Shell UIO specification of Group Standard for lifting and

Transcription

Shell UIO specification of
Group Standard
for
lifting and hoisting operations
in Europe
CMS DOCUMENT CONTROL BOX
Field Name
Field Description
Name
Specification of group standard for lifting and hoisting operations
Organisation
NAM
Content Owner
(Authority to Issue)
van den Berg, Gerard B NAM-UIO/T/SL
Custodian
Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL
Document Custodian
van der Vliet, Geert NAM-UIO/T/SL
Author(s)
Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL
CMS Number
NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01
Doc Number
EP201405203036
Revision Number
1
Cross References
N/A
First Issue Date
02-09-2010
Issue Date
09-05-2014
Review Date
09-05-2017
External
No
Document Type
Specification
Valid For
NAM
UPBM Process
N/A
UPBM Sub-process
N/A
Discipline
Logistics
Expertise
Lifting & Hoisting
Used In UP Process
14
Used In Discipline
Logistics
Used in Expertise
Lifting & Hoisting
Language
English
Risk Domains
Health, Safety, Environment, Finance, Legal, Asset Integrity, Social
Safety Case (UK)
No
HSE MS
Risk Management
ISO 14001
N/A
Security
Restricted
Export Control
Not subject to EAR – no US content
Applicable Roles
N/A
User guideline preface
Upstream International Operated (“UIO”) documents for Europe (“Documents”) are based on the experience
acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing
units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Shell UIO companies. Where appropriate
they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Shell
UIO companies in Europe operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas
production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit
from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users (high and middle management) for their
consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where the Documents shall not cover
every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of Documents is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in the
Documents to their own environment and requirements.
When contractors or manufacturers/suppliers use the D documents they shall be solely responsible for the
safety, quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for
those requirements not specifically covered, the principal will expect them to follow those designs and
engineering practices, which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the Documents. If in doubt,
the contractor or manufacturer/supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the
principal or its technical advisor.
The right to use the Documents is granted by Shell UIO companies in Europe only.
Contractors/subcontractors and manufacturers/suppliers shall perform all services and work and supply all
materials in accordance with the relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as shall be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell UIO
companies in Europe disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death)
suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or
implementation of any Document, combination of Documents or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly
caused by negligence on the part of such Shell UIO companies. The benefit of this disclaimer shall insure in all
respects to Shell UIO companies and/or any company affiliated to these companies that shall issue the
Documents or require the use of the Documents.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements,
the D documents shall not, without the prior written consent of Shell UIO companies in Europe, be disclosed by
users to any company or person whomsoever and the Documents shall be used exclusively for the purpose for
which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies, which shall
only be made by users with the express prior written consent of such Shell UIO companies in Europe.
The copyright of the Documents vests within the Shell Group. Users shall arrange for the Documents to be held
in safe custody and Shell UIO companies in Europe shall at any time require information satisfactory to them in
order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.
Doc. Nr.:
Revision. Nr.:
Date:
NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01
1
09/05/2014
Electronic copies to be obtained from the Shell UIO CMS website
Custodian:
Page:
Peter Verhoef
2 of 143 pages
Printed copies are uncontrolled documents
Table of contents
1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Objective and application ................................................................................................................. 9
Legislation and hierarchy of Standards .......................................................................................... 10
Shell’s Life-Saving Rules ............................................................................................................... 10
Terminology ................................................................................................................................... 10
Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 11
Contractual relationships: rental of equipment versus contract jobs .............................................. 12
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
2
Roles and responsibilities ................................................................................................. 15
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3
Define the lifting and hoisting operations....................................................................................... 19
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.4.1
Finalise Lift Plan ........................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Technical Support ........................................................................................................................... 24
Working area and external surrounding factors ................................................................ 25
4.1
4.2
Risk evaluation on location ............................................................................................................ 25
Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................... 25
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Working in an offshore environment ..................................................................................................................................................................25
Ground conditions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................25
Height .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Lifting and hoisting over buildings and installations ....................................................................................................................................29
Lifting and hoisting within buildings and installations ................................................................................................................................29
Miscellaneous ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................29
Weather .......................................................................................................................................... 30
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
Wind ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Sea-state.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Temperature .................................................................................................................................................................................................................30
Other weather conditions ........................................................................................................................................................................................30
Interference with radio signals........................................................................................................ 31
Chemicals and temperature in relation to lifting and hoisting equipment ...................................... 31
Radio activity ................................................................................................................................. 32
Lighting .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Hazardous locations due to the atmosphere .................................................................................... 32
Static electricity - earthing .............................................................................................................. 33
Performing the lifting and hoisting operations ................................................................. 34
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
6
7
Identify the lifting and hoisting operations .......................................................................................................................................................19
Determine the scope of work .................................................................................................................................................................................19
Categorise the lifting and hoisting operations ................................................................................ 20
Planning of the lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................................... 23
Task Risk Assessment .................................................................................................................... 23
3.5
5
Manager .......................................................................................................................................... 15
Competent person ........................................................................................................................... 15
Technical support ........................................................................................................................... 15
Appointed person – Person In Charge (PIC) .................................................................................. 15
Competent Lifting and Hoisting Team ........................................................................................... 16
Lifting and hoisting supervisor ....................................................................................................... 17
Appliance operator ......................................................................................................................... 17
Rigger ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Signaller/banksman ........................................................................................................................ 18
Slinger ............................................................................................................................................ 18
Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations ....................................... 19
3.1
4
Rental of equipment ..................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Contract jobs ................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
O .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
verview showing differences between contract jobs versus rental of equipment ...............................................................................14
Pre job meeting – Toolbox Talk ..................................................................................................... 34
10 Questions for a safe lift .............................................................................................................. 34
Barriers ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Use of tag lines ............................................................................................................................... 36
Pick-up and landing area of the load .............................................................................................. 37
Securing the load after the lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................. 38
Accomplishing lifting and hoisting operations ............................................................................... 38
Learn and record ............................................................................................................... 39
Load .................................................................................................................................. 40
7.1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 40
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3 of 143 pages
7.2
Load characteristics ........................................................................................................................ 40
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
Connecting the load to the hoisting appliance ................................................................................ 46
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.3.4
7.3.5
7.3.6
7.4
8
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................46
Load without any provisions to attach hoisting accessories .......................................................................................................................46
Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories ................................................................46
Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened .....................................................................................47
Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting accessories ...................................................47
Lifted and hoisted equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................48
Risks as a consequence of the load ................................................................................................. 49
Lifting and hoisting equipment ......................................................................................... 50
8.1
General requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment ............................................................... 50
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7
8.1.8
8.1.9
8.1.10
8.2
Declaration of conformity .......................................................................................................................................................................................50
Users instructions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................50
Inspection ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Inspection schedule ...................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Definition of inspection ...........................................................................................................................................................................................51
Inspection body ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Marking .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Application of colour codes ...................................................................................................................................................................................52
Documentation – registration ................................................................................................................................................................................52
Maintenance and condition of lifting and hoisting equipment ..................................................................................................................53
Requirements for hoisting appliances ............................................................................................. 53
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.7
8.2.8
8.2.9
8.3
General requirements for hoisting appliances .................................................................................................................................................53
Mobile cranes ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................53
Tower cranes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
Loader cranes...............................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Offshore cranes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Portal / overhead cranes ...........................................................................................................................................................................................54
Side booms ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Hoists ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Winches .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Requirements for lifting appliances ................................................................................................ 55
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
8.4
General requirements for motorised lifting appliances ................................................................................................................................55
Forklift trucks ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Jacks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Construction site lifts ................................................................................................................................................................................................55
Vehicle loading flaps, loading and unloading systems .................................................................................................................................55
Earth moving machines ...........................................................................................................................................................................................56
Requirements for lifting and hoisting accessories .......................................................................... 57
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.4.5
8.4.6
8.4.7
8.4.8
9
Mass, weight, force and load .................................................................................................................................................................................40
Centre of gravity .........................................................................................................................................................................................................41
Type of material .........................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Dimensions and mechanical characteristics .....................................................................................................................................................43
Chain work ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................57
Slings (wire rope) .......................................................................................................................................................................................................57
Synthetic slings ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................57
Beams .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................58
Suspended baskets .....................................................................................................................................................................................................58
Personnel Carriers ......................................................................................................................................................................................................58
Miscellaneous accessories ......................................................................................................................................................................................58
Fixed hoisting beams & monorails ......................................................................................................................................................................58
Personnel ........................................................................................................................... 59
9.1
9.2
9.3
General awareness for lifting and hoisting operations .................................................................... 60
Training standards and certification ............................................................................................... 60
International, industry and recognised training standards .............................................................. 60
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
ISO/FDIS 15513 .........................................................................................................................................................................................................60
Offshore Material Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC) ...............................................................................................................61
OPITO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................61
Other standards ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................61
Additional training.......................................................................................................................... 61
The Netherlands: competency and training requirements .............................................................. 62
United Kingdom and Ireland: competency and training requirements ........................................... 63
Norway: competency and training requirements ............................................................................ 64
Ongoing and refresher training ....................................................................................................... 66
Personal Protective Equipment ....................................................................................................... 66
Physical and medical conditions..................................................................................................... 66
10 Recommended communications for safe lifting and hoisting operations ......................... 68
10.1
10.2
10.3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 68
Basic principles for good communications ..................................................................................... 68
General considerations on communication ..................................................................................... 68
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4 of 143 pages
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.4
10.5
10.5.1
10.5.2
10.5.3
10.6
10.6.1
10.6.2
10.6.3
10.6.4
10.6.5
10.7
10.7.1
10.7.2
10.7.3
10.7.4
10.7.5
10.7.6
10.7.7
10.7.8
10.8
10.9
10.9.1
10.10
Planning lifting & hoisting operations ...............................................................................................................................................................68
Toolbox talk .................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
Personnel involved ......................................................................................................................... 69
Line of sight, position and visibility ............................................................................................... 69
Blind lifts ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................69
Hoisting of personnel using a suspended basket.............................................................................................................................................70
Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier .......................................................................................................................................................70
Communication methods ................................................................................................................ 70
Communication principles ......................................................................................................................................................................................70
Advantages of using radio equipment ................................................................................................................................................................70
Advantages of using hand signals ........................................................................................................................................................................70
Audible equipment, using codes and alarms ....................................................................................................................................................71
Additional information and the use of camera’s .............................................................................................................................................71
Radio procedures for lifting and hoisting operations...................................................................... 71
Establish links and testing the radio equipment ..............................................................................................................................................71
Selecting Radio Channels and establishing links ...........................................................................................................................................71
Cranes operating on different channels ..............................................................................................................................................................72
Cranes operating on same channels .....................................................................................................................................................................72
Communications protocol and good practice ...................................................................................................................................................72
Maintaining continuous communication ...........................................................................................................................................................73
Acknowledgement and understanding ...............................................................................................................................................................73
Care and safety ............................................................................................................................................................................................................73
Hand signals ................................................................................................................................... 73
Using hand signals .......................................................................................................................... 74
Recommended hand signals ...................................................................................................................................................................................74
Learn and record ............................................................................................................................. 74
11 Hoisting over live facilities ............................................................................................... 75
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 75
Categorising lifting and hoisting over live facilities ....................................................................... 75
Control measures ............................................................................................................................ 75
Further safety precautions to be considered ................................................................................... 75
12 Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances .............................................. 76
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.6.1
12.6.2
12.6.3
12.6.4
12.6.5
12.7
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 76
Risks associated and general precautions ....................................................................................... 76
Categorising operations using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances ................................... 77
Control measures ............................................................................................................................ 77
Personnel involved ......................................................................................................................... 77
Various ways of utilising multiple lifting and hoisting appliances ................................................. 77
Hoisting a single load using two cranes .............................................................................................................................................................77
Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes ........................................................................................................................................77
Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa ......................................................................................78
Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks ..........................................................................................................................78
Any combination using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances ......................................................................................................78
Execution ........................................................................................................................................ 78
13 Setting up a “Lift Plan” for extensive operations ............................................................. 79
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 79
Routine as well as Non-Routine activities ...................................................................................... 79
Concurrent operations with more than one crane ........................................................................... 80
Example of plot plan for extensive lifting and hoisting operations ................................................ 81
14 Use of mobile cranes on marine vessels ........................................................................... 82
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 82
Vessel deck strength ....................................................................................................................... 82
Crane suitability.............................................................................................................................. 82
Securing the crane on deck ............................................................................................................. 83
Load chart applicable for the specific situation .............................................................................. 83
Weather criteria and vessel stability ............................................................................................... 84
Points to remember ......................................................................................................................... 84
15 Handling of tubulars ......................................................................................................... 85
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
Slinging of tubulars ........................................................................................................................ 85
Handling of casings or drill pipes by forklift trucks ....................................................................... 86
Transportation................................................................................................................................. 87
Storage ............................................................................................................................................ 87
Handling drill-pipes aboard drilling platforms ............................................................................... 87
Pipe handler or tubular handler cranes ........................................................................................... 87
16 Handling of scaffolding material and boards .................................................................... 88
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Page:
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5 of 143 pages
16.1
16.2
Load carrier .................................................................................................................................... 88
Slinging .......................................................................................................................................... 88
17 Transit slings ..................................................................................................................... 89
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 89
The use of transit slings .................................................................................................................. 89
Plastic coated transit slings ............................................................................................................. 89
Never use a synthetic sling as transit sling ..................................................................................... 89
18 The safe use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers .................................................... 90
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.3.1
18.3.2
18.3.3
18.4
18.5
General ........................................................................................................................................... 90
Certificates, labelling and marking ................................................................................................. 90
Hoisting and carrying FIBC’s......................................................................................................... 91
Hoisting with cranes or hoists ...............................................................................................................................................................................91
Hoisting with forklift trucks ...................................................................................................................................................................................91
Horizontal carrying of FIBC’s with forklift trucks ........................................................................................................................................91
Stacking and storage of filled FIBC’s ............................................................................................ 92
Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment ...................................................................................... 92
19 The safe use of chain blocks and chain lever hoists ......................................................... 93
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.6.1
19.6.2
19.6.3
19.6.4
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.9.1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 93
Important warnings ......................................................................................................................... 93
Selecting the correct hoist............................................................................................................... 93
Pre-use checks ................................................................................................................................ 94
Installing and commissioning of hoists .......................................................................................... 94
Operating chain blocks and chain lever hoists safely ..................................................................... 95
Always: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................95
Never: .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................96
Use of multiple lever hoists to share the load ..................................................................................................................................................97
Use of static rigging or multiple rigging points to avoid single point failure.......................................................................................97
Storing, handling and in-service maintenance ................................................................................ 97
Pneumatic hoists ............................................................................................................................. 97
The use of hoists underwater .......................................................................................................... 98
Immersion policy .......................................................................................................................................................................................................98
20 Working with forklift trucks ............................................................................................. 99
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.3.1
20.3.2
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
Forklift trucks – scope for this practical guideline ......................................................................... 99
General safety considerations ......................................................................................................... 99
Checking the forklift truck ............................................................................................................. 99
Pre-use specific checks for forklift trucks .........................................................................................................................................................99
Maintenance, inspection and thorough examination .................................................................................................................................. 100
Forklift truck operators ..................................................................................................................100
Basic forklift truck driving rules....................................................................................................100
Lifting and transporting of personnel ............................................................................................102
Use of forklift truck attachments ...................................................................................................102
Handling of casings or drill pipes ..................................................................................................102
Layout and maintenance of the workplace ....................................................................................103
Use on public roads .......................................................................................................................103
Rough terrain operating conditions ...............................................................................................103
Parking...........................................................................................................................................104
21 Hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket ........................................... 105
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.6.1
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
Introduction and scope...................................................................................................................105
Definition.......................................................................................................................................105
General safety considerations ........................................................................................................105
Deciding to use a suspended basket...............................................................................................105
Planning and preparing for the safe use of a suspended basket .....................................................106
Equipment requirements ................................................................................................................106
Pre use inspection ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 106
Hoisting Accessories .....................................................................................................................106
Personnel involved ........................................................................................................................107
Checklist ........................................................................................................................................107
Additional requirements during operations with the suspended basket .........................................107
Appendix: Recommended checklist for using a suspended basket................................................108
22 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier ..................................................................... 109
22.1
22.2
22.3
Use of a personnel carrier ..............................................................................................................109
Planning and preparing for the safe transfer of personnel .............................................................110
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22.4
22.5
22.6
Risk Assessment. ...........................................................................................................................110
Responsibilities..............................................................................................................................110
Factors to be taken into account prior to transfer ..........................................................................110
22.6.1
22.6.2
22.6.3
22.6.4
22.6.5
22.6.6
22.6.7
22.6.8
22.6.9
22.6.10
22.7
22.7.1
22.7.2
22.7.3
22.7.4
General hoisting procedure.................................................................................................................................................................................. 110
Obstructions .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 110
Weather Conditions ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 110
Suitability of vessel(s) involved in the transfer operation ........................................................................................................................ 111
Hoisting equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 111
Rigging prior to transfer – pre use check ....................................................................................................................................................... 111
Personnel carrier – maintenance/testing/inspection .................................................................................................................................... 111
Training ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Communications...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Briefing prior to transfer ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Additional requirements for transfer .............................................................................................112
Survival and Personal Protective Equipment ................................................................................................................................................ 112
Procedure during transfer ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
Rescue arrangements ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 112
Transfer of injured personnel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 112
23 Manriding using winches ................................................................................................ 113
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.4.1
23.4.2
23.4.3
23.4.4
23.4.5
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.8.1
23.8.2
23.8.3
23.8.4
23.9
Planning and preparing for safe manriding operations ..................................................................113
Equipment .....................................................................................................................................113
Winch .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114
Harness ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 114
Personal Protective Equipment .......................................................................................................................................................................... 114
Connecting devices................................................................................................................................................................................................. 114
Secondary fall arrest equipment ........................................................................................................................................................................ 114
Emergency plans and rescue equipment ........................................................................................115
Pre-use inspections ........................................................................................................................115
Toolbox Talk .................................................................................................................................115
Executing the manriding operations ..............................................................................................116
Requirements for continuous monitoring ....................................................................................................................................................... 116
Communications and signalling......................................................................................................................................................................... 116
Operational aspects................................................................................................................................................................................................. 117
Duration of manriding operation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 117
Learn and record: the Manriding Register .....................................................................................117
24 Handling and moving of barrels and drums .................................................................... 118
24.1
24.2
24.3
24.3.1
24.3.2
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.7.1
General considerations ..................................................................................................................118
Planning and preparing for a safe operation ..................................................................................118
Points to consider when compiling the risk assessment ............................................................................................................................ 118
Points to consider when compiling the “Lift Plan” .................................................................................................................................... 119
Requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment ..........................................................................119
A selection of barrel hoisting devices ............................................................................................120
Examples of safe handling and moving of barrels and drums .......................................................121
Methods which are not recommended for hoisting barrels and drums at anytime .......................................................................... 121
25 Use of synthetic slings .................................................................................................... 122
25.1
25.2
25.2.1
25.2.2
25.3
25.3.1
25.3.2
25.3.3
25.3.4
25.3.5
25.3.6
25.3.7
25.4
25.4.1
25.4.2
25.4.3
25.5
25.5.1
25.5.2
25.6
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................122
Material used for sling construction ..............................................................................................122
High tenacity multi-filament fibres .................................................................................................................................................................. 122
High performance fibres ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Fibre properties ..............................................................................................................................123
Polyamide .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Polyester ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123
Polypropylene........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124
Aramid ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 124
HMPE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 124
LCAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
PBO .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125
Types of slings...............................................................................................................................125
Roundsling................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125
Flat woven webbing sling .................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
Rope sling .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125
Working load limits and colour codes ...........................................................................................125
Colour coding ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
Working Load Limit .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Regulations, Standards and industry practice ................................................................................126
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25.6.1
25.6.2
25.6.3
25.6.4
25.7
25.8
25.8.1
25.8.2
25.9
25.10
Machinery Directive .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 126
Standards .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126
EN 1492 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 127
ASME B30.9 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127
Industry practices...........................................................................................................................127
Factor of Safety (FoS) versus Design Factor (DF) ........................................................................127
Factor of Safety........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 127
Design factor and safety factor .......................................................................................................................................................................... 128
General application advices for synthetic slings............................................................................128
Technical considerations ...............................................................................................................130
25.10.1 Sling type: single leg or grommet ..................................................................................................................................................................... 130
25.10.2 Chafe protection ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
25.10.3 Specific gravity and flexibility ........................................................................................................................................................................... 130
25.10.4 Bending efficiency factor or D/d ratio ............................................................................................................................................................. 130
25.10.5 Eye size/length ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
25.10.6 Interface with structure ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 130
25.10.7 Interface with crane hook and other hoisting equipment .......................................................................................................................... 131
25.10.8 Effect of environment ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 131
Temperature .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131
Shock loading ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131
Chemicals..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 131
25.11
25.12
25.13
Storage of synthetic slings .............................................................................................................131
Pre-use inspection: criteria for disposal of synthetic hoisting equipment......................................131
Summary and recommendations....................................................................................................132
25.13.1 Heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities.......................................................................................... 132
25.13.2 “General hoisting activities”, not being engineered ................................................................................................................................... 132
25.14
References and further information ...............................................................................................134
26 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................... 135
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1
Introduction
It is a legal requirement that all operations involving lifting and hoisting equipment shall be planned
and appropriately managed on the basis of risk, complexity of the operations and working
environment (ref. EU Directive 2009/104/EC, annex II, chapter 3.2.5).
This document is aimed for support of high and middle management, who are directly involved with
lifting and hoisting operations, hiring and call out of lifting and hoisting services, procurement of
lifting and hoisting equipment and safety of lifting and hoisting operations.
The main objective is that, regardless of location, if each step of the process outlined in this guidance
is followed and suitably applied then every lifting and hoisting operation should be carried out in a
safe manner because it is:

Completed within an appropriate management system;

Properly planned;

Risk assessed;

Supervised; and

Completed with competent personnel and the proper equipment.
The set-up of this Standard is in line with the ever-occurring steps of the process for planning and
managing lifting and hoisting operations:

Define;

Plan;

Execute;

Learn and record.
Separate chapters are dealing with the load to be handled (chapter 7), give rules and regulations for
the lifting and hoisting equipment (chapter 8) and the requirements with regards to training and
competence of personnel (chapter 9).
Part 2, starting at chapter, 10 contain practical guidelines and working practices. Alternative practices
should only be adopted where they would guarantee an equivalent or greater level of safety.
Based on historical experiences, good practices or incident investigation, within Shell UIO
operations there are Shell UIO specific requirements being compulsory. Being Shell specific
obligations not backed-up by rules and regulations, they are highlighted in this Standard with
the Shell logo.
1.1 Objective and application
This Shell UIO CMS Specification of Group Standard embraces the safe use and application of all
lifting and hoisting equipment for operations on Shell UIO onshore and offshore installations,
including those undertaken by contractors.
Compliance with this Standard is compulsory for all Shell UIO owned and Shell UIO contractor
supplied equipment used in support of Shell UIO operations at Shell UIO installations.
Where individual HSE cases define lifting and hoisting operations more restrictively, the local HSE
case shall be followed. In situations where a contractor’s requirements exceed this Standard, then
their standard shall be followed.
The need for compliance with this Standard at contractor installations performing Shell UIO work
should be evaluated and made a contractual requirement where deemed necessary.
If Shell UIO counts a contractor’s hours and HSE incidents, then that contractor must either comply
with this Standard or demonstrate that its own standards, procedures, and or guidelines provide
comparable assurance that the hazards associated with lifting and hoisting operations are being
managed to a level equal to this Standard or to a higher level of safety.
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1.2 Legislation and hierarchy of Standards
Local law and regulations shall always be accounted for in the adoption of this Standard, and where
in conflict will always prevail above this Standard. This Standard includes regulations and guidelines,
which through references in this text, have adopted and comprise the Standards, specifications and
guidelines as set in the Shell Group HSSE & SP Control Framework (Health, Security, Safety, the
Environment & Social Performance, section 04 – lifting and hoisting). The latest versions of the
references shall be used unless otherwise agreed. Other recognised industry standards shall be used
to supplement local regulations where these are incomplete and provided that it can be proven that
they satisfy or exceed the requirements and guidelines as set forward in this Standard.
1.3 Shell’s Life-Saving Rules
Our 12 Life-Saving Rules are of vital importance in our Goal Zero Journey. They set out clear and
simple “dos and don’ts” covering activities with the highest potential safety risk. They help to make
sure that rules are followed and people are protected.
Deliberate failure to comply with the Life-Saving Rules and/or any HSSE procedures on site will result
in disciplinary action, up to and including termination.
1.4 Terminology
Throughout the industry both the words “lifting” and “hoisting” are used as if they are
interchangeable. Although both lifting and hoisting involve moving a load vertically, there is a clear
difference:

Hoisting is an activity during which the load is suspended and hangs freely, e.g. by means of a
crane, chain hoist, beam clamp, etc..

Lifting is an activity during which the load is lifted in a controlled and guided manner, normally
spoken from the bottom of the load, e.g. by means of a forklift truck, screw jack, hydraulic
jack, etc..
In this Standard the words lifting and hoisting are used as appropriate and consistent as practically
possible. In some specific situations and for some operations a widely used term or common
expression might be so naturalised, that it was decided to stick to that specific and commonly used
expression.
In order to write this Standard as consistent as possible, a separate chapter gives an overview with all
terms and definitions being used in this Standard. In order to overcome the fact that within the
industry for one role, responsibility or piece of equipment more than one term is in use, the overview
with terms and definitions also contains a column showing synonymous terms for the ones used in
this Standard.
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1.5 Scope
This operational Standard is applicable to mechanical lifting and hoisting activities within Shell UIO,
for which lifting and hoisting equipment is being used as shown in the diagram hereafter and all
lifting and hoisting operations not specifically excluded.
The diagram includes the main categories, however is not limited to the categories mentioned.
Diagram 1:
Lifting & hoisting equipment
Lifting and hoisting
appliances
accessories
Lifted and hoisted
equipment = load
chapter 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3
chapter 8.1 and 8.4
chapter 7.3.6 and 8.1
Hoisting:
chap. 8.2
Mobile cranes
chap. 8.2.2
Tower cranes
chap. 8.2.3
Loader cranes
chap. 8.2.4
Offshore cranes
chap. 8.2.5
Portal / Overhead cranes
chap. 8.2.6
Side booms
chap. 8.2.7
Hoists
chap.8.2.8
Chain lever hoist
Chain block
Jaw winch
Winches
chap. 8.2.9
Chain work
chap. 8.4.1
Slings (chain)
Shackles
Plate clamps
Eye bolts & swivel rings
Wedge sockets
Hooks
Pad eyes and bolts
Beam clamps
Sheave blocks
Beam trolleys
Miscellaneous
Slings (wire rope)
chap. 8.4.2
Synthetic slings
chap. 8.4.3
Lifting:
chap. 8.3
Forklifts
chap. 8.3.2
Reach truck
Motor pallet forklift
Stacking truck
Jacks
chap. 8.3.3
Construction site lifts chap. 8.3.4
Vehicle loading flaps, loading and
unloading systems
chap. 8.3.5
Cable system
Portal system
Hook arm skid system
Earth moving machines
chap. 8.3.6
front loaders
Beams:
Hoisting beams
Spreader beams
Equalising beams
Spreader frames
chap. 8.4.4
Suspended baskets
Personnel carriers
chap. 8.4.5
chap. 8.4.6
Cargo Carrying Units (CCU)
Containers
Skids
Skips
Drum racks
Gas cylinder racks
Pipe racks
Frames
Big bags
Netting
Baskets
Turnbuckles
Pallets
Miscellaneous:
chap. 8.4.7
Pallet hooks
Clamps
Fixed hoisting beams & monorails
chap. 8.4.8
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This Standard does not include:

Lorry loading cranes used for loading or unloading operations of trucks

Drilling crown block, travelling block and top drive operations

Ship anchor handling, marine towing, and routine ship operations not directly associated with
E&P activities, e.g. ship maintenance

Function testing of and emergency exercises with lifeboats and rafts

Handling MOB boats (Man Over Board boats) and FRC (Fast Rescue Craft)

Helicopter lifting and hoisting operations

Diving personnel operations

Earthmoving equipment and operations

Fall protection and rope access equipment

Working at height

Mobile Elevating Work Platforms

Goods and personnel elevators.
Remark: whenever the manufacturer of a lorry loading crane, earth moving equipment, or tele
handler has equipped the machine with a hoisting function and the lorry loader, earth moving
machine or tele handler is being used for hoisting operations, the operations shall be fully compliant
with this Standard!
1.6 Contractual relationships: rental of equipment versus contract jobs
It is important to ensure that the wide variety of contractual arrangements used in the Oil & Gas
industry do not compromise the procedures needed to ensure compliance with rules and regulations
and a safe execution of the operations.
Any organisation that requires a load to be moved by means of lifting and hoisting equipment and
does not have its own cranes or lifting and hoisting equipment has two basic options:
1.
Renting a crane and – or lifting and hoisting equipment
2.
Contracting an independent contractor to move the load, a contract job.
There are several reasons due to which it is important to highlight and explain the main differences
in rental of equipment versus contract jobs:

Responsibility for the planning, preparing and controlling of the lifting and hoisting operations

Knowledge and understanding of lifting and hoisting operations of the Person In Charge

Differences in responsibilities for insurances.
1.6.1 Rental of equipment
Under the terms of a standard hire agreement for lifting and hoisting equipment, the equipment and
the personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations are the responsibility of the renting
organization. The renting organization becomes responsible once the crane leaves the public road in
order to access the site or the equipment is being delivered on site and signed off for acceptance.
The renting organization shall appoint a Person In Charge being responsible for the full planning, all
needed control measures and all the personnel and equipment involved.
In addition in most situations the renting organization is responsible for arranging insurances such as:
loss of damage to plant, lifting and hoisting equipment, loss of damage to the goods being moved,
and continuing hire rates whilst equipment is unable to work as a result of loss or damage and legal
liability.
(Insurance issues are not part of this Standard and are only mentioned to address awareness for the
difference between a contract lift and rental of equipment).
For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out with rented equipment, it is important to note
the following:
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



The company supplying the lifting and hoisting equipment can never be responsible for any
planning or supervising tasks as required per EU Directive 2009/104/EC.
The Person in Charge of the renting organization must have the knowledge and understanding
of all aspects of the lifting and hoisting operation.
The Person in Charge is responsible for planning, preparing, performing and supervising the
lifting and hoisting operations as described in the chapters 2 up to and including 7 of this
Standard.
The equipment owner shall supply lifting and hoisting equipment that are fully in compliance
with applicable rules and regulations. This is described in chapter 8 of this Standard.
The crane or equipment owner shall supply a competent operator, trained and certified
according rules and regulations as described in chapter 9.
1.6.2 Contract jobs
Under the terms of a standard contract job for lifting and hoisting operations, the equipment and the
personnel supplied with the equipment, including the planning and the managing of the risks as per
EU Directive 2009/104/EC annex II, chapter 3.2.5, are the responsibility of the owner of the contract.
In this situation, the contracted company is responsible for the full planning, all needed control
measures and all the personnel and equipment involved, through his Person In Charge.
For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out as a contract job, it is important to note the
following:

The contracted company is responsible for planning, preparing, performing and supervising the
lifting and hoisting operations as described in the chapters 2 up to and including 7 of this
Standard;

The contracted company shall make sure that all lifting and hoisting equipment are fully in
compliance with applicable rules and regulations. This is described in chapter 8 of this
Standard;

The contracted company shall make sure, that all personnel is, trained and certified according
rules and regulations as described in chapter 9.
It is important to note that a standard hire agreement only becomes a contract job when the
contracted company accepts liability for planning and supervising the lifting and hoisting operations.
Specifying the correct type of contract will ultimately improve safety and ensure that the correct
system of work is adopted.
Under contract lifting and hoisting conditions, the principal still retains certain liabilities and
therefore should hold adequate insurance to provide protection against incidents arising from:

Own negligence;

Inadequate or unstable ground conditions;

Inadequate or incorrect information supplied in connection with the goods being moved.
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1.6.3
Overview showing differences between contract jobs versus rental of equipment
The organisation requiring
the load to be moved
Rental of equipment:
Contract jobs:
The requiring
organisation shall
The requiring
organisation shall
Carry out all work in accordance with
rules, regulations and this Standard
Specify that all lifting and hoisting
operations shall be undertaken in
accordance with this Standard
Appoint the Person In Charge and make
him known to everyone involved
Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise
the operations
Ensure that rented equipment is of
suitable type and capacity
Point out to the contractor that he is
obliged to appoint a Person In Charge
Inform the contractor with all requested
information, such as site conditions and
maximum ground bearing pressure
Check credentials of the company
supplying the equipment
Check certification of equipment to be
used
The contractor shall
Check competence of personnel involved
Appoint the Person In Charge
Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise
the operations
Work with certified equipment
Ensure the competence of personnel
involved
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2
Roles and responsibilities
This chapter establishes roles and responsibilities of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting
operations and list their basic accountabilities and responsibilities.
For the required training and certification of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, see
chapter 9 of this Standard.
2.1 Manager
A manager is the individual who is designated by the business leader as accountable for the
performance of a discrete asset, set of assets, team or operation within a business or function. The
manager assigns roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the HSSE Control Framework to
individuals within their organisation. The term manager is a functional description of the role rather
than a job title - the job title usually reflects the type of asset, team or operation being managed - for
example refinery or chemicals site manager, cluster manager, retail network manager, project
manager, fleet manager, general manager shared services centre, country controller, office director.
The manager is accountable for:

Manage the competences of all people who supervise, operate, inspect and maintain
equipment to be used for lifting and hoisting operations, in line with competence.

