Research project - Colorado school of mines petroleum engineering

Transcription

Petroleum Engineering Department
Research
Fall 2013
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Petroleum Engineering @ CSM
• CSM Facts
– Located in Golden, Colorado – foothills of the Rockies
– 4000+ undergraduates, 1300+ graduates
• Petroleum engineering
– 18 tenured / tenure track / research / teaching
faculty
– $5.9 MM new research funding in FY 12
– Active research projects in
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Carbonate reservoir characterization
Enhanced oil recovery
Unconventional oil and gas
Hydraulic fracturing
Pore-scale physics and flow
CO2 sequestration
Geothermal
Drilling
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ENGINEERING
PE Research / Teaching Faculty
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Linda Battalora
([email protected])
Alfred (Bill) Eustes
([email protected])
William Fleckenstein
([email protected])
Ramona Graves
([email protected])
Todd Hoffman
([email protected])
Hossein Kazemi
([email protected])
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ENGINEERING
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Carrie McClelland
([email protected])
Mark Miller
([email protected]
Jennifer Miskimins
([email protected])
Erdal Ozkan
([email protected])
Ronny Pini
([email protected])
Manika Prasad
([email protected])
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Azra Tutuncu
([email protected])
Wendy Wempe
([email protected])
Philip Winterfeld
([email protected])
Yu-Shu Wu
([email protected])
Xiaolong Yin
([email protected])
Luis Zerpa
([email protected])
PE Research Centers and Institution
• CEMMC – Center for Earth, Materials, Mechanics,
and Characterization (Graves / Miskimins)
• MCERS – Marathon Center of Excellence for
Reservoir Studies (Kazemi / Ozkan)
• UNGI – Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute
(Tutuncu)
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ENGINEERING
PE Faculty and Research Areas
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Alfred Eustes – Drilling for petroleum
& non-petroleum
Will Fleckenstein – Drilling and
hydraulic fracturing
Ramona Graves – Reservoir
Characterization and CEMMC
Todd Hoffman – EOR for
unconventional reservoirs
Hossein Kazemi – IOR/EOR, reservoir
studies at MCERS
Jennifer Miskimins – Stimulation and
FAST consortium
Erdal Ozkan – Well testing / MCERS /
Unconventional reservoir engineering
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
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Ronny Pinni – Phase behavior and
multiphase flow in porous media
Manika Prasad – Petrophysics of
Organics, Clay, Sand, and Shale
Azra Tutuncu – Geomechanics and
unconventional gas and oil institute
Wendy Wempe – Petrophysical
modeling of mineral-fluid systems
Yu-Shu Wu – CO2-EOR, CO2
sequestration, geothermal, hydrology
Xiaolong Yin – Pore-scale physics and
flow, suspension, phase behavior
Luis Zerpa – EOR, reservoir, flow
assurance, gas hydrate in nature
Alfred William (Bill) Eustes III
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Raised in southeastern US
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Education
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Born in Florida
Graduated Ben Eielson High School (Alaska)
BS ME, Louisiana Tech University, 1978
MS ME, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1989
Ph.D. PE, Colorado School of Mines, 1996
Employment
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ARCO Oil and Gas Company (June 1978 - April 1987)
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Colorado School of Mines (April 1996)
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Senior Drilling Engineer
Senior Production/Facilities Engineer
Associate Professor
Consultant
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Ponderosa Associates
BP Alaska
Sklar Exploration
Fleckenstein, Eustes, and Associates
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ENGINEERING
Other Things About Me
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ASME IPTI - Petroleum Division
– Executive Committee member – seven
years
– Chair of the Division
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NSF
– Technical Advisory
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Ice Coring and Drilling
Rapid Access Ice Drill
NASA
– Martian drilling operations
– Astrobiology project reviewer
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Society of Petroleum Engineers
American Association of Drilling
Engineers
– Student chapter faculty advisor
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International Association of Drilling
Contractors
PET
Sigma Xi
CSM
– Undergraduate Coordinator
Chapter co-author
– Drilling in Extreme Environments
– SPE Petroleum Engineering Handbook
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General Engineering
– SPE Drilling Engineering Textbook
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ENGINEERING
Drilling fluids
Drilling problems
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Courses
Undergraduate
– PEGN 311 – Drilling
Engineering
– PEGN 361 – Completion
Engineering
• Other classes
– PEGN 315 – Field Session I
– CSM 101 – Freshman Success
Seminar
– HNRS 312 – Foreign Area
Study
– HNRS 402 – McBride
Practicum: Foreign Area Study
Field Trip
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ENGINEERING
Graduate
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PEGN 502 – Advanced Drilling
Fluids (and Cement)
PEGN 517 – Drilling Engineering
Principles
PEGN 594 – Directional and
Horizontal Drilling
PEGN 595 – Drilling Operations
PEGN 596 – Advanced Well Control
PEGN 597 – Tubular Design
PEGN 598 – Underbalanced Drilling
PEGN 598 – Well Planning
Principles
PEGN 603 – Drilling Models
DRILLING Research Projects Since 1992
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Yucca Mountain Project
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Vibratory Core Rod Simulator
Deviation Control Simulator
PDC Bit Frequency Analysis
Air Coring and Drilling Simulator
Fuzzy Logic Controller
Hanford Project
– Resonant Sonic Drilling Simulator
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Cougar Tool Project
– Wave Propagation (Jarring)
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Other Projects
– Buckling in Curved Hole Project
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DOE/BLM/USFS
– Directional Drilling in the Rocky
Mountains
– Geothermal Drilling Risk Analysis
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OMV
– Benchmarking Drilling Operations
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ENGINEERING
DRILLING Research Projects Since 1992
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Ice Coring Project (NSF)
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Project
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Review of US Ice Coring Operations
Next Generation Ice Core Rig
ICECUBE (South Pole Station)
Rapid Access Ice Drill
Lake Vostok Penetration
Replicate Ice Coring
Drilling State of the Art Review
Prototype Bit Testing
Minimum Mass Flowrate
Autonomous Drilling Operations
NASA
– In-situ Resource Acquisition
– Asteroid/Lunar Drill Systems
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ENGINEERING
Current and New Drilling Research
• Unconventional Natural Gas and Oil Institute
– High-Resolution Wellbore Gyro and Caliper Surveys for Torque and Drag
– Analysis of Real-Time Operational Drilling
– Applications of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in Unconventional Well
Construction, Stimulation, and Production
• National Science Foundation Sustainable Research Network
– Routes to Sustainability for Natural Gas Development and Water and Air
Resources in the Rocky Mountain Region
• University of Colorado Boulder – lead institution
• Geothermal drilling improvements – Sandia National Laboratory
• Vaca Muerta Consortium - Argentina
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ENGINEERING
PERFORM Research
Dr. Will Fleckenstein
Interim Petroleum Engineering
Department Head
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ENGINEERING
Resume
Education
1986 – BS Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
1988 – ME Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
2000 – Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines
Industry Experience
Roughneck and Roustabout
Operator’s Representative – Drilling, Completion and Workovers
Engineer – Drilling, Completion, and Workover Design
Area and Development Engineer
Founder – FracOptimal, LLC
Chairperson of Board - $1 Billion in Asset Credit Union
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ENGINEERING
Teaching Experience at CSM
Completion Engineering (Junior level)
Completions and Stimulations (Senior level)
Advanced Completions and Stimulations (Graduate level)
Drilling Engineering (Undergraduate and Graduate level)
Drilling Fluids and Cementing (Graduate level)
Redevelopment Special Topics (Graduate level)
Artificial Lift Special Topics (Graduate level)
Tubular Design (Graduate level)
Integrated Field Development (Graduate level)
Advanced Completions Engineering (Graduate level)
Workover Design and Practice (Graduate level)
Directional Drilling (Graduate level)
Integrated Exploration & Development – Shales (Graduate Level)
Integrated Exploration & Development – CBM (Graduate Level)
Integrated Exploration & Development – Incised Valley Systems (Graduate Level)
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ENGINEERING
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Research Philosophy
My research is devoted to research that solves critical
human problems. My research aims at developing
technology that can be directly applied, and may have
significant commercial value.
