early modern islam 1450 to 1750

EARLY MODERN ISLAM
1450 TO 1750
• Founded by Osman Bey (1299 - 1324)
• Leader of a Turkic Clan of Seljuks
• Located on the Anatolian Peninsula
• Initial Based on Military Power
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Ghazi
(Muslim Warriors for Islam)
Janissaries (Non-Muslim Slave Troops)
Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence)
Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence)
• Key Military Conflicts
 1st Ottoman – Safavid War (1532 – 1555)
 2nd Ottoman – Safavid War (1603 – 1618)
 3rd Ottoman – Safavid War (1623 – 1639)
• Capital Established by Mehmed II (1432-1481)
• Captured Constantinople in 1453
• Renamed city Istanbul
• Restored and restructured city
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Built numerous Imperial Mosques
Large Public Parks
Libraries and Schools
Many Public Baths
Primary Government Establishment
• Adopted Byzantine Style
• Strong Central Authority
 Sultan (Overlord or One with Power)
• Imperial Bureaucracy
 Grand Vizier (Chief Minister)
 Adliye Naziri (Minister of Justice)
 Naziris (Imperial Ministers)
• Local Administrators
 Beys (Local Governors)
 Pashas (Local Officials)
Golden Age of Sueliman the Magnificant
• Suleiman I ruled from 1520 - 1566
• Expanded the empire to its largest size
 Took control of the whole Middle East to North Africa
 Penetrated Eastern Europe (Hungary & Romania)
• Restructured the “Ottoman Code”
 Sharia (Civil Law based on the Quran and Hadith)
 Qiyas (Islamic Jurisprudence based on precedents)
 Kunan (Secular Code similar to European Common Law)
• Promoted Religious Tolerance
• Encouraged development of the Arts and Science
• Constructed and Restored Religious Structures
Causes of Decline
• Weak Sultans lost power to Royal Ministers
• Local Officials grew stronger and more independent
• Europeans reclaimed lost territories (Hungary & Balkans)
• Ottomans discouraged use of new European Innovations
• Inflation from the influx of New World Bullion (Gold & Silver)
• Discouraged developments of Industrialism & Commercialism
• Many rulers returned to high level of tax and civil restrictions
Survived until the end of World War I (1918)
• Founded by Shah Ismail (1501 - 1524)
• Leader of a Militant Turkic Clan
• Located on Northern Persia
• Initial Based on Military Power
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Qizilbash
(Muslim Men of the Sword)
Ghulams
(Non-Muslim Slave Troops)
Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence)
Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence)
• Key Military Conflicts
 1st Ottoman – Safavid War (1532 – 1555)
 2nd Ottoman – Safavid War (1603 – 1618)
 3rd Ottoman – Safavid War (1623 – 1639)
• Capital Established by Shah Abbas (1571 - 1629)
• Conquered Isfahan in 1597
• Expanded and improved city
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Built numerous Mosques
Large Public Parks
Libraries and Schools
Many Public Baths
Primary Government Establishment
• Adopted Western Style
• Strong Central Authority
 Shah (Ruler)
• Imperial Bureaucracy
 Etemad Dowlat (Prime Minister)
 Divanbegi (Minister of Justice)
 Nazirs (Royal Ministers)
• Local Administrators
 Khans (Local Governors)
 Vakil (Local Officials „ “Men of the Pen”)
Golden Age of Shah Abbas
• Shah Abbas ruled from 1571 - 1629
• Expanded the empire to its largest size
 Reclaimed areas lost to both Ottomans & Mughals
• Restructured the Legal Code
 Sharia (Civil Law based on the Quran and Hadith)
 Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence based on precedents)
 Urf (Secular Code similar to European Common Law)
• Promoted Religious Tolerance and Foreign Trade
• Encouraged development of the Arts and Sciences
• Constructed and Restored Religious Structures
Causes of Decline
• Weak Shahs lost power
• Local Officials grew stronger and more independent
• Russians reclaimed lost territories (Crimea & Golden Horde)
• Mughal Expansion threatened eastern borders (Afghanistan)
• Raids by Turkic and Arab tribes caused constant disruption
• Shift in trade away from traditional trade centers and routes
• Later leaders removed protections for non-Mulsims
• Many rulers returned to increase taxes and reduced civil rights
• Founded by Babur (1523 - 1530)
• Leader of a Turkic Clan of Samarkand
• Located on the area of Northern India
• Initial Based on Military Power
 Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence)
 Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence)
• Key Military Conquests
 Seized Delhi in 1526
 Conquered the Province of Mewar in 1527
 Conquered most of India by 1530
• Established as Capital in 1506
• Formerly known as Akbrarabad
• Renamed city Agra
• City Restored and restructured
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Built various Mosques
Large Persian Garden
Libraries and Schools
Many Public Baths
• Taj Mahal built near city (1632 – 1653)
Primary Government Establishment
• Adopted Western Style
• Strong Central Authority
 Padshah (Ruler)
• Imperial Bureaucracy
 Wazir (Chief Minister)
 Quazat (Minister of Justice)
 Bakshi (Finance Ministers)
• Local Administrators
 Mansabars (Local Military Governors)
 Ulamas (Local Officials “Islamic & Legal Scholars”)
Golden Age of Shah Akbar the Great
• Shah Akbar ruled from 1556 - 1605
• Expanded the empire to its largest size
 Conquered most of the Indian Continent (Except the Deccan Plateau)
• Reorganized the Mughal Tax System
 Established a graduated income tax system
 Peasants given remission from taxes if weather caused bad harvest
 Noble land owners required to provide loans to peasants if needed
• Promoted and Defended Religious Tolerance
• Encouraged development of the Arts and Sciences
• Constructed structures with both Hindu and Islamic designs
Causes of Decline
• Aurangzeb „s change in religious policies provoked Hindus
• Rising religious and social influence of the Sikhs
• Mughal leaders refused to build a Navy to control Indian Ocean
• Increased Trade and Religious influences of the Europeans
• Local princes gained power and assumed control (defied Mughals)
• Many rulers returned to increased taxes and limited civil rights
What were the greatest
Similarities and Differences
In the Muslim Empires between
1450 - 1750?