Inspect, maintain and certify equipment to be used for lifting and hoisting, including:
o
Use only equipment that is fit for its intended purpose, operating conditions and meets
an internationally recognized standard.
o
Inspect lifting and hoisting equipment at least annually and at least every 6 months for
equipment used for personnel hoisting.

Establish and maintain procedures including work users instructions for all lifting and hoisting
operations.
2.2 Competent person
The definition of a competent person according to the ISO 15513 standard is: A person who has
sufficient theoretical knowledge, practical experience and the required qualities for the task in hand.
Is able to perform the activities within an occupation of function to the standard expected in the task
2.3 Technical support
The technical support is defined in this Standard as someone who is technically competent and can
make an informed and impartial judgement of a lifting and hoisting operation plan or installation
procedure and provides a technical independent review. Those providing technical support must be
technically competent in the area of expertise upon which they are requested to advice.
2.4 Appointed person – Person In Charge (PIC)
According the ISO 12480-1 this is: A competent person who has overall control of the crane
operation and acts on behalf of the management of the organization requiring the load to be moved
(the employing organization).
The Person In Charge is defined as a specifically identified person who is designated by their
company as having the required level of competency to plan and supervise the specific lifting and
hoisting operation as described below.
The Person In Charge should have the practical skills, theoretical knowledge and ability to carry
out risk assessments, produce and assess lifting and hoisting plans, conduct pre-operational
meetings and have the supervisory skills and experience required to organise the specific lifting
and hoisting operation.
Typical examples of a Person In Charge are offshore engineer, vessel master or deck officer, dive
supervisor, shift supervisor, offshore installation manager, maintenance supervisor, construction
manager, project manager etc..
The Person In Charge may or may not supervise the lifting and hoisting operation, but is the focal
point of authority for the safety and technical aspects of the operation.
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The Person In Charge should know his competency limitations, work within them and know when
technical support is needed.
The Person In Charge may request a review by a technical authority if he/she requires additional
technical support.
The Person In Charge:

Categorises the lift, conducts a risk assessment and develops the planning of the lifting and
hoisting operations;

Reviews the “Lift Plan” and ensures that the required controls are in place;

Selects the lifting and hoisting equipment and ensures that it is inspected and appropriate for
use;

Checks that load integrity and stability is satisfactory;

Selects people and ensures that those involved are competent for performing their task, aware
of the task and procedures to be followed, and aware of their responsibilities;

Briefs people involved in or affected by the lifting and hoisting operations and is responsible
for the pre-job toolbox talk;

Assigns one team member as leader of the lifting and hoisting team; normally spoken this will
be the signaller/banksman;

Applies the 10 questions for a safe lift before commencing the lifting and hoisting operation;

Ensures the operations are carried out following the plan. Suspends the operations if changes
or conditions (e.g., wind) occur that would cause a deviation from the plan;

Together with the crane operator and the supply boat captain when working with supply
boats, is jointly responsible for determining if weather conditions are satisfactory for loading
or unloading operations. The Person In Charge will retain the right to shut down crane
operations, but will not override a decision not to load/unload made by the crane operator
and/or boat captain;

Monitors the performance of all involved personnel to ensure that adequate standards of
performance are maintained;

Authorises all personnel hoisting operations;

Manages any special issues such as language barriers and new/inexperienced staff;

Checks that there is no deviation from standards for routine lifts;

Shall allow for concurrent or simultaneous operations that may affect or be affected by the lift,
e.g., helicopter operations, cleaning operations, ballast control, other cranes;

Conducts a post-job debriefing and recording of feedback that can be used for future similar
operations that might improve the general safety level of lifting and hoisting operations.
2.5 Competent Lifting and Hoisting Team
Only suitably trained and experienced personnel shall be selected, that is, those who:

Have had their competence to supervise and/or perform the type of lifting and hoisting
operations identified as satisfactory for the specific operation;

Have experience of, and demonstrated competency in, the safe use and operation of the
equipment and techniques required to perform the subject operations in the prevailing
situation and conditions.
All personnel have an equal responsibility to know, and work within, their own competency and
experience to complete the lifting and hoisting operations. They are required to attend and
participate in toolbox talks and carry out pre-use inspections of lifting and hoisting equipment.
If any personnel in a lifting and hoisting team consider that the operation exceeds their level of
competency or experience, or have concerns about the safety of the operations, they must stop
the operation until a suitable person with the required competence and experience is able to
assist or take over.
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Within a competent lifting and hoisting team, there are always at least three specific tasks that need
to be addressed:
1.
Attaching and detaching the load to and from the lifting and hoisting appliance;
2.
Relaying the load movement signal to the operator of the lifting and hoisting appliance;
3.
Operating the lifting and hoisting appliance.
Based on the three specific tasks that need to be addressed, a competent lifting and hoisting team
should always consist of at least three team members, one person for each task mentioned.
Leader of this team is always the person who has the responsibility of relaying the load movement
signal to the appliance operator; the signaller/banksman.
Only under exceptional circumstances and upon completion of a thorough risk assessment lifting and
hoisting operations are allowed to be carried out by a “two man lifting and hoisting team”.
Conditions that need to be addressed strictly for this exception are:
1.
Lifting and Hoisting operations are categorised as Routine;
2.
Both members of the “two man team”, the appliance operator and the signaller/banksman,
are competent, skilled and experienced and have confirmed to the Person In Charge that
operations can be carried out safely;
3.
Normal working, surrounding and weather conditions.
In this situation the first team member operates the appliance and the second combines the tasks of
attaching the load, relaying the load movement signals to the operator and detaching the load.
2.6 Lifting and hoisting supervisor
A lifting and hoisting supervisor might be needed for actively supervising the lifting and hoisting
operations on site. Whenever a lifting and hoisting supervisor is needed, he should be required by
the Person In Charge and will be added to the competent lifting and hoisting team as set out in
chapter 2.5. A lifting and hoisting supervisor shall never replace one of the members of the
competent lifting and hoisting team.
For this guidance a lifting and hoisting supervisor, is defined as the person who is charged with
actively supervising the lifting and hoisting operations on site. Supervision should be proportionate
to the exposure to risk and the complexity created by the lifting and hoisting operation and the
experience and capabilities of the personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations.
Competence level of a lifting and hoisting supervisor shall be at a higher level than a crane operator,
and include managerial skills, knowledge of applicable rules and regulations, basic engineering
knowledge and proven experience with lifting and hoisting operations.
All tasks of the Person In Charge can be delegated to a lifting and hoisting supervisor.
Taking over the responsibility and acting on behalf of the management of the organization requiring
the load to be moved is not possible, unless the lifting and hoisting operations are contracted as
contract job. (See chapter 1.5.2)
2.7 Appliance operator
An appliance operator is a competent person who is fully qualified according applicable rules and
regulations and has the authorization to use the equipment.
The appliance operator is responsible for pre-use inspection of the appliance(s) to be used as well as
for using the equipment properly.
Operating the appliance requires full attention of the operator who shall never be charged with
additional roles or responsibilities such as e.g. holder of the Permit to Work or being responsible for
keeping by-passers out of the working area.
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2.8 Rigger
Competent person who is able to plan and execute a rigging job by moving a load horizontally,
vertically and possibly through different floor levels, by use of different lifting and hoisting
equipment.
A rigger is of a higher competence level than a signaller/banksman. He has been trained and assessed
in the safe use of a much broader range of lifting and hoisting equipment, especially in the use of
dedicated equipment for jacking, skidding and sliding of loads.
2.9 Signaller/banksman
According to the ISO 15513 standard, a signaller is a person responsible for relaying the signal from
the slinger to the crane driver.
Within the offshore industry a more common name is banksman. For other synonymous names
please check the overview with terms and definitions in the last chapter of this Standard.
The signaller/banksman is a competent person positioned so that he has an unrestricted view of the
load and the crane operator.
The signaller/banksman is responsible for ensuring the load is properly prepared for the hoisting
operation and the hoisting area being clear of personnel and obstructions; relaying instructions to
the crane operator via hand signals or radio during operations; and maintaining an overview of the
hoisting operations area, including potential areas where the boom may come in contact with a fixed
equipment or structure.
The signaller/banksman is the sole signaller at any given time, has a direct line of sight of the load at
any time and adheres to a clear process. If a handover to another signaller/banksman is required he
informs the Person In Charge as well as the appliance operator clearly about the handover.
There may be a requirement for the signaller/banksman to assist in the preparation of the load,
for example with guidance on slinging activities. However, the signaller/banksman shall not
handle rigging activities himself and shall not touch the load during the lifting and hoisting
operations.
2.10 Slinger
According to the ISO 15513 standard, a slinger is a person responsible for attaching and detaching
the load to and from the crane load-attachment and for the use of the correct lifting gear and
equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for proper positioning of loads.
The slinger is responsible for initiating the planned movement of the crane and load to the
signaller/banksman.
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3
Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations
European Council Directive 2009/104/EC concerning the minimum safety and health requirements
for the use of work equipment by workers at work, ANNEX II, read as follows:
Article: 3.2.5:
“All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect
the safety of workers”.
This article within European law, makes it is a regulatory requirement and an important safety
enhancement that prior to any lifting and hoisting operation being carried out, plans shall be
produced and risk assessments shall be carried out. The level of planning and risk assessment
increases with the complexity of the lifting and hoisting operations, as does the required level of
supervision.
All lifting and hoisting operations entail the same four basic process steps:
1.
Define
2.
Plan
3.
Execute
4.
Learn and record.
3.1 Define the lifting and hoisting operations
3.1.1 Identify the lifting and hoisting operations
The manager should identify or be informed of the need for a lifting and hoisting operation and
appoint a Person In Charge. The Person In Charge shall plan and, if appropriate, supervise the lifting
and hoisting operation.
Every lifting and hoisting operation shall be risk assessed and planned by the Person In Charge before
the work begins. The Person In Charge will ensure that appropriate controls are in place for those
hazards identified in the written risk assessment such that the risks are managed as an integral part
of the “Lift Plan”.
3.1.2 Determine the scope of work
The Person In Charge must begin the planning process by determining the scope of work - defining
what is to be done, who should be involved, how the lifting and hoisting operations will be
conducted. This may require an initial “Lift Plan”, sketches, notes etc. If additional technical support
is required, it should be obtained before proceeding.
Having identified a requirement for a lifting and hoisting operation it should be established if the
particular operation has been carried out before on that site, as a Risk Assessment and “Lift Plan”
may already exist. If a particular Risk Assessment and “Lift Plan” do exist then they should be
assessed to confirm that they are still applicable; changes to personnel, site layout or work
environment could all result in the need for a reassessment of hazards. Assuming that significant
changes have not taken place, lifting and hoisting operation may proceed under the requirements of
the “Lift Plan”, subject to the normal approvals. If the lifting and hoisting operation has not been
carried out before then a Risk Assessment shall be carried out and a “Lift Plan” prepared.
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3.2 Categorise the lifting and hoisting operations
The level of planning and risk assessment increases with the complexity of the lifting and hoisting
operation, as does the required level of supervision. To simplify this subject, lifting and hoisting
operations shall, at all times, be categorised as either Routine or Non-Routine, with the non-routine
operations being further categorised as: Simple, Complicated or Complex/Critical.
Lifting and hoisting operations shall be categorised to reflect increasing risk and consequent
increasing level of control required.
For each category there is a suggested set of planning and control measures, together called “Lift
Plan”. This information has been laid out in the form of a flowchart as shown hereafter and is
designed to be guidance only, which can be amended and customised to suit asset or location
requirements.
In order to facilitate the operational planning, an advised lifting and hoisting operation planning is
given after the flowchart.
The categorisation of lifting and hoisting operations is designed to give the Person In Charge
additional guidance in terms of the risk assessment, planning, supervision and the competence
requirements of the personnel performing the lifting and hoisting operation.
When using the flowchart, one shall always start the process having a clear sight on the risks
involved. Risks involved determine how the operation will be categorised. Hoisting operations of e.g.
coiled tubing reels or drilling tower segments weighing more than 25 tons, shall always be
categorised as “non-routine complex/critical” even if they are executed every second week on a
regular basis.
In case additional guidance is needed, contact your Shell lifting and hoisting focal point, Technical
Authority (TA), Subject Matter Expert (SME), or Principal Technical Expert (PTE).
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Lifting and Hoisting operations flowchart
Lifting and Hoisting operations identified to take place
Categories
Categorise and implement control measures
as detailed below
Control
Measures
Routine
1: Routine lifting and hoisting operations.
 Ordinary operations with a crane.
 Ordinary operations with portable lifting appliances.
 Deck operations with an offshore crane and handling
standard CCU’s to and from a supply boat.
 Stable load with known and evaluated weight, shape and
centre of gravity.
 Standard rigging arrangements.
 Suitable environmental conditions.




Lifting and Hoisting operation planning.
Permit to Work.
Risk Assessment (generic).
Existing written procedures for these lifting and hoisting
operations.
 Toolbox talk.
 10 questions for a safe lift.
Non - Routine
2: Simple / basic lifting and hoisting operations
 Using only one hoisting appliance.
 Stable load with known and evaluated weight, shape and
centre of gravity.
 Centre of gravity below the hoisting point.
 Sufficient working area and ample headroom.
 Standard rigging arrangements.
 Not within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas.




Permit to Work
Risk Assessment dedicated to the operations.
Simple sketch showing operations to be executed, prepared
by a competent person. (e.g. signaller/banksman, offshore
crane operator or, lifting and hoisting focal point)
 Toolbox talk
 10 questions for a safe lift
3: Complicated lifting and hoisting operations.








Using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances.
Tandem lift using cranes and tailing of loads.
Hoisting of personnel.
Hoisting other cargo than standard CCU’s to and from
offshore installations and hoisting between two vessels.
Operator has no direct view on the load – blind lift.
Extended duration, e.g. more than one shifts.
Odd shaped loads, not having the centre of gravity in the
middle of the load, but with a known weight.
Within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas.
4: Complex/Critical lifting and hoisting
operations.
 Handling of heavy loads (weight of the load > 25 ton).
 Weight of load in excess of 90% of the rated capacity of the
lifting and hoisting appliance.
 Load with unknown, difficult to estimate, weight and or
centre of gravity.
 Special or expensive load, whose loss would have serious
impact on production and operations.
 Over active or energised hydrocarbon-containing process
equipment.
 Hoisting through hatches, small deck openings, in shafts and
passing several deck levels.
 Hoisting through the splash zone and subsea hoisting.
 Non-standard rigging arrangement or equipment.




Permit to Work
Specific and numbered drawing, showing the operations to
be carried out, prepared by a nominated and qualified
technician or engineer, competent to do so.
 Toolbox talk
 10 questions for a safe lift








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Permit to Work
Formal written work package including Method Statement
describing the operations.
Dedicated and qualified engineering input to Method
Statement and “Lift Plan”, by means of numbered
drawing(s), clearly and detailed showing all accessories.
Preferably: formal approval of work package and planning
by a Technical Authority, Subject Matter or Principal
Technical Expert (SME, PTE) or independent third party
engineers.
Toolbox talk
10 questions for a safe lift
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Shell UIO “LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION PLANNING”
LOCATION:
Plan number:
AREA:
DESCRIPTION OF LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION:
CATEGORISATION OF LIFTING AND HOISTING OPERATION:
Non Routine
simple or basic
Routine
Non-Routine
complicated
Non-Routine
complex/critical
Existing procedure:
Sketch:
Drawing number:
Drawing number:
Risk assessment (generic):
Number of risk assessment:
WEIGHT OF LOAD(S):
LIFTING AND HOISTING
EQUIPMENT TO BE USED
(SPECIFY TYPE, SWL):
ALL OPERATIONS REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING TO BE CONSIDERED BUT THIS LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE
Weight, size, shape and centre of gravity load
Method of slinging, attaching, detaching the load
Availability of approved hoisting points on the load
Maximum radius of hoisting the load
Level and firm ground conditions
Area for setting up with outriggers fully extended
Access and emergency escape routes
Number and duration of lifts, hoists
Visibility of the load
Hoisting over live equipment
Conflicting tasks in area
Working under suspended loads
Overturning, load integrity, need for tag lines
Environmental conditions including weather
Experience, competence & training of personnel
Number of personnel required for task
Communication requirements
Lighting in the pick-up and lay down area
Initial and final load positions & how it gets there
Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load
Suitability and condition of equipment
Pre-use inspection of certified equipment only
METHOD (S) OF COMMUNICATION TO BE USED
Radio
Verbal
Hand Signals
PLANNED BY
NAME:
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
APPROVED BY PERSON IN CHARGE (PIC)
NAME:
PERMIT NUMBER:
LEARNINGS FROM THIS OPERATION:
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3.3 Planning of the lifting and hoisting operations
All lifting and hoisting operations must be planned by a competent person to ensure that they are
conducted safely.
The lifting and hoisting plan, “Lift Plan”, is intended to clearly identify the Person In Charge of
planning the lift, the lifting and hoisting operation to which it relates, step-by-step users instructions
for carrying out the lift, the equipment required, and the activity assigned to each person. For
routine lifts, the “Lift Plan” may be ‘generic’ in nature but will still be reviewed prior to each lift, or
before a series of similar lifts.
The planning process shall address:

Identification of hazards and restricted areas;

Selection of competent personnel and specification of the minimum number of people
required to conduct the lifting and hoisting operation;

Selection of lifting and hoisting equipment;

Communication on working area and external surrounding factors and hazards;

Procedures for changing the lifting and hoisting plan;

Emergency, recovery and contingency plans.
A sample “lifting and hoisting operation planning” has been shown on the previous page.
It contains a list of possible considerations as an aide mémoire. Not all will be relevant to each and
every task, but the list will prompt you to address something you may have previously overlooked.
Note: if a documented “Lift Plan” already exists, it can be re-used, but only after review to ensure
that provisions are made for any change in circumstances.
Whenever applicable, “Lift Plans” shall specify critical conditions under which work shall not be
continued, including unplanned loss of communications, and the associated contingency plans for
ensuring a safe situation is created, if the lift is stopped.
Whenever the lifting and hoisting operations deviates from the “Lift Plan”, the operations shall
be stopped and made safe. The “Lift Plan” shall be adjusted to the new circumstances and
approved by the Person In Charge before the operation continues.
3.4 Task Risk Assessment
Every lifting and hoisting operation has inherent risks that shall be risk assessed by the Person In
Charge before the work begins. The Person In Charge shall ensure that appropriate controls are in
place for those hazards identified in the written risk assessment, such that the risks are managed as
an integral part of the “Lift Plan”. A suitable documented “generic” risk assessment may already exist
for ‘routine’ lifts. If so, the existing risk assessment must be reviewed for its applicability. If any
significant changes are required to the existing risk assessment, for example there are additional risks
not accounted for, a new risk assessment must be produced.
The Risk Assessment shall address, but is not limited to, the following risks and hazards:

Hoisting over live equipment;

Number and duration of lifts;

Hoisting of personnel;

Conflicting tasks in area;

Environmental conditions, including weather and permissible limits;

Lighting in the pick-up and lay down areas;

Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load;

Working at height;
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



Working under suspended loads, which is never allowed;
Access and emergency escape routes for all members of the lifting and hoisting team;
Visibility of the load by the operator and / or signaller/banksman;
Communication between all personnel taking part in the lifting and hoisting operation.
3.4.1 Finalise Lift Plan
After completion of the risk assessment, the lifting and hoisting plan must be checked to ensure that
all the hazards identified in the risk assessment have been managed through the control measures
detailed in the lift plan.
3.5 Technical Support
In the planning stage of the lifting and hoisting operation, there will be occasions when the Person In
Charge identifies the need for additional technical support. Someone who has the necessary
competencies to make an informed and impartial judgement on the “Lift Plan” should undertake this
technical support. This may range from another Competent Person reviewing the “Lift Plan” to the
involvement of a structural engineer, Technical Authority, Subject Matter Expert, Principal Technical
Expert or third party competent back-up.
It is important that those acting as Person In Charge acknowledge that there will be limits to their
expertise and that they are aware of the personnel available to provide them with technical support
as and when required.
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4
Working area and external surrounding factors
4.1 Risk evaluation on location
Lifting and hoisting activities must be able to be performed at the location safely. For this purpose,
prior to commencement of the lifting or hoisting activities, all risks associated with the location must
be known and measures must be taken to minimise these risks.
Upon entering the work site, information and instruction must be provided to all those involved with
regard to working safely at the location. Vehicles and resources must be suited to the location,
individuals must have the required training, instructions directed at the location must have been
provided to them and measures should have been taken for first aid, fire fighting and the evacuation
of employees.
Individuals must at least use the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) tailored to the risks of the
location.
All risks associated with the location must be considered during preparation of the lifting and
hoisting activities (refer to Chapter 3: Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations).
Lifting and hoisting activities may not pose any risk to the activities at the location, nor may the
activities at the location pose any risk to the lifting and hoisting activities.
Sources:

Directive 89/391/EEC - measures for promoting improvement of the health and safety of
employees at work.

Directive 92/91/EEC - minimum requirements for improvement of the protection of the health
and safety of employees in the mining industries who mine minerals by means of drilling.
4.2 Environmental conditions
4.2.1 Working in an offshore environment
Working in an offshore environment might bring in additional risks. When selecting the right lifting
and hoisting accessories or method one should realize the impact of the environment.
Especially on the use of synthetic slings in an offshore environment, the following shall be taken into
account:

Using synthetic slings for loading and back-loading of cargo or any other dynamic
hoisting situation is never allowed;

In case the load to be hoisted can be subject to snatch or shocks, synthetic slings shall
never be used;

It is recommended that wire rope slings have preference over synthetic slings in an
offshore environment.
In case of complex/critical lifting and hoisting operations, such as e.g. subsea operations,
decommissioning operations or very heavy operations, slings manufactured from a fibre (such as
Dyneema) are allowed under the following conditions:
1)
Manufacturing of the slings in compliance with applicable Standards;
2)
Slings tested, certified and being used for the specific operation only;
3)
Whenever relevant subject to approval of “Marine Warranty Surveyors”.
4.2.2 Ground conditions
Access roads shall be strong enough to withstand axle loads of mobile lifting and hoisting equipment.
Ground condition shall be suitable to support the crane under fully loaded conditions. The ground
should always be firm and level. For mobile lifting and hoisting equipment, ground stabilising
mechanisms must be provided if necessary, by means of road access plates, mats or dragline boards
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Care should be taken to ensure there are no dangers to or from underground services such as gas
mains, oil or chemical product pipelines, electric cables, water mains etc. Additional care has to be
taken when working near exposed edges such as quaysides but even more so, near edges of
excavations. Check that the type of ground can withstand the maximum bearing pressures
transmitted through the outriggers.
Stable subsoil
The subsoil must be sufficiently stable to withstand the expected axle loads and ground bearing
pressure from the outriggers.
When there is no specific information available about the subsoil structure, the maximum
allowable surface pressure shall not exceed 10 tonnes/m2 under all circumstances. Mobile
cranes shall be equipped with outrigger plates making sure that ground bearing pressure will
never exceed 10 tonnes/m2. These outrigger plates shall be used at all times to prevent the
equipment toppling over!
Ground bearing pressure can be decreased through the application of larger mats.
Outrigger plate
Mat
The mats under the outrigger plates shall be positioned fully horizontally and placed under the
outrigger in a central position.
Special attention must be paid to disturbed soil (filled-in trenches and ditches) or in the vicinity of
foundations.
Within one (1) metre of concrete foundations: the maximum allowable surface pressure shall
never exceed 5 tonnes/m2.
Driving and / or erecting equipment in basements and on floors in buildings is prohibited. This may
only be permitted after an expert has performed a calculation, and driving and / or erecting of the
equipment can take place in accordance with a dedicated risk assessment based on this calculation.
Level subsoil
The access road and the subsoil must be sufficiently level for the lifting and hoisting equipment. The
manholes and manhole covers in the access road may pose a risk with regard to insufficient strength
and unevenness.
Subsoil that is not sufficiently level can result in the impossibility to erect the crane according to
manufacturer’s instructions.
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Safe distance from slopes
The outrigger load enters the supporting surface at an angle of 45⁰ so it is imperative that the
distance between side of the outrigger supporting mats on the ground and the start of the slope or
the edge of the excavation shall at least be equal to the depth of the slope. Refer to drawing:
The crane may not be erected too close to the edge of an excavation.
Important: B shall at least be equal to or larger than A.
4.2.3 Height
One of the external surrounding factors having impact on lifting and hoisting activities is height.
Height restrictions might be caused by:

Overhead power cables;

Pipes, bridges, steel constructions or buildings;

Surrounding.
Overhead Power Cables:
Any presence of overhead power cables or overhead electricity lines shall be identified, risk assessed
and dealt with in the “Lift Plan”. The requirements regarding the safe distance to the electric lines or
cables shall be included in the “Lift Plan”.
Overhead power cables shall be considered live, unless declared “dead” and “safe” by the operator
of the line.
Working near overhead power cables is possible without permits when no parts of the lifting and
hoisting equipment (in all possible configurations) or load to be handled can ever fall within 30
metres from the centre of the electric line. This is known as the danger zone.
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Working in the danger zone may only take place with permissions from the network operator.
When working parallel to overhead power cables, a string of warning markers should be erected at a
safe distance from the cables. The string should be supported on posts at convenient intervals and
each post should carry the warning notice: “Danger – overhead electricity lines”
If any part of the lifting and hoisting equipment or load being handled will be within 15 meters
of overhead lines or if access to the work site passes beneath an overhead power line, lifting
and hoisting activities are only allowed after:

Consulting the operator of the line and

Having work instructions in place, that are clear, risk assessed and communicated with
everyone involved in the lifting and hoisting operation.
The operator of the line is usually the local Regional Distribution Company or National Grid. The
owner's name will often be posted on the support pole or tower. If in doubt call the local Regional
Electricity Company office.
All distances should be measured at ground level from a position estimated by eye to be vertically
under the outer most conductor at a tower or pole position.
For setting up work instructions obtain the Health and Safety Executive Guidance note GS6
"Avoidance of danger from overhead electric power lines" and apply the guidance information it
gives you.
Pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings
Lifting and hoisting activities near and under pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings shall be
identified in the “Lift Plan”. The requirements regarding the safe working distance to these
obstructions and additional control measures should be an integral part of the risk assessment.
Special arrangements and safety precautions shall be taken to protect critical pipes or other
constructions.
Note: Hoisting operations over active or energised process equipment containing hydrocarbon shall
be categorised as “Complex/Critical” lifting and hoisting operations at all times; refer to Chapter 3.
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Surrounding height restrictions
Local requirements and restrictions may be in place at or near airports, such as:

height restrictions;

signalling and or lighting requirements;

constraints on working hours.
Height restrictions might also be the result of the risk assessment of the location (see paragraph 4.1),
when working in the vicinity of flares for temperature reasons.
4.2.4 Lifting and hoisting over buildings and installations
Lifting and hoisting activities over buildings, installations and pipes should be avoided as much as
practically possible. If, for any reason, there is a need for lifting and hoisting operations over
buildings, installations or pipes, this shall be risk assessed and all safety measurements written in the
risk assessment shall be followed up.
Before starting lifting and hoisting operations, all people in buildings or installations shall be
evacuated and the work site shall be clearly marked indicating that entry is prohibited during lifting
and hoisting operations!
4.2.5 Lifting and hoisting within buildings and installations
Working with machinery equipped with internal combustion engines in enclosed areas is not
permitted unless fully risk assessed. Requirements mentioned in the risk assessment shall be
followed strictly.
Diesel combustion engines are not permitted in enclosed areas.
If there is a need for internal use of machines equipped with a diesel engine (e.g. a mobile crane), full
ventilation to the outside shall be provided.
4.2.6
Miscellaneous
Free space
When erecting cranes and working with machines, entrapment dangers to people should be avoided.
An entrapment danger can arise when equipment is erected in the vicinity of fixed objects.
A safe distance of at least 0.5 metres must be maintained at all times between any moving part of
cranes (with a special attention for the counterweight during slewing around) and surrounding
objects.
If the distance is smaller than 0.5 metres, safety precautions must be taken in the form of stationary
or rigid barriers (no tape).
Area’s open to public
Lifting and hoisting operations over highways, railways, rivers or other places to which the public has
access should be avoided at all times. If this is not possible, permission must be obtained from the
appropriate authority and the area should be kept clear of traffic and persons.
Railways
Without permission it is not allowed to work within a specific safety zone or safety profile of the
railways.
Always consult local laws and regulations before planning of lifting and hoisting operations near
railways.
More than 1 machine
If there is a possibility of multiple machines entering one another's working range, agreements must
be made to prevent the machines or loads from coming into contact with each other. The activities
must be characterised as 'Complicated lifting and hoisting operations' (refer to Chapter 3).
Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts
Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts should be categorised
as “Complex/Critical” lifting and hoisting operations.
Control and safety measures shall be fully in line as per Chapter 3 of this Standard.
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4.3 Weather
Adverse weather conditions will increase the risks presented to personnel, equipment and assets as a
result of lifting and hoisting operations.
Prior to commencing hoisting operations the crane operator shall take stock of the prevailing
weather conditions (wind speed and direction, visibility, etc.). Hoisting operations shall not
commence if the weather or environmental conditions are likely to jeopardise the safety of the
activity.
When assessing weather conditions related to the impact on lifting and hoisting operations, the
following topics should be considered.
4.3.1 Wind
Cranes may only be operated below the maximum allowable wind speeds as stated in the users
instructions of the crane.
However, in the event there is no statement made in the instructions, hoisting operations shall be
suspended as from wind speeds exceeding 13.8 m/s. (Beaufort scale 7 and higher).
Special care must be taken during high wind conditions with regard to:

Operating a crane between structures (Venturi effect);

The geometry and shape of the load; (e.g. load with large dynamic surface and minimal
weight);

Direction of the wind and position of the crane, load will move to/from or sideward of the
crane.
Offshore operations
Prior to commencement of discharging cargo from and back loading of cargo to supply vessels, the
crane operator should confirm that the prevailing wind and sea-state conditions are within the
Installation Adverse Weather Policy limits.
Under no circumstances shall lifting and hoisting operations exceed the limits applicable for the
vessel, crane or installation.
4.3.2 Sea-state
Offshore cranes can be used up to a certain sea-state. The crane operator must ensure that the
Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) is set to the appropriate sea-state and that any alteration in sea-state
during cargo handling operations is taken into account and the RCI adjusted accordingly.
4.3.3 Temperature
Extreme cold weather can have a negative effect on safety of lifting and hoisting operations. Always
be aware of the chill factor during high winds.

-15⁰C. to -30⁰C.

-30⁰C. to -40⁰C.