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ENGINEERING
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NSF CRN Award – $1.4 Million to CSM
1. CU – CSM Partnership
• CU and CSM, with other institutions, submitted a proposal to the
NSF to study “Routes to Sustainability for Natural Gas Development
and Water and Air Resources in the Rocky Mountain Region”, which
was recommended for full funding, out of over 200 other preproposals
4 Goals for the CSM Petroleum Engineering Team
1. Assessment of the isolation of aquifers from gas- and oil-producing
formations
2. Estimate the probabilities of casing and cement sheath failure
3. Examine the possibility of fracturing into aquifers using fracture
modeling software
4. Evaluate procedures for “green” versus “non-green” well
completions.
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ENGINEERING
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Shallow Aquifer Protection in General
Cemented
surface
casing
To protect
surface water
1000’s of feet of
rock formations between
producing shale and
surface waters
Production casing
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
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FracOptimal LLC – (CSM Equity Interest)
FracOptimal LLC. was established to commercialize a patent pending,
multi-stage fracturing technology invented by Dr. Fleckenstein at CSM.
The second generation of the technology has now been developed and is
ready to be prototyped.
FracOptimal and CSM has received substantial fees for commercialization
fees to date
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ENGINEERING
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Example of Possible Commercialization
Verify
Seal?
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ENGINEERING
A patent application titled
“METHOD AND APPARATUS
FOR TESTING A TUBULAR
ANNULAR SEAL” has been
filed to protect the
intellectual property rights for
the commercialization of this
technology.
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“Pig Prop”
• Dr. Jennifer Miskimins reviewed and christened the
technology “Pig Prop”
• Fundamental change in how proppant is placed and used
• Removes many of the chemicals in slickwater frac fluids
• Much lighter proppant densities possible for same load
bearing capability
• Very high conductivities possible
• Need to reduce to practice
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ENGINEERING
Dr. Ramona M. Graves
Dean
College of Earth Resource Sciences and
Engineering
&
Petroleum Engineering Professor
Colorado School of Mines
Petroleum Engineering Department
Golden, Colorado 80401 USA
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
College of Earth Resource Sciences and
Engineering
CERSE is a unique College that combines earth
science, engineering, economics, business, and
social science.
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Economic and Business
Geology and Geological Engineering
Geophysics
Liberal Arts and International Studies
Mining Engineering
Petroleum Engineering
The Colorado Geology Survey
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
My Philosophy
In order for use to stay a top quality programs
…we must keep faculty - they are committed to
both research and teaching.
… we have to have quality graduate students.
… we must create an integrated graduate
environment of scholarship, professionalism,
and become a graduate “community”.
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ENGINEERING
RESEARCH INTEREST
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZTION
Cores
Illite
ROCKS
Kaolinite
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ENGINEERING
Example (1) Research Projects
SENSITIVITY STUDY OF FLOW
UNIT DEFINITION
BY USE OF RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
by
Anne-Kristine Stolz
SPE 84277
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ENGINEERING
Example Flow Units
Model 1homogeneous
Model 2- GR
Model 3-FZI
Model 4-r35
Model 5-Pc
Model 6-kh/fh
Model 7-SMLP
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ENGINEERING
Results
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RF (%)
50
40
BaseCase
Model 1-homogeneous
Model 2-GR
Model 3-FZI
Model 4-r35
Model 5-Pc
Model 6-kh/phih
Model 7-SMLP
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0.5
1
1.5
Injected PV
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2.5
3
Recovery Factor versus Injected Pore Volume
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ENGINEERING
Conclusions
• Numerical simulation is important to confirm the
flow unit assignment of a reservoir, in order to
avoid inaccurate prediction of flow performance.
• Results of the numerical simulation are a strong
function of geologic model  flow unit definition
method.
• Best correlation for a reservoir has to be
established individually, based on data available
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
DETERMINING THE BENEFITS OF
APPLYING “STARWARS “ LASER
TECHNOLOGY
FOR DRILLING AND COMPLETING
OIL AND GAS WELLS
Special thanks to former students
Darien O’Brien, Samih Batarsh, Bailo Suliman, Zane
Gordon, Kristina Loop
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Quote
"Drill for oil? You mean drill into the
ground to try and find oil? You're crazy.”
-- said to Col. Drake when he
tried to enlist support for his
project to drill for oil in 1859.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Berea Sandstone CT Scan
Sample ID: OBG3
Duration: 5.2 seconds
Power: 6.2 kilowatts
Continuous Beam
Orientation: Horizontal
Penetration: 1.6 inches
COIL Laser
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Porosity and Permeability Changes in
Lased Rocks Calculated Using Fractal
Fragmentation Theory
by
Bailo Suliman
CIPC 2004
Calgary, Canada
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
What is a Fractal?
• Originates from the Latin word factus which means to
break
• Collection of examples linked by a common point of
view
• Method for describing the inherent irregularity of
natural objects
• Fractal Theory applies to artificially fragmented rock
• Fractal dimension is a relative measure of complexity
(the greater the number, the more complex structure)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Fractal Permeability Model
(Flow Equations)
Hagen-Poiseuille equation for flow rate though one
straight capillary of diameter D:
 * D 4 * P
q
128 * Lt * 
Darcy’s equation for flow rate though a tortuous
path:
k * A * P
q
Lt * 
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Fractal Permeability Model
(Combined Equation)
Permeability equation in porous medium:
L0Q
 * L10 D * DP
3 D
k
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* Dmax
PA 128 * A * (3  DT  DP )
T
T
Where:
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Dp = Pore size fractal dimension
Dmax = Maximum capillary diameter
LT = tortuous length
Lo = straight length
D = diameter of average capillary
DT = tortuosity fractal dimension
Research Overview
• Multidisciplinary Reservoir Characterization
• Laser/Rock Interaction
• Energy and Energy Engineering
In general, any topic which helps us better
understand reservoirs!
