0!
1!
1!
7!
D28!
2!
0!
3!
3!
8!
1!
1!
0!
1!
treatment!
15mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15mg/kg 3d + moving!
15 mg/kg 3d + moving!
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15mg/kg 3d + moving!
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%!
15 mg/kg 3d!
Importance of management
Giardia case study
Farm
6
7
8
9
10
n
11
14
8
8
9
red D21
98.0%*
100.0%*
99.9%*
99.9%*
8.7%
red D28
98.0%*
99.5%*
100.0%*
99.9%*
treatment
15mg/kg 3d + moving
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%
15 mg/kg 3d + ammonia 10%
15mg/kg
3 weeks after treatment: low cyst excretion, if any
No clinical symptoms
Protozoal infections: management ?
decrease environmental infection pressure
to maximize the effect of treatment
Or
Treat the animals to complement the
effact of your management
Siwila et al., 2007. Trans R Soc Trop
Med Hyg. 101(7):733-4.
Thanks for listening !