Below -40⁰C.
Refer to the equipment manual and avoid shock loading
For critical operations, lower the crane capacity by 25%
Refer to the equipment manual
All cranes be de-rated by 40% for all hoisting operations
All lifting and hoisting operations to be suspended.
Even for emergencies check the equipment manual.
4.3.4 Other weather conditions
Other weather conditions can cause reduced visibility and the risk of an uncontrolled lifting and
hoisting operation. Rain, fog and snow are such examples where environmental conditions are
affecting safety of lifting and hoisting operations in a negative way.
Special care should be taken during thunderstorms. Crane booms can act as lightning rod and be
struck by lightning. At the first signs of lightning crane activities must be suspended, the boom must
be lowered and personnel should leave the area immediately.
Apart from the risk of impact, there is also a risk of unexpectedly high wind gusts during
thunderstorms.
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4.4 Interference with radio signals
Multiple radio signals can be used at the work site:

radio signals for the operation of installations;

radio signals for the operation of machinery;

radio signals for communication;

radio signals of vehicles.
The radio signals may not influence or disconnect one another. Prior to commencement of the lifting
and hoisting operations, it must be ensured that the signals do not influence one another.
Whenever radio signals are used for communication, a frequency must be selected with which no
disturbance can originate.
4.5 Chemicals and temperature in relation to lifting and hoisting equipment
Chemicals and temperature can both have their short and long-term negative impact and
consequences on the integrity of lifting and hoisting equipment.
A risk assessment shall be performed for all expected chemicals and temperature levels which will be
in direct or indirect contact with the lifting and hoisting equipment.
Chains
Chains of grade 8 and 10 may not come into contact with chemical substances such as acids and
bases. Hoisting chains of quality grade 4 can be implemented when chemical substances are present.
Consult the directions for use from the manufacturer for this purpose!
The capacity of grade 8 and grade 10 chain is reduced by temperature according to the following
table:
Chain sling temperature
-40oC to +200oC
+200oC to +300oC
+300oC to +400oC
Reduction of maximum load
Grade 8
0%
10%
25%
Reduction of maximum load
Grade 10
0%
Not allowed
Not allowed
Synthetic slings
The materials from which synthetic slings are manufactured all have a different resistance to
chemicals. Seek the advice of the manufacturer or supplier of the sling if there is any probability of it
being exposed to chemicals.
It should also be noted that the effects of chemicals increase with rising temperatures. The
resistance of synthetic slings to chemical reactions and temperatures is summarised below:



Is resistant to mineral acids but is destroyed by alkaline solutions, e.g.
ammonia and caustic soda
According EN 1492 suitable for the temperature range -40oC to + 100oC.
Polyester
(PES)
The strength is not affected by water. Water absorption is negligible.
Friction and sharp edges can quickly wear and cut polyester.
Has a blue identification tag.
Is affected less by acids and alkaline solutions and is suitable for
applications where the highest resistance to chemicals is required., with
Polypropylene
the exception of solvents.
(PP)
Has a brown identification tag.
Is resistant to alkalis, but mineral acids do effect polyamide.
Polyamide
(PA)
Has a green identification tag.
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Some general remarks:

In all cases, observe the instructions for use of the manufacturer. Temperature ranges may
vary according to the chemical environment;

Precautions should be taken with welding activities so that synthetic slings do not come into
contact with heat and welding sparks / hot cinders. Welding sparks and hot cinders can lead to
burnt holes, resulting in immediate damage to the synthetic sling;

Wet synthetic slings which have been frozen may never be used again;

Harmless acid or alkaline solutions can become so concentrated through evaporation that they
cause damage. Take contaminated slings out of operation immediately, rinse them in cold
water and dry them in the open air;

Synthetic slings shall be taken out of service and destroyed to prevent future use, whenever in
doubt as to the strength of the sling. For rejection criteria see chapter 8.4.3.
Wire rope and wire slings
Wire ropes and wire slings should not be used when either immersed in acidic solutions or exposed
to acid fumes. Attention is drawn to the fact that certain production processes involve acidic
solutions, fumes and sprays and in these circumstances the manufacturer’s advice should be sought.
In general, it can be stated that wire rope can be used in a safe manner up to 100oC. From 100oC,
dependent on the end connection of the cable and the wire rope grease used, a reduction must be
applied. Consult the directions for use from the manufacturer / supplier for this purpose.
4.6 Radio activity
Radioactive sources that have been in contact with lifting and hoisting equipment might leave a
certain radio activity level at the equipment, especially synthetic slings. Whenever lifting and hoisting
equipment has been in contact with a radioactive source it shall be taken out of service immediately
and quarantined in an appropriate way.
4.7 Lighting
Lifting and hoisting operations during hours of darkness bring in additional risks that shall be risk
assessed.
It is a legal requirement to have suitable and sufficient lighting on every workplace. All roads,
manoeuvring areas, yards, pedestrian areas, and anywhere traffic movement take place, should have
suitable and sufficient lighting for safety. Lights should be kept in good working order, and the covers
kept clean.
Areas near junctions, buildings, plant, pedestrian routes and areas, and places where vehicles or
mobile plant regularly move, all need particular attention.
Where lights are placed can be very important. Tall vehicles can block light, even when it comes from
windows or lamps that are high on posts, or on walls, ceilings, canopies and so on. Lights should be
placed over the space between vehicle bays, rather than over the centre of the bay where a tall
vehicle could block them.
If crane operators and signaller/banksman have to look towards strong lights, place and angle the
lights so that they do not dazzle the operator either directly or by his mirrors.
Necessary lighting shall be provided to ensure a well-lit working area for the members of the lifting
and hoisting team and for all the people in the vicinity of the job. Special attention must be paid to
the visibility of the signaller/banksman and the load.
4.8 Hazardous locations due to the atmosphere
If activities are to take place under potentially explosive conditions, all lifting and hoisting equipment
shall comply with the European Directive 94/9/EC (ATEX 100a). This directive applies to equipment
intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.
The lifting and hoisting activities should be carried out in compliance with European Directive
99/92/EC (ATEX137), covering health and safety protection of workers.
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4.9 Static electricity - earthing
Static electricity might be a source for ignition and cause explosions.
Earthing of cranes or the load itself on site is only needed in case of equalizing static electricity.
Whenever the Risk Assessment determines that an earthing cable is required, an earthing cable shall
be used. The diameter of the earthing cable will be such that small breaks and damages of the cable
have no impact on the safe use of it. The earthing cable shall have a minimum diameter of 16 mm2
and an earthing resistance of less than 0,5 Ohm.
Attention shall be given to earthing of the load itself:

The use of synthetic slings shall not be allowed between the hook of the crane and the load;

Always work with the crane reeved in an uneven amount of falls in case of synthetic sheaves in
the hook-block.
In both mentioned situations the synthetic parts will work as an isolator to the load and electricity
charged on the load cannot flow away, even with an earthing on the crane.
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5
Performing the lifting and hoisting operations
5.1 Pre job meeting – Toolbox Talk
Prior to carrying out any lifting and hoisting operation certain precautions shall be observed. They
are applicable to any lifting and hoisting operation and start with the Person In Charge chairing a pre
job meeting, a toolbox talk.
All personnel assigned to the lifting and hoisting operation shall attend this toolbox talk.
The Person In Charge ensures that all personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations fully
understand the risk assessment, the lifting and hoisting plan and all needed control measures to
carry out the operations safely.
All personnel should have the opportunity to review the findings of the risk assessment and the
details of the lifting and hoisting plan to ensure that everyone clearly understands and agrees with
the methods and control measures to be used.
All personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have their individual responsibilities
clearly allocated.
Application of the “10 questions for a safe lift” to the lifting and hoisting operation shall be covered
during the toolbox talk.
5.2 10 Questions for a safe lift
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Is everyone aware of and do they fully understand the lifting and hoisting procedures
applicable to the lift?
Has everyone attended the toolbox talk?
Has a pre-use inspection of the Lifting Equipment been carried out and are the Lifting
Accessories tagged or marked with:

Safe Working Load

A unique identification number

A valid certification date
Are all safety devices working?
Does everyone know the Person In Charge of the lift?
Is everyone competent and aware of his or her tasks?
Is there a current “Lift Plan” and JSA and does everybody understand the job and
precautions?
Does everyone know the environmental limits (e.g. maximum permissible wind speed) for
the lift?
Is the lift area controlled and is everyone clear if the load falls or swings?
Are signalling methods and communication agreed and clear to you?
The Person In Charge shall ensure that lifting and hoisting operations are
conducted in strict accordance with the approved plan. Any variation from
the agreed lifting and hoisting plan shall result in the job being made safe,
stopped and reassessed to ensure continued safe operation.
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5.3 Barriers
All personnel and third parties shall be kept out of any area where they might be struck by a load or
lifting and hoisting equipment if it swings, shifts or falls. No one shall stand or work directly below a
load.
The work area shall be closed off, to prevent crushing or clenching people by the load or lifting and
hoisting equipment.
The barrier can be made using red/white or black/yellow marking tape, but it is preferable to use
physical barriers.
Entrance to the closed area is prohibited without permission of the lifting and hoisting operator or
signaller/banksman.
During the preparation, setting up or the installation of the lifting and hoisting appliance the working
area shall be closed for people who are not involved with preparing operations. It shall be clear for all
people (e.g. by means of barriers, signals, warnings) before entry of the working area.
1. The working range, with all moving parts of the lifting and hoisting equipment shall be
closed by a physical barrier at all times;
2. When the lifting and hoisting operations starts, the area, from where the load is being
picked-up until the area where the load is going to be landed (the travel path of the
suspended load), should be closed by a physical barrier;
3. For occasionally hoisting outside the fenced off area, a dedicated person must walk at
safe distance of the load to keep anyone passing by at a distance and to indicate the
danger.
Personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have an escape route at all times in case
of an unexpected movement of the load or the equipment.
Persons shall not be permitted to enter the lifting and hoisting area or to board or leave the hoisting
appliance without first obtaining permission for the signaller/banksman or crane operator.
5.4 Use of tag lines
The lifting appliance operator shall assess and approve the justification of using one or more tag
line(s).
It shall only be approved where there is a compelling requirement to push/pull the load for accurate
placement and the taglines are assessed as lower risk alternative to avoid manual handling into
position.
In case of hoisting operations to and from vessels tag lines should only be used if it is necessary; this
shall be agreed between the vessel and lifting appliance operator, and particular care and attention
shall be exercised.
Tag lines should be used on all loads that may spin or swing.
Tag lines shall be made of a suitable non rotating synthetic rope, preferably a 100% polyester braid
on braid (braided core covered with braided cover) rope. The use of ordinary polypropylene rope is
strongly discouraged due to its rotating properties.
The length of the tag line shall be sufficient given the characteristics of the hoisting operation and at
least long enough to keep persons clear from the dangers of the load, equipment or other hazards.
The end of the rope shall be secured against fraying, but knots shall not be used at the free end of
the rope.
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The tag line shall be attached to the load only and not to the lifting and hoisting accessories.
Hold the tag line securely, but never wrap the line around any part of your body or any fixed point.
When handling long loads, baskets or other awkward loads, ensure that taglines are attached to
assist with the control and handling of the load when required by the risk assessment.
If several tag lines are necessary, additional personnel can be involved in the operation as slinger.
Tag lines should be used to keep control of a load, not to gain control over a load.
5.5 Pick-up and landing area of the load
The starting and the landing area shall be strong enough for the load and must guarantee that the
load will be stable after disconnecting the lifting and hoisting accessories.
There shall be sufficient free space for the slinger(s) to connect and disconnect the lifting and
hoisting accessories to the load.
In assessing the risks during the planning, special attention must be given to the following aspects:

Working at height during connecting and disconnecting the load;

Effects of weather on the workplace of the slinger(s), such as rain, snow and strong winds;

Weight of the accessories that are going to be used to connect the load. The weight of the
accessories shall be added to the weight of the load and results in the “total weight of the load
to be handled” by the appliance(s).
The load shall be connected to the lifting and hoisting accessories fully in line with users instructions
of the load, the lifting and hoisting accessories and according “good rigging practices”.
Improvising or deviating from the users instructions is not permitted.





The signaller/banksman shall ensure himself, that: the load is secure and properly balanced
and that the load path is clear of obstructions and personnel;
The cargo manifest offshore including load weights is reviewed with the crane operator;
Loads, containers and open baskets are inspected for deficiencies and to ensure goods are
properly stowed;
Escape routes have been identified should a problem develop during the lifting and hoisting
operation;
The hoisting area and receiving corridor are clear of obstructions and unassigned personnel.
Everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations has the responsibility to
stop the lifting and hoisting operations at any time they believe the
operation could, or has, become unsafe or there is a change of the agreed
plan! The lifting and hoisting operation shall stop immediately:

Whenever safety is in danger;

If the users instructions are unclear;

In the event of loss of communication.
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5.6 Securing the load after the lifting and hoisting operations
Before unlocking the lifting and hoisting accessories from the load, the load shall be stable under all
circumstances. Attention is required for the stability of the load under influence of e.g. wind, surface
and underground.
The signaller/banksman shall be sure that the lifting and hoisting accessories are unlocked and free
from the load before the lifting and hoisting appliance or the hook is moved away from the load and
cannot spontaneous hook the load!
It is forbidden in all circumstances to pull the hoisting accessories from under the load by means of
the lifting and hoisting appliance.
5.7 Accomplishing lifting and hoisting operations
Leaving a lifting and hoisting appliance with an attached load unattended is prohibited at all times.
When an appliance is left unattended, the operator shall ensure that:

The load is on the ground, or else has been safely landed and there is no load resting on the
lifting and hoisting wire or slings;

Access by unauthorised personnel is impossible;

The lifting and hoisting appliance is secured and the break is engaged;

For winches and cranes: the installation is switched to neutral or off mode;

For cranes: the motor is switched off and the master switch or the ignition is locked;

In case of long term out-of-service, the crane is locked and the hook is protected against
swinging so that it cannot cause any hazard for the environment.
Any incidents taking place during the lifting and hoisting operation shall be reported to the HSE focal
point within 24 hours.
After the operation is completed, any barriers shall be removed and the area made tidy.
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6
Learn and record
After completing the lifting and hoisting operation, everyone involved in the operation should have
the opportunity to discuss and make improvements to the “Lift Plan”. Any learning points noted on
the plan should be reviewed by the Person In Charge and, where appropriate, action taken. For
example, learning points may include feedback on equipment effectiveness, lifting and hoisting
techniques, personnel, etc.
The Person In Charge should ensure that the significant learning’s and improvements identified from
lifting and hoisting operations are recorded and communicated to all relevant parties.
Except for being a correct working practice to learn and record, it is also recommended in case of
future similar operations.
Especially for non-routine simple lifting and hoisting operations that can be expected to be carried
out again in the near future, by learning and recording it might give reason to categorise them as
routine operations in the future.
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7
Load
7.1 Introduction
Lifting and hoisting equipment is used to move the load. Regardless all applicable requirements for
the lifting and hoisting equipment, the load to be moved must meet requirements as well.
Integrity
The load shall possess sufficient integrity to withstand the forces applied during lifting and hoisting
operations.
Stability
The method of rigging the load shall ensure that it remains stable and cannot tip, slip, swing or fall
unintentionally. Stability shall be confirmed during planning of the operations.
For any rigging operation, the first order of business is to determine forces (loads) and their
direction, magnitude, load-bearing surfaces, method of connection, required support, effects of
motion, etc. After these factors are determined, equipment selection will follow for safe handling
and installation of the load.
To determine the above factors, everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations must know
something about fundamental engineering principles such as determination of stresses, effect of
motion, weight of loads, centre of gravity, and factor of safety.
7.2 Load characteristics
Before the load can be handled in a safe way, the load characteristics indicated below must be
known:

Mass: mass / weight;

Centre of gravity: horizontal and vertical;

Type of material: solid, liquid, granulate, gas or a combination thereof;

Dimensions (length, width and height) and mechanical characteristics.
7.2.1 Mass, weight, force and load
The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity on the object and may be calculated as the
mass times the acceleration of gravity, Weight = Mass x Acceleration of gravity; w = mg.
Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, weight is the gravitational force acting on a
body (although for trading purposes it is taken to mean the same as mass), force is a measure of the
interaction between bodies and load usually means the force exerted on a surface or body.
Mass
Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, being directly related to the number and
type of atoms present in the object. Mass does not change with a body's position, movement or
alteration of its shape unless material is added or removed. The unit of mass in the SI system is the
kilogram (abbreviation kg) which is defined to be equal to the mass of the international prototype of
the kilogram held at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) near Paris. Mass can also
be defined as the inertial resistance to acceleration.
Weight
In the trading of goods, weight is taken to mean the same as mass, and is measured in kilograms.
Scientifically, however, it is normal to state that the weight of a body is the gravitational force acting
on it and hence it should be measured in Newton (abbreviation N), and that this force depends on
the local acceleration due to gravity. To add to the confusion, a weight (or weight piece) is a
calibrated mass normally made from a dense metal.
So, unfortunately, weight has three meanings and care should always be taken to appreciate which
one is meant in a particular context.
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Force
Force is a measure of the interaction between bodies. It takes a number of forms including shortrange atomic forces, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces. Force is a vector quantity, with both
direction and magnitude.
Load
Load is a term frequently used in engineering to mean the force exerted on a surface or body.
In lifting and hoisting it is standard practice to indicate capacities of lifting and hoisting equipment as
well as the weight of the load in (metric) tons (or kilograms).
The weight of the load must be known in order to choose the correct hoisting or lifting equipment.
The mass can be determined by:

Calculation;

An indication on the load;

The information in the load’s lifting and hoisting instructions;

Estimation.
7.2.2 Centre of gravity
Jobsite accidents are caused by the lack of understanding that whenever a load is hoisted, the center
of gravity of the load will place itself vertically below the hook, regardless of the arrangement of the
slings, lift beams, or other attachments. The reason is based on the fact that the sum of the forces
and moments needs to be zero for a body in equilibrium.
The centre of gravity of a body is that point on the body through which the weight of the body could
be considered to be concentrated for all orientations of the body. For a body whose weight per net
volume is uniform, the centre of gravity lies at its centre. The centre of gravity is the location where
the centre of the object’s entire weight is theoretically concentrated and where the object will
balance when it is hoisted. For a balanced hoist, the object’s centre of gravity is always in line below
the hook. The manufacturers normally provide the centre of gravity locations of equipment, reactors,
heat exchangers, and vessels.
However, manufacturers’ drawings typically have more information than just the centre of gravity
location, and the engineer needs to sift through all of the information and identify what is relevant.
In some cases, unfortunately, there is not enough information. When this occurs, conservative
assumptions will need to be made to proceed with the study at hand. The engineer is responsible for
contacting the appropriate people and validating the assumptions.
After the centre of gravity is determined, the loads that each hoisting point receives can be
determined.
Centre of gravity at
load’s center
Load is stable
Centre of gravity
eccentric
Load is moving
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Centre of gravity
places itself below
the hook
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The centre of gravity of the load must always be within the lifting equipment’s lifting surface (e.g.
within the forks of a fork lift truck).
Centre of gravity outside the
lifting surface.
Load starts to tilt.
Centre of gravity within the
lifting surface.
Load is stable.
The centre of gravity (and mass) is determining the lifting equipment’s capacity (e.g. a fork lift truck)
Load within the forklift
truck’s capacity
Load outside the forklift
truck’s capacity
Load table showing forklift
truck’s capacity
The positioning of the centre of gravity is important in relation to the stability of the load before,
during and after moving the load.
Low centre of gravity
Eccentric centre of gravity
High centre of gravity
Stable load
Unstable load
Unstable load
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Knowing the centre of gravity is important during lifting as well as during hoisting. Attaching slings at
the bottom of a load with a high centre of gravity might result in the load becoming unstable.
Load with a high centre of
gravity.
Attached on top =
Stable during hoisting.
Attached at bottom =
Unstable during hoisting.
For liquids and granulates, a changing centre of gravity could cause instability (dynamic and static)
Granulate in CCU
symmetric
Granulate in CCU
a-symmetric
Liquid in a container
Moving centre of gravity
7.2.3 Type of material
The type of material is determining for the manner in which the load is moved. Solid materials can
immediately be handled. Liquids, gasses, granulates and small material must be contained and
possibly placed in Cargo Carrying Units or transport holders in order to be able to move these. The
focus must be on the stability of the total. Liquids, granulates and composite solid materials could
move during the relocation, which could result in additional forces in the load and lifting and hoisting
equipment. Please refer to the illustrations above.
7.2.4 Dimensions and mechanical characteristics
Other aspects of the load to consider are whether it is flexible, in one piece or needs holding
together, is vulnerable to local damage or has to be manipulated in the air.
Flexible loads or loads which are delicate may need support at several positions and require a means
of adjusting the sling length at each support point. If relying on slings alone to lift a flexible load,
remember that as the angle of the sling leg to the vertical increases, so does the inward force tending
to crush the load. A hoisting beam can provide multiple support points without a crushing force. In
the extreme case, a delicate load may require a rigid supporting cradle placed underneath it to
withstand the hoisting forces.
The way a load is lifted, hoisted, moved or relocated depends on:

The dimensions of the load;

The mechanical characteristics of the load.
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A long, small load is moved in a complete different way, than a symmetrical load that has the same
dimensions for length, width and height.
The load’s strength and composition also play a role in this respect.
Several examples are illustrated below:
Pallet with stapled goods
Load to be lifted
Load must be stable
No parts of the load may fall
Load attached in the middle
Load may not buckle
Load may not shift
Attachment point to be strong
enough
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Tank filled with a liquid
Tank to be hoisted
Attention for dynamic forces
Potential moving centre of gravity
Load with two legged sling
Additional forces due to
“internal angles”
Risk on inward shifting of the
slings
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Load with two legged sling at the ends
Load must be strong enough
Load may not buckle
Attachment point to be strong enough
Two legged sling, directly attached to the load
Attachment points must be strong enough
Additional forces due to “internal angles”
Load with choked
endless sling
sling
Load
to beaccessories
strong enough
Hoisting
may
Slings
may notthe
damage
not damage
load
Load maythe
notload
damage the
Load
may not
damage the
hoisting
accessories
slings
Load hoisted by means of
equalising beam
Minimal buckling
Minimal forces into the load
Bundled load using two slings
Additional forces due to “internal angles”
Additional forces due to wrapping of slings
Risk on inward shifting of the slings
Load with choked chain
sling
Load to be strong enough
Chain may not damage the
load
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Load with choked sling,
with corner guards
Load to be strong enough
Protection of load and
slings by means of corner
guards.
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7.3 Connecting the load to the hoisting appliance
7.3.1 Introduction
In the ideal world, every load will have purpose designed hoisting points to which slings can easily be
attached by hook or shackle. In the real world, many items which have to be hoisted do not have
such hoisting points and they are rarely a convenient shape. Sometimes this is due to lack of
forethought by the designer.
For connecting the load to the hoisting appliance we have to deal with one of the following
circumstances:

Load without any provisions to connect hoisting accessories;

Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories;

Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points;

Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting accessories.

Lifted and hoisted equipment.
7.3.2 Load without any provisions to attach hoisting accessories
In the absence of suitable hoisting points, the main options are to attach slings by passing them
through or around the load. Passing through a suitable aperture has the advantage of making the
load captive but care is needed to ensure that the material around the aperture is strong enough to
take the whole load. Passing around the load has the advantage of giving the load better support by
cradling it, but care is needed to ensure it is securely attached and cannot slip or fall out.
7.3.3 Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories
Some loads are equipped with provisions for removable threaded eye bolts to be screwed into the
load as an attachment for hoisting slings or have pre drilled holes in order to bolt on hoisting lugs or
padeyes.
Equally, the item may be part of an assembly which was previously hoisted as a whole or conversely
it may be an assembly of components each of which was previously hoisted separately during
building of the assembly.
In the latter case, care is needed to check whether any hoisting points are adequate for the whole
assembly or just the individual component. A typical example is a motor and pump on a bed plate.
There may be an eyebolt hole in the motor and another in the pump, each adequate for its
respective component but together not adequate for the whole assembly.
Similarly the top half of a large gearbox may have hoisting points, but they are probably just for
hoisting the top, not the whole gearbox.
There are no specific rules and regulations for the threaded eyebolt holes or pre drilled holes to bolt
on padeyes. Before using them they shall be inspected to make sure they are fit for their intended
use.
Removable threaded eyebolts, pad eyes that can be bolted on a load, hoisting caps or any other
temporary attachment to a load that can be used to connect the load as an attachment for slings,
etc., is an “accessory for lifting and hoisting”. Accessories for lifting and hoisting shall comply with
the European Machinery Directive, bear the CE mark and shall be marked with:

Safe Working Load;

A unique identification number;

A valid certification date.
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The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one
Chapter.
We kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard for the requirements of lifting and hoisting
accessories.
7.3.4 Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened
Loads can be equipped with all kinds of purpose designed hoisting points permanently fastened to
the load to connect hoisting accessories such as slings and shackles.
Typical examples of these loads are:

Concrete foundations and concrete building elements with dedicated pockets or cast in pins or
spherical head anchors (hoisting anchor system) ;

Pre- assembled units, pre-assembled racks, installation components, pressure vessels, heat
exchangers, valves and tanks with welded or casted on dedicated hoisting lugs or padeyes;

Heavy refinery columns and reactor vessels with hoisting trunnions and tailing lug.
All above mentioned hoisting points are deemed to be part of the load.
It is recommended to mark the load with the weight and instructions for hoisting.
These purpose designed hoisting points require a pre-use check.
Once the load is installed there is no formal obligation to keep these attachment points for hoisting
maintained. However: in those situations they are going to be used for removal of the loads after
several years or a longer period of service, these hoisting attachment points shall be thoroughly
inspected by a competent person. Inspection to be supported by a check with the original Technical
Construction File and most of the time done by means of Non Destructive Testing.
7.3.5
Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting
accessories
Work equipment can also be equipped with all kinds of purpose designed hoisting points
permanently fastened to the load to connect hoisting accessories such as slings and shackles.
This work equipment is frequently transported from one working location to another working
location and hoisted to and from transport and into its final position.
Just some examples are:

Components of a drilling tower;

Sand catchers;

Frames with pumping units;

Subsea equipment;

Portable Offshore Units;

Cement silo’s;

Generator skids;

Machinery.
The manufacturer of the work equipment shall construct and deliver onto the market above
mentioned equipment fully in compliance with the European Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC).
He must have a Technical Construction File and by means of the declaration of conformity the
manufacturer declares the provisions for hoisting are “fit for purpose” and of adequate strength.
The manufacturer shall deliver users instructions and he is obliged to inform on a safe way of hoisting
in these instructions (Directive 2006/42/EC, ANNEX I, article 1.7.4.2).
The owner of the work equipment shall instruct his employees on the safe way of working and using
the work equipment, including the safe way of hoisting.
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The following shall be prominently and indelibly marked on the work equipment:

Maximum gross weight;

Identification number;

A valid certification date, preferably mentioning the date until it is safe to use them.
References and further information:

DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3 portable offshore units;
7.3.6 Lifted and hoisted equipment
Cargo Carrying Units and transport holders are used for transporting liquids, gasses, granulates and
combined loads. Examples of transport holders are tanks, bottles, barges, tipping buckets, waste
skips, racks with gas cylinders, frames with gas bottles and containers.
All lifted and hoisted equipment and their components shall be capable of withstanding the stresses
to which they are subjected, both in and, where applicable, out of use, under all conditions provided
for and in all relevant configurations, with due regard, where appropriate, to the effects of
atmospheric factors and forces exerted by persons. This requirement must also be satisfied during
transport, lifting and hoisting.
The owner of the lifted and hoisted equipment must specify the intended use.
The user is obliged to observe these instructions.
The following shall be prominently and indelibly marked on lifted and hoisted equipment:

Maximum gross weight;

Empty weight (tare);

Effective loading capacity;


A valid certification date, preferably mentioning the date until it is safe to use them.
An instruction must be supplied with or attached to the equipment (or instructions must otherwise
be known). These instructions shall indicate the safe way of hoisting the equipment.
Remark:
Cargo Carrying Units and transport holders being used or intended to be used in an offshore
environment shall meet all requirements of EN - 12079: 2006, “Offshore containers and associated
lifting sets”, parts 1,2 and 3.

EN - 12079: 2006, part 1: Offshore containers - Design, manufacture and marking;

EN - 12079: 2006, part 2: Lifting sets - Design, manufacture and marking;

EN - 12079: 2006, part 3: Periodic inspection, examination and testing.

DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-1 “Offshore Containers”;

DNV Standard for Certification No. 2.7-3 “Portable Offshore Units”;

Stepchange in Safety guidance on “design and handling of cargo baskets”;

Stepchange in Safety guidance on “design and handling of chemical tanks”.
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7.4 Risks as a consequence of the load
In order to be of help and give some guidance for the Risk Assessment hereafter some risks related
to the load are given.
Subject
Weight - Mass
Point of attention
Incorrect estimation of the
weight of the load.
Risk
Overloading of the lifting or
hoisting equipment
Tilting load
Swinging load (hoisting)
Overloading (lifting)
Tilting (lifting)
Instability during
hoisting/lifting
Eccentric centre of gravity
Centre of gravity
Centre of gravity changes of
position
Material
Changing position of the load
(drifting/shifting)
Dimensions
Buckling of the load
Mechanical
Strong lifting surface
Strong lifting hook
Strong load
Instruction manual
No instruction manual
Maintenance
Wear
Inspection/testing
Hidden defects
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Instability of the load
Instability of the load
Damage to the load
Breakage/instability (lifting)
Breakage (hoisting)
Breakage of the load
Damage to the lifting or
hoisting element
Damage to the load
Damage to the load
Falling / leaking of the load
Damage to the load and
environment
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8
Lifting and hoisting equipment
8.1 General requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall fulfil the requirements of: EU Directives 89/655/EEC and
2009/104/EC concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work
equipment by workers at work:
In addition to above Directive:

Lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of: EU Machinery
Directives 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG.

Lifted and hoisted equipment shall fulfil requirements of International Standards and approved
industry bodies.
See diagram 2 here under.
8.1.1 Declaration of conformity
All lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of the Machinery
Directive 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. The assembler/supplier has to declare by
declaration of conformity that the equipment fulfils the essential safety requirements of the
mentioned directive. The declaration shall give a description and identification of the lifting and
hoisting equipment.
The declaration of conformity should be kept readily accessible by the owner, for as long as the
equipment is being used.
Lifted and hoisted equipment is excluded from the Machinery Directive, but shall meet requirements
of international standards or industry bodies.
Diagram 2:
Lifting & hoisting equipment
EU Directive 2009/104/EC
appliances
accessories
Lifted and hoisted
equipment
Machinery Directive
Machinery Directive
Standards (ISO/EN)
8.1.2 Users instructions
All lifting and hoisting equipment must be accompanied by users instructions in the official
community language or language of the Member State in which it is placed on the market and/or put
into service.
These users instructions (or photocopies) must be kept in a safe place, go together with the
equipment, and be readily accessible to the user of the lifting and hoisting equipment.
In all cases, the manufacturer shall supply a user instruction that defines the permissible operating
conditions, design criteria, testing and maintenance requirements and inspection requirements in a
language agreed for safe use on the location.
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8.1.3 Inspection
All used lifting and hoisting equipment (see diagram 2) shall fulfil the requirements of the directive
concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers
at work:
Directive 2009/104/EC, article 5: inspection of work equipment:
1
2
3
4
The employer shall ensure that where the safety of work equipment depends on the installation conditions, it shall
be subject to an initial inspection (after installation and before first being put into service) and an inspection after
assembly at a new site or in a new location by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or
practices, to ensure that the work equipment has been installed correctly and is operating properly.
In order to ensure that health and safety conditions are maintained and that deterioration liable to result in
dangerous situations can be detected and remedied in good time, the employer shall ensure that work equipment
exposed to conditions causing such deterioration is subject to:
a.
periodic inspections and, where appropriate, testing by competent persons within the meaning of national
laws and/or practices;
b.
special inspections by competent persons within the meaning of national laws and/or practices each time
that exceptional circumstances which are liable to jeopardise the safety of the work equipment have
occurred, such as modification work, accidents, natural phenomena or prolonged periods of inactivity.
The results of inspections shall be recorded and kept at the disposal of the authorities concerned. They must be
kept for a suitable period of time.
When work equipment is used outside the undertaking it shall be accompanied by physical evidence that the last
inspection has been carried out.
Member States shall determine the conditions under which such inspections are made.
8.1.4 Inspection schedule
To fulfil the above mentioned European Directive and national regulations the owner shall set up an
inspection schedule for lifting and hoisting equipment.
The contents of this schedule shall have the following subjects:

Frequency of inspection;

Description of inspections to be carried out;

Competent person allowed performing the inspection.
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked or labelled with the date of the last
inspection and preferably the date of the next inspection. In case this mark or label is not
present, not readable or not fully clear, the equipment shall not be used.
The maximum period in between two inspections shall be no longer than:

6 months for equipment to hoist people.

12 months for lifting and hoisting appliances.

12 months for lifting and hoisting accessories as well as lifted and hoisted equipment;
for UK this maximum period is 6 months, unless covered by a written examination
scheme as described in LOLER Regulation 9 (3) (a) iii.
Remark: Whenever local law and regulations require a shorter interval or more stringent inspection
schedule, law and regulations shall always prevail.
8.1.5 Definition of inspection
Examination of a product design, product, service, process or plant, and determination of their
conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgment, general
requirements (ISO/IEC 17020).
Synonyms for inspection:

Examination;

Thorough examination;

Periodic examination;

Periodic inspection.
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

In the Netherlands, all existing TCVT schemes shall be followed.
In case UK is following the same Dutch TCVT schemes, this can be judged as an approved
written scheme of examination, in compliance with LOLER regulation 9.3(a).(iii),
provided that all paperwork going together with it, fully is compliant with all
requirements as per Schedule 1 of LOLER.
8.1.6 Inspection body
The inspection body shall be independent to the extent that is required with regard to the conditions
under which it performs its services.
Depending on the conditions, mentioned in the inspection schedule, it shall meet the minimum
criteria stipulated in ISO/IEC 17020.
Note: A body can be an organisation, or a part of an organization (ISO/IEC 17020).
8.1.7 Marking
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be prominently and indelibly marked with the following
information:

Working Load Limit (WLL);


Figure indicating the month and the year of the last inspection date and preferably the next
inspection date; (often referred to as “valid certification date”);

Safety instructions and warnings if applicable.
8.1.8 Application of colour codes
Colour coding is a method used for visual identification of the inspection period. Colour codes are an
add-on for visual identification only. They do not replace the requirements to perform a full pre-use
inspection, and they are not intended to replace any other means of identification required in this
Standard.
Whenever a colour coding system is in use, it must be in accordance with regional or international
accepted safety signs and colour codes, such as the IMO (International Maritime Organisation)
system.
Where possible, colour coding should be standardised across operator and contractors in the same
operational area. The correct colour code should be prominently displayed at the worksite.
Be aware of potential conflicting colours in a colour coding system. In many locations a particular
colour is used to denote equipment “unsuitable for the job”. This colour should not be used in a
colour coding system.

United Kingdom, Ireland and Netherlands use “red” as warning colour for equipment taken out
of service.

In Norway white indicates that the equipment shall not be used. (regulated in NORSOK R-003)
8.1.9 Documentation – registration
A lifting and hoisting equipment register system shall be in place for the registration and recording of
the following data for all lifting and hoisting equipment:

Manufacturer and description;


Working Load Limit (WLL);

Date when the equipment was first taken in use;

Particulars of defects and steps taken to remedy them;

Inspection schedule;

Dates and numbers of certificates of tests, inspections and name of person who performed
these;

Due dates for previous and next inspection;

Maintenance Log.
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Inspection schedules, reports of inspections and other documents (such as the declaration of
conformity) relating to lifting and hoisting equipment must be readily available to inspectors from
the relevant enforcing authority should they request to see them.
8.1.10 Maintenance and condition of lifting and hoisting equipment
The equipment shall be maintained according manufacturers’ instructions and always be suitable for
a safe use.
The condition of the lifting and hoisting equipment shall be:

Full function (including all prescribed safety devices);

Maintained regarding the users instructions of the equipment ;

Without technical changes (regarding the users instructions);

Without wearing;

Without damage.
8.2 Requirements for hoisting appliances
8.2.1
General requirements for hoisting appliances
All motorised hoisting appliances and possible accompanying support transport equipment
shall be equipped with at least:

Fire extinguisher;

First aid box;

Oil spill – environment package;

An automatic acoustic reverse signalling;

Barrier tape.
Cranes with malfunctioning or not working Safety Critical Elements, such as limit switches and
Rated Capacity Indicators, shall be taken out of service.
For those situations, that there is a need to use a crane with malfunctioning or not working Safety
Critical Elements, their shall be an approval for use of the crane by a Technical Authority level 1, and
the hoisting operations shall be categorized as “non routine – complex – critical” operations.
Hooks
For dynamic hoists, the use with tugger winches on the rig floor and moon-pool areas, safety
hooks having two barriers preventing unintentional release shall be used at all times.
Two barrier locking can be achieved by:
1.
The use of safety hooks with a built in mechanical safety lock;
2.
Hooks with a locking pin construction on the safety latch or mechanical secondary
locking.
8.2.2 Mobile cranes
Frequency inspection:
every 12 months.
Special requirements:

Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;

Rope management system;

External optical and acoustic signaling by overload;

Mobile cranes equipped with an option to use a load chart without using the outriggers,
shall never use this option. Working without outriggers in use is strictly forbidden.
8.2.3 Tower cranes
every 12 months.