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ENGINEERING
Todd Hoffman
Assistant Professor
Background & Research
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Resume
• Education
– PhD, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2005
– MS, Petroleum Engineering, Stanford University, 2002
– BS, Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1999
• Employment
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Assistant Professor, Colorado School Of Mines, 2011-present
Senior Reservoir Engineer, Golder Associates, 2009-2011
Reservoir Engineering Consultant, DRC Consulting, 2006-2009
Assistant Professor, Montana Tech, 2005-2008
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching
Classes taught:
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PEGN 506 Enhanced Oil Recovery (Fall 11, 12 13)
PEGN 438 Geostatistics (Spring 12, 13)
PEGN 424 Reservoir Engineering II (Spring 13)
PEGN 316 Massadona Geology Field Camp (Summer 13)
PEGN 315 Summer Session I (Summer 12)
PEGN 310 Fluid Properties (Fall 11, 12)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Primary Research Interests and Experience
• My main focus is on implementing Enhanced Oil
Recovery techniques on Unconventional Oil Reservoirs
• Additionally, I perform research on
– IOR/EOR
– Unconventional Reservoirs
– Reservoir Modeling
– Fractured Reservoirs
• Interim Director of FAST Consortium
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Recent Projects at CSM
EOR in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs
• Modeling Gas Injection into the Sanish Field, ND
• Are Longitudinal or Transverse Fractures Better for EOR in
Unconventional Oil Reservoirs
• MMP determination for Bakken Oil Reservoirs
• EOS Model for Compositional Simulation of the Bakken
• Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Injected Fluid
Behavior in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Unconventional Reservoir Engineering
• Assessing the Upper and Lower Shale’s Contribution to
Production from the Middle-Bakken
• Effects of Natural & Hydraulic Fracture Characteristics on
Current Analytical Models for Unconventional Reservoirs
• Dynamic Reservoir Characterization for Optimization of Well &
Completion Strategy in Fractured Shale Reservoirs
• Reservoir Engineering Study to Determine Recovery, Refrac &
EOR potential of Elm Coulee Field, MT
• Modeling Complex Hydraulic Fractures in Shale Systems
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
EOR Projects
• Modeling Low Salinity Waterflood in Carbonates
• Integration of Flow Simulation and Time-Lapse Seismic in a
Continuous CO2 Injection Project in Delhi Field, LA
• Modeling Lean Gas/Nitrogen Injection to Improve Liquid
Recovery from Gas Condensate Fields
Conventional Reservoir Engineering
• Evaluating Water Influx with a Discrete Fracture Network Model
for a Large Carbonate Reservoir
• Incorporating Into Reservoir Models How Nonreservoir Effects
Impact Production Data
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Modeling Gas Injection into Bakken
Study Location
Gridded Model
Wells
ND
Hydraulic
Fractures
Sanish
Model
Sector
Oil saturation profile for
4 new CO2 injectors case
• CO2 increases
production and is
promising to
increase RF from
single digits of
primary recovery
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Longitudinal or Transverse
Fractures for EOR
Fracture Orientation
Cumulative Oil Production
LF
TF
LTF
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Production Rate of
Injected Gas
Long Transverse
Production is
similar, but
much more gas
cycling for
transverse case
Transverse
Longitudinal
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Rising Bubble Apparatus (RBA)
Rising Bubble Apparatus
(RBA) Schematic
RBA showing monitor and computer
connection
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ENGINEERING
RBA - Test Sample
MMP
Conditions:
2215 psig
145 0F
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ENGINEERING
Bakken - EOS Model
Lumping Scheme
• Peng-Robinson Model
• Matching Fluids data with EOS
• Use EOS Model for Compositional
Flow Simulation Model
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ENGINEERING
Bakken Reservoir Model
Blue Blocks: Perm = 0.05 md
Green Blocks: Perm = 0.107 md
Red Blocks: Perm = 107md
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Core flooding
• Incremental Recovery
• Fracture to Matrix Penetration
• Effects of WAG
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ENGINEERING
Upper and Lower Bakken Shale
Production Contribution
• Kerogen rich U&L Bakken shale (10-40%):
Desorption significant
• Theoretical scheme for desorption taking place in
the liquid (oil) bulk
Triple porosity break
up
• Simulation scheme for Bakken-type liquid rich
shale
U&L Shale matrix
(Desorption and
Diffusive matrix to
fracture fluid transfer)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
U&L Shale and Middle
Bakken fracture
Middle Bakken matrix
(Darcy matrix to fracture
fluid transfer)
4D Seismic Assisted Reservoir Modeling
• Time-lapse seismic data not only
provide information for geological and
geophysical characterization purposes
• Moreover, it can be utilized in seismic
integrated history matching process
where synthetic seismic attributes
(converted from flow simulation
results) and actual seismic attributes
(obtained from seismic interpretation)
are matched to validate the reservoir
model
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Acoustic impedance mismatch before 4D
seismic integrated history matching
Acoustic impedance mismatch after 4D
seismic integrated history matching
Modeling Complex Hydraulic
Fractures in Shale Systems
Significance
Evaluate conformance
issues
Improve production
predictions
Reservoir development
(well and hydraulic
fracture spacing)
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ENGINEERING
The FAST Consortium
• Fracturing, Acidizing Stimulation Technology
(FAST) Consortium
• Sponsored by industry, i.e. companies pay a flat
fee and vote on projects to pursue
• In existence since January 1, 2004
• Have meetings twice a year, November and April
• 27 member companies
• 16+ various projects on improved stimulation
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FAST’s Mission
• Perform practical research in the area of oil and
gas well stimulation with an emphasis on:
– Direct application
– Timely application
– Production improvement
• Provide an opportunity for graduate students to
work on industry-sponsored projects
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Multiphase Flow Pressure Calculation
Multiphase Flow Pattern Recognition
Bubble Flow
Slug Flow
Annular-Mist Flow
Stratified Flow
Support Vector Machine model outputs flow pattern prediction for inclination angle from 0° to 90°
Bottom-hole Pressure Prediction
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Incorporate BP neural network models into piecewise bottom-hole pressure calculation procedure
Yield a least average absolute percent error of 3.1%
Combine multiphase correlations and
artificial neural network models to
broaden prediction range and improve
prediction accuracy
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Matrix Imbibition of Shale Gas Reservoirs
and Potential Formation Damage Impacts
• Up to 80% of injected fracturing fluid remains in the shale
reservoirs after hydraulic fracture work.
• Where is the fracturing fluid in shale gas formations？
• How does the remaining fluid impact gas production?
Face damage evaluation machine
Shale rocks
Measuring and evaluating the damage from the remaining
hydraulic fracturing fluid in shale gas reservoirs
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Modeling clean-up and long term
production from hydraulic fracturing wells
• Modeling well flowback and long term production from
hydraulically fractured wells in Woodford Shale, Oklahoma
• Numerically investigating hydraulic fracturing processes,
clean-up and relevant physics
Develop a working model for Cana
Woodford Shale development
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Single and Multiphase Non-Darcy
Flow in Fracturing Sand
• Single phase non-Darcy (ND) gas
flow can reduces Fcd by 95%.
• Additional
35%
reduction
is
expected if multiphase non-Darcy
flow is considered.
• The usage of Frac sand (resin-coated
and uncoated) has been increasing
• Impact of ND flow on Frac Sand is
greater than ceramic proppant.
Assess the importance and range of
applicability of: angularity, sphericity, grain
size distribution, and resin coating on Barree
& Conway ND flow model parameters.