Inspection directly after assembling before first use at the workplace.
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8.2.4 Loader cranes
every 12 months.


Loader cranes equipped with hoisting function shall be treated as mobile crane; see chapter 8.2.2
8.2.5 Offshore cranes
every 12 months.



Offshore cranes used for hoisting of personnel with a suspended basket or transferring
personnel by personnel carrier shall be certified for such hoisting and clearly marked on the
outside of the crane;

The latch on the main hook and whip-line hook shall always be fitted with a lock-pin to
prevent unintentional opening of the latch;

Any crane ball or block shall be painted in a fluorescent orange colour that is easily
visible.
8.2.6 Portal / overhead cranes
every 12 months.


Rope management system.
8.2.7 Side booms
every 12 months.


Rope management system.
8.2.8 Hoists
Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for:

Chain lever hoist;

Chain block;

Jaw winch.
every 12 months.

Certified to be used for hoisting operations.
8.2.9 Winches
utility winches every 12 months.
winches used for manriding every 6 months.


Certified to be used for hoisting operations;

Certified anchor points for the hooks when hooks not attached to the load;

If and when required to be used on engineered and calculated installation places with
sufficient sea fastening;

Inspection directly after assembling and before first use at the workplace.

Whenever two or more winches are used in a nearby area, matching colors shall be used
for winch controls, hooks, swivels, wire end and hook anchor point to ensure a safe
communication during the operations.
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

A counterbalance weight shall be used at the wire end, if the hoisting involves the
removing of the load from the wire end above the height of the winch. Counterbalance
weight shall be a certified lifting accessory.

Winches used for manriding operations shall be certified for such operations, clearly
marked: “dedicated for manriding” and never used for any other purpose.
It is recommended to use a soft link, between the wire end and the parking post to protect the
winch wire end for being sheared.
8.3 Requirements for lifting appliances
8.3.1
General requirements for motorised lifting appliances
All motorised lifting appliances and possible accompanying support transport equipment shall
be equipped with at least:

An automatic acoustic reverse signalling;

A yellow/amber revolving light.
8.3.2 Forklift trucks

Forklift trucks;

Reach trucks;

Motorised pallet forklift trucks;

Stacking trucks.
every 12 months.

Roll over protection (ROPS);

Automatic current interrupter.
Reach trucks designed for hoisting operations shall be treated as a mobile crane; see chapter 8.2.2.
8.3.3 Jacks
every 12 months.
no.
8.3.4 Construction site lifts
every 12 months.

Rope management system

Inspection directly after assembling and before first use at the workplace.

Testing at 1,25 * WLL before first use at the workplace;

Calculation of the anchoring.
8.3.5 Vehicle loading flaps, loading and unloading systems

Loading flaps (tail lifts) (lifting);

Cable system
(lifting);

Portal system
(hoisting);

Hook arm skid system (lifting).
every 12 months.
no.
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8.3.6 Earth moving machines

Earth moving machines;

Front loaders.
every 12 months.
See statement below.
Besides excavation work, hydraulic excavating and earth moving machines can also be used to move
free hanging loads.
“limited” hoisting work:
These are hoisting operations that have a direct relationship with the excavation work, such as the
laying of pipelines, etc, the loading and unloading of accessories and supporting partitions and
driving with the machine whilst the load is hanging freely at a maximum of 1 metre above the driving
level. The excavation machine must satisfy the following requirements:

Users instructions and crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons.;

A rated capacity chart;

Load moment signalling.
“unlimited” hoisting work:
To be treated as a mobile crane see chapter 8.2.2.
Machine equipped as forklift truck to be treated as a forklift truck see chapter 8.3.2.
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8.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting accessories
8.4.1 Chain work

Slings (chain);

Shackles;

Plate clamps;

Eye bolts & swivel rings;

Wedge sockets;

Hooks;

Pad eyes and bolts;

Beam clamps;

Sheave blocks;

Beam trolleys;

Miscellaneous:

Hoisting caps;

Hoisting nuts;

Hoisting nipples.
Frequency Inspection:
every 12 months. UK: every 6 months.
Special requirements for dynamic hoisting:

Shackles: Screw/nut bolted with split pin only.

Hooks:
Safety hooks with a built in mechanical safety lock and a locking pin
construction (or mechanical secondary locking).
8.4.2 Slings (wire rope)

Terminations by rope manufacture.

Rejection of rope when more than five of the wires can be seen to be broken in any five
diameter length, or three or more closely grouped wires are broken.
8.4.3
Synthetic slings
Frequency Inspection: every 6 months.

Shock loading and snatch hoisting forbidden.

Reference is also made to the environmental limitations offshore; see chapter 4.

Rejection criteria:

Missing or illegible original manufacturers label;

Missing unique identification number;

Missing valid inspection date;

Holes, tears, cuts or snags;

Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices;

Local abrasion distinctive from general wear;

Heat and friction damage;

Punctures or snaps;

Any sign or knowledge of chemical contact;

Knots in any part of the sling;

Melting or charring of any parts of the sling;

Any other visible damage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling.
For synthetic slings up to a WLL of 5 ton, that are used frequently, Shell recommends a maximum “in
use” period of 1 year.
Based on this recommendation, for NL operations, the frequency of inspection can be 12 months of
all of the following conditions are unconditionally fulfilled:
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1.
2.
3.
Maximum WLL is 5 tons;
Subject sling is taken brand new in service and certification end date is irrevocably indicated;
Sling will be taken out of service at certification end date and destroyed; no
inspection/recertification possible after 12 months.
8.4.4 Beams

Hoisting beams;

Spreader beams;

Equalising beams;

Spreader frames.

8.4.5
Suspended baskets

See practical guideline: hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket.

Construction fully in compliance with EN 14502-1.
8.4.6

Personnel Carriers
See practical guideline: transfer of personnel by personnel carrier.
8.4.7 Miscellaneous accessories

Pallet hooks;

Clamps.
no.
8.4.8 Fixed hoisting beams & monorails
every 12 months.

Certified to be used for hoisting operations;

End stop on beam (in case trolleys are being used).
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9
Personnel
Lifting and hoisting operations can be dangerous and as such, require skilled, trained and competent
persons. In most cases it is members of the lifting and hoisting team that are injured when accidents
happen.
Root Cause Analysis of incidents related to lifting and hoisting operations within the E&P sector,
indicates that as much as at least 80 % of incidents are related to human errors. These can, for
example, be incomplete organizing of the operation, incorrect operation with regards to equipment
and procedures, incorrect or incomplete maintenance or incomplete securing of the area where the
lifting and hoisting operation takes place.
It cannot be assumed, so must be assured, that all personnel involved are aware of:

How the lifting and hoisting operation is to be performed;

The risks involved;

The operation being performed according to local rules, regulations and procedures.
This can be achieved if the people involved understand why plans and procedures are as they are and
consequently realize that this is the safe way to do the operation. Involved personnel should feel
ownership of the plans and recommended practices that are in use.
Employers are legally obliged to assure that all personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations
are trained, have the required experience for the type of operations to be undertaken, and be
formally assessed as competent.
Personnel who must be adequately trained in the safe planning and operation of lifting and hoisting
equipment, appropriate to their role and specific to the type and model of lifting equipment being
used, are as follows:

Person In Charge;

Lifting and hoisting supervisor;

Offshore crane operator;

Mobile and crawler crane operator;

Tower crane operator;

Mobile tower crane operator;

Overhead travelling crane operator;

Operator of vehicle loading crane;

Operator of vehicle loading crane with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter;

Operator of reach truck;

Operator of reach truck with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter;

Operator of earth moving machine;

Operator of earth moving machine with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter;

Forklift truck operator;

Rigger;

Signaller/banksman;

Slinger.
Although training and competence requirements differ from country to country, it is legally required
in all countries that personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations shall:

Have a minimum age of 18 years;

Be appropriately trained and have demonstrated competence in their role;

Have a valid certificate in line with the role they have within the lifting and hoisting operations;

Have evidence available on the workplace at first request, e.g. by means of a duly signed and
stamped record in their PSL (Personal Safety Logbook) of the above.
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This chapter outlines the training requirements for each function mentioned above. In some
countries for specific lifting and hoisting appliances the training requirements are embedded in laws
and regulations. Country specific rules and regulations shall always be strictly adhered to.
9.1 General awareness for lifting and hoisting operations
Sites, locations and operations run by most safety conscious companies have some type of new hire
familiarisation for their own employees and an introduction safety orientation program for
contractor employees. Based on incident statistics it is advisable to include some general information
on lifting and hoisting safety. It is recommended to have a lifting and hoisting “module” that
represents some 10% of the total orientation program and should cover the key safety issues of
lifting and hoisting operations.
The purpose of this training should be to develop an overall sense of safety awareness among the
general workforce by helping them understand the risks associated with lifting and hoisting
operations and to better appreciate all safety measures involved.
9.2 Training standards and certification
The term “certification” is often used rather loosely. Generally, it means that some organisation is
willing to state that an individual is capable of performing a specific task to that organisation’s
standards.
Just as with crane certification, however, the process is relatively meaningless if the standard that is
being certified to is not stringent enough, or is flawed in some other way.
There are varying governmental requirements throughout the world for operating a lifting and
hoisting appliance, e.g. a crane, and many countries have statutes requiring that operators be
licensed. This means the government is verifying that an individual has met the standards, which it
deems necessary for competent lifting and hoisting operation.
Certain private organisations also offer operator certification programs. Generally, these involve
some training followed by a testing process. Remember that while most certification involves testing,
not all testing merits the description “certification.” Certification, in fact, is only as good as the
process by which it was created, as well as the certification expertise of the organization offering it.
The key here is to remember that “certification” is not necessarily synonymous with “skill” or
“competence.”
9.3 International, industry and recognised training standards
In order to conduct safe lifting and hoisting operations to the desired high standards in the industry,
a system should be in place which permits personnel to progress through the stages to become
competent to undertake lifting and hoisting operations and to maintain this competence.
It is recognised that lifting and hoisting competencies will differ across the industry and across
borders.
For that reason, Shell UIO encourages the X-border acceptance of certificates of competence of
personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, provided the level of the certification program
ensures a safety level accepted by Shell.
An example of such a system is given in chapter 9.5 giving competency and training requirements for
The Netherlands.
9.3.1 ISO/FDIS 15513
The International Standard ISO/FDIS 15513 gives competency requirements applicable for the
selection, training, assessment and verification of crane operators, slingers, signaller/banksman and
their assessors.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the ISO/FDIS 15513
Standard will be accepted by Shell UIO.
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9.3.2 Offshore Material Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC)
The Offshore Mechanical Handling Equipment Committee (OMHEC) is comprised of members from
the United Kingdom, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands all of whom are involved with the
safety of lifting and hoisting equipment and operations offshore.
Members represent regulatory authorities, such as from the Danish Energy Authority, the
Netherlands State Supervision of Mines, the Petroleum Safety Authority-Norway and the UK Health
and Safety Executive. OMHEC also includes e.g. industry organizations, independent verifications
bodies, classification societies and other relevant organizations.
OMHEC has produced a number of guidance documents, one of them being “OMHEC Guidance for
Training Standard”, giving guidance for the training of personnel involved in offshore lifting and
hoisting operations; crane operator, rigger, signaller/banksman and slinger.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the “OMHEC Guidance
for Training Standard” normally will be accepted by the regulatory authorities on a X-border basis.
9.3.3 OPITO
OPITO – The Oil & Gas Academy is the industry’s focal point for skills, learning and workforce
development. The Academy is a self-sustaining, employer and trade union led organisation
committed to developing and sustaining a safe, skilled and effective workforce now and in the future.
While OPITO does not actually deliver the training to meet industry standards, it is responsible for
the quality and content and ensures this through a rigorous approvals process.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with OPITO Standards for
lifting and hoisting will be accepted by Shell UIO.
9.3.4 Other standards
The training and competency requirements identified in this Standard are meant to be rigorous but
not limiting. Persons trained to other, equivalent standards may also be deemed competent.
Independent third party analysis, not older than two years, shall demonstrate a training standard to
be of higher level than the ones accepted in this Standard.
9.4 Additional training
From time to time there will be occasions when personnel competent to undertake lifting and
hoisting operations are required to use equipment which has not been addressed in training courses.
In such circumstances these personnel must be made familiar with the equipment manufacturers’
instructions and relevant standards.
Additional training will also be necessary when:

The risks to which personnel are exposed change due to a change in their working tasks;

New equipment is introduced;

When the system of work changes.
On the following pages, the competency and training requirements for The Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Ireland and Norway are shown. These requirements shall be compliant to the applicable
HSSE & SP training matrix.
In case the HSSE & SP training matrix and this Standard are not aligned with each other, the
requirements as set in this Standard shall apply!
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9.5 The Netherlands: competency and training requirements
Job title
Name of required training.
Remark on certification
Person In Charge
Wet- en regelgeving bij
hijsen en heffen
Lifting and hoisting supervisor
Uitvoerder hijswerken
Offshore crane operator
Offshore kraanmachinist
Rigger
Rigger
Signaller/banksman
Offshore signaller/banksman
Slinger
Offshore signaller/banksman
Certificate of
attendance
Issued by SEVT or
SOMA
Issued by NOGEPA
approved training inst.
OPITO approved
institute.
Issued by NOGEPA
Issued by NOGEPA
Legal requirement,
industry standard, or
Shell requirement.
Offshore
Legal requirement.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Onshore
Person In Charge
Wet- en regelgeving bij
hijsen en heffen
Uitvoerder hijswerken
Mobile and crawler crane operator
Tower crane operator
Machinist mobiele kraan
Machinist torenkraan
Machinist mobiele
torenkraan
Werken met een
bovenloopkraan
Werken met de
autolaadkraan
Mobile tower crane operator
Overhead travelling crane operator
Operator of vehicle loading crane
with hoisting function ≥ 10
tonmeter
Operator of reach truck
Operator of reach truck with
hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter
Operator of earth moving machine
with hoisting function ≥ 10
tonmeter
Forklift truck operator
Rigger
Machinist autolaad kraan
met hijsfunctie
Werken met een verreiker
voor heffen en hoogwerken
Machinist verreiker met
hijsfunctie
Veilig werken met
grondverzetmachine
Machinist grondverzetmachine met
hijsfunctie
Werken met een
vorkheftruck
Rigger of Technisch
specialist
Signaller/banksman
Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen
van lasten
Slinger
Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen
van lasten
Certificate of
attendance
Issued by SEVT or
SOMA
TCVT/W4-01
TCVT/W4-02
TCVT/W4-06
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
Legal requirement.
Industry standard.
Legal requirement.
Legal requirement.
Legal requirement.
Shell requirement.
Shell requirement.
TCVT/W4-04
Legal requirement.
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
Industry standard.
TCVT/W4-07
Legal requirement.
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved
Industry standard.
TCVT/W4-05
Legal requirement.
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
OPITO approved
institute.
TCVT/W4-08 or
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
TCVT/W4-08 or
Examiner shall be
SSVV approved.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Remark: within Dutch legislation and training requirements for operators, riggers, banksmen and
slingers it is documented that there is a hierarchy: those having a higher level of competency are
certified for roles and responsibilities at lower levels.
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9.6 United Kingdom and Ireland: competency and training requirements
Job title
Name of required
training.
Legal requirement,
Shell requirement.
Offshore
Person In Charge
LOLER focal point
Rigger
Signaller/banksman
Slinger
Law and regulations
on lifting & hoisting
LOLER planning &
risk assessment
Offshore crane
operator stage 3
Rigging
Signaller/banksman
and slinging stage 3
Signaller/banksman
and slinging stage 3
NVQ level 3; CPCS
accredited
NVQ level 3; CPCS
accredited
Issued by OPITO
Issued by OPITO
Issued by OPITO
Issued by OPITO
Legal requirement
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Industry standard.
Onshore
LOLER focal point
Law and regulations
LOLER planning &
risk assessment
Crane operator
Crane operator
Crane operator
Person In Charge
Overhead travelling
crane operations
Vehicle loading crane
operations
with hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter
Operator of reach truck with hoisting
function ≥ 10 tonmeter
Earth moving
machine operations
Forklift truck safe
operations
Rigger
Rigging
Signaller/banksman
Slinger
Slinging and
signalling
Slinging and
signalling
NVQ level 3; CPCS
accredited
NVQ level 3; CPCS or
CITB accredited
CITB accredited
CITB accredited
CITB accredited
LEEA, CITB or CPCS
accredited
LEEA, CITB or CPCS
accredited
LEEA, CITB or CPCS
accredited
NVQ level 2
Legal requirement.
Industry standard
Industry standard
Industry standard
Industry standard
Shell requirement.
Shell requirement.
Shell requirement.
Industry standard.
NVQ level 2
Legal requirement.
NVQ level 2
Industry standard.
NVQ level 2
Legal requirement.
LEEA, CITB or CPCS
accredited
OPITO, LEEA, CITB
or CPCS accredited
OPITO, LEEA, CITB
or CPCS accredited
OPITO, LEEA, CITB
or CPCS accredited
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Legal requirement.
Legal requirement.
Legal requirement.
Legal requirement.
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9.7 Norway: competency and training requirements
Job title
Name of required
training; certificate of
competency.
Legal requirement,
Shell requirement.
Offshore
Person In Charge
Rigger
Signaller/banksman
Slinger
Law and regulations
Law + regulations on
lifting & hoisting +
one of G1, G2 or G5
G5 offshore crane
Training module
No. O-3.2
Training module
No. 1.1 +2.3F
Training module
No. 1.1 +2.3F
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
Legal requirement as
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
Onshore
Person In Charge
Law and regulations
Law + regulations on
lifting & hoisting +
one of G1, G2 or G5
DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
DAT approved
Industry standard.
G1 mobile crane
G2 tower crane
G1 mobile crane
DAT approved
G4 overhead crane
DAT approved
G8 lorry crane
DAT approved
G1 mobile crane
DAT approved
Forklift truck over 10
ton
DAT approved
Operator of reach truck with
hoisting function ≥ 10 tonmeter
G1 mobile crane
DAT approved
Training cert.
DAT approved
G1 mobile crane
DAT approved
Rigger
Signaller/banksman
Slinger
Forklift truck class
T1 – T5
Training module
No. O-3.2
Training module
No. 1.1 +2.3F
Training module
No. 1.1 +2.3F
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
Legal requirement +
Shell requirement.
per NORSOK R003.
Legal requirement +
Shell requirement.
per NORSOK R003
Legal requirement +
Shell requirement.
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
per NORSOK R003
For personnel who are involved in the use of offshore cranes, training can be based on OMHEC’s
“Guidance for Training Standard, issue October 2008”. See also industry requirements as per
“Samordningsrådet for kran, truck og masseforflytningsmaskiner” and KOSAR’s training plans.
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9.8 Ongoing and refresher training
A suitable documentation and data recording system must be in place in order to regularly check the
continued competence of personnel.
Refresher training must be provided at prescribed intervals to ensure skills do not decline. Particular
attention must be given to personnel who do not undertake lifting and hoisting activities regularly.
9.9 Personal Protective Equipment
All personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, shall at all times comply with company and
worksite rules on Personal Protective Equipment.
All members of the lifting and hoisting team as well as all other personnel involved in lifting
and hoisting operations shall wear appropriate type of safety gloves at all times during the
operations.
It is a legal requirement that the signaller/banksman is readily identifiable from other personnel, by
all those involved in the lifting and hoisting operation and especially the crane operator. For that
reason the signaller/banksman shall wear high visibility clothing (vest, jacket or waistcoat) at all
times. High visibility clothing must be clearly marked to indicate the signaller/banksman.
Recommendation as good practice: participants in lifting and hoisting operations and their roles can
be made known through the wearing of special clothing, such as high visibility coveralls, high visibility
or reflective vests and special coloured hard hats or hat covers.
Usage of high visibility vest with reflecting strips may be forbidden when a supply vessel is alongside
the platform and using light reflection systems to support his positioning (DP-mode) systems. Check
with Captain and OIM for approval.
9.10 Physical and medical conditions
For all personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations it is essential, that they meet physical and
medical requirements regarding eyesight, hearing, strength, depth perception, emotional stability
etc.
It should also be recognized that if people are not fit for the job, due to psychological factors or
physical conditions (especially fatigue), they should be excluded from lifting and hoisting operations.
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Part 2: Practical guidelines
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10 Recommended communications for safe lifting and hoisting operations
10.1 Introduction
Communication failures are a common root cause of lifting and hoisting incidents and thus highlight
the importance of addressing communications issues at the risk assessment and planning stages and
then again at the toolbox talk. Clear communication must be ensured throughout the lifting and
hoisting operations and is a prime focus of everyone in the lifting and hoisting team.
At all times there shall be adequate communication between all personnel involved in the lifting and
hoisting operation. Preferably radio equipment, appropriate for the relevant operations, should be
used.
The objective of the OMHEC working group “communications” is to provide guidance for systems,
protocols and methods of communications in lifting and hoisting operations, and raise the level of
safety during lifting and hoisting operations offshore.
This practical guideline is fully compliant with the OMHEC practical guidance on communication for
safe lifting and hoisting operations.
10.2 Basic principles for good communications
The OMHEC working group “communications” has defined the following basic principles for good
communications as imperative in order to raise the safety level during lifting and hoisting operations.







Radio communications shall be used as primary means of communication;
Communications shall be continuous, two way and confirmative;
If radio communication is not available, the lifting and hoisting operation should not start;
Lifting and hoisting operations should be suspended or ended if radio communication is no
longer available;
There should always be a line of sight between signaller/banksman and crane operator;
Hand signals should be used to support the radio communications and shall be used as back
–up in the event of radio equipment failure;
The signaller/banksman shall be clearly identified, preferably by distinctive clothing being
brightly coloured and for exclusive use of the signaller/banksman.
10.3 General considerations on communication
In order to facilitate good communication, it is important that personnel involved in the lifting and
hoisting operations are not distracted. With this in mind, the use of mobile phones or other devices,
which are not part of the agreed communications procedure, should be restricted.
10.3.1 Planning lifting & hoisting operations
It is a legal requirement that all operations involving lifting and hoisting equipment shall be planned
and appropriately managed on the basis of risk, complexity of the operations and working
environment. From the initial stages communications is an important and integral part of the
planning.
All lay down, storage and lifting areas should be planned with no blind zones and thus minimizing the
need for blind lifts. But in the cases where blind lifts are unavoidable, communications should be
given the highest attention during the risk assessment.
The lift plan shall clearly state the communication method to be used.
10.3.2 Toolbox talk
The toolbox talk is the prime opportunity for all those involved with the lifting and hoisting
operations to check the safety issues and ensure that communication is established and agreed upon
between all concerned.
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The toolbox talk is a vital communications asset. Next to all issues related to the Lift Plan and the safe
execution, the following communications issues should be resolved at the toolbox talk:

The talk should include all personnel involved in the execution of the lifting and hoisting
operations;

Have all affected parties been informed of the lifting activities;

Do all members of the lifting and hoisting team share a common language;

Confirmation of the communication method to be used;

Confirmation that radios and headsets are in good working order;

Confirmation that relevant personnel agree on and understand all of the hand signals to be
used, should radio communication fail;

Radio frequency channel to be used;

All personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations should know how and when to
stop the job for safety reasons;

Personnel should be aware of any other work going around them;

De-briefing arrangements should be made to identify learning points and improvements.
10.4 Personnel involved
The signaller/banksman’s duties must consist exclusively of directing manoeuvres and ensuring the
safety of workers in the vicinity.
The crane operator must interrupt the ongoing manoeuvre in order to request new instructions
when he is unable to carry out the orders he has received with the necessary safety guarantees.
10.5 Line of sight, position and visibility
The signaller/banksman must be able to monitor all manoeuvres visually without being endangered
thereby.
(European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety
and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 2.2).
The operator must be able to recognise the signaller/banksman without difficulty. The
signaller/banksman shall be clearly identified, preferably by distinctive clothing such as a high
visibility vest or jacket. The distinctive clothing shall be brightly coloured, all of the same colour and
for the exclusive use of signaller/banksman.
and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 2.6).
10.5.1 Blind lifts
Blind lifts should be avoided as much as reasonably possible (see also the remark in chapter 3.1).
However if blind lifts are unavoidable, communications should be given the highest attention during
the risk assessment.
In connection with blind lifts, there shall always be at least two persons (signaller/banksman and
slinger) who have visual contact with the load and each other, and have radio contact with the
hoisting appliance operator. Any closed circuit television that monitors the work area is considered
to be an aid, and not a replacement for either of these persons
The signaller/banksman shall place himself in a position where he has clear visual contact with the
appliance operator and can give the stop signal manually in the event of radio equipment failure.
Communication from the signaller/banksman to the crane operator should be continuous, two way
and confirmative by repeating the command. This is particularly important during “blind lifts”.
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10.5.2 Hoisting of personnel using a suspended basket
Whenever personnel are being hoisted, the lifting appliance operator shall have eye contact with the
signaller/banksman, who in turn shall have eye contact with the personnel who are being lifted.
Radio contact shall be established and maintained at all times between one of the persons being
lifted, lifting appliance operator and signaller/banksman.
10.5.3 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier
Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the
transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator and
the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being
undertaken.
The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred
and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.
10.6 Communication methods
10.6.1 Communication principles

Radio communications shall be used as the primary means of communication during lifting
and hoisting operations;

Radio communications shall follow an agreed protocol;

Hand signals can be used in addition to the radio equipment and shall be used as back –up in
the event of radio equipment failure.
10.6.2 Advantages of using radio equipment
There are advantages and disadvantages to using radio equipment rather than hand signals as the
primary means of communicating between the signaller/banksman and the crane operator.
Using radio equipment offer the following advantages over hand signals:

When using radio equipment, there is two-way communication, giving the crane operator a
facility for responding to the signaller/banksman and others.

Radio equipment offers more flexibility in communication than hand signals.

The crane operator does not need to keep the signaller/banksman in sight all of the time and
can refer to all controls and instrumentation within the operating cabin so long as voice
communication is maintained.

The signaller/banksman might not be in the same line of sight as the load, in order to avoid
being too close to it. Radio equipment allows the crane operator to look at what is most
important for the operation.

Whenever lifting and hoisting operations are unexpectedly affected by heavy rain or failing
light, radio equipment would be a better means of communicating.

If agreed in the lift plan, the operations can continue if the line of sight between the crane
operator and the signaller/banksman is temporarily lost, so long as continual communication
is maintained.

Effective communications during blind lifts are made possible with radio equipment.

Lifting and hoisting operations where one signaller/banksman hands over to another in a
different location are easier when radio equipment is being used.
10.6.3 Advantages of using hand signals
The advantages of hand signals over radio equipment are:

Hand signals rely less on knowledge of the local language (though key personnel do require
competency in the same the same language);

Equipment breakdowns or cross talk from others on the same channel are avoided when
hand signals are used;

There is likely to be less room for ambiguity in hand signals, provided that both parties
understand the same signalling protocol.

Hand signals should avoid problems caused by radio transmission failures, especially when
the sender or the person receiving has not realised that there is a failure.
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10.6.4 Audible equipment, using codes and alarms
In some occasions as a method for communication, whistles are blown as a way of giving instructions
to the crane operator, sometimes in conjunction with a limited range of hand signals.
This method of communication is likely to lead to ambiguity, and therefore:
This method of communication shall never be accepted.
Also communicating using codes instead of voice or hand signals shall never be accepted: they are
not standardised and prone to misinterpretation by the receiver.
10.6.5 Additional information and the use of camera’s
The crane operator has several sources of information available about the status of the load. He is
therefore in a good position to provide an early warning to the lifting and hoisting team if there is a
discrepancy between instructions issued to him and his understanding of the hoisting operation.
Such communication should, whenever possible, be routed primarily to the signaller/banksman.
The crane operator might have access to the following instrumentation communicating the state of
the hoisting operation.

Line out meter – this indicates the length of wire rope out and can also give an indication of
the weight of the load suspended.

Load – Moment – Indicator, giving information on weight of the load, percentage of crane
capacity being used and radius of the load.

Closed circuit camera television trained on the cable drum(s). This allows the crane operator
to see the correct spooling of the wire on the drum and indicates speed of rotation, thus
indicating speed of lowering or hoisting the load.

Closed circuit camera television on the crane boom. This allows the crane operator to have a
vertical view on top of the load and area just around the load. Especially useful for the
landing area of the load.
Cameras and instrumentation can be used as an aid, but only the signaller/banksman should be in
charge of directing the load.
The use of cameras shall never give reason to replace a member of the lifting and hoisting team.
10.7 Radio procedures for lifting and hoisting operations
10.7.1 Establish links and testing the radio equipment
Communications equipment such as radios or headsets should have been issued at the start of the
shift and tested at that time. Testing usually takes the form of a call to another person who will
provide confirmation that the equipment is working.
By the time the toolbox talk or Last Minute Risk Assessment meeting occurs, all communications
equipment should have been tested. At the toolbox talk, the users of the radio equipment should
confirm testing.
10.7.2 Selecting Radio Channels and establishing links
If possible, identify a channel that will only be used by the team involved in the lifting and hoisting
operations. This will help avoid cross talk from other personnel, nearby ships in the vicinity, cranes
on other operations etc. Cross talk can be disruptive to the whole team and will jeopardise safety.
Where there is more than one crane working in the vicinity, ideally, each crane should be allocated a
separate radio channel. This is particularly important when working simultaneously with vessels.
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10.7.3 Cranes operating on different channels
In circumstances where two cranes are operating on different channels for onboard lifting and
hoisting operations at the same time, the signaller/banksman should make both crane operators
aware of the lifts planned and pay attention to the position of the boom tips so as to avoid any
contact between cranes when carrying out the lifting and hoisting operations.
If it is not possible to use a unique channel, use of “call signs” for each crane, winch or lifting team
member, will assist in identifying caller and receiver. The call sign should precede any radio
communication to avoid confusion.
10.7.4 Cranes operating on same channels
If simultaneous lifting and hoisting operations are using the same channel, e.g. during a tandem
lifting operation, individual call signs for each crane, winch or lifting team member, will assist in
identifying caller and receiver. The call sign should be used and should precede any radio
communication to avoid confusion.
10.7.5 Communications protocol and good practice
The following protocol is recommended for radio communication during lifting and hoisting
operations:

Call signs and code words should be set up and adhered to.

Call signs must be used at all times to establish the authenticity of commands or directions

At the end of an instruction or enquiry the transmitting operator should indicate the end of
the message by the command ‘over’

The receiving operator should indicate understanding of any dialogue by a confirmative
repeat of the command

Under no circumstances should the transmitting operator assume understanding without
confirmative repeat acknowledgement from the receiving operator

If any doubt exists regarding a message, the receiving operator must not acknowledge but
should repeat the message as he understands it and ask for confirmation or simply request
the transmitting operator to repeat

At the close of communication the transmitting operator should indicate the end of the
transmission with the command ‘over and out’.
Code words shall be short and give clear instructions and must be confirmed during the planning.
As an example:
Code words and actions.
Code word
Action
Start
To indicate the start of a command
Stop
To interrupt or stop a movement
End
To end the operation
Pick up
Start hoisting the load
Hoist
Raise the load
Lower
Lower the load
Boom up
Raise the boom
Boom down
Lower the boom
Slew right
Slew to the right, from crane operator position
Slew left
Slew to the left, from crane operator position
Slowly
Slow movements
Slack off
Release tension in the wire to release the hook
Hook free
Information only to the crane operator
Above list is not exhaustive as specific types of cranes, such as knuckle boom cranes, need more
crane specific instructions. Crane specific instructions must be agreed upon during the planning and
fully known to all members of the lifting and hoisting team.
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10.7.6 Maintaining continuous communication
Communication from the signaller/banksman to the crane operator should be continuous. This is
particularly important during “blind lifts”. Should communications cease, the lifting and hoisting
operation should stop in a safe way.
Continuous communications are recommended, by giving the initial instruction and then talk to the
crane operator repeatedly to reassure him that the line of communication is still active.
Any person using the radio should avoid keeping the transmission button pressed for unnecessarily
long periods. The radio might be the only quick way to contact vital lifting and hoisting team
members.
Lifting should stop if there is an interruption to communication, for example if a third party breaks
into the transmission.
10.7.7 Acknowledgement and understanding
Good practice indicates that communications should be positively acknowledged. The receiving
operator(s) should indicate understanding of the message by repeating or in a slightly different form
of words as the instructions received.
Distraction is a risk factor. Accordingly, communication should be clear and limited to what the crane
operator has to do.
Discussion or explanation as to why the lifting and hoisting operations are being conducted in a
certain way should be held at the risk identification stage, or the toolbox talk, but not when the
operations are underway. If there is a need for discussion then stop the operations and deal with the
issue.
10.7.8 Care and safety
Always check that the batteries are fully charged prior to booking out the radio for a shift. Ensure
that the radio microphone is not exposed to rain. If a plastic carrying case offering full protection of
the radio is not available, a simple precautionary measure such as a small plastic bag or a piece of
cling film around the microphone will ensure that it is remained in a dry condition.
Do not carry radios in pockets. Always ensure that they are carried in protective holsters attached to
the body by either shoulder lanyard or waist belt. Apart from maintaining the integrity of the radio
this will ensure that the radio does not become a dropped object if dislodged when working at height
or climbing ladders.
10.8 Hand signals
Radio communications shall be used as primary means of communication during lifting and hoisting
operations. Hand signals can be used in addition to the radio equipment and shall be used as back –
up in the event of radio equipment failure.
Hand signals must be:

Precise;

Simple;

Expansive;

Easy to make and understand;

Clearly distinct from other such signals.
Where both arms are used at the same time, they must be moved symmetrically and for giving one
sign only.
and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 1).
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There is a range of different hand signals used to indicate:

Movement of the load itself, or

Movement of the crane.
Whatever hand signals are to be used should be displayed, for example inside the crane cabin,
around the operational area, mess rooms and so on. It is good practice to have laminated copies of
the standardised hand signals to be used available and provide easy access to them.
10.9 Using hand signals
Personnel using hand signals should ensure that they:

Know and are fully familiar with the set of hand signals agreed;

Use the signals correctly;

Use the signals confidently and clearly;

Face the crane operator whenever possible when signalling.
There should always be a line of sight between the signaller/banksman and the crane operator.
Lifting and hoisting operations must cease if visual contact is lost and only recommence when a clear
line of vision is re-established. Cease lifting and hoisting operations if inclement weather or darkness
impairs the ability to see the signaller/banksman and operations cannot continue safely!
10.9.1 Recommended hand signals
Hand signals for lifting and hoisting operations are regulated by means of European Council Directive
92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work.
In practice however, the listed hand signals in this Council Directive do not cover all possible
movements of lifting and hoisting appliances. Due to technical and on-going developments and
improvement of cranes, they are being equipped with more and more technical features. That will
require more and more hand signals for the communications.
This is an additional reason to recommend the use of radio equipment for communications, backedup with hand signals for emergencies in case radio equipment fails.
Additional signals can be agreed upon to indicate:
 Horizontal or vertical distance;
 Hoist to be used;
 Movements of boom, such as extend or retract.
10.10 Learn and record
Communication includes feedback from the lifting and hoisting team after the operations and
provision should be made for this in operational procedures. The intention of the de-briefing is to
learn and record any faults, possible improvements to current practices and obtain lessons learnt for
the benefit of future operations. Such lessons learnt should be communicated to other lifting and
hoisting teams.
References and further information.