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ENGINEERING
Fracture Proppant Conductivity Correlations Under Different
Proppant Types, Sizes and Temperatures Taking Into Account
The Effect of Time, Stress and Proppant Strength
• Conductivity is one of the most important
design criterions of any hydraulic fracture
• Conductivity: is the volumetric capacity to flow
Kf
Wf
reservoir fluids through porous proppant media
• Mathematically:
Fracture Conductivity (md-ft) = kf X wf
Proppant permeability and width
Project Objective: Evaluate more than 2,500 proppant conductivity tests
done by Stimlab and develop correlations that can estimate the proppant
fracture conductivity under varies conductions
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Shale Damage Mechanism:
Proppant Embedment
Proppant Embedment
Fluid-Proppant Selection
• Proppant embedment is an
inevitable issue, dictated by Young’s
modulus of the formation and
damages conductivity
• Embedment poses bigger threat
under the influence fracturing fluids
Develop a fluid-proppant selection
to minimize embedment in
Niobrara Shale
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Optimizing well and fracture placement
Variation in fracture geometry and
conductivity along horizontal well
• Incorporating fracture to
fracture interference
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ENGINEERING
Incorporate hydraulic fracture
properties into a flow simulator
• Contribution from each
fracture is different
• Drainage volumes used to
optimize well spacing
Hossein Kazemi
Professor, Chesebro’ Distinguished Chair in
Petroleum Engineering
Pore-Scale Physics, Mathematical Modeling and Enhanced Oil
Recovery in Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Bio
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B.S. and Ph.D., University of Texas, Austin
Member of National Academy of Engineering
SPE Honorary and Distinguished Member
Co-director of Marathon Center of Excellence in
Reservoir Studies (MCERS)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
The arrow shows a droplet just about to drop off of the channel
wall and to migrate as a spherical droplet
(From: O’Brien, Thyne and Slatt, AAPG Bull, Nov. 1996)
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ENGINEERING
Berea Sandstone, 119 md, Brine
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ENGINEERING
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ENGINEERING
An outcrop of a Tensleep sandstone and Madison dolomite
in Wyoming’s Alcova Reservoir
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ENGINEERING
Multistage Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation
(Illustration: Courtesy of TAM International, Inc.)
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ENGINEERING
Idealized Mathematical Model Of Multi-stage
Hydraulic Fracturing
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ENGINEERING
3-D Numerical Model Pressure Solutions:
Hybrid Unsteady-State (USS) and
Pseudo-Steady State (PSS), (No WBS)
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ENGINEERING
3-D Numerical Model Pressure Derivatives:
Hybrid Unsteady-State (USS) and
Pseudo-Steady State (PSS), (No WBS)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Mini-DST Tool and Configuration
 Is a dual-packer module with a
downhole pump
 Isolates a 3-foot open-hole
interval of the wellbore
 Measures pressure using strain
and quartz crystal gauges in the
lower part of the tool
SPE 159597 • Mini-DST to Characterize Formation Deliverability in the Bakken • Basak Kurtoglu, et al
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Core analysis
 1” dia. x 1” length
Kurtoglu , et al, SPE 159597
 < 1 cc pore space
 0.0001 md
6000
Mini- DST
5500
Pressure [psia]
Pressure [psia]
5000
4500
4000
- Lower Three Forks (1)
- Lower Three Forks (2)
- Upper Three Forks (3)
- Upper Three Forks (4)
- Middle Bakken (5)
- Middle Bakken (6)
- Scallion (7)
- Scallion (8) (act & ref)
3500
3000
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Time [hr]
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
 ~ 2500 cc formation fluid production
 rinv  5 - 50 ft
 0.01 md - 0.1 md
Pressure [psia] vs Time [hr]
P-Pi (ref)
(FL^2).d(P-Pi)/d(FL^2) (ref)
Start linear flow
End linear flow
Start radial flow
Mini-frac falloff after formation closure
 ~ 43 bbls injection followed by 7 days of falloff
 rinv  70 - 150 ft
 0.01 md - 0.1 md
100
Start linear flow
End linear flow
Start radial flow
Reservoir initial pressure
Radial flow slope
Far field mobility
10
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
45.8649 hr
118.438 hr
195.114 hr
6916.08 psia
7202.22 psia
0.0870848 md/cp
1
6000
5000
4000
Liquid Rate
400
200
Pressure (PSI)
Pressure Derivative (PSI)
Pressure
7000
Pressure [psi]
Liquid rate [STB/D]
Pressure [psia]
ACA plot
Pressure buildup
1000
 10 days of shut-in
 rinv  130 ft
 0.03 md
100
10
0
0.01
11/15/2009 12/18/2009
1/20/2010
2/22/2010
3/27/2010
History plot (Pressure [psia], Liquid rate [STB/D] vs Time [hr])
0.1
1
10
100
Time(hr)
[hr]
Time
Log-Log plot: p-p@dt=0 and derivative [psi] vs dt [hr]
30
Model - Production Data Analysis
µ
0.4
cp
1.33
RB/STB
B
24
ft
h
8828
ft
W
0.056
φm
Model
Normalized Pressure , ∆p/q (PSI/STB/D)
25
20
φf
y= 1.637x-2.058
15
ct,m
5
ct,f
m
b
kf, eff
0
Shf
10
kf
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Square Root Time, t1/2 (DAY1/2)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
11
12
13
14
15
Well history
 1.2 years of production
0.0058
1.E-06
1/psi
1.E-05
1/psi
1.637
-2.058
(psi/stb)/d 1/2
psi/bbl
0.016
md
2.841
md
 120, 000 BBLS
 ~ 0.01 md
-0.011
Phase Envelope for Large Pores
Phase Envelope for Unconfined Fluid System 1
Oil API 51.4 , OGR 30 STB/MMSCF, & GOR 33,333 SCF/STB
5000
2-Phase Boundary
Pres = 4500 psi
99 Vol %
4500
98 Vol %
4000
97 Vol %
96 Vol %
Pressure (psi)
3500
95 Vol %
Critical Point
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Tres = 250 F
0
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Temperature (F)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
500
Undersaturated Gas-Oil Contact versus Saturated GOC
(Danesh, 1998), P 196
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Unconventional Reservoirs
modified from Bohacs et al., 2013
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
78
A Bakken Core Surrounded by Low-Salinity Brine
From: Kurtoglu, PhD thesis,
CSM, 2013
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
78
Multiphase Rate Transient Analysis of
Eagle Ford
Ilkay Eker and Basak Kurtoglu, Graduate Research, CSM
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Multiphase Rate Transient Analysis of
Bakken in Bailey Field
Basak Kurtoglu, PhD Thesis, CSM, 2013
300
Rate Normalized Pressure
∆p/q (psi/STB/D)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
Square Root of Time (day1/2)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
40
Flow in organic-rich shale
SEM image of a fine-grained
sandstone sample
(Passey et al., 2010)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Ion-milled SEM of a Barnett
sample (Passey et al., 2010)
Schematic of pore and fluid
distribution in shale
Water-induced Stress Model
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Temperature and stress change
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Induced Micro-Seismicity by Cold-Water Injection
Shear stress
Fakcharoenphol, et al., CSM, 2012
Increase P
Decrease T
σ‘3a
Combined effect
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