European Council Directive 92/58/EEC.

OGP Lifting and hoisting safety recommended practice.

IMCA SEL 020, IMCA M193 June 2008: Guidance for Operational Communications

OMHEC recommendations.

NEN 2025 Communication for the guidance of cranes and hoisting gear.
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11 Hoisting over live facilities
11.1 Introduction
For the purpose of this guidance, live facilities (process plant or equipment) can be any of the
following:
Equipment, protected or not, having any single or combination of the following characteristics:
hazardous, pressurized, energized or containing strategic “fluid”.
Examples being: pipes or vessels containing hydrocarbons, electric cables, equipment cooling water
supplies etc.
Lifting and hoisting operations over live facilities will require more rigorous controls due to the
inherent hazards associated with these operations.
Generally, lifting and hoisting over live facilities should be avoided at all times.
Only in exceptional circumstances will this restriction be lifted, but strict procedures shall be
followed and there shall be additional controls in place.
11.2 Categorising lifting and hoisting over live facilities
As applicable for all lifting and hoisting operations, the operations shall be categorized to reflect the
associated risk and consequent level of control required.
Lifting and hoisting operations over live facilities shall always be categorized as “non routine –
complex – critical” operations.
11.3 Control measures
As with all non-routine – complex – critical lifting and hoisting operations, the following control
measures shall be in place:

A permit to work. An authorisation to perform the operations.

A risk assessment fully dedicated to the planned operations.

A formal written work package including the Method Statement describing the operations step
– by – step.

Dedicated and qualified engineering input to Method Statement and “Lift Plan”, clearly
showing detailed engineering.

Preferably: formal approval of work package and planning by a Technical Authority, Subject
Matter Expert, Principal Technical Expert or third party independent engineers.

A pre-job toolbox talk.

A clear “yes” on all the 10 questions for a safe lift.
11.4 Further safety precautions to be considered
Depending on the complexity of the task at hand and the risks identified in Task Risk Assessment, one
or more of the following further safety precautions should be considered:

Additional authorization from the manager of the asset;

Shutting down, isolating, depressurizing and purging the live process plant, equipment or other
facilities;

Selecting higher rated lifting and hoisting equipment, so there is no need to exceed 75% of the
capacity;

The use of static back-up safety rigging, such as slings hooked up parallel with the hoist to
sustain the load in the event of a hoist brake failure;

Performing a trial run using a water weight;

Have an emergency plan in place;

Having an emergency crew standing by;

Having direct communications with the control room;

Being ready to shut down.
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12 Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances
12.1 Introduction
Hoisting a load with two or more hoisting appliances can be a hazardous operation and should be
avoided if at all possible. Using two or more hoisting appliances for weight reasons alone (because a
load is too heavy for a single crane) shall only be considered as a last option.
Where the physical dimensions, weight of the load or circumstances prevents it being handled by a
single hoisting appliance, then tandem hoisting will be acceptable as long as the operation has been
planned strictly according the procedures.
Having procedures in place is a legal requirement as per European Council Directive 2009/104/EC
concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers
at work. ANNEX II, article 3.2.5 reads as follows:
“All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect
the safety of workers”.
In particular, if a load has to be lifted by two or more pieces of work equipment for lifting non-guided
loads simultaneously, a procedure must be established and applied to ensure good coordination on
the part of the operators”.
A load can be handled simultaneously by two or more lifting and hoisting appliances in various ways:

Hoisting a single load using two cranes;

Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes;

Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa;

Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks;

Any combination using a crane and a separate winch for hoisting;

Combination of wire rope puller with a lever hoist;

Hoisting portal or gantry in combination with a tailing crane;

Floating sheer legs using two blocks;

Etc etc.
12.2 Risks associated and general precautions
Moving a load using multiple lifting and hoisting appliances brings in more risks to the operations.
These risks include, but are not limited to:

Stability of the hoisting appliances;

Load coming out of level;

Side loading of the boom, not normally encountered with one crane;

If different crane models are used, the operators will have to match the raise/lower, boom and
swing speed. Unequal hoisting speeds will place extra load on one crane, and unequal swing
rates will cause boom side loading;

Hoist lines coming out of the vertical resulting in side loading.
It is vitally important that an accurate assessment is made of the load liable to be imposed on each
appliance.
During the whole operation there should be a full appreciation of how and to what extent this load
situation can vary should the load come out of level or should one or more cranes have to boom up
or boom down, travel or slew, resulting in the hoist ropes coming out of the vertical.
Special rigging may also be necessary to suit the maximum variation in load distribution and angular
loading which may result during the lifting and hoisting operation.
Lifting and hoisting appliances should be suitable for multiple operations. User’s instructions should
be consulted for this at all times.
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Dynamic hoisting operations with cranes working in tandem shall only be performed if both cranes
are designed and certified for this operation.
12.3 Categorising operations using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances
Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances shall, as a minimum, always be categorized
as “Non Routine – complicated” operations.
12.4 Control measures
Control measures in place shall at least be as required for “Non Routine – complicated” operations.
Depending on the complexity of the task at hand and the risks identified in Task Risk Assessment,
additional safety precautions should be considered.
For all hoisting operations utilising two or more appliances, a lifting and hoisting supervisor shall be
appointed to actively supervise the operations on site. The supervisor has to make clear and check,
that communication with each appliance operator is clear and well rehearsed.
12.6 Various ways of utilising multiple lifting and hoisting appliances
As mentioned previously, there are numerous ways to utilise multiple appliances. Hereafter the most
commonly used combinations are explained with some specific remarks that need to be addressed
during Risk Assessment.
12.6.1 Hoisting a single load using two cranes
When two cranes are going to hoist a load a determination must be made on the location of the load
attachment points and the centre of gravity. This must be calculated to properly distribute the load
according to the capacities of each crane.
Cranes of equal capacity and similar characteristics should be used whenever possible.
The cranes and lifting and hoisting accessories to be used should be selected to have a capacity
margin greater than that needed for the proportional load when handled as a single lift.
Each crane, at the required boom length and operating radius, shall be capable of hoisting 75% of the
total load.
If load sensors are being used, each crane need only be capable of hoisting 25% above its estimated
share of the weight.
If a load is non-symmetrical, the centre of gravity will not be in the middle of the load, but closer to
one end. In this particular situation it is likely that one crane will be positioned to lift over half of the
load weight.
12.6.2 Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes
In this situation the load is divided across more than two cranes.
Hoisting a load, which is suspended from three points, is always in a static determined position.
Related to the centre of gravity of the load, there can be two situations:
1.
The load is equally divided over the three suspension points
2.
The load is not equally divided over the three suspension points
Whatever the actual situation, it will be necessary to determine the exact position of the centre of
gravity by calculation. In case the load is not equally divided over the three suspension points, each
crane will have a different load.
Hoisting a load that is suspended from 4 (or more) points is always in a static undetermined position
and extremely hazardous. It is impossible to determine how the load will be divided between the
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suspension points. In some specific situations a solution might be to go back to three suspension
points by connecting two of the four hoisting points by means of an equalising hoisting beam.
All lifting and hoisting operations using more than two appliances shall be classified as “Non Routine
– Complex/Critical”. All associated risks shall be assessed and consequent level of control required
shall be strictly adhered to.
12.6.3 Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa
When erecting a pressure vessel or a structural component from a horizontal position to a vertical
position a tailing crane is often used. During this type of operation, the relationship between the load
attachment points and the centre of gravity is very important.
It is essential to accurately calculate the position of the centre of gravity and the actual load exerted
on both cranes. As the load changes from horizontal to vertical, the lead crane will absorb more of
the load, until the total weight of the load is fully transferred to the lead crane.
12.6.4 Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks
When using more than one chain block or chain lever hoist, each individual hoist unit should be rated
to a capacity of at least 100% of the load.
Planning and control measures for this category, including defined procedures and drawings or
sketches, need to be in place. If two or more lever hoists are used to share the load during hoisting
operations, careful consideration of the operation is necessary as there is the potential to overload
one of the hoists (beyond the working load limit) or under load one of the hoists (below 10% of the
working load limit).
Always check the user’s instructions in case chain lever hoists or chain blocks are used for horizontal
or oblique traction. As not all types and brands are designed for this type of operation In case user’s
instructions are not clear on this, it is forbidden to use chain lever hoists and chain blocks for this
operation.
12.6.5 Any combination using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances
Whatever the combination of lifting and hoisting appliances used, user’s instructions should always
be consulted and strictly adhered to.
Crane barges, floating sheer legs and heavy lift construction vessels for example have their own rules
for using them in a tandem hoist as agreed with their certifying authority.
12.7 Execution
For a safe execution, the following issues need attention:

The hoisting accessories being used to connect the load with the hoisting appliance shall be of
sufficient capacity. Special attention is needed when working out of the vertical;

Always have only one person giving signals for both lifting and hoisting appliances, having
direct sight and permanent radio contact to the appliance operators;

the personnel involved must work in unison and position themselves to avoid being trapped or
crushed;

Prior to starting the operation, ascertain that both load lines are in the vertical without side /
off loading of the boom;

Upon signal, both cranes to hoist slowly, to either the calculated weight tolerance limit or until
the load is free, and STOP;

The lifting and hoisting supervisor to confirm that the full load has been transmitted prior to
authorizing the lift to continue. The safe load indicator accuracy and the integrity of the
braking mechanism to be verified before the operation continues;

Keep a close eye on hoist lines and make sure they do not come out of the vertical during the
whole operations.

Raising or lowering the load and slewing of the cranes may only be undertaken at the signal
from the signaller/banksman and at the previously agreed speed.
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13 Setting up a “Lift Plan” for extensive operations
13.1 Introduction
Frequently situations arise during which an extensive amount of lifting and hoisting operations are to
be executed over a period of one day up to several weeks with one or more cranes on location.
Situations like plant stops, revamps and projects are examples of this.
Due to the above situations, questions come up about the requirements and the way forward
regarding the planning of these activities in line with regulations and this Standard.
As it is a the legal requirement that all operations shall be planned and appropriately managed, there
might arise an idea, that a full set of control measures needs to be in place for each and every time a
new load is going to be raised or lowered. This is certainly not the requirement and will result in
unworkable situations. The ultimate reason for setting up a “Lift Plan” is always working towards the
safest way of execution.
This guideline is intended to give some operational back-up in setting up a “Lift Plan” that is
compliant with the Shell Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting as well as the regulations.
13.2 Routine as well as Non-Routine activities
The ever occurring steps in the process for planning and managing lifting and hoisting operations are:

Define;

Plan;

Execute;

Learn and record.
During defining and planning of an extensive amount of lifting and hoisting operations it is advised to
split-up between Routine en Non-Routine operations.
All Non-Routine operations shall be planned according the Standard and have their own “Lift Plan”.
Routine operations on the other hand can be combined. On the operation planning sheet make an
overview of all items that need to be hoisted (scaffolding material, pipe work, general steelwork,
valves, small pumps, motors etc) including the weight or range of weights involved.
Conduct a Risk Assessment or use the general Risk Assessment.
In addition to the above prepare a plot plan of the location and show clearly the position of the
crane(s) to be used for the Routine operation. Around the crane, circles can be drawn showing a
specific radius and the maximum load to be hoisted at that radius. It is advised to show 3 different
circles.
Having the operation planning, Risk Assessment and plot plan available during the toolbox talk the
Person In Charge is perfectly able to explain and show to the members of the lifting and hoisting
team:

Where to set up the crane;

What loads are within the planning;

Maximum needed hoisting capacities at specific radii;

Environmental conditions that need to be taken in account (e.g. obstructions during setting up
of the crane, specific danger area’s etc.)
In case the crane is operating from one position during a whole week, and provided the members of
the lifting and hoisting team do not switch during the week, having one toolbox talk covering a whole
week (of only Routine hoisting) operations will do.
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In case there is a switch of personnel, a new toolbox talk shall be conducted prior to starting with the
new team.
If during the day or somewhere in the overall period of the hoisting activities the crane needs to be
set-up on another location, this new location shall be shown on the plot plan as well.
Crane operator to be instructed that setting up of the crane and hoisting operations are only allowed
from the pre-determined positions.
Variation from the pre-determined set-up positions of the cranes shall result in the job being
stopped, reassessed and having a adequate measures in place to ensure continued safe operations.
13.3 Concurrent operations with more than one crane
For situations where two or more cranes are working simultaneously on the same location it is
advised to have one full overview (plot plan) showing all cranes working on site with their respective
capacity per radius as mentioned above.
A plot-plan giving an overview of all cranes on site is regardless the categorisation of the activities.
If two cranes are on site, both for extensive Routine hoisting operations, they should be drawn on
the plot plan as indicated above.
On the other hand, one plot plan can also show one (or more) crane(s) for Routine operations and a
crane for Non Routine operations.
This also allows to clearly show situations where cranes are being set-up in such a way that the crane
booms might come into each other’s working areas.
Those overlapping areas need to be shown on the plot plan, risk assessed and measures must be in
place to prevent crane booms colliding with each other.
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13.4 Example of plot plan for extensive lifting and hoisting operations
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14 Use of mobile cranes on marine vessels
14.1 Introduction
Occasionally there might arise a need to use a mobile crane on a marine vessel or floating offshore
unit. This guideline is intended to give technical and practical requirements in addition to local
legislation, approved marine standards and classification society’s rules, which shall be followed
when using a mobile crane on a marine vessel or floating offshore unit.
The use of mobile cranes mounted on marine vessels requires special arrangements. The position
and operation of the crane on the marine vessel affects the stability of the combination, and this has
to be taken into account.
Examples of marine vessels where this procedure shall apply include:

Pipe laying ships and barges;

Crane barges;

Pontoons;

Work boats;

Dredgers, using cranes with clam shells or buckets;

Construction vessels.
It is the duty of the contract holder to ensure that any marine vessel, where hoisting operations are
undertaken offshore, has equipment which complies with the marine vessels classification society’s
rules and this procedure.
14.2 Vessel deck strength
The structural adequacy of the deck and internal structure to safely support the loads from the crane
needs to be carefully assessed.
Consider a truck crane on a vessel. All loads from the crane will be impressed on the deck at the
outriggers. The typical deck construction will rarely be able to carry these loads from a large crane.
Therefore steel grillages will have to be installed on deck to transfer the outrigger loads to the
internal structure.
Crawler cranes present a similar challenge. The best advantage can usually be gained by setting the
crane with the crawlers in the longitudinal direction. The spacing of the transverse trusses is
commonly in the range of 1.5 to 3m, so the crane can usually be located such that the crawlers bear
directly over three or more trusses.
The outrigger or crawler track loads are calculated in roughly the same way as for a crane installation
on land. Once the crane’s reactions are known, the vessel structure can be analysed by a naval
architect or structural engineer.
The vessel’s classification society or a naval architect shall verify that the vessel’s deck is strong
enough, under all operating conditions.
For securing the crane on deck (sea fastening) see under chapter 14.4.
14.3 Crane suitability
The crane must have the vertical and horizontal reach to place the load, and it must have the
capacity to safely hoist the weight. However, the effects of the marine environment alter both of
these areas.
It should be especially noted that mobile cranes are particularly sensitive to external influences such
as environmental effects, vessel movements, and dynamic loading. There are several types of mobile
cranes initially designed for land-based operations, which can be considered for hoisting operations
offshore. Not all, however, are equally suitable, e.g., a wheel-mounted crane, will not be suitable,
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because of tyre floatation effects and shorter wheelbase. It is not as stable as a tracked/crawler
crane for the same duty and/or operating conditions. The suitability of a mobile crane for use on a
marine vessel shall therefore be carefully appraised according to service requirements, type of
marine vessel and operational requirements.
Factors for consideration when selecting mobile cranes for use offshore are as follows:

Cranes, which operate with outriggers deployed, shall have the facility to withstand any high
pressure generated in the outrigger's hydraulic system, arising from dynamic hoisting
operations.

Booms shall have adequate torsional stiffness, rigidity and lateral stability for the service
specified. Box section booms of the type used on ram luffing/telescoping cranes are not
considered suitable.

Mobile cranes fixed, tied-down or pedestal mounted shall still be considered as mobile cranes.
14.4 Securing the crane on deck
Mobile crane’s operating on a marine vessel, require to be tied down or fixed at dedicated locations
on the deck. The location of the tie down points on the crane/marine vessel and, the method of
fixing via welding, bolting, turnbuckles etc., shall be agreed between the marine vessel’s
Classification Society or Naval Architect and the crane manufacturer/supplier. The crane supplier
shall verify that the method used to fasten or restrain the crane to the deck is strong enough, under
all operating conditions to prevent the crane from breaking off the deck or moving on the marine
vessel.
There shall be a critical assessment of the strength and failure mode sequence of the tie down points
and of the crane’s primary load path elements The calculations of all forces transmitted to the
marine vessel’s structure and the sequence of failure report in conjunction with the hoisting
operations that the mobile crane is intended to be used for, shall be assessed and approved by the
marine vessel’s Classification Society, Naval Architect or warranty surveyor.
14.5 Load chart applicable for the specific situation
A fundamental need in using a mobile crane in a marine environment is the establishment of the load
chart. Some crane manufacturers publish load charts for services in a marine environment. These
charts show hoisting capacities for conditions in which the crane is out of level by various angles. If
charts are available, then one need only make an estimate of the maximum angle by which the crane
will be out of level.
If load charts for the specific situation are not available, estimating the hoisting capacities is very
difficult, if not impossible. Depending on the boom length and operating radius, the marine service
capacities may be on the order of 90% of the land service capacities or less than 50% of the land
capacities.
First, the vessel will continually move as the crane hoists and swings its load, thereby failing to
provide the firm and level support that is required by the normal load chart.
Second, the movement of the vessel and crane can result in the development of dynamic loads that
are not considered in standard crane design.
Crane load charts normally cannot be developed by the crane user. The most significant reason for
this is that most crane users do not have enough information about the crane to accurately assess its
structural and mechanical limitations. Many components of the crane will be stressed differently
when the crane is out of level. Determination of the crane’s capacity requires detailed knowledge of
the strength of all of these components.
Some crane manufacturers publish marine service load charts for some of their models. If such charts
are not available, then the manufacturer must be contacted for assistance.
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There is one last point that must be made regarding marine service load charts. The standard load
charts are based on out of level only. The hoisting capacities do not account for any dynamic loads
other than those normally considered in crane design. If a vessel-mounted crane is to be used in
exposed waters, wave action may cause motions that will create additional dynamic loads. The
possibility of dynamic loads may require additional de-rating. The crane manufacturer should be
consulted for guidance.
14.6 Weather criteria and vessel stability
The weather criteria and maximum vessel movement for all cranes on marine vessel operations shall
include:

Maximum wind speed;

Significant wave height;

Maximum list of the vessel.
The master of the marine vessel shall demonstrate that the agreed weather criteria are met at all
times during hoisting operations.
In all cases when the agreed values are exceeded the hoisting operations shall be stopped
immediately and the boom lowered onto a boom rest. Crane activities can only resume when the
weather criteria fall below the agreed values.
14.7 Points to remember
Once the crane is secured on the deck and floating service load charts have been established, the
time has come to make the operations. All lifting and hoisting operations shall be planned and at this
point, the planning is unique to marine environment.
A few final points to remember are worth listing here.
1)
The vessel will move. As the load is lifted and swung, the constantly moving centre of gravity
will cause the vessel’s list and trim to change.
2)
Movement of the vessel will affect the crane’s radius. The crane operator must be aware of
what to expect so that he can compensate.
3)
Movement of the vessel may cause the load to sway more than is normal on land. This, too,
must be recognised by the operator so that he can adjust the crane’s movements to control
the load.
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15 Handling of tubulars
15.1 Slinging of tubulars
Practices for the safe operation of slinging tubulars or tubular bundles should include the following:

Using certified Cargo Carrying Units or Transportation Frames are considered best practice;

Only tubulars of the same diameter or size and about the same length should be bundled
together;

Ensure crane operator is aware of correct procedure for 'tightening' bundle and supporting
while grips are attached to slings;

Ensure casings are supported by crow-bars or similar while attaching clips to prevent leg injury
if bundle should slip;

The number of tubes in each bundle should be such that the middle tubes are gripped and will
not slip out of the bundle. Whenever practicable tubulars over 5.5” in diameter should be
bundled in “odd” numbers;

Tubulars should always be slung with two slings, each of the same length and of the same WLL;
The WLL of each sling should be equal to or greater than the Gross Weight of the load. Every
hoisting activity of tubulars must done with the tubulars level.

In the case of bundles of tubulars, a means of preventing the bundle from coming slack when it
is landed should be considered, such as a wire clamp or a wire rope grip above the reeved eye
that forms the ‘choke’ and a tie wrap of robust design on the reeved eye of the sling to prevent
the eye from slipping over the rope grip. This shall be subject to a risk assessment;

Slings should be placed at equal distance (approximately 25% of total length) from the ends of
the load. They should be double wrapped and choked around the tubular either when using
steel slings or nylon webbing;

The sling should be of sufficient length to ensure that the choke is on the sling body, never on
the sling splice, fittings, tag, eye or at the base of the sling eye or fitting;

The inside angle of the choke shall not exceed 1200;

Avoid crossing the sling;

Always pass sling through eye to make choke, do not use a shackle! Shackle miss-alignment
may occur when tightening bundle;

Excessive long tubular bundles shall have a tag line attached. This shall be subject to a risk
assessment;

Care should be taken on removing slings due to stowage movement;

Whilst loading, consideration should be given to the installation discharging sequence;

Ensure thread protectors and end caps are securely fastened;

Due care and attention should be taken when loading tubulars to avoid damage to slings;

Prepare the landing site to enable the bundles to be landed without crushing the slings;

Use dunnage between bundles to prevent wire slings being compressed;

Do not stack bundles above head height where possible;

Do not stack bundles near walkways or passages;

Do not stack bundles near walkways or passages;

Extreme care must be exercised after bundles have been in transit (grips may have slipped
etc);

Prior to making any hoists, the release of rigging should be considered. Precautions are
required to prevent personnel from being trapped between tubulars during release of rigging.
Never:

Sling tubes of different diameters;

Sling a mixture of tubulars, angle, flat bar etc.;

Tighten the choke by hammering as this will increase the effective sling angle thus weakening
the sling.
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The distance between
choked wraps on
bundle is less than sling
suspended lenth
Bulldog grip: prevents release
of energy on lowering
Always uneven number of
casings in bundle
Large Tie Wrap - prevents sling
eye jumping grip
Same diameter and similar
lenth of casings in one bundle!
15.2 Handling of casings or drill pipes by forklift trucks
For frequent handling of casings or drill pipes (e.g. rig facilities, pipe handling workshops etc) a so
called pipe/load clamp device shall be installed to avoid fall out of pipes during driving or an
emergency stop. An instruction manual for the pipe/load clamp device – forklift truck combination
shall be available at all times.
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15.3 Transportation



Transportation frames are considered best practice for chrome casings to avoid/reduce body
to body contact
When transporting tubulars they should, wherever possible, be “butted up” to trailers with
steel headboards and not exceed the height of the headboard
In preparing tubulars for transportation it is good practice to pick up the tubing bundle for a
second time to see if more slack can be taken out using clamps or bulldog clips.
15.4 Storage


Tubular ‘stacks’ should be segregated by pipe posts;
The bottom stow of tubulars should be individually ‘chocked’ or secured by other mechanical
means to stop movement.
15.5 Handling drill-pipes aboard drilling platforms











The use of synthetic slings and spring loaded hooks are banned from this operation;
When picking up singles of drill pipe, either use a hoisting cap with a shackle installed in the
eye or bail or use an appropriate joint elevator under the tool-joint-box. The tugger-line should
have a swivel fitted;
When using the shackles, maintain all precautions to ensure that they are secured at each
hoist;
Pipe handling in the drilling area to and from deck shall be carried out in accordance with local
procedures;
Only personnel who are cleared by the operational responsible person can be present in the
drilling area;
When handling tubulars with the claw or magnet, the work area shall be barriered off and no
personnel shall be in the vicinity. When barrier off the area, special attention shall be given to
the fact that tubulars can slip out and represent a hazard for surrounding areas;
If lifting and hoisting appliances are located in an area with a good overview, and there are no
blind hoists involved, the lifting and hoisting appliance operator can carry out the operation
alone through dealing with the slinger and signaller/banksman’s tasks;
A local procedure shall be in place for the number and type of tubulars that can be lifted safely
in one bundle;
Before commencing the operation, the lifting and hoisting appliance operator shall make sure
that the correct gripping arrangement has been selected and that the claw or magnet is in the
correct position and is correctly secured to the load;
The crane path shall be free of obstacles and supply cables shall run freely;
The operator shall ensure that the lifting and hoisting appliance and guiding device are
coordinated;
15.6 Pipe handler or tubular handler cranes
The pipe handler or tubular handler cranes are used mainly for handling tubulars. The use of a pipe
handler is restricted to pipe handling operations within the confines of the pipe deck, using a grab in
accordance to the instruction manual. Suitable grabs shall be used for the diameter of tubular being
lifted or hoisted. Depending on the outer diameter of the tubular being lifted or hoisted the grabs
must be set appropriately in order for the correct force to be applied to the outer diameter of the
tubular in order to prevent the tubular slipping whilst being lifted or hoisted.
Only single stands to be carried out by the pipe handler.

Best Practice Guide to Handling Tubulars. Prospect: Step change in safety.

UKOOA Guidelines for the safe packing and handling of cargo to and from offshore locations.
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16 Handling of scaffolding material and boards
16.1 Load carrier
Where practically possible, scaffolding material and boards should be transported, lifted and hoisted
in dedicated load carriers. For hoisting operations to and from vessels, scaffolding material and
boards shall always be transported in a dedicated load carrier.
The load carrier should be in the form of a container (i.e. basket) or frame of suitable design and
comply with regulations and accepted standards:

Offshore: an applicable international standard for offshore containers;

Onshore: the European Machinery Directive.
16.2 Slinging
When moving scaffolding material and boards whereby a suitable load carrier cannot be used, the
following general guidelines for slinging should be followed:

Always keep scaffold boards and scaffold tubulars in separate bundles. It is not allowed to
bundle scaffolding boards and scaffolding tubulars together in one bundle;

Polypropylene, polyester or nylon ratchet straps shall be used to make bundles and to prevent
slipping;

The slings shall be wrapped round twice and choked around the load. The slings should be
choked in the same direction. Appropriate rope grips/clamps and tie-wraps shall also be
applied to ensure the security of the slinging arrangement;

The slings ideally should be positioned at equal distance, approximately 25% (of the total
length) in from either end of the bundles;

In order to prevent single boards or single tubulars falling out of the bundle, do not bundle
different lengths of boards or different length of tubulars together. Make separate bundles of
tubulars all having the same length and separate bundles of boards all having the same length;

Other associated equipment, e.g. clips, clamps, swivels etc. should be sacked or containerised
and never be allowed to be hoisted on top of a bundle;

Whenever possible, transit path of taglines should be confirmed clear, before lifting and
hoisting operation starts;

Taglines shall be closely monitored during lifting and hoisting operations and prevented from
snagging.
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17 Transit slings
17.1 Introduction
Transit slings are those used only for the transportation of equipment to and from offshore
installations (e.g. offloading and back loading of drilling tubulars) and onshore sites and should only
be used for this purpose.
Transit slings shall not be used for general lifting purposes, as they are not part of the installation’s
lifting equipment.
Transit slings must be removed from the equipment, to which they are attached as soon as
practicable, placed in a designated quarantined storage area and returned.
A formal system is required to manage the use of transit slings to ensure that they comply with all
relevant legislation and can be identified.
Transit slings shall be of wire rope manufacture.
17.2 The use of transit slings







Transit slings will be utilised for one operation only.
The criteria for one operation offshore consists of:
1. The transportation of the pre-slung load to the installation;
2. The hoisting of the pre-slung load onto the platform deck with the use of the platform
pedestal crane;
3. The lifting of the pre-slung load on the platform deck with the platform pedestal crane
providing that the bulldog grips/restraints have never been disturbed or removed;
Once any part of the original transit slinging method has been removed e.g. the bulldog clips,
cable ties etc., then this is the end of the “one operation” criteria;
If the originally installed transit slinging method on any bundle of drilling tubulars has not been
removed or disturbed, then the transit slings can be utilised for a crane hoisting operation back
down to a supply vessel. Prior to the hoisting operation commencing, a trial lift shall be
conducted, and a visual inspection on the available section of the sling shall be carried out as
far as reasonably practicable to ensure the integrity of the slings;
Once the transit slings have been released from their original pre-slung configuration, then the
transit slings shall not be used under any circumstances to undertake platform lifts of any
nature;
Once the transit slings have been removed from the load, the transit slings shall be
quarantined, back loaded or disposed of following the appropriate methods and procedures;
In the event of transit slings being required for back loading purposes, then the appropriate
transit slings should be requested from onshore along with the bulldog grips, cable ties etc.
and then be installed by competent personnel prior to the lifting operation commencing.
17.3 Plastic coated transit slings
Plastic coated transit slings may be used for transporting easily damaged items, subject to thorough
risk assessment, which must take into account seasonal factors, such as low temperature cracking of
plastic sheathing.
These slings must be subject to the same restrictions for use and controls as normal transit slings.
17.4 Never use a synthetic sling as transit sling
Synthetic slings shall never be used as transit slings. A synthetic sling, that arrives as transit sling, preslung by the supplier, shall not be used.

UKOOA Guidelines for the safe packing and handling of cargo to and from offshore locations.
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18 The safe use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers
18.1 General
An FIBC is a flexible container, sometimes called a “big bag” or “bulk bag”, with a capacity up to 3
cubic metres, carrying loads from half tonne to 2 tonnes. FIBC’s are suitable for any free-flowing
material in powder, granular or flake form. They are lifted from above by conventional handling
equipment such as forklift trucks and cranes.
For safety reasons and liabilities every FIBC should meet or exceed the standards recommended by
the European Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association (EFIBCA).
Relevant EFIBCA test standards being:

EFIBCA 005
Safety Factor 5:1; single trip.
For one filling only and not reusable.

EFIBCA 004
Safety Factor 6:1; standard duty.
Semi reusable for a limited number of fillings and discharges. An FIBC of this
category cannot be reused if damaged.

EFIBCA 003
Safety Factor 8:1; heavy duty.
Multi trip and reusable.
It is recommended that all FIBC’s meet the following standard: NEN-EN-ISO 21898:2005.
FIBC’s shall never be used for the transportation of anything other than the cargo for which they
were designed.
FIBC’s for repeated use shall be documented, checked and inspected regularly as hoisting equipment.
18.2 Certificates, labelling and marking
All bulk containers must be tested and certificated by an EFIBCA accredited test house.
The certificate data must be mentioned on a label, which forms an integral part of the FIBC and is
sewn in the FIBC. The label must contain the
following information:

Manufacturers name and address;

Month and year of manufacture;

Type of Bag i.e. “Cross Corner Four Loop”;

Test standard;

Test certificate date and number;

FIBC Class, depending on the Safety Factor;

Safety factor;

Working Load Limit, WLL.
Typical FIBC label
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18.3 Hoisting and carrying FIBC’s
FIBC’s shall be handled in accordance with the manufactures instructions, which are highlighted on
the FIBC label.
Before handling one shall check the general condition for structural damage or disintegrating marks
possibly caused by environmental conditions or exposure to UV radiation from the sun.
Any bag that shows any sign of wear or damage on any of the hoisting loops shall never be hoisted.
18.3.1 Hoisting with cranes or hoists
The hooks, spreader bars or other devices used for hoisting should have rounded edges and/or
protective covers. Safety hooks with an integrated safety latch shall be used to prevent the hook
from accidentally slipping off the loop. Hooks should have a sufficiently large radius to prevent
squeezing the loop.
When the FIBC is suspended, the loops must be vertical, or at a maximum angle as allowed by the
instructions on the label, without any twists or knots.
18.3.2 Hoisting with forklift trucks
When hoisting FIBC’s with a forklift truck, be sure that the forklift tines are spaced correctly. All
hoisting loops, sleeves or other hoisting devices should be vertical, so that no lateral forces will be
created in the FIBC. Be sure that the hoisting loops are not twisted.
Forklift tines should have rounded edges and/or being provided with protective covers in order to
avoid damage to the hoisting loops.
FIBC’s should be raised or lowered smoothly.
18.3.3 Horizontal carrying of FIBC’s with forklift trucks
The forklift truck must be suitable for the load to be carried. When travelling with a FIBC hanging
from the forklift tines, there is an increased danger of the truck becoming unstable. The FIBC should
be held close to the mast and as low as possible with the mast tilted slightly backwards. Make sure
that the wheels of the truck will not damage the FIBC body. The load should not restrict the view of
the driver.
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FIBC’s must not be dragged. The truck should be brought to a stop before the FIBC is raised or
lowered.
18.4 Stacking and storage of filled FIBC’s
When stacking filled FIBC’s 2 or more high, every effort should be made to ensure that the stack is
stable. Where possible, the stack should be formed against at least 2 retaining walls, preferably 3, to
achieve maximum stability. Generally, the higher the stack, the greater the number of retaining walls
required.
Where only free stacking is possible, a pyramid method should be used
FIBC’s should not be pushed into a stack as this can cause damage to the sides or the back of the
FIBC.
If FIBC’s are stored outside, attention should be paid to the top closure. Be sure the top closure is
properly tied off. FIBC’s should be covered with waterproof, U.V. protected material to avoid water
collecting on top of the FIBC and to prevent damage from sunlight.
Be sure FIBC’s are not standing in water and stored on proper and even surface.
18.5 Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment
Although not the preferred method, occasions can arise that using FIBC’s is the preferred method of
transporting loads to and from an offshore installation.
The preferred method for transporting FIBC’s to an offshore installation is by means of a Cargo
Carrying Unit.





Using FIBC’s in an offshore environment is only allowed under the following strict conditions:
FIBC’s to be ordered from a FIBCA member and only after consultation of the manufacturer
and being advised on the FIBC to be used, given the specific application.
Only FIBC’s in accordance with EFIBCA Standard 005 with a safety factor 5:1 shall be used.
To be sure that weather or sunlight had no negative influence on quality and strength, only
new FIBC’s shall be used from a recent production batch.
FIBC’s to be used for a single trip only. Single trip meaning: from filling point to supply base,
from base to supply vessel, from supply vessel to offshore installation.
FIBC’s shall be used to a maximum of 66,6% of their Safe Working Load in order to overcome
dynamic forces in the offshore environment.

Can be obtained from the Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association, FIBCA at
www.fibca.com

NEN-EN-ISO 21898:2005. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers for non-dangerous goods.
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19 The safe use of chain blocks and chain lever hoists
19.1 Introduction
This practical guidance is of a general nature only, covering the main points for the safe use of chain
blocks and chain lever hoists. This guideline does not address the design and manufacturing
standard. Generally the liability is on the manufacturer and/or supplier of equipment to ensure that
its product is fit and safe for the intended purpose.
The following information shall be provided to the end user:

Instructions for use, setting out at least the following particulars:

The intended use;

The limits of use, including the W.L.L. (Working Load Limit);

Instructions for assembly;

General-purpose instructions for the safe use of the equipment;

Any limitations on the use or special requirements for use in hazardous conditions;

A statement regarding the potential for light load failure;

Maintenance instructions.

A copy of the thorough examination report.
Instructions for use at all times pre dominate any practical and general guidance for the safe use of
lifting and hoisting equipment.
19.2 Important warnings
Chain blocks and chain lever hoists are used extensively for lifting and hoisting operations. Their
design characteristics allow for ease of transportation to site and require minimum set-up.
As there has been a history of failures in the use of this equipment, everyone involved in the use of
hoists should be aware of the following important warnings:
1.
Chain blocks can only be used upright and should be used for vertical hoisting only. The pawl
of a chain block may not operate correctly if the chain block is used out of the vertical;
2.
Only chain lever hoists can be used in another orientation than vertically. However always
check the instructions before use;
3.
Avoid hoisting loads below 10% of the hoist’s capacity and never hoist loads below 5% of the
capacity, as the weight of the load may not be enough to activate the friction brake;
4.
Always read and follow the instructions for use issued by the manufacturer or supplier. There
might be important warnings in the instructions.
19.3 Selecting the correct hoist
Chain blocks and chain lever hoists are available in a range of capacities and with various types of
suspension. When planning hoisting operations, select the hoist to be used taking the following into
account:

The required Working Load Limit to suit the load to be hoisted. Should the load be of unknown
weight, a calculation should be carried out to determine the weight, a percentage added for
error and a selection then made;

Minimum “drawn-up” dimensions as lack of headroom are often a problem in confined spaces.
This dimension varies with different manufacturers and or models and may well influence the
selection of the hoist;

Height of the hoisting operations. Chain blocks normally have a standard 3-metre height of
operation, but can be produced for practically any height required. Chain lever hoists normally
have 1,5 metres height of operation, but again can be delivered with longer chains to suit the
operational requirements;

Type of suspension available and going to be used: hook, fixed pad eye on beam clamp, trolley
etc.
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19.4 Pre-use checks
Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard.
Before using chain blocks and chain lever hoists, it is the responsibility of the lifting and hoisting team
performing the hoisting operations to ensure the hoist is in working order and safe to operate.
The following pre-use checks should be made:

Is the Working Load Limit adequate for the load;

Is the hoist tagged or marked with:

Working Load Limit;


A valid certification date.

Suspension hook and load hook. Ensure hook safety latch is fitted and functions correctly and
the swivel operates without restriction. Check also for obvious opening-out of either the load
hook or the suspension hook;

Check load chain for distortion, corrosion and any other form of damage. The chain linkage
should all appear to be in a straight line. If the chain gives the appearance of having a “spiral”
the hoist has been overloaded whilst the chain was twisted;

Check end stop being fitted on chain lever hoist and dead end being connected on the chain
block;

Check for build-up dirt in the pocket wheel;

Check for correct operation of the selection lever on the lever hoist and the chain wheel on the
chain block;

When spinning the chain wheel or operating the lever, the ratchet should sound crisp;

Body assembly should show no signs of misuse, cracked casings, loose bolts or other damage;
Chain lever hoist pre-use checks
Chain block pre-use checks
19.5 Installing and commissioning of hoists
At all times follow any specific installation instructions issued by the manufacturer or supplier.
When installing hoists it is essential to ensure that the structure from which it is suspended is
adequate for the load it is intended to carry. This load should include the weight of the hoist itself
together with any attachments such as slings, shackles, trolley etc.
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Runway beams and pad eyes should clearly be marked with Working Load Limit, identification
number and a valid certification date.
When using a hook suspended hoist, the top hook should be attached to its support in such a manner
that the support fits freely into the seat of the hook and does not exert any side thrust upon the
point.
For trolley suspension, ensure the trolley is correctly set for the beam width.
After installation a check should be made to ensure that the hand and load chains hang freely and
are not twisted or knotted. In particular, special care should be taken with multi-fall blocks to ensure
that the bottom block has not been turned over between the falls of chain imparting a twist to the
load chain. If this has occurred the bottom block should be turned back until the twist is removed.
The length of the load chain should be checked to ensure that the bottom hook will reach the lowest
position required without the load chain running fully out. If the load chain is permitted to run fully
out, unacceptable stress may be placed on the slack end anchorage or end stop, not being a true load
bearing component.
19.6 Operating chain blocks and chain lever hoists safely
All personnel involved in hoisting operations for which chain blocks and chain lever hoists are used,
shall be adequately trained and competent for their job. They shall understand the use of the
equipment, adopt safe slinging practices and follow the instructions for the safe use of the
equipment at all times.
requirements for training and education of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations can
be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 9 of the mentioned Standard.
Check the load is free to move (not welded or bolted down) before commencing the hoisting
operation and that the landing area has been prepared.
Check the travel path is clear and that you have a clear view so as to avoid accidental hook
engagement or collision.
Raise the load just clear, and then halt the operation to check the integrity of the hoist and the
slinging method.
When operating hoists, ensure that the hoist operates smoothly and easily and with a distinctive
ratchet “clicking” sound. If it requires excessive force to operate the hoist, stop hoisting operations
and investigate. A hoist should always operate smoothly and easily; it is designed for one-man
operation.
Keep fingers and toes clear when lowering loads.
19.6.1 Always:

Position the hoist directly above the centre of gravity of the load;

Ensure the load rigging seats correctly in the bowl of the bottom of the hook and allows the
safety latch to close;

Ensure the load is correctly balanced;

Ensure all restrictions have been removed, such as hold-down bolts etc.
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19.6.2 Never:

Load the tips of the hook;

Use the load chain as a sling, that means never wrap the load chain around items to be hoisted
and hooked back on itself;
Incorrect use of hook and load chain






Correct slinging method
Travel a load above personnel;
Use excessive force on the hand chain or operating lever as this would result in overloading the
hoist;
Use an extension pipe on the lever for extra moment.
Leave a suspended load unattended without back-up rigging; legally this is not permitted;
Exceed the Working Load Limit;
Use a chain lever hoist in a dynamic hoisting application; the changing loading may cause the
hoist to fail or slip.
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19.6.3 Use of multiple lever hoists to share the load
When using more than one chain block or chain lever hoist, each individual hoist unit should be rated
to a capacity of at least 100% of the load. Any operation involving the transfer of the load from one
hoist to another should be categorized as “non routine – complicated” operations.
Planning and control measures for this category, including defined procedures and drawings or
sketches, need to be in place. If two or more lever hoists are used to share the load during hoisting
operations, careful consideration of the operation is necessary as there is the potential to overload
one of the hoists (beyond the working load limit) or under load one of the hoists (below 10% of the
working load limit).
19.6.4 Use of static rigging or multiple rigging points to avoid single point failure
Where a lever hoist introduces a single point failure into a hoisting arrangement, the use of static
rigging or some other means to eliminate the potential single point failure should be considered. This
is particularly important if a load is to be suspended on a lever hoist for an extended period. The
need for additional backup rigging should be identified as part of the “Lift Plan” and risk assessment.
19.7 Storing, handling and in-service maintenance













After use, thoroughly clean the hoist; remove any rubbish, which may have become attached
to the chain preservative and check for abnormalities.
Never return damaged or defective hoists to storage.
Secure hoisting chain to avoid chain lying on the ground when hoist is hung in rigging loft.
Spray load hook and chain with WD40 or equivalent while taking care not to contaminate
brake mechanism.
Store hoists hung from the suspension hook with the chains raised clear of the ground.
Hoists should not be dropped, thrown or dragged across the floor.
Follow any specific maintenance instructions issued by the supplier but in particular keep load
chains lubricated and free of debris.
Check the operation of the brake. Brakes must be kept free of oil, grease etc.
Never replace the load chain with a longer one without consulting the supplier.
Regularly inspect the hoists and, in the event of the following defects, refer the hoist to an
approved workshop for thorough examination: wear; damage to hooks and fittings; damage or
distortion to slack end stop; chains worn, bent, notched, stretched, cracked, corroded, do not
hang freely, twisted or jump; load slips or will not hoist; damaged hoist casing; bent or cracked
operating lever; illegible markings.
Never expose hoists to chemicals, particularly acids, without consulting the supplier.
Never allow oil or grease to come into contact with the brake.
Consult the supplier if the lever hoist is to be used in areas of high risk, exposed to the
elements, water, steam etc, with hazardous substances, e.g. acids or chemicals, or subjected
to extremes of temperature.
19.8 Pneumatic hoists
Should the hoist be air powered, ensure an air service unit (filter, lubricator and regulator) is fitted to
set the air supply at the correct pressure and prevent contamination of the air motor.
Function test the hoist through its entire hoisting height and check the operation of the over-hoisting
limits before starting the actual hoisting operations.
Check the controls and ensure the operating buttons and levers are not sticky and that they return to
neutral on release.
In extreme cold weather conditions a de-icing agent may be introduced via the lubricator to prevent
the air motor freezing. Check and follow the instructions for the safe use of the equipment at all
times.
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Make sure that the connecting hoses and fittings are fit for purpose with an approved type of
coupling.
19.9 The use of hoists underwater
Occasions sometimes arise where hoists are required to be operated underwater by divers.
The harsh conditions experienced at sub-sea worksites undoubtedly will have an adverse effect on
any lever hoist used in that environment. The salt-water conditions may accelerate the corrosion
within the unit, the immersion in water may wash grease from internal parts and particles suspended
in the water can affect the ability of the brake to hold the load. Because of the extreme operating
conditions the following additional points should be considered when selecting a chain lever hoist
specifically for sub-sea use:




Care has to be taken when selecting hoists for this purpose, as not all hoists are suitable due to
the material of their brake discs.
The hoist model shall be clearly identified as suitable for subsea use by the manufacturer as
per instructions for use or after consulting the relevant manufacturer and written confirmation
of the suitability of their equipment.
Introduction of a system of marking chain lever hoists that have been specified and procured
for use sub-sea, clearly identifying them and differentiating them from other chain lever hoists
that may be present at the worksite;
Hoists used underwater should, on completion of the job, be returned to an approved
workshop and be completely stripped, purged of salt water, re-lubricated, re-assembled and
tested prior to further use.
19.9.1 Immersion policy
To avoid deterioration of the lever hoist during use sub-sea a single immersion policy should be
implemented. Each lever hoist should only be submerged once and this immersion should have a
specified maximum time limit.
A chain lever hoist should not normally be submerged a second time until it has been inspected,
serviced and tested by a suitably qualified person.
Pre-planning of the work should be done with the single immersion policy in mind and the need to
re-use a lever hoist that has been sub-sea without first servicing and testing it should be eliminated.
References and further information.

IMCA publication D028 Rev.1 February 2008: Guidance on the use of chain lever hoists in the
offshore sub-sea environment.
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20 Working with forklift trucks
20.1 Forklift trucks – scope for this practical guideline
This practical guidance covers the most important aspects for the safe use of and operation with
forklift trucks. It includes the safe operation of different types of trucks, such as, but not limited to:

Counterbalanced forklift trucks;

Reach trucks;

Side Loaders;

Transportable forklift trucks;

Rough Terrain forklift trucks;

Pedestrian controlled forklift trucks.
20.2 General safety considerations
Forklift trucks feature prominently in workplace accidents. Even if people are not injured in forklift
truck accidents there is often damage to buildings, storage systems or stock. The main causes of
forklift truck accidents are:

lack of operator training;

inadequate premises;

poor forklift truck maintenance
It is the responsibility of management to assess forklift truck operations and ensure that safe systems
of work are implemented and maintained. Subsequent responsibilities for safe use will also lie with
line managers, supervisors and operators.
20.3 Checking the forklift truck
Checking, inspecting, maintaining and examining shall be done strictly in accordance with:
1)
the instruction manual that shall be available for each forklift truck.
2)
local legislation.
As a general guidance, the operator is responsible for daily maintenance and pre-use inspections.
The owner of the forklift truck is responsible for routine maintenance, inspections and thorough
examination.
20.3.1 Pre-use specific checks for forklift trucks
In order to demonstrate the operational readiness, the following type of checks shall be completed
before the Forklift truck is used, each day:

Fork arms
No cracks or distortion, evenly spaced on carriage plate and clips
engaged. No temporary fixes installed;

Load chart
Clear load chart available

Carriage plate
No obvious damage, end stops secure;

Back rest
Load backrest extension secure and not damaged or distorted;

Mast
No damage distortion or cracks. Inner channels or runners reasonably
clean and smooth;

Lift chain
Free from damage or rust. All pins in place;

Hydraulics
No damage or leakage from any point.

Wheels
Undamaged. All nuts tight;

Tyres
No excessive wear, cuts or foreign bodies. If pneumatic, tyre pressure
correct;

Lights, indicators
All functioning;

Horn, acoustic signals
Clearly audible;

Mast controls
Lower-lift, tilt and side shift operating properly;

Hand – parking brake
Strong enough to prevent truck being driven;

Driving – service brake work properly in both directions in both directions when tested
slowly;

Fuel – power
Adequate for shift; if LPG, cylinder secure and hoses OK;
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
Levels




Steering
Safety belt
Tidiness
Inspection and testing
Coolant and engine oil levels correct. If electrical, check battery water
level;
Works properly in both directions at standstill and when moving;
Working properly;
Cabin clean and no debris in the mudguards or lifting mechanism.
Shall be within the inspection and examination intervals as per
applicable regulations.
It is recommended, as good industry practice, to provide each forklift truck with a checklist for the
pre-use inspections. The operator can use the checklist by simply “ticking” the checklist.
If controls do not operate properly, the operator is responsible for notifying the supervisor. Repairs
and adjustments shall be made before operations begin.
20.3.2 Maintenance, inspection and thorough examination
20.4 Forklift truck operators
requirements for training and education of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations can
be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 9 of the mentioned Standard.
20.5 Basic forklift truck driving rules
Forklift trucks shall only be used to lift loads within the capacity range as shown on the load chart. All
loads shall be correctly placed and/or secured on the forks to avoid tipping forwards or sideways.
Wherever possible, forklift trucks shall be driven with the forks in the lowered position and with the
mast slightly tilted back, with care taken to avoid scraping the fork heels on the ground/deck.
Movement with loads in excessively raised positions is not allowed and shall be avoided to minimise
the danger of toppling, especially on uneven surfaces and while cornering.
Exemptions are to position the forklift trucks for an unloading position. forklift trucks shall only be
used for loads, which can be carried safely on the forks. Non-standard, unpackaged and excessively
wide loads shall be avoided wherever possible. In particular, long tubes shall be carried using
appropriate attachments.
Forklift truck operators shall strictly adhere to the following basic driving rules:

Do not start or operate the truck from any place other than from the Operators position;

Wear seat belts while operating their vehicles, also when cabin doors are closed;

Keep all parts of the body inside the operator compartment during operations;

Obey site traffic regulations;

Driving at a speed appropriate to the existing circumstances (space, load, lighting, surface
conditions, etc.) and at or below posted limits;

Rapid acceleration, hard braking and sharp cornering which increase the risk of load tipping
shall be avoided;

Ensure other personnel are not in the swing radius prior to performing turning manoeuvres;

Sound the horn when approaching cross aisles, doorways and other locations where
pedestrians shall step into the path of truck travel;

Verify sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, wiring, pipes, sprinkler systems
etc;

Ensure driving on suitable surfaces. Road humps, drains and rough or soft surfaces, shall be
avoided;

Movement with loads in excessively raised positions shall be avoided to minimise the danger
of toppling, especially on uneven surfaces and while cornering;
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








Only moving with a raised load at a creep speed. And only whilst stacking or un-stacking;
Stacking and un-stacking on inclines shall never be attempted;
Normal travel is with the forks 100 - 150mm above the ground;
Looking in the direction they are travelling. Travelling in a direction in which they have a clear
view, or using a trained signaller/banksman or guide. So counterbalanced trucks go backwards
if the load obstructs vision (but when going uphill on a slope with a bulky load, travelling
forwards but with help from a guide);
Never going across sloping ground, only up or down;
When travelling on a slope when loaded, with the load uphill;
When travelling on a slope when unloaded, with the forks downhill;
Never lifting anyone on the forks or on a pallet;
Never carrying passengers;
Care shall be taken at all times during operations to avoid pedestrians, other vehicles and hazards
within their area of operations. Operators shall only drive in areas where they are authorised to do
so. Forklift trucks shall only be used in areas where there is enough room for their safe operation.
Particular care shall be taken to ensure that forklift trucks used in aisles have enough room to
circulate and manoeuvre either loaded or empty. Sharp bends and overhead obstructions shall be
avoided as far as possible. Special care shall be taken to avoid hazards such as loading bays,
excavations, columns, pipe-work, racking and other plant. Forklift trucks shall not be operated on
excessive gradients.
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20.6 Lifting and transporting of personnel
Primarily, forklift trucks are intended for lifting materials and not people. Operators shall not carry
passengers anywhere on the forklift truck.
Legislation places a duty on employers to select the most suitable work equipment for the task to be
carried out regardless of the duration of the task.
Forklift trucks are never allowed for people to work at height.
20.7 Use of forklift truck attachments
Forklift truck attachments are available in a very wide variety to extend the reach, clamp a barrel, act
as hoist, lift odd shaped items and mainly consist of specially designed equipment:

Hoist and hook attachments;

Forklift extensions;

Mounted attachments;

Boom attachments;

Forklift truck platforms;

Forklift truck hoppers;

Drum carriers and rotators;

Etc., etc. etc.
Always keep in mind, that a forklift truck is primarily intended for the lifting of loads by means of the
forks instead of hoisting the load!
Attachments almost always affect rated capacity of the forklift truck. When a forklift truck is
equipped with an attachment, the rated capacity of the forklift truck-attachment combination shall
be established by the manufacturer.
Capacity, operation, maintenance and instruction plates, tags and a full user’s manual for the forklift
truck – attachment combination shall be available at all times!
Based on rules and regulations, the use of “after market” attachments to forklift trucks is not
allowed, unless there is a clear and written approval from the manufacturer by means of the EC
declaration of conformity and the users instructions.
20.8 Handling of casings or drill pipes
For frequent handling of casings or drill pipes (e.g. rig facilities, pipe handling workshops etc) a so
called pipe/load clamp device shall be installed to avoid fall out of pipes during driving or an
emergency stop. An instruction manual for the pipe/load clamp device – forklift truck combination
shall be available at all times.
Only pipes with a similar length shall be loaded.
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20.9 Layout and maintenance of the workplace
The layout and maintenance of the premises should be given the right attention to avoid incidents.
Protection of personnel should be achieved by consideration of the following measures:

Segregation of pedestrians from vehicles (barriers, marking of routes, warning devices);

Audible warning devices on forklift trucks, e.g. horn, reversing bleeper;

Flashing beacons on forklift trucks;

High visibility clothing;

Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment e.g. hard hats and safety boots;

Roadways and aisles etc. should have sufficient width and overhead clearance (for loaded
forklift trucks and for forklift trucks passing each other if necessary); road humps should be
avoided; consideration could be given to a 1-way system if warranted; adequate lighting is
essential;

Pedestrians should be prohibited where possible, or risks assessed and controlled by the use of
signs or barriers that are clearly marked;

Edges of loading bays etc. should be clearly marked or, where possible, fitted with barriers;

Avoidance of sharp bends, obstructions, etc.;

Warning devices, mirrors etc. may be needed where barriers cannot be used;

Structural features should be identified, marked and protected (e.g. with impact barriers);

Ceilings, lighting fittings, ductwork etc overhead can be struck by a raised load if the operator
is careless. It may be worth getting an engineer to adjust the maximum operating height to
avoid this risk;

Not working with diesel powered forklift trucks in closed areas;

Driving with unauthorised forklift trucks in areas classified as hazardous locations.
20.10 Use on public roads
Even if operators possesses a forklift truck training certificate, they must also have an ordinary
driving license if they are to take their truck onto the public road to unload a lorry or move goods to
an adjacent building.
Driving forklifts trucks on public roads shall be kept to a minimum. When public road travel is
necessary, fork arms should possibly be removed, folded or protected in some way so that they do
not present a hazard to other road users. Where this is not possible, forks shall be painted or
otherwise made highly visible.
20.11 Rough terrain operating conditions
The operation of rough terrain forklift trucks involves special hazards, which require additional care
and consideration:

Care shall be taken at all times to ensure that traction is retained. Loss of traction due to the
nature of the terrain or weight transfer taking load off the driving wheels is to be avoided;

Care shall be taken and speeds minimised to reduce the risk of load toppling caused by the
imbalance induced when operating on rough terrain;

Operators shall ensure that the parking brake is capable of holding the forklift truck stationary
on an incline. (Some rough terrain vehicles are capable of climbing inclines steeper than those
on which the parking brake will hold the vehicle);

Checks for overhead obstructions shall be made before lifting and transporting loads;

Special care shall be taken near power lines and other materials handling vehicles such as
mobile cranes.
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20.12 Parking
When unattended, forklift trucks shall be left with the fork arms tilted forward and lowered to rest
on the ground/deck. The engine shall be switched off, the key removed and the hand-brake applied.
Keys shall be kept in a secure place and only issued to authorised operators for the duration of the
duty period or task. forklift trucks shall never be parked on a slope.
When not in use, forklift trucks shall be parked in secure or supervised areas, to prevent access, by
unauthorised personnel. When parked they should not block access to fire aisles, stairways, or fire
equipment.
When parking at the end of a shift, make sure the forklift truck is tidy, with a clean cabin, without
debris in the mudguards or lifting mechanism and full with LPG or diesel for LPG and diesel powered
trucks.
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21 Hoisting personnel with a crane, using a suspended basket
21.1 Introduction and scope
Cranes are designed for the hoisting of loads and not people. The hoisting of persons with machines
not designed for that purpose is dealt with in European Directive 2009/104/EC, use of work
equipment, in annex II, article 3.1.2, which prescribes:
“Persons may be lifted only by means of work equipment and accessories provided for this purpose”
Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used
to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with
national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision.
This practical guidance applies to the hoisting of personnel by means of a suspended basket using
cranes.
This practical guidance does not apply to:

suspended baskets on lifting appliances (e.g. forklift trucks);

lifts for crane drivers;

moveable cabins;

manriding;

personnel/freight elevators;

helicopter hoisting;

medical evacuation;

specialist rope access activities.
21.2 Definition
A suspended basket is a device fitted out for the
transportation of persons to a workplace at
height by attaching the suspended basket using
its own hoisting accessories to a hoisting
installation (crane).
According EN 14502-1 equipment for the hoisting
of persons part1,. the definition of a suspended
basket is: “arrangement designed for the lifting of
persons by a crane”.
21.3 General safety considerations
Local legislation and regulations will prevail above this guidance if not documented in this guidance.
The use of personnel suspended basket is an operation that poses more risks that normal due to the
combination of a fall hazard, instability (swinging) of the workplace and the danger of becoming
trapped during hoisting, and it may only be used on its own. In principle, the use of a personnel
suspended basket with hoisting equipment is not allowed and it may only be used in exceptional
circumstances, and then only under strict conditions.
Because other solutions, such as using a mobile elevating working platform, are always possible, the
use of work baskets for working at height on lifting appliances such as forklift trucks are not
permitted.
21.4 Deciding to use a suspended basket
Using a suspended basket on a hoisting device is only allowed if a risk assessment has clearly
demonstrated that there is not a more appropriate, safer alternative readily available.
A suspended basket on a hoisting device may only be used in the following situations:

The use of any other means to get access to the workplace is impossible;
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




The operations occur incidentally and have a very short duration (less than 4 hours). This
includes operations that are only performed several times a year;
It concerns operations with an urgent nature whereby the delay required for installing more
suitable equipment would cause greater risks than the risks connected with the work in a
suspended basket;
It concerns short operations, where the use of more suitable equipment would result in
unreasonable costs (a guideline here is a factor 5 with regard to crane and Mobile Elevating
Working Platform tariffs). The point of departure for this decision should be the creation of a
thorough task risk assessment, which looks into the costs of available alternatives;
The workplace cannot be reached using Mobile Elevating Working Platforms or scaffolding;
In the event that a fall hazard of more than 1.8 metres is present, e.g. because it is not possible
to use platforms, scaffolding or other appliances for the activities, or because it is not possible
to install collective protection, or during the assembly or disassembly of scaffolding, fall
protection equipment must be used.
21.5 Planning and preparing for the safe use of a suspended basket
Hoisting operations using a suspended basket shall always be categorized as “non routine –
complicated” operations.
21.6 Equipment requirements
21.6.1 Pre use inspection
Prior to initial use and at each new job site, all suspended baskets, hook, catch and fixed load hoisting
attachment shall be inspected by a competent person to ensure that the equipment is free from
defects and certified for use. Pre use inspections must be recorded and dated. These records must be
kept by the Person In Charge for the duration of the personnel hoisting operation.
21.7 Hoisting Accessories
Hooks used to hoist personnel must have an operable safety latch that can be
closed or locked. Usage of a ball hook is never allowed if a visual inspection of the
hook connection is not possible; see figure.
When a wire rope sling set is used to connect the suspended basket, the slings
must be connected to a master link or shackle so that the load is evenly
positioned between the sling legs. Only safety bow shackles, with nut and safety
pin as shown here after, may be used for this purpose.
Bow shackle
screw pin
“D” shackle
screw pin
Bow shackle
round pin
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Safety nut and pin
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Sling sets and associated hoisting accessories for attaching the suspended basket shall not be used
for any other purpose.
Rigging should be such that in the event of failure of a single sling or pad eye, the suspended basket
will not tilt excessively.
The combination of the crane and the suspended basket shall only be operated by people trained in
the safe use of the combination, including the operating procedures for egress in case of power
supply failure or control failure.
A crane driver shall always be present at the normal crane control station when the basket is
occupied.
During operation the employer shall not require the crane operator and signaller/banksman to do
other work at the same time. During the operation they shall operate only one crane or direct one
suspended basket.
21.9 Checklist
Before starting the actual hoisting operation of the suspended basket a checklist shall be completed
fully and adequately and shall be signed by the operator as well as the occupant(s) of the suspended
basket.
The appendix at the end of this practical guidance gives a recommended checklist. Comparable
checklists used for the same purpose might be used.
The checklist must be archived together with the other documents relevant to the activities (permit
to work, risk assessment, specific plan and toolbox talk).
21.10 Additional requirements during operations with the suspended basket
During the actual hoisting operations with a suspended basket, the following additional requirements
are applicable:

The crane’s maximum allowable load shall be:
o
The weight of the maximum loaded suspended basket together with the basket itself
shall never exceed 25% of the rated capacity of the mobile crane.
o
The weight of the maximum loaded suspended basket together with the basket itself
shall never exceed 50% of the rated capacity of the fixed (offshore) crane.