σ'1a
σ'3
 '    p  3 T  T0 
σ'1
Core Flooding and Relative Permeability
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
86
Core Flooding Apparatus
(Formation Response Tester, FRT 6100)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
USA CO2-EOR Production History
(Oil & Gas Journal)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Delhi Field Continuous CO2 EOR
Tingting Chen, PhD candidate in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Collaborative Research,
Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP), Geophysics
OOWC: 3286
TVDSS
Initial field fluid saturations
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Current CO2 saturation
Seismic-Driven Reservoir Simulation and Monitoring
of Waterflood Processes in Carbonate Reservoirs
Project objectives:
Funded by:
Develop a reservoir fluid flow and
geomechanics model to quantify stress
changes and microseismic events
Shear stress
Use microseismic response to identify
reservoir channels
Increase pressure
Decrease temperature
Effective normal stress,
Stress change during water injection
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Principal Investigators:
Dr. Hossein Kazemi
Dr. Thomas Davis
Dr. Luis Zerpa
WATERFLOOD MODEL-- Observations
800
200,000
History
Oil Rate (STB/D)
600
150,000
Base Case Model
400
100,000
200
50,000
0
Cumulative Production (STB)
Model with Water Injectors
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Time (DAYS)
 The incremental production observed in the waterflood case shows that oil is pushed only from microfractures which are also concluded as a key driver mechanism for primary production
 The simulation response from the waterflood case also compared with the waterflood field data from the
Crescent Point Energy, applied in Bakken Saskatchewan.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Fracture Fluid Cleanup Field Example
3 years of
fluid clean up
Gas Rate
(Mscf/d)
Incremental
reserves
Before stimulation
After stimulation
1 yr
Time
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Courtesy of Gasfrac (2011)
Damage Mechanisms
Gel Filtrate
Gel Filter Cake
Microfractures
•
•
•
•
Water blockage
Gel filter cake formation
Unbroken gel residue
Polymer adsorption
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Proppant
Unbroken Gel
•
•
•
•
Proppant compaction
Reservoir compaction
Clay swelling
Fines migration
Model Development
Geomechanics-Flow Model
(Reservoir Module)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Fracture Propagation Model
(Fracture Module)
Water-Oil Displacement Model for USS Transfer Function
Numerical Modeling Results: Matching Oil Recovery
T21: Fractured with open ends
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
Oil recovery
Oil recovery
T4: Fractured with only fracture open
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
0.6
0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (hr)
Oil recovery by water
Oil recovery by surfactant
Numerical match
80
90
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Oil recovery by water
Oil recovery by surfactant
Numerical match
Centrifuge core results from Baharak Alamdari, 2011, CSM
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
70
Time (hr)
80
90
100
Slide 95
ENHANCED RECOVERY BY WATER INJECTION IN BAKKEN
Fractures
Macrofractures
Matrix
Water flow
through fractures
Microfractures
(1)
Cooled formation
(3)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
(2)
Temperature-induced
microfractures
(4)
ES-SAGD Process
Solvent dissolved in
bitumen
Solvent Vapor
Steam Chamber
Injection Well
Oil Drainage
Production Well
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
PE-CSM Centrifuge Picture
• Drainage and imbibition
• 16500 rpm-15500 rpm
• Automatically records recovery
15500 rpm= above 44000 times of
earth gravity acceleration
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Centrifuge Experiments
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Comparison of Surfactants
0.5cc
Emulsion
A complex anionic surfactant
system
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
A simple non-anionic
ethoxylated alcohol
surfactant system
99
Stimulation and
Jennifer L. Miskimins, Ph.D., P.E.
Associate Professor
Fall 2013
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
• Education
– B.S. Petroleum Engineering, Montana Tech, 1990
– M.S. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2000
– Ph.D. Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 2002
• Experience
–
–
–
–
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Marathon Oil Company, 1990-1998
Colorado School of Mines, 2002-Present
Barree & Associates, 2012-Present
Registered Professional Engineer
• Other
– SPE Distinguished Lecturer 2010-2011 and 2013-2014
– SPE Production & Operations Journal Executive Editor, 20082011
– Technical Committees
•
•
•
•
SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technical Conference, February 2014
SPE Liquids Rich Conference, September 2012
SPE Books Committee 2012-2015
SPE Production & Operations Technical Advisory Board
– CSM, Diversity Committee Past Chair
• Classes currently teaching
– PEGN 522, Advanced Well Stimulation
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Main Research Interests and Current Projects
• Hydraulic fracturing
• Stimulation and completions
• Unconventional reservoirs
• RPSEA – Cryogenic fracturing fluids
• Proppant transport in complex fractures
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Erdal Ozkan
Professor
Co-Director, MCERS
Research Interests & Research Work
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
104
Personal
BACKGROUND
PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Tulsa (1988)
MS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1982)
BS, Petroleum Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (1980)
Faculty at CSM (since 1998)
Co-Director of Marathon Center of Excellence for Reservoir
Studies (since 2005)
PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS
Reservoir Engineering, Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media, Pressure-Transient
Analysis, Horizontal Well Technology, Shale-Gas and Shale-Oil Reservoirs
MISCELLENEOUS AWARDS
SPE Formation Evaluation Award (2007)
SPE Distinguished Member (2009)
SPE 25 Year Club member (2010)
Distinguished Alumnus, PE Department, The University of Tulsa (2007)
SPE Editorial Review Committee Awards (1998, 2005, 2006, 2007)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
105
Personal
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE
Faculty at CSM: Prof. (since 2002), Assoc. Prof. (1998 – 2002)
Co-Director: Marathon Center of Excellence for Res. Studies, CSM (since 2003)
Faculty at Istanbul Tech. U.: Assoc. Prof. (1992 – 1998), Assist. Prof. (1989 – 1992)
Visiting Professor: Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi (2011), U. of North Fluminense,
Brazil (2010)
Research Assoc. (on sabbatical leave from ITU): University of Tulsa (1997 – 1998)
CONSULTING
OMV, 2010
Marathon Oil Co., 2009
Baker Hughes, 2004 – 2006
Rosneft, 2007, 2010
EOG, 2007
Schlumberger, 1996 – 1997.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
106
Personal
MISCELLANEOUS PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AND ACTIVITIES:
Member: SPE Reservoir Description and Dynamics Advisory Committee (since 2003)
Technical Director: SPE Research and Development Technical Section (2007 – 2010)
Chief Editor: JPSE (2006 – 2008)
Executive Editor: SPEREE (2003 – 2005).
Review Chairman: SPEREE (1999 – 2003)
Assoc. Editor: ASME JERT (2001 – 2003), JNGST (since 2009), JPEP (since 2010)
Technical Editor: SPEFE (1997 – 1999), SPEREE (since 2005)
Editorial Board Member: SPEJ (1997 – 1999)
Conference Chair/Co-Chair: SPE Unconventional Gas (2010), SPE Shale Gas Production (2008),
SPE Unconventional Reservoirs (2008), SPE ATW Analysis of Well
Performance – Future View (2007), SPE ATW on Unconventional Gas
(2006)
Committee Member: SPE North American Unconventional Gas Conference (2011), SPE ATW on
Advances in Performance Diagnostics for Fractured and Horizontal Wells,
(2007), 2nd International Oil Congress in Mexico (2007), SPE Middle-East
Colloq. on Pet. Eng. Education (2006), ASME Energy Sources Technology
Conference (2001), TCE/OMAE2000 Joint Conference on Energy for the
New Millennium (2000), SPE Forum on Res. Eng. Aspects of Multilateral
and Advanced Wells (1999), 9th Turkish Petroleum Congress (1992)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
107
Research Interests
Reservoir Engineering
Modeling Unsteady Flow in Porous Media
Block 1
Block 2
qe13
ze1
q~e12
q~w11
qe14
q~w1 2
ze2
q~e11
ye1
qe13
q~e22
q~w21
q~e21
q~w11
ye2
1
e5
q
q~w22
q~w1 2
qe15
xe1
q~e12
q~w11
q~w1 2
L1h1
L2h1
q~e11
2yf
Pressure profile in a
horizontal well fracture
qe14
xe2
q~
2
e2
2zf2
q~e21
q~w21
q~w22
L2h1
L2h 2
Semi-analytical
simulation
2zf1
2yf
Horizontal well in a
heterogeneous reservoir
200 ft
200 ft
80 ft
200 ft
Lh=400 ft
950 ft
1600 ft
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
150 ft
200 ft
200 ft
108
Research Interests
Unconventional Gas and Oil
ye = dF/2
Fractured horizontal wells
HYDRAULIC
FRACTURE
kF, wF, fF, ctf
OUTER RESERVOIR
ko, fo, cto
xe
Unconventional flow regimes in shale matrix
xF
Slip flow
Microfractures
Coupling flow at the matrix-fracture interface
HORIZONTAL WELL
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX, J/nF, Mscf/D-psi2
1E - 3
Reservoir Fracture Permeability = 2000 md
Matrix Permeability = 10-6 md
Trilinear flow model for
fractured horizontal wells in shale
Increasing number
of fractures
1E - 4
Number of Fractures
per foot
1E - 5
Multiple hydraulic fractures
Stimulated reservoir volume
-------------------------------------
1.2E
8.0E
4.0E
2.0E
1.2E
1E - 6
1E --3 1E --2 1E --1
-0
-1
-1
-1
-1
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
TIME, t, hr
Gas storage in shale
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
INNER RESERVOIR
NATURALLY
FRACTURED
kf, ff, ctf,
km, fm, ctm
Productivity of fracture
horizontal wells in shale
Research Interests
Horizontal, Multilateral, and Fractured Wells
Well and Reservoir Performance Prediction
Multilateral
wells
Horizontal-well
fractures
Horizontal wells
in anticlines
Perforated
horizontal wells
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Horizontal-well
completion optimization
Research Interests
Pressure-Transient Analysis
Fractured horizontal well PTA
1.E+02
1E+2
1E+1
Horizontal-well PTA
CD = 0
1E+0
PRESSURE
CD = 0.01
pwD and dpwD/dlntDxf
PRESSURE DROP, pi - pwf , psi
1E+3
1.E+01
1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
1.E-04
1.E-11
1E-2
1E-1
1E+0
1E+1
1E+2
1E+3
1E+4
1E+5
Non square-Shape
Square Shape
1.E+00
DERIVATIVE
1E-1
FCD = 100
Radial linear
Formation linear
Pseudoradial
1.E-09
1.E-07
o
o
200 ft
1.E-05
1.E-03
1.E-01 1.E+01
tDxf
FLOWING TIME, t, hr
Horizontal-well skin effect
z
~r
x
k s  k sy k sz
kr  kry krz
Skin
Zone
h
rw
y
z
Lh
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
~r
s
w
200 ft
70 ft
Multilateral-well PTA
Books and Book Contributions
Raghavan, R. and Ozkan, E.: A Method for Computing Unsteady
Flows in Porous Media, Pitman Research Notes in Mathematics
Series, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex (1994).
Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1, General Engineering,
Chapter 3, Mathematics of Transient Analysis, Society of Petroleum
Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2006)
Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 13, Slanted Wells, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).
Transient Well Testing, SPE Monograph 23, Chapter 14, Horizontal Wells, Society of
Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas (2009).
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Selected Recent Papers/Publications
Medeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “A Semi-Analytical Approach to Model Pressure-Transients in
Heterogeneous Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2010)
Medeiros, F., Kurtoglu, B., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “Analysis of Production Data From Hydraulically Fractured
Horizontal Wells in Shale Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2010)
Raghavan, R., and Ozkan, E.: “Flow in Composite Slabs,” SPE Journal (2010).
Ozkan, E., Brown, M., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: “Comparison of Fractured Horizontal-Well Performance in
Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2011)
Medeiros, F., Ozkan, E., and Kazemi, H.: “Productivity and Drainage Area of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Gas
Reservoirs,” SPEREE (2008)
Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Apaydin, O. G.: “Modeling of Fluid Transfer from Shale Matrix to Fracture Network,”
SPE 134830, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy (2010)
Davletbaev, A., Baikov, V., Ozkan, E., Garipov, T., Usmanov, T., Asmandiyarov, R., Slabetskiy, A., and Nazargalin, E.:
“Multi-Layer Steady-State Injection Test with Higher Bottomhole Pressure than the Formation Fracturing
Pressure,” SPE 136199, SPE Russian Oil & Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia (2010)
Brown, M., Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Kazemi, H.: “Practical Solutions for Pressure Transient Responses of
Fractured Horizontal Wells in Unconventional Reservoirs,” paper SPE 125043, presented at the 2009 SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 4–7, 2009.
Wu, J., Georgi, D., and Ozkan, E.: “Deconvolution of Wireline Formation Test Data,” paper SPE 124220, presented
at the 2009 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 4–7, 2009.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Selected Research Projects
Investigation of the Coalbed Methane Potential of Turkey, funded by the State Planning Agency of Turkey
Performance of Multiple Horizontal Wells in a Common Reservoir, funded by the Scientific and Technical Research
Council of Turkey
Optimization of Horizontal Well Completions, JIP funded by the US Department of Energy, US Department of the
Interior, Minerals Management Service, Associated Western Universities, and private industry
Optimization of Plunger Lift Performance in Stripper Wells: Funded by the Stripper Well Consortium, Pennsylvania
State University
Analysis and Evaluation of Horizontal Well Performance in the Bakken Shale of North Dakota and Montana, funded
by Marathon Oil Co.; with H. Kazemi
Analysis of Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes in the Akal, Nohoch, Ku, Maloob and Zaap Fields, funded by
IMP/PEMEX; with H. Kazemi
Streamline Simulation of Tracer and CDG Injection to Chihuido De La Sierra Negra Field, funded by Repsol, YPF,
Argentina; with H. Kazemi
Reservoir Study of Margarita Gas-Condensate Field, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. Kazemi
Infill Drilling in a Fluvial Reservoir Under Waterflooding, funded by Repsol, YPF, Argentina; with H. Kazemi
Wasatch–Mesaverde Reservoir Characterization: Funded by Kerr McGee; with H. Kazemi
An Efficient Production-Data Analysis Algorithm for Layered Tight-Gas Reservoirs, Funded by Shell Canada
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Phase equilibria and multiphase
flow in porous media
Research Summary
Ronny Pini
Assistant Professor
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Resume
• Education
– 2009: PhD, Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich
Thesis: Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery finalized to carbon dioxide
storage (Advisor, Prof. Marco Mazzotti)
– 2004: MS, Chemical Engineering, ETH Zurich
• Experience
– 2013-current: Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado
School of Mines
– 2010-2013: Postdoc, Energy Resources Engineering, Stanford University
(Prof. Sally Benson)
– 2009-2010: Postdoc, Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching
• Courses currently teaching
– PEGN 413, Gas Measurement and Formation Evaluation Lab (PVT Lab)
• Courses taught in the past
– Labs in process engineering (ETH Zurich, 2006-2009)
– Energy 201, Laboratory measurement of reservoir rock properties
(Stanford University, 2010-2013)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research Experience
Dissolution
Adsorption
• Working fluids: CO2, CH4, N2, H2…
• Materials:
- Commercial: act. carbon, zeolites, …
- Natural: coals
• Adsorption studies
- Pure fluids and mixtures
- Low- and High Pressure
- Modeling (Lattice DFT)
• Working fluids: N2, CH4, CO2…
• Working fluids: CO2, N2, brine
• Materials: coal cores
• Materials: sandstones cores
• Permeability studies
- High pressure experiments
- 1D core model (PDEs)
• Core-flooding studies
- High pressure experiments
- Capillary pressure and rel. perm
- Capillary heterogeneity!