All movements should proceed gently with low speed;

Unintended movement of the basket shall, where possible, be prevented e.g. by means of
guide ropes or anchoring;

Suspended baskets shall not be used in wind in excess of 7 m/s (4 Beaufort), electric storms,
ice, snow, fog, sleet or other adverse weather conditions which could affect the safety of
personnel;

Visible and audible communication shall exist between the persons in the basket and the crane
driver at all times during the hoisting operations;

The required equipment necessary to perform an emergency rescue shall be available
throughout the hoisting operation;

The basket shall be positioned on a firm surface during access and egress;

The basket rated capacity shall not be exceeded;

Persons in suspended baskets shall fasten their safety harness onto the anchorages provided;

Occupants shall keep all parts of the body inside the suspended basket during raising, lowering
and positioning, to avoid pinch points;

Tools and material carried by personnel shall be secured, in particular against displacement,
tipping and falling out;

If suspended baskets are moved through openings, measures shall be taken against
entanglement and crushing risks.
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21.11 Appendix: Recommended checklist for using a suspended basket
To be used during performance of operations with a crane with a suspended basket.
Date
:
Principal
:
Name operator
:
Crane type
:
Employed by
Owner suspended basket :
Location operations
:
Remarks
:
:
Number of basket :
1.
Is certificate of the work platform, slings, fastenings present?
2.
2 throwing lines approx. 25 metres present? (Optional)
3.
2 steering lines approx. 50 metres present? (Optional)
4.
Communication:
5.
1 items escape mask per person present? (Optional)
6.
1 items harness belt with short line per person present?
7.
2 items fire extinguishers present?( Hot work only)
8.
Pre use inspection: is suspended basket in good condition?
9.
Only work at height? (without getting out)
10.
Crane not more than 25% of the workload? (50% for fixed crane)
11.
Basket correctly secured? (secured against undesired weight loss)
12.
Cable on winch correctly secured?
13.
Hoisting cable on block correctly secured?
14.
15.
16.
Hook in block correctly secured?
Master link of 4 legged sling correctly secured in hook? (secured against
undesired weight loss)
4-legged sling correctly secured to the basket?
17.
Safety harness belts are worn and secured?
18.
Wind speed not in excess of 7 m/s (4 Beaufort)?
19.
Entering/leaving takes place only on firm surface?
Yes
No
Visual
By radio
Use of the suspended basket without this obligatory inventory and check list is not
allowed.
Name operator
:
Signature
:
Name user(s)
:
Signature
:
Dept. Transport
:
Signature
:
Name:
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22 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier
Cranes are designed for the hoisting of loads and not people. The hoisting of persons with machines
not designed for that purpose is dealt with in European Directive 2009/104/EC, use of work
equipment, in annex II, article 3.1.2, which prescribes:
“Persons may be lifted only by means of work equipment and accessories provided for this purpose”
Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used
to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with
national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision.
This practical guideline provides guidance on operations that involve the transfer of personnel to,
from and around offshore installations by means of utilising suitable hoisting equipment and
personnel carriers.
They are intended to aid risk assessment and the development of appropriate procedures for the
safe transfer of personnel using personnel transfer carriers.
This guideline applies to both soft rope and rigid steel carriers but is not meant to favour any
particular make of personnel transfer carrier. All means for personnel transfer have a unique
hazard/risk profile and should be assessed separately, extending to the particular conditions on each
occasion of use and the wishes of the personnel being transferred.
This guideline specifically does not cover the following types of operations that use hoisting
equipment and personnel carriers:

Use of a crane with a suspended work basket or cage which is being used as a working
platform;

Equipment used for manriding and personnel transfer operations in and around the drilling area;

Rope access systems;

Any form of emergency evacuation equipment, such as Man Overboard Boat or fast rescue
boat, and its associated handling facilities;

Helicopter winching;

Purpose designed machinery for hoisting persons such as powered access platforms (“cherry
pickers”), personnel traverse platforms etc.;

Passenger lifts of all types;

Any personnel transfer operations between ships using the ships work equipment.
22.2 Use of a personnel carrier
Personnel transfer operations using hoisting equipment and personnel carriers should only be
undertaken when the particular circumstances make it essential, and it is not reasonably practicable
to transfer personnel by less hazardous means.
The offshore installation manager (OIM) of an installation/MODU and/or the master of a vessel
might decide to use a personnel transfer carrier for the transfer of people in cases where the use of
other means of transferring people is impractical or less safe and where the requirements set out in
these guidelines are followed.
It is not allowed to use personnel carriers for the purpose of routine crew changes in the open sea
when other methods of transfer are available. The normal method used to effect crew changes in
the open stretches of the North Sea to/from vessels/installations/MODUs fitted with helidecks would
be by helicopter transfer.
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22.3 Planning and preparing for the safe transfer of personnel
Hoisting operations using a personnel transfer carrier shall always be categorized as “non routine –
complicated” operations.
22.4 Risk Assessment.
Before any transfer of personnel is undertaken using a personnel transfer carrier a risk assessment
should be carried out by those knowledgeable in the use of personnel transfer carriers. The use of
this type of transfer will depend on a number of factors including the necessity of the transfer and
the prevailing environmental conditions.
The following factors should be taken into consideration

The necessity of the transfer;

Alternatives available;

The suitability of the vessel(s) to maintain station;

The availability of sufficient clear space both at the embarkation and landing locations;

The likely route of the carrier during transfer;

Visibility;

Sea-state and wind speed;

The wind speed limitations of the crane to be used;

The wishes of the persons being transferred.
When carrying out the risk assessment, the hazards associated with the carrier transfer to be
undertaken should be considered. The risks associated with each identified hazard should be
assessed and appropriate risk reduction methods introduced to control the risks.
22.5 Responsibilities
The duties of personnel in supervising or involved in the personnel carrier transfer should be clearly
defined. The people likely to be involved are – the OIM of the installation/MODU (if appropriate), the
master of the vessel involved in the transfer, the crane operator, the personnel being transferred,
the deck operatives at both ends of the transfer, the standby vessel, and any other person
nominated by the OIM or master to undertake specific duties.
Transfer operations shall be conducted under the appropriate “permit to work” system.
22.6 Factors to be taken into account prior to transfer
22.6.1 General hoisting procedure
During transfer to/from an installation or vessel, it is good practice to minimise the height of the
carrier above the deck (generally to a maximum of two metres) before swinging over the open sea.
Consideration should also be given to restricting the height of the carrier above the open sea; this
will be dependent on the prevailing sea sate.
22.6.2 Obstructions
Transfers should only take place when there is sufficient clear space at both the point of embarkation
and the point of landing of the carrier. As part of the risk assessment, consideration should be given
to the likely route of the carrier to minimise the risk of the personnel striking work equipment,
structures, or other objects during the transfer. A permanent carrier transfer landing area could be
considered.
22.6.3 Weather Conditions
It is important that the prevailing and forecast weather conditions are taken into account in planning
the transfer operation. Factors to be considered are visibility, wind and sea state and other items as
featured in the installation rescue and recovery plan. Companies should give guidance on the wind
speed and the sea state tolerances. The wind speed limitation on crane operations should also be
indicated.
If transfer by carrier at night is necessary the transfer areas must be adequately illuminated.
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22.6.4 Suitability of vessel(s) involved in the transfer operation
The size, manoeuvrability and capability to maintain station of any vessel involved in the transfer
operation should be considered. The vessels motion (pitch and roll) in the sea conditions (wave
height, wave period) and speed should be taken into account when planning the transfer operation.
22.6.5 Hoisting equipment
The crane used in the transfer operation shall be adequate and suitable for hoisting persons. Freefall
or non-powered lowering shall not be used during personnel carrier transfer operations.
The crane’s maximum allowable load shall be not more than 50% of the weight of the transfer carrier
with maximum load.
22.6.6 Rigging prior to transfer – pre use check
It is vital that the transfer carrier is correctly rigged onto the crane prior to transfer and the rigging is
checked. The security of all shackles, safety slings and hooks should be checked. The crane hook
pennant should be of sufficient length to keep the hook well clear of the personnel being transferred.
Tag lines are often attached to the underside of the carrier to enable control of the swing when
raising and lowering the carrier. Consideration needs to be given to the length/position of the tag
lines to guard against the possibility of the tag lines becoming snagged.
22.6.7 Personnel carrier – maintenance/testing/inspection
The personnel carrier should be in good condition at the time of use and checked before use. The
carrier should be marked with its working load limit (WLL). It should be appropriately certified with a
current certificate of test and/or inspection. The carrier must not be operated beyond its safe
working load.
Procedures should be available setting out methods of maintenance and storage together with
instructions related to inspection before use.
22.6.8 Training
Personnel being transferred should have sufficient instruction and training before the transfer takes
place. They should be aware of the appropriate method of holding on during the transfer and how to
disembark safely from the carrier on landing. If any persons are being transferred who have not
previously been transferred by the means being used, then someone who is experienced should
accompany them.
The transfer of any person should only be undertaken with their agreement. No one should be
transferred by personnel carrier against his or her wishes.
A trained crane operator who has experience of transferring personnel by carrier transfer should
operate the crane.
22.6.9 Communications
Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the
transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator, and
the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being
undertaken.
The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred
and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.
22.6.10 Briefing prior to transfer
All participants involved in the transfer should be briefed prior to the transfer to ensure that the
procedures to be followed are understood
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22.7 Additional requirements for transfer
22.7.1 Survival and Personal Protective Equipment
Depending on the geographical location of the transfer operation, personnel to be transferred should
wear life jackets and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) suitable for the water temperature
and sea conditions. Consideration should be given to the use of a suitable means of illumination for
personnel during night transfers.
22.7.2 Procedure during transfer
The procedure to be followed will depend on the type of carrier being used. Personnel being
transferred should follow the manufacturer’s instructions, taking into account any special
precautions stipulated by the installation.
The person in charge of the transfer must be familiar with the type of unit being used and should be
satisfied that everyone is correctly positioned and ready for the transfer to commence. Procedures
detailing the method to be used in moving the carrier (e.g. detailing height above deck, swinging
over open sea) during transfer should be available.
22.7.3 Rescue arrangements
In the event of an emergency, arrangements should be in place for carrying out a rescue. Throughout
the operation, a lifebuoy, boat hook, heaving line and any other appropriate accessories should be
available for use in an emergency. Where an offshore installation (or MODU) is involved in the
transfer operation, recovery arrangements should be made with the standby vessel, helicopter, or
other rescue unit as appropriate. The offshore installation (MODU) should instigate the appropriate
state of alert for the transfer operation according to its evacuation, escape, and rescue plan.
22.7.4 Transfer of injured personnel
When the carrier is to be used to transfer a sick or injured person, then the injured party should be
accompanied by two crew members if the configuration of the unit being used permits this to be
done and it is safe to do so.

HSE Offshore Information Sheet No. 1/2007;

Step change in safety brochure: “Marine transfer of personnel guidance”;

Information note IMCA SEL 08/01:Guidelines on transfer of personnel by basket on the UK
continental shelf;

IMCA SEL 025, IMCA M 202, March 2010: Guidance on the transfer of personnel to and from
offshore vessels.
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23 Manriding using winches
This practical guideline covers the basic safety requirements that must be met when personnel are
engaged in manriding operations by means of a winch.
It should always be remembered that manriding operations must be considered, as the last option,
non-routine, subject to stringent planning and control measures and alternatives should have been
challenged. Manriding should always be avoided and alternatives should be given priority. However if
the situation has been properly assessed, and manriding cannot be avoided, then only competent
persons and dedicated manriding winches, incorporating the appropriate safety equipment, may be
used.
This guideline does not apply to personnel/freight elevators, diving operations, helicopter hoisting,
medical evacuation and specialist rope access activities.
Using the manriding register, it is good practice to engineer manriding operations out of the job
whenever possible, or use alternatives.
23.2 Planning and preparing for safe manriding operations
Planning and preparing is essential for safe manriding operations. Basic safety procedures, risk
assessment and “Lift Plan” are required to be satisfied before manriding can take place.
For a proper planning at least the following must be taken into account:

For use of the manriding winch, local laws and regulations should be adhered to;

A suitable and sufficient risk assessment must be carried out to identify all reasonably
foreseeable hazards and failure scenarios ensuring that during all operations using manriding
winches the person is protected against being crushed, trapped, struck and against falling from
the carrier. Measures additional to those mentioned in this guideline must be put in place if
the risk assessment identifies circumstances in which additional controls are required;

Emergency equipment must be available that can be used to effectively and rapidly bring all
winch motion to a halt;

A comprehensive review must be carried out by the Person In Charge to ensure that the safety
features of the winch are adequate and that they provide a safe method of operation for the
manriding operation;

Manriding below the derrick floor level is not allowed. It requires a separate manriding winch
mounted below the floor. Manriding above monkey board level shall not be permitted.
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting
operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.
All persons involved in manriding operations must demonstrate a baseline of competency prior to
becoming involved in manriding operations. Persons involved shall have a record of the type of
manriding equipment they are deemed competent to use.
For manriding operations, the winch operator, the signaller/banksman and the person in the
manrider must have experience with such operations and know the potential dangers.
23.4 Equipment
If there is no alternative to manriding the following equipment should be used with the listed safety
features:

Winch;

Harness;

Personal Protective Equipment, PPE;
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


Connecting devices;
Secondary fall arrest equipment;
Radios.
23.4.1 Winch
The manriding winch must be certified for such hoisting, clearly marked: “dedicated for manriding”
and never used for any other purpose.
Winches that are to be used for manriding must have the following features and settings:

Limited maximum pull, (counter balanced system for use on floating installations);

Independent secondary braking system;

Slack line shut-off mechanism;

Control lever returns to neutral (STOP), push lever away = pay out (LOWER),pull lever = heave
in (RAISE);

Crown block sheave designed for manriding. (Fall protection for whole assembly including
sheave);

Unobstructed emergency stop facility;

Wire rope termination to comply with current standards;

Spooling device;

Drum guard;

Upper and lower travel limit switches;

Emergency lowering facility.
23.4.2 Harness
Harnesses that are to be used for manriding shall:

Be of the full body type;

Harnesses should be of a type that will prevent an unconscious person falling out;

Fitted with 'D' rings for carrying hand tools;

Be equipped with a rescue or fall arrest lanyard;

Have safe system for tools aloft (lanyards etc.)
The use, maintenance, storage, checking, inspection and examination of riding belts should at least
comply with manufacturer’s instructions for use and must be in compliance with EN 813 (Personal
protective equipment for prevention of falls from a height) and EN 365 (Personal protective
equipment against falls from a height. General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance,
periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging).
23.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment
In addition to normal rig Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), wear a high visibility jacket or
manrider armbands.
Always fit and use a chinstrap on the hard hat.
23.4.4 Connecting devices

No hooks shall be used for manriding operations; only shackles of the bow type with pin, nut
and safety split pin are allowed;

Harnesses are to be attached directly to the winch wire by a shackle; hooks and lengths of
chain are not acceptable.

Overhoist protection placed 4 ft above manrider, e.g. oversized end link.
23.4.5 Secondary fall arrest equipment
Whenever practical, use an additional safety device attached to a safe part of the harness (fall
arrestor, inertia reel, line locker, pennant line).
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23.5 Emergency plans and rescue equipment
Before any manriding operation can commence, a rescue plan must be considered as part of the pretask risk assessment and all relevant equipment must be readily available.
The maximum recommended suspension time for any individual, in harness, is twenty minutes. Any
longer then this and the individual may start to lose circulation in the limbs held by the harness, this
can result in discomfort and at worse, loss of consciousness. However, consideration must be given
to repairing malfunctioning equipment before attempting a rescue if the equipment can be repaired
safely if the manrider is not in any immediate danger i.e., if the air supply to the winch fails but can
be reinstated within a short timeframe. He may then be brought to safety once the equipment is
repaired.
Equipment that may be an integral part of a rig's Rescue Plan:

Harness - full body type fitted with a D ring suitable for rescue purposes;

Alternative nitrogen or air supply to winch;

Secondary winch;

Rescue basket (for use with alternative winch);

Fully charged radios;

Emergency manual lowering device on main manriding winch;

Emergency Descent/Ascent device (personnel must be trained in use).
The use of emergency ascent/descent devices, such as Spanset and Gotcha, should only be used if
no other alternative can be found. Only trained personnel should operate the devices.
As with any manriding task, during a rescue operation it is essential that, in the event circumstances
change, full reassessment of conditions is conducted to ensure the continued safety of everyone
involved.
23.6 Pre-use inspections
Prior to initial use and at each new job site, all equipment shall be inspected by a competent person
to ensure that the equipment is free from defects and certified for use. Pre-use inspections must be
recorded and dated. The Person In Charge must keep these records for the duration of the personnel
hoisting operation.
The routines prepared by the manufacturer must be followed. If the manufacturer’s checklist does
not include the following points, these must also be dealt with:

Use anti-fall securing equipment on tools;

Functions test of the winch;

Test the emergency stop function;

Check the emergency heaving and lowering and check the brake;

Check the winch components visually with damage, leaks, etc. in mind;

Be very careful that the wire winds correctly onto the drum, so that the wire does not build up.
This may cause an uncontrolled fall for the person hanging in the manrider
23.7 Toolbox Talk
The winch operator, the signaller/banksman and the person in the manrider must always discuss the
operation in advance in order to determine the best work method.
Both verbal and hand signals should be clearly understood and agreed by all parties before the start
of the operation.
The winch operator shall conduct a "buddy check" of the manrider and the fastening (correct use of
safety equipment).
The winch operator must ensure that tools to be used by the person in the manrider have been
secured.
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23.8 Executing the manriding operations
23.8.1 Requirements for continuous monitoring

The winch operator and the signaller/banksman must remain on station throughout the
operation while the man is aloft;

The winch operator must have a clear view of the person in the riding belt and this must be
maintained throughout the operation. If the winch operator does not have a clear view of the
person in the riding belt during any part of the operation, a competent signaller/banksman,
who can see and is within clear voice range of the winch operator, and who has a clear view of
the person in the riding-belt, must be used to convey instructions between the person in the
riding-belt and the winch operator;

The winch operator and the signaller/banksman must not carry out any other work during
manrider operations;

The winch operator must stop the hoisting operation if there is a stop signal and/or the safety
of the operation is in doubt.
23.8.2 Communications and signalling
Good communication must be established between the person in the manrider and the operator of
the manriding winch.
A radio with a headset is recommended. Radios and batteries must be controlled before start-up,
and the radio communication must be tested before personnel are transported by winch. The radio
channel to be used must be agreed in advance.
Radio communication must be established before the manriding operation is begun, but the radio
shall not be the only type of communication used to convey signals.
If a signaller/banksman is used, there must be radio communication with both the winch operator
and the person manriding.
It is vital that communications between the winch operator and the person in the riding belt are clear
and continuous throughout the whole operation. Verbal instructions and hand signals must be used
between the person in the riding-belt and the winch operator and any signaller/banksman. Both
verbal and hand signals should be clearly understood and agreed by all parties before the start of the
operation. In addition, the Supervisor, winch operator and the signaller/banksman must be equipped
with radios as a back-up to verbal/visual communications.
Communication should be part of the risk assessment; toolbox talk and everyone involved shall be
fully familiar with the Radio Communication Voice Procedure:

Use a dedicated channel where possible.

Always speak slowly and clearly, never talk over or interrupt.

At the end of each communication say "over", only then is it safe for someone else to speak.

Never use the radio to have a chat with your mates.

Assign everyone a call sign and use it (winch control, manrider, driller etc)

Use continuous direction commands i.e., (up, up, up, up, up, / down, down, down, down/ stop,
stop, stop).

Remember no command = stop the winch.

If there are long periods of silence, call for a radio check with everyone involved.

If your radio stops working, contact the team by another means ASAP and get it replaced. If
you are the manrider use your hand signals to return to the rig floor.
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Hand signals to be used during manriding:

To raise: extend arm horizontally outward, turn palm of hand up, move arm/hand up and down
at your side in a clear and positive fashion;

To stop: horizontal sideways movement of the arm from the chest with the palm and fingers
flat. The emergency stop is the same signal done more quickly;

To lower: point arm and fingers downwards; make circular motion with hand/arm in a clear
and positive fashion.
23.8.3 Operational aspects

All equipment/tools, carried aloft should be tied off or otherwise prevented from falling and
the area beneath should be cleared of personnel and barriers erected.

Movement of equipment in the immediate area must be suspended while the man is aloft. All
travelling equipment in the work area must also be immobilised.

Manriding between decks is never allowed.

The winch operator must only operate one winch;

A secondary fall protection device must be used, independent of the primary hoisting
mechanism.
23.8.4 Duration of manriding operation
Use of manriding harnesses is only allowed for short periods with authorisation of the site manager.
Refer to (Yellow Guides) “Working at Height” for maximum permitted times and recovery periods.
The maximum time suspended in the manriding harness must always be determined in the risk
assessment, taking into account manufacturer’s instructions, gender and physical condition of the
manrider. Harnesses shall never be used for hoisting personnel for long duration jobs, as the
potential exists for constricting the blood supply vessels in the legs.
23.9 Learn and record: the Manriding Register
To eliminate manriding as much as possible, a Manriding Register can be used to document when
alternatives to manriding have been successful. The purpose of the register is to facilitate a simple
evaluation of the need to man ride and to log potential alternatives. The register can also be used as
a lateral learning tool for other crews, other installations or other companies.
Key components of the register:

Task: identify the actual task for which manriding is perceived to be required;

Alternative method: members of the team consider and detail alternative methods that could
be utilised in place of the manriding operation;

Alternative method used and justification: indicate if the alternative method was used (yes or
no) and detail the reasoning for non-application or application of the alternative.

Step change in safety brochure: “best practice guide to Manriding safety.
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24 Handling and moving of barrels and drums
Within Shell UIE operations there are numerous occasions during which barrels and drums need to
be handled, moved or hoisted. The handling, moving and hoisting of barrels and drums must be
considered as operations bringing specific dangers to the jobsite.
There are various methods for handling, moving and hoisting steel and plastic barrels out of and into
Cargo Carrying Units (CCU’s) and around plants, facilities, onshore and offshore installations and
vessels.
This guideline is of a general nature only, covering the main points for selecting the safest method
and raise awareness for hazards and risks associated with the handling, moving and hoisting of
barrels and drums.
24.2 General considerations
Before deciding to move a drum or barrel the following considerations should be taken in to account:

Is there a possibility to pump the contents to his destination, thus avoiding the handling of the
drum?

Can the required amount of the contents of the drum or barrel be “decanted” by pump to
another suitable receptacle for transportation and thus avoid hoisting?

Can the drum or barrel be moved without hoisting, i.e. moved by a wheeled barrel
transporter?
24.3 Planning and preparing for a safe operation
Based on European law (European Council Directive 2009/104/EC), it is an important safety
enhancement that prior to any lifting and hoisting operation being carried out, plans shall be
produced and risk assessments shall be carried out.
Another regulatory requirement is that all lifting and hoisting operations must be properly planned,
appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers.
It is not allowed (regulatory requirement in Norway) to use a barrel clamp for hoisting drums or
barrels between levels. It is only allowed to use a clamp to hoist drums or barrels from the load
carrier. For hoisting of drums and barrels between levels, they shall be placed in a suitable basket.
At all times, plant or platform and company specific procedures shall be followed.
The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting
operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.
24.3.1 Points to consider when compiling the risk assessment
When compiling the risk assessment for handling and moving of barrels and drums, the following
points should be considered:

Can this task be completed safely?

What hazards will I encounter during the task?

How can I minimise manual handling during this task?

Are the contents of the barrel hazardous if spilt?

Do I need spill kits at the worksite / landing area?

Are there any obstacles / structures along the hoisting path which if contacted may cause
damage to the barrel if it is not protected?

Can the barrel be hoisted into another “deck basket” to provide protection for transportation
to the landing area?
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24.3.2 Points to consider when compiling the “Lift Plan”
When compiling the “Lift Plan” for handling and moving of barrels and drums, the following points
should be considered:

What equipment is available to carry out the operation?

What is the minimum distance I need to hoist the drum or barrel?

What equipment is available at the landing area to transport the barrel to its required final
location?

What route will the load have to take to the landing area and is it clear of conflicting activities?

Are there sufficient competent personnel available to carry out the operation safely?
24.4 Requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment
There are several requirements that lifting and hoisting accessories must meet before we can
introduce them into our regular lifting and hoisting activities. There are also hazards and risks
associated with each type of barrel hoisting device which must be considered and controlled.
The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
Chapter.
Although we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard for all the requirements of lifting
and hoisting accessories the following points need to be highlighted:

All lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of the Machinery
Directive 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. The assembler/ supplier has to declare by
declaration of conformity that the equipment fulfils the essential safety requirements of the
mentioned directive. The declaration shall give a description and identification of the lifting
and hoisting equipment;

To act as visual conformation that the item complies with the relevant European Directives,
there shall be affixed to the item a CE mark;

All lifting and hoisting equipment must be accompanied by users’ instructions in the official
community language or language of the Member State in which it is placed on the market
and/or put into service;

All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked with the following information:

Working Load Limit, WLL;


Figure indicating the month and the year of the last inspection date and preferably the
next inspection date; (often referred to as “valid certification date”);

Examples of cargo deck baskets with drop front providing a non slip ramp which allows easy access
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24.5 A selection of barrel hoisting devices
There is a wide variety of barrel hoisting devices available on the market. The examples given below
are just a handful of options. Certainly not all of them are “fool proof”, fail safe or a guarantee for
safety in any given surrounding condition.
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Any person operating the equipment shall be adequately trained for the purposes of health and
safety, including training in the methods which may be adopted when using the work equipment, any
risks which such use may entail and precautions to be taken.
Only properly trained competent personnel shall carry out the operation.
Everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations has the responsibility to
stop the lifting and hoisting operations at any time they believe the
operation could, or has, become unsafe or there is a change of the agreed
plan! The lifting and hoisting operation shall stop immediately:

Whenever safety is in danger;

If the users instructions are unclear;

In the event of loss of communication.
24.7 Examples of safe handling and moving of barrels and drums



Order the barrels to be delivered in a half height with swinging doors. When the half height
arrives onboard ensure it is laid down in the correct rotation for opening the door(s). Open the
door and place a suitable ramp at the edge to allow wheeled access. If on pallets access with a
hydraulic pallet lifter and remove the barrel on the pallet, if placed directly on the half height
floor access with a wheeled barrel transporter, lift the barrel and remove from the half height.
Care must be taken when adopting this method to account for wheeling the load down the
slope of the ramp; a manual handling assessment shall be carried out.
Use a wheeled barrel transporter which comes fitted with a lifting bridle to lift the barrel from
within the delivery half height container keeping the barrel to a minimum height to clear the
half height side and land it in to the deck alongside the half height and wheel it to the final
location.
Use a Vertical Lift Barrel Clamp to lift the full barrel from within the delivery half height
container keeping the barrel to a minimum height to clear the half height side and land it in to
a deck basket alongside the half height. Remove the vertical barrel clamp master link from the
crane pendant hook. Attach the lifting slings of the deck basket to the crane pendant hook and
lift the barrel and deck basket to the desired landing area. Land the deck basket at the landing
area and remove the deck basket lifting slings from the crane pendant hook. Once again attach
the vertical barrel clamp master link to the pendant hook and lift the barrel from the basket to
the deck alongside. Remove the vertical barrel clamp from the barrel and return it to the
rigging loft. Use a wheeled barrel trolley to move the barrel from the landing area to the
required final destination.
24.7.1 Methods which are not recommended for hoisting barrels and drums at anytime
Operations using the following hoisting accessories are not recommended for hoisting barrels and
drums:

Cargo Nets;

Wire rope slings;

Synthetic slings.
The use of dedicated barrel hoisting devices having open sides and or not affording any protection to
the barrel if contact is made with installation structures or obstacles along the route is strongly
discouraged!
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25 Use of synthetic slings
25.1 Introduction
The use of synthetic slings is already a well established practice in hoisting operations for many
years. The slings are routinely used where the item to be hoisted is vulnerable to damage (e.g.
coated pipe work, machined shafts) or where the item is an irregular shape and stability is an issue
(e.g. valves and machinery).
Manufacturers of synthetic slings as well as end-users have discovered the features of high
performance fibres for routine and non-routine hoisting operations.
This guideline specifically addresses the use of synthetic slings used for hoisting large structures e.g.
in an offshore environment – modules and jackets, where the slings are connected directly to
structural members or being used in a subsea environment with a need to pass the splash zone.
Traditionally large structures utilize steel cable laid slings or grommets with the connection to the
structure by bespoke welded hoisting points, either padeyes or trunnions. By connecting the slings
directly to the structure the hoisting points can be avoided. This has particular advantage in very
heavy hoisting and platform decommissioning where offshore welding can be very expensive in time
and resources.
Although wire rope or chain could equally be used directly onto the structure, synthetic slings have
major advantages:

When compared to traditional slings they are approximately 10% of the weight in air and some
products will actually float in water.

The light weight makes the slings quicker and safer to install, particularly important for subsea
operations involving ROVs or divers.

Synthetic slings are more tolerant of tighter bend radiuses although there are restrictions and
they are prone to damage by sharp edges.
One of the most important user needs is the safe use of any lifting sling. Safe use requires awareness
and knowledge of the points of attention for the selection, use and maintenance of slings. Incorrect
use is seen as the predominant cause for (premature) sling failure.
This document is meant to give guidance only and refers to current criteria, legislations, regulations,
standards and other reference material that may be updated by the relative (governmental) bodies
from time to time.
Both sling manufacturers as well as end-users should verify the accuracy of the information and
perform their own assessment regarding the manufacturing, selection, use and maintenance of
synthetic slings.
25.2 Material used for sling construction
Synthetic slings are manufactured from a range of synthetic materials. They have the following
properties in common:

Strength

Convenience

Load protection, and

Economy.
25.2.1 High tenacity multi-filament fibres
The most commonly used synthetic slings for general purpose hoisting operation, i.e. “day to day”
general rigging activities and hoisting loads up to around 10 tons are made of a high tenacity multifilament. They shall be woven wholly from industrial yarns and certified by the manufacturer as
being fast to light and heat-stabilized with a tenacity of not less than 60 cN/tex, from one of the
following materials:

Polyamide (PA)
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

Polyester (PES)
Polypropylene (PP)
Each synthetic material has its own unique properties. Certain synthetic materials perform better
than others in specific applications and environments. High temperature, UV light, acids, alkalis and
other chemicals, all of which are not uncommon in the Oil & Gas and offshore environment, can
adversely affect the strength of synthetic slings.
The material from which the slings are made shall be identified by the colour of the label itself on
which the information is marked. The following label colour shall be used:

Polyamide (PA)
green

Polyester (PES)
blue

Polypropylene (PP)
brown
It is essential that the sling manufacturer be consulted for a specific application or before using in
and around chemical environments and for advice on care and storage of the slings.
25.2.2 High performance fibres
High performance fibres are being used increasingly for specific applications. For heavy hoisting
operations (25 ton up to a 16.000 tons jacket), offshore construction and decommissioning, subsea
and deep-sea, slings made from high performance fibres make a significant difference.
They are strong and lightweight. Most important, they do not absorb water. Whether wet or dry,
they have the same low weight and remain easy to handle – unlike polyester slings, which will take
up water and become heavier. This makes it easier subsea, for example for divers to safely position
the sling around the load. Slings from a high performance fibre are less likely to break in harsh
conditions, since they are highly resistant to salt water, chemicals and UV radiation – further
enhancing safety of the operation.
25.3 Fibre properties
The choice for the right fibre is depending on the characteristics of the application. The need for
strength or break load, stretch, dimensions or fatigue life will be of influence on the right fibre
choice. Also other issues like weight, costs and lifespan can influence the choice. In order to bring
light to the different types of fibres, the most common types and their properties are summarized
here under.
25.3.1 Polyamide
Polyamide is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers, mainly know as Nylon. The
Federal Trade Commission's definition for Nylon fibre: A manufactured fibre in which the fibre
forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages
are attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups. Nylon comes in two forms, Nylon 6 and 6.6,
of which the latter has a higher melt point temperature.
Main characteristics:

Mainly known as Nylon.

Good strength-to-weight ratio.

High elongation (30% - 40%).

Good UV resistance.

Moderate creep behaviour.

Nylon loses approx. 10-20 % of its strength when wet.
25.3.2 Polyester
Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain.
Although there are many polyesters, the term "polyester" as a specific material most commonly
refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The Federal Trade Commission's definition for Polyester
fibre: a manufactured fibre in which the fibre-forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer
composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester of dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid.
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
Good strength-to-weight ratio.

Moderate elongation (15% - 20%).

Highest UV resistance of any fibre.

Good abrasion resistance.

Keeps strength when wet.
25.3.3 Polypropylene
Polypropylene is a manufactured, olefin fibre made from polymers or copolymers of propylene. The
large numbers of end user applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to
tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example,
antistatic additives can be added to help PP surfaces resist dust and dirt.

Light weight (floating).

Good UV resistance.


Moderate creep.

Low strength.

Low cost.
25.3.4 Aramid
Aramid fibres are a class of heat resistant and strong synthetic fibres. The name is a shortened form
of "aromatic polyamid". They are fibres in which the chain molecules are highly oriented along the
fibre axis, so the strength of the chemical can be exploited. The Federal Trade Commission's
definition for aramid fibre: a manufactured high-modulus fibre in which the fibre-forming substance
is a long-chain synthetic aromatic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached
directly to aromatic rings. Aramid is also known by its trade names Kevlar® or Twaron®.

Mainly known as Kevlar® or Twaron®.

Excellent strength-to-weight ratio.

Highest resistance to heat of any fibre.

Very low creep.

Very low elongation (2,4%).

Poor abrasion resistance.

Susceptible to axial compression fatigue.

Non conductive.

Poor UV resistance.
25.3.5 HMPE
HMPE fibers are high-modulus polyethylene fibers produced by gel-spinning ultra-high molecular
weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). HMPE is a subset of the thermoplastic polyethylene. It has
extremely long chains, with molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 2 and 6
million. The longer chain serves to transfer load more effectively to the polymer backbone by
strengthening intermolecular interactions. This result in a very tough material, with the highest
impact strength of any thermoplastic presently made.

Mainly known as Dyneema®, Spectra® or Plasma®.

Highest strength-to-weight ratio of any fibre.

Highest abrasion resistance of any fibre.

Excellent dynamic toughness.

Very low elongation (3% - 5%).

Excellent flex fatigue resistance.

Low resistance to heat.

Very high creep.
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25.3.6 LCAP
LCAP (Liquid Crystal Aromatic Polyester) are a unique class of wholly aromatic polyester polymers
that provide previously unavailable high performance properties. LCAP fibres are produced by meltspinning from thermotropic liquid crystalline aromatic polyester.

Mainly known as Vectran®.

High strength-to-weight ratio.

Low creep.

Excellent dynamic toughness.

Excellent flex fatigue resistance.


High resistance to heat (melting point of 625°F).
25.3.7 PBO
PBO or polyphenylene benzobisoxazole is a member of the polybenzoxazole class of polymers, one of
the various types of highly heat resistant polyheteroarylene (PHA). PBO fibre has properties which
make it unique among the known organic fibers. It has higher tensile strength and modulus than
Kevlar and it is flame resistant

Mainly known as Zylon®.

Highest strength of any fibre.

Highest modulus of any fibre.

Zero creep.

Very low elongation (2,4%).

Poor abrasion resistance.

Poor UV resistance.