- Visualization technique (x-ray CT)
• Applications:
- Tissue engineering
• Applications:
- ECBM recovery
- CO2 sequestration
• Applications:
- CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers
- Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
• Publications:
Pini et al., Macromol Sy 2007, 259, 197
Pini et al., J Polym Sci B 2008, 46, 483
• Publications:
• Publications:
Pini et al., JGR-Earth 2009, 114, B04203 Pini et al., Adv Water Res 2012, 38, 48
Pini et al., Water Resour Res, 2013
Pini et al., Adsorption 2011, 17, 889
• Working fluids: CO2
• Materials:
- PGA and PLA copolymers
• Dissolution and swelling studies
- Visualization (experiment)
- Modeling (Sanchez-Lacombe EOS)
2007, 259, 197–202
Macromol. Symp.Macromol.
2007, 259,S1ymp.
97–202
199
199
hp can
bearead,
a brass
holder, whose
hp can be read,
using
brassusing
holder,
whose
dimensions
areaknown,
as aThe
reference. The
dimensions are
known, as
reference.
initial
volume
ofinthe
sample
initial volume
of the
sample
the
beakerinisthe beaker is
calculated
initial
sample
calculated from
initial from
sample
mass
and mass and
density as
measured
with
a H elium pycnodensity as measured
with
a H elium
pycnometer A ccuPyc1330
(M icromeritics,
Belmeter A ccuPyc1330
(M icromeritics,
Belgium).height
The initial
of the non-swollen
gium). The initial
of theheight
non-swollen
p
p as h
2p ¼ V p =ðpr 2 Þ,
polymer
is then
obtained
polymer is then
obtained
as h
0
0 ¼ V 0 =ðpr 0Þ,
where
r is the
internal
of the beaker.
where r is the
internal
radius
of theradius
beaker.
p values, r p , are reported
The
initial
density
The initial density values, r 0 , are reported
0
1 a set of images
in Table 1. inI nTable
Figure1. 1I na Figure
set of images
of the
PDLLatA sample at
of the swelling
of swelling
the PDLLofA the
sample
COpressures
pressures is shown.
different COdifferent
is shown.
2 exposure
2 exposure
The actual
of the
polymer sample
The actual value
of thevalue
polymer
sample
V p at each
specific
condition is thus
volume V p atvolume
each specific
condition
is thus
Figure 2.
Figure
2.
Equation
and the
correinserted in inserted
Equationin(1)
and the(1)correEffect of
the swelling
correction
on the CO2 sorption
Effect of the swelling
correction
on the
CO2 sorption
sponding
q¼
ms=mp0 is evaluated.
sponding sorption
q ¼sorption
ms=mp0 is
evaluated.
of . PSDorption
Sorption correction
with swelling correction
of PDLLA at 358C
with. swelling
LLA at 358C
When the
pressure
in the(~balance
When the pressure
value
in thevalue
balance
(~ correction
) and without
) and without
(~ ).correction (~ ).
does not
match
does not match
exactly
the exactly
pressuretheat pressure at
which
view cell experiments
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Activated Carbon
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the reduced the
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These are
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5
4
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Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Visualization ofVisualization
the swellingof
behavior
of thebehavior
PDLLAsample
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different
pressures.
(a) nopressures.
CO2 (b) 50(a)bar
the swelling
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different
no CO2 (b) 50 bar
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0
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100
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200
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0
0
5
10
15
3
Bulk density, r [mmol/cm ]
20
• Applications:
- Ads. Separation processes
- ECBM recovery
• Publications:
Pini et al., IJGGC 2010, 4, 90
Phase Equilibrium
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Flow Processes
Vision
For a better understanding of complex hydrogeological flows in the subsurface…
natural gas
recovery
Geothermal
energy
Nuclear waste
disposal
coal, shales,
tight-rocks,
...
Ad-/Absorbed
phase
surfactants
steam, nuclides
tracers,…
Solid
phase
sandstones,
carbonates,
…
oil
recovery
Fluid
phase
EOR
Multiphase
system
Composition
Ads. isotherm
CO2
sequestration
CH4,CO2, brine
NAPL
polymers,…
Groundwater
remediation
…my approach integrates experimental observations with model predictions.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project - Adsorption controls on fluid transport and
storage
• Our understanding of the adsorbed phase is still limited!
• The quantification of adsorption at high-pressure is a technical challenge.
• There is an increasing number of applications of adsorption at high-pressures.
CO2 sequestration, (enhanced) coal-bed methane recovery, shale gas development, CH4
storage, H2 storage…
• Experiments and Simulations
– Static and dynamic, broad range of conditions (HPHT)
– Hysteretic behavior
– Development of an appropriate theoretical framework
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
[mmol/g]
Fluid behavior in confined systems (micro-/nanopores)?
Flow in the presence of an adsorbed phase?
Appropriate measures of adsorption?
Behavior of complex microporous systems (shales and coals)?
ex
–
–
–
–
Excess adsorption, n
• Foundamental questions:
8
Activated Carbon
7
Zeolites
6
5
4
3
Silica gel
2
1
0
0
CO2, 50C
5
10
15
3
Bulk density, r [mmol/cm ]
Pini R. unpublished work 2013
20
Research project - Multiphase flow properties for reservoir
rocks
• Pc(S) and kr(S) functions are key to describe mulitphase flow in porous systems
• Literature reports a distinct behavior for scCO2/Brine system:
– Apparent end-point rel. perm to CO2 is low (< 0.2)
– Significant IFT effects
Pini et al. WRR 2013, 49(6)
Is there a substantial difference between scCO2/brine
and any other gas-liquid fluid pair?
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Relative Permeability
• Novel exp. techniques developed and refined!
• Berea sandstone: all systems have similar wetting
behavior!
• True end-point is reached!
• Need to be proven with different (more complex) rocks.
• Need to be proven for both drainage and imbibition.
1
0.8
gN2/water
gCO2/water
scCO2/brine
0.6
0.4
IFT
0.2 65 mN/m
57 mN/m
45 mN/m
0
0
0.5
Water Saturation
1
Research project - Capillary heterogeneities in sandstones
• Reservoir rocks are heterogeneous
– Pc(S) function is “non-unique”
• In the subsurface:
5 cm
– Larger accumulation of fluids than residual
trapping alone
– Trapping by capillary-barriers
• Direct measurement of capillary pressure
curves at various spatial scales
Multiphase and rock properties are evaluated within a unique and consistent framework
Core-Flooding
experiment:
Fluid saturations
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Scaling factors
Permeability
Validity and
applicability:
- fluid pairs
- rocks
Research project - Moving across scales
Synchrotron imaging
Medical CT scanner imaging
6 mm plugs, 1.8 um resolution
2
1
5 cm core, 2 mm resolution
1
1
6
0.8
0.6
0.4
2
6 mm plugs
4
4
5
5
3
0.2
0
Phase saturation map
showing peculiar spots…
…independent estimation of permeability,
porosity and capillary pressure curves.