Flame resistant.
25.4 Types of slings
There are several types of synthetic sling:

Roundsling

Flat woven webbing sling

Rope sling
25.4.1 Roundsling
Roundsling is the term used to describe an endless sling fabricated as an endless load bearing core
containing multiple turns of a fibre. The ends of the yarn are tied together and the sling placed in a
fully enclosed protective sheath.
25.4.2 Flat woven webbing sling
Flat webbing slings are manufactured by weaving the yarn into a flat compact strap with no further
protection, other than coating for some applications.
25.4.3 Rope sling
A rope sling comprises one or more parts of an identical laid or braided load bearing fibre rope,
terminating in spliced eyes with or without thimbles and fittings. In the case of an endless sling,
joined to itself with a splice.
25.5 Working load limits and colour codes
25.5.1 Colour coding
The rated capacity of webbing slings and round slings is coded by a colour defined in the European
Standard EN 1492. All rated capacities from 10 ton are orange, all intermediate sizes must be
identified by a unique different colour
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25.5.2 Working Load Limit
The Working Load Limit, WLL, of all synthetic slings or sling assemblies manufactured from a high
tenacity multi-filament fibre (Polyamide, Polyester and Polypropylene), for a given mode of use, shall
be derived from the WLL in straight hoist multiplied by the appropriate mode factor, M, in
accordance with the table here after.
25.6 Regulations, Standards and industry practice
25.6.1 Machinery Directive
Within the countries being member of the EU and the EFTA, all synthetic slings shall comply with the
European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, as this is a legal requirement.
The European Machinery Directive are intended to remove barriers to trade between the member
states of the European Union and EFTA countries by the recognition of common safety requirements
within all of those member states. These regulations are the prime legislation for new lifting and
hoisting equipment being taken into service.
25.6.2 Standards
A harmonised Standard is elaborated on the basis of a request from the European Commission to a
recognised European Standards Organisation to develop a European Standard that provides solutions
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for compliance with a legal provision. Such a request provides guidelines which Standards must
respect to meet the essential requirements or other provisions of harmonisation legislation.
Compliance with harmonised Standards provides a presumption of conformity with the
corresponding requirements of harmonisation legislation. Manufacturers, other economic operators
or conformity assessment bodies can use harmonised standards to demonstrate that products,
services or processes comply with relevant EU legislation. The references of harmonised standards
must be published in the Official Journal of the European Union.
The use of these Standards remains voluntary. Manufacturers, other economic operators or
conformity assessment bodies are free to choose any other technical solution that provides
compliance with the mandatory legal requirements.
25.6.3 EN 1492
EN 1492 specifies manufacturing methods and provides guidance on selection, use and maintenance
of webbing slings (Part 1) and roundslings (Part 2). The safe capacity of the slings is defined as
Working Load Limit (WLL). The standard also defines limits on applicability – webbing slings between
25mm and 450mm (up to approx 50 T WLL) and roundslings up to 40 T WLL.
The use of the slings with capacities required for heavy hoisting operations is clearly outside the
scope of EN 1492. Nevertheless, the Standard forms a good basis for specifying requirements for
slings of greater capacity and should be followed where possible and deviations should be clearly
identified. The standard gives valuable guidance on minimum bend radii for the slings.
One notable requirement of EN 1492 is that the factor of safety is 7 (adopted in 1997 to reflect EU
Legislation).
25.6.4 ASME B30.9
The ASME B30.9-2010 safety Standard addresses slings fabricated from alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, synthetic ﬁbre rope, synthetic webbing, and synthetic ﬁrop yarns in a protective cover(s)
The ASME B30.9 defines design factor as “a ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength
and the rated capacity of the sling.” Rated capacities are based on a 5:1 design factor for synthetics.
25.7 Industry practices
Numerous organizations including the UK HSE, USA Public Works OSHA, the WSTA and Sling
Manufacturers themselves list Good Practice for the use of synthetic slings. To avoid duplication, and
potential to overlook specific issues, these guidance notes are not repeated here. If in doubt, the
sling manufacturer should be consulted for guidance.
25.8 Factor of Safety (FoS) versus Design Factor (DF)
Many years ago, in the USA lawyers stopped manufacturers of lifting and hoisting equipment from
using the term “Factor of Safety”. In the USA, manufacturers refer to the ratio between the ultimate
load and the working load as the Design Factor: DF.
25.8.1 Factor of Safety
Factor of safety (FoS) is a term describing the structural capacity of a system beyond the applied
loads or actual loads. There are two distinct uses of the Factor of Safety: One as a calculated ratio of
strength (structural capacity) to actual applied load. This is a measure of the reliability of a particular
design. The other use of FoS is a constant value imposed by law, standard, specification, contract or
custom.
The cause of the confusion is that reference books and standards agencies use the term, Factor of
Safety, differently. Design Codes and Structural and Mechanical engineering textbooks often use the
term as the fraction of structural capability over that required. Many undergraduate Strength of
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Materials books use Factor of Safety as a constant value. This could also be called the Minimum
Required Factor of Safety or Design Factor of Safety.
Careful engineers refer to the first sense (a calculated value) as a factor of safety, or, to be explicit, a
realized factor of safety, and the second sense (a required value) as a design factor or Design Factor
of Safety or Required Factor of Safety, but usage is inconsistent and confusing, so engineers need to
be aware of both usages.
25.8.2 Design factor and safety factor
The difference between the safety factor and design factor (design safety factor) is as follows: The
design factor is what the part is required to be able to withstand. The safety factor is how much the
designed part actually will be able to withstand. The design factor is for an application, the safety
factor is for actual part that was designed. These sounds the same, but consider the following: Say a
beam in a structure is required to have a design factor of 3. The engineer chose a beam that will be
able to withstand 10 times the load. The design factor is still 3, because it is the requirement that
must be met, the beam just happens to exceed the requirement and its safety factor is 10. The safety
factor should always meet or exceed the required design factor or the design is not adequate.
Meeting the required design factor exactly implies that the design meets but does not exceed the
minimum allowable requirements. A high safety factor well over the required design factor
sometimes implies "over engineering" which results in excessive weight and/or cost. In colloquial use
the term, "required safety factor" is functionally equivalent to the design factor.
Appropriate factors of safety are based on several considerations. Prime considerations are the
accuracy of load, strength, wear estimates and the environment to which the product will be
exposed in service; the consequences of engineering failure, and the cost of over-engineering the
component to achieve that factor of safety. For example, components whose failure could result in
substantial financial loss, serious injury or death usually can use a safety factor of four or higher
(often ten). Non-critical components generally might have a design factor of two. Risk analysis,
failure mode and effects analysis, and other tools are commonly used.
In North America, for any wire rope or synthetic sling, the Design Factor is
5:1
In Japan, the Design Factor is
6:1
In Australia and most of Asia due to the heavy European influence, the Design Factor is 7:1
The wording of the Machinery Directive is such, that it contains provisions to permit a deviation from
the 7:1 Design Factor for “engineered lifts”.
25.9 General application advices for synthetic slings
Hooks or other lifting devices in loaded condition must not be attached in the area of sewn overlaps
or at the seam of the round sling sleeve. Make sure that the seams are positioned in the straight part
of the lifting device. Hooks should be provided with sufficient radius.
The contact area of the web sling must be straight, so that the entire cross section of the sling is
loaded equally. If the carrying width of flat webbing sling is below 75 mm, the radius curve of the
lifting device must be at least ¾ of the width of the webbing sling.
Make sure that round slings do not overlap in the crane hook. They must have sufficient space in the
hook mouth as well as at the load, so they can assume their natural, flattened profile and provide
even loading over the full width of the round sling.
Flat webbing slings should be applied in such a way that they can carry the load over the full sling
width. Greater angles from the vertical will strain the edges of the slings and possibly lead to
breakage!
Protection of the slings at potential sharp points on the structure, hook, fixed rigging and shackle
pins is essential and there are a number of products available for this purpose.
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Synthetic slings must be protected against sharp
edges, friction and abrasion at both load and lifting
device. A radius edge is classed as sharp, if it is less
than the thickness of the flat webbing or round sling
(in flat, loaded condition).
Never place the load onto the sling!
Never pull the sling over rough surfaces or edges and
do not drag from underneath a load.
In “choke hitch” the synthetic sling should be
positioned so that it can form a natural angle of 60°
and that heat due to friction is avoided. Never readjust the choke hitch and prevent heat development
by friction (slipping of load).
In order to lift loads with plain or slippery surface we
recommend double choke hitch.
Round slings and flat webbing slings will stretch under load by approx. 3 - 5 %. This has to be strictly
considered as it may cause abrasion resp. damages at sensible surfaces. As prevention the use of
protective sleeves and edge protectors is recommended. In case of (intended) load movements
during lifting operations and resulting friction, e.g. during assembling or turning of goods, the surface
or edges of the load must be secured by protective sleeves or corner protectors, which will safeguard
the lashing device and leave sufficient space for movement and alignment without greater friction
If more than one sling is used to hoist a load, these should be of same type with preferably same
length in order to avoid different elongation behaviour and allow carrying ability over the full width
(employ smallest angle from the vertical or use spreader beam instead).
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25.10 Technical considerations
When designing and using slings for an engineered lift several factors are accounted for, to provide
the perfect blend of safety, efficiency, and performance.
25.10.1 Sling type: single leg or grommet
Single-leg slings or grommets are the two configurations typically fabricated with high performance
synthetics. Single-leg slings are more efficient at smaller D/d ratios, and grommets perform at higher
working loads.
Whenever possible, single-leg slings should be considered when specifying slings. They are more
efficient at smaller D/d ratios. The eye splice at each end results in a limit to the shortest length
possible due to the length of each splice and the required spacing between splices.
Grommets perform at higher working loads than the nominal minimum break strength of the rope
itself, due to load sharing between the two legs of the sling. This increase in strength is expressed as
a multiplier—the grommet efficiency factor. Testing has shown that the efficiency factor is
dependent on the static bend or D/d ratio. Positioning of the splice also effects the grommet’s
efficiency factor.
25.10.2 Chafe protection
While high performance fiber synthetic ropes are inherently resistant to cutting, abrasion, and
chemical attack, either single-leg or grommet slings are available with chafe material for added
protection at weight bearing points and high-contact areas. Chafe material can be added during
fabrication and allows for removal/replacement to facilitate on-site inspection.
25.10.3 Specific gravity and flexibility
For subsea installations where subsurface load transfers from the initial handling crane to the
lowering winch are required (also known as the "wet handshake"), specific gravity and flexibility
become issues. High performance slings made with Dyneema® fiber are extremely flexible and
neutrally buoyant in seawater making handling by ROVs for the load transfer much faster and easier
than extremely heavy and stiff wire rope. With synthetic lines, there is no need for the ROV to
overcome the extreme weight or account for the leverage of stiff, inflexible wire slings.
25.10.4 Bending efficiency factor or D/d ratio
The size of the pins, trunnions, and rigging hooks are important in designing the slings Where any
wire rope sling or grommet is bent round a shackle, trunnion, padear or crane hook, the breaking
load shall be assumed to be the calculated breaking load multiplied by a bending efficiency factor,
the D/d ratio.
d = the sling or cable laid rope diameter
D = the minimum diameter over which the sling body, sling eye, or grommet is bent.
For fibre rope slings, the bending efficiency may normally be taken as 1.00, provided the bending
diameter is not less than the minimum specified by the manufacturer
25.10.5 Eye size/length
The length of the eye and the diameter of the pin or weight-bearing surface affects the angle of the
leg in relationship to the body of the rope, and thus can have an effect on the strength of the sling
itself.
25.10.6 Interface with structure
For new builds the use of bespoke padeyes and trunnions are recommended as the primary interface
between structure and slings.
For de-commissioning purposes, there are clear advantages in connecting the slings directly to the
structure and this is considered acceptable provided the local stresses and load-path to the structure
are fully analysed. It is recommended that a finite element analysis is performed to address local
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buckling of tubular and sections. Webbing slings should not be forced into confined corners where
the webbing is twisted and stressed locally e.g, the crotch of a diagonal brace.
Where synthetic slings are to be attached directly to the structure, great care should be taken to
remove any sharp edges and subsea structures cleaned of marine growth.
25.10.7 Interface with crane hook and other hoisting equipment
For larger slings it is essential that the interface between the sling and the crane hook, or other
rigging components, is considered to avoid local overstressing of the sling. A typical example of
inadequate hook dimensions is shown in EN1492.
25.10.8 Effect of environment
Temperature
Synthetic hoisting slings made from polyester are admitted for applications at temperatures between
-40° and +100°C. This temperature area may change in chemical environments. The woven structure
of the drenched synthetics at temperatures below 0°C is susceptible to damage due to the formation
of ice. Ice will reduce the flexibility of the lifting sling! At temperatures below 0°C, dry lifting
equipment should be used only! In dry condition, polyester features a high electrical resistance and
provides an insulating effect between load and crane hook (e.g. during welding jobs – observe
temperatures!).
Shock loading
Synthetic hoisting equipment should not be subjected to sharp jerks and jolts in order to avoid heavy
forces which may be considerably higher than the actual load weight!
Chemicals
Particular caution is required when using synthetic hoisting equipment in areas where chemicals are
present.
Polyester has good resistance against mineral acids but will be destroyed by alkaline
Acid may cause material brittleness to steel fittings of synthetic lifting slings! Harmless acid solutions
may concentrate by evaporation to an extent that they provoke damages. Affected synthetic hoisting
equipment must be thoroughly rinsed in cold water, dried in open air and inspected by a competent
person.
25.11 Storage of synthetic slings
Synthetic lifting equipment must be stored in a clean, dry and well ventilated area. Avoid exposure to
direct sunlight and other sources of UV. Keep them away from other heat sources, chemicals, fumes
and corroded surfaces as they will have a negative effect on the life expectancy of the sling. Slings
should not be dried near open fires or other hot places.
25.12 Pre-use inspection: criteria for disposal of synthetic hoisting equipment
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be subjected to a pre-use inspection.
The inspection must be visual and extended to the following deficiencies:

Missing or illegible original manufacturers label;

Missing unique identification number;

Missing valid inspection date;

Holes, tears, cuts, snags or embedded articles;

Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices;

Local abrasion distinctive from general wear;

Heat and friction damage;

Punctures or snaps;

Any sign or knowledge of chemical contact (acid or caustic burns);

Knots in any part of the sling;

Melting, charring or weld spatters are present on any part of the sling;

Broken or worn stitching in the cover which exposes core fibres;

Broken or damaged core yarn;
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

Discoloration, brittle or stiff areas on any part of the sling, which may indicate chemical, heat,
or ultraviolet/sunlight damage;
Any other visible damage that causes doubt as to the strength of the sling.
Where any such damage or deficiencies is present, remove the sling from service immediately and
make sure it cannot be used any longer by cutting the sling in two pieces.
25.13 Summary and recommendations
This document has been prepared to provide guidance on the use of synthetic slings in specific
applications such as heavy lifts, offshore use and dynamic operations when passing the splash zone.
Industry Practice, existing Codes and Guidance have been reviewed and manufacturer’s
documentation and capability researched.
25.13.1 Heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea and deep-sea hoisting activities
It is concluded that it is acceptable to use synthetic slings for heavy lifts, dynamic operations, subsea
and deep-sea hoisting activities and other hoisting activities not being “general hoisting activities”,
provided:

the activities, the rigging and the slings are fully engineered;

slings shall be manufactured and delivered in full compliance with the European Machinery
Directive 2006/42/EC, as this is a legal requirement;

use of the slings is in strict compliance with all aspects of users instructions provided by the
manufacturer;

slings with a Design Factor less than 1:7 have an accredited society’s approval (DNV, Lloyds,
ABS, etc.) for the operation for which they are intended to be used;

local stresses — in both the sling and structure, are fully evaluated and documented.
25.13.2 “General hoisting activities”, not being engineered
It has been recognised that there are a range of hoisting activities where the load requires some
form of surface protection and it is preferable to sling these loads with synthetic slings:

Deployment / retrieval of light loads through the splash zone;

Light 1te – 2te pipe spools that need to be lowered to the sea bed.
These operations would typically use endless round slings to attach to the load to prevent any
damage to the pipe spool coating / paintwork.
With reference to paragraph 4.2.1 of the “Shell UIO specification of Group Standard for lifting and
hoisting operations in Europe”, the use of synthetic slings for any dynamic hoisting operation is not
allowed.
For non engineered hoisting activities through the splash zone as well as any other situation where
the slings may be subject to snatch or shock load, only slings manufactured of a high performance
fibre (High Modulus Polyethylene HMPE) may be used. These slings are mainly known as Dyneema®,
Spectra® or Plasma® and shall be in compliance with the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.
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Summarized provisions for manufacturing and use of synthetic slings
Rules,
regulations and
Standards
Design Factor
Risk
Assessment
Slings used for
“general purpose
hoisting activities”,
not being dynamic
operations
Slings made from
high performance
fibres used for
“engineered
hoisting activities”,
such as heavy lifts,
dynamic operations,
subsea and deepsea hoisting
activities
Note
Rules,
regulations and
Standards
Design Factor
Risk
Assessment
Note
European Union
European Machinery
Directive 2006/42/EC
United States of America
Occupational Safety and
Health Standards or OSHA
approved State plans
Minimum of 7
Minimum of 5
The Person In Charge should decide whether the hoisting
operation is correctly labelled as “general purpose
hoisting activity” and functions as focal point of authority
for the risk assessment and lift plan.
CE- marking is a legal
For various industries
obligation. No specific
different standards have
industry standard yet for
been provided as different
High Performance Fibres.
Codes of Federal
Use Machinery Directive
Regulations; besides OSHA
as guideline.
standards have been
provided by e.g. the
American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
(ASME), Cordage Institute
(CI); No specific industry
standard yet for High
Performance Fibres. Use
the above as guideline.
Local rules regulations and standards
Design Factors lower than those applicable for “general
purpose” slings are possible after technical and safety
review by a competent person
The Person In Charge should decide whether the hoisting
operation is correctly labelled as “engineered hoisting
activity” and functions as focal point of authority for the
risk assessment and lift plan.
Notified Bodies, such as Lloyd’s Register and Det Norske
Veritas provide additional rules/guidelines for
engineered hoisting activities. Warranty surveyors shall
approve the operations.
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25.14 References and further information
















European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC
EN 1492 Textile Slings – Safety. Part 1: Flat woven webbing slings, made of man-made fibres,
for general purpose use.
EN 1492 Textile Slings – Safety Part 2: Roundslings, made of man-made fibres, for general
purpose use.
ASME B30.9-2010 Safety Standard for cableways, cranes, derricks, hoists, hooks, jacks and
slings
Web Sling and Tie-down Association www.wstda.com
OSHA Guidance on safe sling use
www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/slings/synth-web.html
Code for lifting appliances in a Marine Environment, Lloyd’s Register, January 2003
Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations, DNV, January 1996
Guidelins for Marine lifting operations, Noble Denton
Dyneema
www.offshore.dyneema.com/success_stories.htm
Unitex
www.unitex.org/news/pdf/DYNEEMA-OXL.pdf
Technotex
www.technotex.nl/index.php?id=dyneema
Fibremax
www.fibremax.nl
Samsons
www.samsonrope.com/offshore.cfm
Cortland
www.cortlandcompany.com/products/lifting-slings-tethers
Your TA or SME for lifting and hoisting
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26 Terms and definitions
English
Accreditation
Accreditation body
Anemometer
Assessment
Assessor
Auxiliary Hoist
Banksman
Blind lifts
Boom
Bow shackle
Can
Certificate
Certification (personnel)
definition
Accreditation is the process of granting official approval to curricula and
training programs. The process is administrated by accreditation bodies
who ensure that de training program delivers the required competency
standards with programs of educational quality (ISO 15513).
Organization which oversees the assessment of candidates to prescribed
competency/training standards (ISO 15513/OMHEC).
Instrument for measuring wind speeds.
Assessment is the process of judging competency against prescribed
standards of performance (ISO 15513).
A person who makes judgments of skills and knowledge of a crane driver
(operator), slinger and signaller (ISO 15513).
A second hoisting system. Usually used in cranes to hoist light loads.
Person responsible for relaying a crane movement signal to the crane
operator (step change).
Lifting operation whereby the lifting appliance operator does not have a
direct view of the load or landing area (Norsok).
A steel lattice, or steel box section structure that forms a lifting mast
(OMHEC).
A shackle the crown of which forms more than a semicircle of internal
radius more than half the width (EN 13889:2003).
Verbal form used for statements of possibility and capability, whether
material, physical or incidental (Norsok).
Form based on ILO’s recommendation, issued by the enterprise of
competence/competent person, confirming that the lifting or hoisting
equipment meets statutory requirements and is designed, embedded,
installed, set up, tested, documented and maintained in such a way that
use of the lifting and hoisting equipment is fully justified. The certificate
shall state the statutory requirements on which it is based.
Certification is the provision of formal recognition that competency has
been achieved or demonstrated. It will normally involve the provision of a
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Synonym
Dutch
Accreditatie
Synoniem
Certificatie instelling
Wind speed indicator
Windsnelheidsmeter
Examen
Anemometer
Assessment
Examinator
Deckman, Signaller,
Flagman
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Hulplier
Hijsbegeleider
Tweede lier
Lastbegeleider
Uit het zicht hijsen
Giek
Mast, Arm, Boom
H- sluiting,
Harpsluiting
Kan
Certificaat
Certificatie
Verklaring van
overeenstemming,
Fabrikantenverklaring
English
Chain block
Chain lever hoist
Check
Colour Code
Competency
Competent person
Crane
Crane operator
Dangerous goods
Deck crane
definition
certificate, an award or some other formal credit arrangement by a training
authority, a vocational education institution or an assessment body (ISO
15513).
A device giving a mechanical advantage, to lift a load suspended from one
chain (the load chain) by means of human effort applied to another chain
(operating chain) (Pr EN 13157).
A portable tool reefed with a load chain, and operated by a lever so as to
give a mechanical advantage (BS 4898).
Synonym
Dutch
Synoniem
Chain hoist, Handoperated chain block
Hand kettingtakel
Kettingtakel
Rateltakel
Kettingtakel
Sneltakel
Pullift
Controle
Visuele (uitwendige)
controle
Lever block, Come
along, Ratchet lever
hoist, Lever operated
chain hoist, Pull lift
A visual and functional assessment (not a specific test and without
Pre use check. Post
dismantling) of the condition of the crane, lifting equipment, etc., to confirm use check
that the ‘equipment’ is safe to operate/use (OMHEC).
A method of marking equipment to give a visual indication of its
certification status (Step Change).
The ability to perform the activities within an occupation or function to the
standard expected in employment (ISO 15513).
A person who has sufficient theoretical knowledge, practical experience
and the required qualities for the task in hand.
Is able to perform the activities within an occupation or function to the
standard expected in the task (ISO 15513/OMHEC).
Machine for cyclic lifting or cyclic lifting and handling of loads suspended
on hooks or other load handling devices, whether manufactured to an
individual design, in series or from prefabricated components (EN 13000).
The person who is operating the crane for purpose of positioning loads or Operator, Crane driver
operating for erection of the crane.
Note: for mobile cranes, the term “operator” is often used instead, and the
term “driver” is then used to refer to that person who operates only those
controls which moves the crane from place to place (ISO/DIS 12480-1).
Goods classified, and labelled, according to the International Maritime
Dangerous Goods – code as hazardous to personnel/equipment
(OMHEC).
Slewing crane mounted on a ship’s deck and intended for loading and
unloading the ship (ISO 4306/1).
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Kleurcodering
Competentie
Deskundigheid
Competent persoon
Deskundige
Kraan
Machinist
Gevaarlijke goederen
Dekkraan
Kraanmachinist
English
D- shackle
definition
A shackle the crown of which forms a semicircle of internal radius half the
width (EN 13889:2003).
Documented training
Training whereby it can be documented that the person who will use the
lifting equipment has received practical and theoretical training that
provides knowledge about its structure, operation, applications, limitations
and scope of use, as well as maintenance and inspection in accordance
with the requirements set for safe use and operation stipulated in
regulations and instructions for use (Norsok).
Earth-moving machine
Wheeled machine as defined in ISO 6165 which operates on work sites or
travel on public roads (ISO 3450).
Employing organization The person or organization requiring the lifting operation to take place.
The employing organization is not necessary the user (ISO/DIS 12480-1).
Enterprise of competence entity in the operator companies’ organisation, or in other companies or
institutions, that together have sufficient theoretical knowledge and
practical experience to understand calculations for lifting equipment, its
design and function, and to carry out necessary examinations and tests in
order to issue certificates (Norsok).
Floating crane
Crane mounted on a vessel or barge designed for its support and
transport, primarily intended for construction/deconstruction operations in
a marine environment (EN 13852-2).
Grommet (wire rope)
Endless wire rope sling made from one continuous length of strand,
formed to make a body composed of six strands around a strand core (EN
13414-3).
Heavy lift
Any load above 25 ton.
Hoisting
An activity during which the load is suspended and hangs freely, e.g. by
means of a crane, chain hoist, beam clamp, etc..
Identification Number
A unique number given to an item of lifting or hoisting equipment for
registration purposes and to facilitate traceability .
Inspection
Examination of a product design, product, service, process or plant, and
determination of their conformity with specific requirements or, on the
basis of professional judgment, general requirements (ISO/IEC 17020).
Inspection body
Synonym
Synoniem
Training
Grondverzetmachine
Employer
Graafmachine
Opdrachtgever
Ter zake kundige
onderneming
Engineering
Floating sheerlegs
Drijvende bok
Bok
Endless wire sling
Grommer (staalkabel)
Eindloze staalstrop
Heavy lift, Zware last
Hijsen
Examination,
Thorough
examination, Periodic
examination, Periodic
inspection
Body, that performs inspections (ISO/IEC 17020).
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D-sluiting
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Identificatienummer
Kenmerk
Inspectie
Keuring
Onderzoek en
beproeving
Keuringsinstantie
English
Installation
Instructions
Jaw winch
Lift Plan
Lifted and hoisted
equipment
Lifting
accessories
appliances
equipment
definition
Facility, plant and other equipment for petroleum activities (however, not
ships that transport petroleum in bulk) (Norsok).
Manual with technical procedure for use and maintenance.
Dutch
Installatie
Users instruction,
Gebruiksaanwijzing
Manual, Handbook
Device with gripping jaw that makes it possible, by means of a suitable
Tirfor, Cable puller,
Staalkabeltrekker
mechanical advantage, to apply a specific force to a rope by means of
Wire rope puller,
human effort applied to a lever(s) (Pr EN 13157).
Puller
Full set of documents which will include details of how the lifting and
Material handling plan Planning van de hefhoisting operation should be undertaken, the lifting and hoisting equipment
en
to be used, how the equipment should be rigged up and the control
hijswerkzaamheden
measures in place to manage the risks identified in the Task Risk
Assessment.
Any device that is used to support the load, including containers, tanks,
Cargo handling
Transporthouders
skips, skids, drum rackets, pipe racks, frames, gas cylinder racks, pallets, equipment,
flexible industrial bulk containers (big bags), tree cages, cargo nets and
Load carrier
cargo baskets.
An activity during which the load is lifted in a controlled and guided
Heffen
manner, normally spoken from the bottom of the load, e.g. by means of a
forklift truck, screw jack, hydraulic jack etc..
Any device which is used or designed to be used, directly or indirectly, to Lifting and hoisting
Hef- en hijs
connect a load to a lifting appliances and does not form part of the load.
components, Lifting
gereedschappen
and hoisting gear,
Load handling device
Any mechanical device capable of raising or lowering a load.
Hef- en hijs werktuigen
Work equipment used for raising or lowering loads, consisting of
appliances, accessories, and lifted and hoisted equipment, including the
attachments used for anchoring, fixing or supporting.
Lifting and stacking truck Forklift truck and similar mobile motorised work equipment for combined
lifting, moving and stacking (Norsok)
Load chart
A chart provided by the manufacturer indicating the allowable gross
capacity for various configurations of a lifting or hoisting appliance.
Loader crane
Synonym
Powered crane comprising of a column, which slews about a base, and a
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Synoniem
Handleiding
instructie
Tirfor, handlier,
staaldraadtrekker
Hijsprocedure
werkplan
Liften, tillen
Hef- en hijs middelen
Forklift truck
Heftruck
Rated capacity chart, Lasttabel, Hijstabel
Capacity chart, Rating
chart, Lift chart
Lorry loader crane,
Autolaadkraan
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Verreiker
Hijstabel
English
Mobile crane
Mobile Elevating Work
Platform (MEWP)
Offshore container
Offshore crane
Offshore installation
Offshore Installation
Manager (OIM)
Offshore service
container
Overhead travelling
crane
Pad eye
Person In Charge (PIC)
Radius, L
definition
boom system which is attached on to the top of the column. The crane is
usually fitted on a commercial vehicle (including trailer) and is designed
for loading and unloading the vehicle (EN 129999).
A self powered jib crane capable of travelling, loaded or unloaded without
the need for fixed runways and relying on gravity for stability (EN 13000).
Mobile machine Intended to move persons to working positions where
they are carrying out work from the work platform with the intention that
persons are getting on and off the work platform only at access positions
at ground level or on the chassis (scope EN 280).
Portable unit for repeated use in the transport of goods or equipment,
handled in open seas, to, from, and between fixed and/or floating
installations and ships (EN 12079).
Slewing crane for general use mounted on an installation and which is
used to handle loads to and from supply boats, barges or semisubmersible installations.
An installation on or above the continental shelf for the purpose of
exploring for, or producing, minerals.
The installation can be either fixed or mobile (incl. FPSOs and FSUs)
(OMHEC).
Overall manager on the installation.
NOTE On a vessel this will be the captain. (Norsok).
Offshore container built and equipped for a special service task, usually as
a temporary installation, e.g. laboratories, workshops, stores, power
plants, control stations (EN 12079).
Crane with its bridge girders directly supported on rail tracks by travelling
carriages (ISO 4306/1).
A fitting having one or more eyes or rings to which a hook, shackle, steel
or synthetic sling can be secured.
A competent person who has overall control of the crane operation and
acts on behalf of the management of the organization requiring the load to
be moved (the employing organization).
( ISO 12480 – 1).
Horizontal distance between the axis of slewing of the turntable of the
crane and the vertical axis of an unladen load-handling device.
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Synonym
Knuckle boom crane
Mobile aerial platform
Dutch
Mobiele kraan, Tele
kraan
Hoogwerker
Synoniem
Schaarlift, armlift,
hefplateau
Offshore container
Offshore kraan
Offshore installatie
Hoofd Mijnbouw
Installatie (HMI)
Offshore service
container
OHT crane
Bovenloopkraan
Hoisting lug
Hijsoog
Appointed person
Verantwoordelijk
persoon
Outreach
Vlucht
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Loopkraan
Loopkatkraan
Hijsplaat
Sprei
English
Rated capacity
Reach truck
Rigger
Rigging loft
Runway beam
Safe Working Load
(SWL)
Shackle
Shall
Should
definition
Load that the crane is designed to hoist for a given operating condition
(e.g. configuration, position of the load).
Self propelled seated rider operated variable reach truck intended to
handle loads of all kinds using attachments (EN 1459).
Competent person who is able to plan and execute a rigging job by
moving a load horizontally, vertically and possibly through different floor
levels, by use of different lifting and hoisting equipment.
An offshore container, or similar, modified specially to suit the storage of
lifting and hoisting equipment (often equipped with lighting and heating) .
An overhead structural beam certified to a specific WLL and used for the
attachment of hoisting equipment, such as trolleys, beam clamps etc..
The maximum load (as certified by an independent competent person)
which an item of lifting and hoisting equipment may raise, lower or
suspend under particular service conditions, e.g. the SWL can be lower
than, but can never exceed, the WLL.
Normally SWL = WWL unless the equipment has been de-rated.
A hoisting accessory comprising a body and pin which are readily
separable and can be used to connect a load to a lifting or hoisting
appliance directly or in conjunction with other accessories.
Verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to
conform to the standard and from which no deviation is permitted, unless
accepted by all involved parties
NOTE This verbal form is used in connection with UIO CMS standard. If
other solutions are necessary, this shall be treated as a non-conformance
and dealt with as a deviation according to company requirements. The
alternative solution, together with any compensating measures, shall
provide an equivalent level of safety.
Verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is
recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding
others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required
NOTE The term ’should’ means that other solutions can be chosen than
the one recommended in the standard. It shall be documented that the
alternative solution provides an equivalent level of safety (Norsok).
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Synonym
Dutch
Werklast
Synoniem
Variable reach truck,
tele handler
Verreiker
Reach truck
Technisch specialist,
hijs en hef specialist
Rigger
Working Load, WL,
Working Load Limit,
WLL
Custodian:
Page:
Peter Verhoef
140 of 143 pages
Opslagplaats hijsen
hefgereedschappen
Hijsbalk (vast
aangebracht)
Werklast
Sluiting
Moet
Zou
Bedrijfslast, veilige
werklast
English
Significant wave height
Slewing
Sling
Slinger
Snatch block
Suspended basket
Tag line
Task Risk Assessment
(TRA)
Test
Toolbox Talk
definition
Average height of the highest third of prevailing waves, typically measured
over a period of three hours.
NOTE As a rule of thumb, significant wave height is about half the
maximum wave height (Norsok).
Angular motion of the revolving part in the horizontal plane of a bridge,
portal or cantilever crane (ISO 4306/1).
Wire ropes, chains, synthetic web and metal mesh made into forms, with
or without fittings, for handling loads (step change).
A slinger is a person responsible for attaching and detaching the load to
and from the crane load-attachment and for the use of the correct lifting
gear and equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for
proper positioning of loads.
The slinger is responsible for initiating the planned movement of the crane
and load (ISO 15513).
Lifting equipment consisting of at least one sheave in a frame with an
attachment point for rope, wire sling or chain that can be attached to a
fixed point or to a movable point on the load (Norsok).
Arrangement designed for the lifting of persons by a crane (EN 14502-1).
Synonym
Synoniem
Zwenken
Strop
Hookman,
Load handler,
Roustabout
Rope, usually synthetic, attached to the load and to be used to control the
horizontal movement, swinging or twisting of the load during a lift.
Is a process in which people involved in a task, assess each step of a job, Job Hazard Analysis
identify the existing and potential HSE risks and hazards involved and
(JHA), Job Safe
agree the controls and safe working practices.
Analysis (JSA), Safe
Job Analysis (SJA)
A technical operation which consists of determining or checking one or
more characteristics of a product under test in accordance with
established procedures. (ISO DIS 11927).
A (short) discussion held between all members involved in a lifting or
Tailgate meeting,
hoisting operation prior to commencement of work in order to agree on all Toolbox meeting,
aspects of the work and the sequential steps to be taken to complete the Toolbox
work. The toolbox talk shall cover the work plan, hazards, the controls,
roles and responsibilities and any recovery measures to be taken if the
controls are not completely effective.
Doc. Nr.:
Revision. Nr.:
Date:
NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01
1
09/05/2014
Dutch
Golfhoogte
Custodian:
Page:
Peter Verhoef
141 of 143 pages
Hijsbegeleider
Klapschijf
Blok
Werkbak
Manbak,
personenhijsbak
Stuurlijn
TRA
Test
beproeving
Werkoverleg
Toolbox, start werk
overleg
English
Training
Winch
Work Load Limit (WLL)
definition
A programme drawn up to teach a person the necessary skills and
knowledge to fulfil a function/job (OMHEC / Step Change).
Mechanism which transmits pull by means of a flexible element (rope,
chain) from a power-driven drum:
 drum hoist;
 friction hoist;
 capstan (ISO 4306/1).
The maximum load, which an item of lifting and hoisting equipment is
designed to raise, lower or suspend.
Doc. Nr.:
Revision. Nr.:
Date:
NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01
1
09/05/2014
Synonym
Dutch
Opleiding
Synoniem
Lier
WL, WLL, Working
Load limit
Custodian:
Page:
Peter Verhoef
142 of 143 pages
Werklast
WL

Shell UIO specification of Group Standard for lifting and

Transcription

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