• Relation between multiphase and rock properties
• Build the critical link across different scales
• Understand and predict the behavior of more complex systems
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Manika Prasad
O-CLASSH
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
125
Resume
• Education
– PhD, Geophysics, Kiel University, Germany
– MS (Diplom), Geology, Kiel University, Germany
– BS, Geology, University of Bombay, India
• Employment
–
–
–
–
Indian Institute of Geomagnetism and Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
University of Hawai’i
Stanford University
• Director OCLASSH (Petrophysics of Organics, Clay, Sand, Shale)
• Co-Director of Center for Rock-Abuse
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
126
Teaching at CSM
GRADUATE
• PEGN 519 Advanced Well Logging
• PEGN 598Z Rock Mechanics
• PEGN/GPGN 598W Environmental Impacts
• GEGN/PEGN 598B Carbonate Reservoirs
• PEGN 598B Introduction to Rock Physics
• PEGN 598C Rock Physics Seminar
UNDERGRADUATE
• PEGN/GPGN 419 Well Logging
• PEGN 315 Field Session I
• PEGN 316 Field Session II
• PEGN 438 Geostatistics
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
127
Research Focus and Projects
Research Focus
Rock physics of Clays, Shales, carbonates, and other reservoir sediments
Acoustic Imaging of rocks and other materials
Nanoscale determination of elastic and electrical properties
Research Projects
Industry Consortium: OCLASSH: Rockphysics and Petrophysics of Organic-Rich
Rocks
Industry Consortium: Geophysical Properties of Fluids, Phase IV: Fluids in Rocks
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
128
OCLASSH Main Research Topics
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anisotropy of Elastic and Anelastic properties
Formation resistivity factor of nano-darcy porous rocks
Effective stress coefficient, anisotropy, natural fracture and stress systems
Pore size distribution (NMR, MICP, Gas adsorption)
Adsorption, desorption, wettability  elastic, anelastic, electrical properties
Pore system classification (macro, micro, nano, meso) and gas molecule size
Effects of mineralogy and composition on elastic properties
Reactions between free radicals on sediments; clay mineral intercalation
Tortuosity of nano-darcy porous rocks; its relationship to formation factor
Water saturation in low-porosity rock; effect on gas adsorption / desorption
Cross-fertilization with other academic groups gives new impetus and expands
focus to clay mineralogy (University Poland) and chalks (TU Denmark)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
129
Benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scientific Advisory Board
Address “unanswered” questions
Address non-routine and fundamental issues
Nano to macro scale investigations of elastic,
anelastic, electrical, flow, & textural properties
5. Yearly meetings and reports; data; papers; report
moratorium possible
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Awards in 2012-2013
• Fall 2012: Prasad was SEG/AAPG Distinguished
Lecturer on Shales and Imposters
• Summer 2013: Saidian won Second place in
the SPWLA Conference student paper contest
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Publications in 2012-2013
•
•
•
•
•
Zargari,* S.; Mba*, K.; Mattson, E.; Prasad, M.; 2013, Organic Maturity, Elastic
Properties and Textural Characteristics of Self Resourcing Reservoirs; Geophysics,
78, # 4, D223–D235, doi: 10.1190/GEO2012-0431.1.
Revil, A., Eppenhimer J.D., Skold, M., Karaoulis, M. , Godinez, L., Prasad, M., 2013,
Low-frequency Complex Conductivity of Sandy and Clayey Materials, In Press with
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. doi: dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.01.015
Revil, A., Woodruff, W., Torres-Verdín, C., Prasad, M., 2013, Complex conductivity
tensor of hydrocarbon-bearing shales; Geophysics, 78, # 4, D223–D235, doi:
10.1190/GEO2012-0431.1.
Kuila*, U., Prasad, M., 2013, Surface area and pore-size distribution in clays and
shales; Geophysical Prospecting, 61, 341–362.
Sharma*,R., Prasad, M., Batzle, M.L., Vega, S., 2013, Sensitivity of Flow and Elastic
Properties to Fabric Heterogeneity in Carbonates; Geophysical Prospecting, 61,
270–286.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Presentations in 2012-2013
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kuila*, U., Prasad, M., Kazemi, H., 2013, Assessing Knudsen flow in gas-flow
models of shale reservoirs: in print CSEG Recorder.
Wempe, W., Prasad, M., 2012, Bounding electrical-elastic data: Example
application in calcareous claystone: SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts
2012: 1-5.
Kuila*, U., Prasad, M., Derkowski, A., McCarty, D.K., 2012, Compositional Controls
on Mudrock Pore-Size Distribution: An Example from Niobrara Formation: SPE
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 8-10 October 2012, San Antonio,
Texas, USA
Wu*, W. Saidian, M., Gaur, S., Prasad, M., 2012, Errors and Repeatability in VSARA
Analysis of Heavy Oils: SPE Heavy Oil Conference Canada, 12-14 June 2012,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Castillo*, P., Prasad, M., Ou*, L., 2012, Petrophysical Description of Tight Gas
Sands: 2012 SEG Annual Meeting in Las Vegas
Kuila*, U., Prasad, M., Kazemi, H., 2012, Importance of Knudsen flow for gas
transport in shales: 2012 Biennial Society for Petroleum Geophysicists in
Hyderabad, India
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
133
Prasad: Modulus–Porosity–Kerogen Content
Density - Porosity plus modified kerogen
content correlate better: accounts for kerogen
density.
Reduce scatter in porosity – elastic
modulus relation by accounting for
pore-filling kerogen
3
40
BAKKEN
NIOBRARA
All Others
2.5
C66 (MPa)
RHOB (g/cc)
30
2
1.5
1
BAKKEN
NIOBRARA
All Others
0.5
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Porosity-modified Kerogen Content
20
y = 30.436e-4.94x
R² = 0.881
10
BAZHENOV
WOODFORD
0.5
BAZHENOV
WOODFORD
0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Porosity + Kerogen Content
0.4
KC_Φ = Φ + 0.4 KC
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
0.5
134
Mba: Predict TR from E
0.200.2
TR
TR = 0.0083*Young’s Modulus - 0.0793
0.18
Transformation Ratio, dec
Transformation Ratio
0.16
0.16
Mba (2010): The nanoindentation
modulus of “softer components”
(kerogen and clay) increases with
transformation ratio (TR).
0.14
0.12
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.08
0.06
RR²2==0.8246
0.8
0.04
0.04
0.02
00
0
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
0
5
10
15
20
25
35
10
3030
20
4040
Median
Young's
Modulus, GPa
Kerogen + Kerogen+Clay
Clay Median
Young’s
Modulus,
GPa
45
50
50
Zargari: Modulus of Compliant Parts of Shales
Kerogen+Clays+
Minerals
TOC
Kerogen+Clays+
Bitumen+Minerals
Zargari et al., 2013
Modulus of Softer Portion
PETROLEUM
4/9/2014
ENGINEERING
135
Zargari: Maturity and Textural Alterations
Bitumen globule
with clay
Feeder
channels
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
• Micro-fractures
form with
hydrocarbon
generation.
• Bitumen-filled
fractures
transport
bitumen to
surface.
• Flow of bitumen
mobilizes fines
and clay
particles
Zargari et al., 2013
Kuila: PSD: Various Shales
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
137
Kuila, 2013
Godinez: Water Front Dielectric Scans
Dry Sample
4.5mm Thick, 1” Diameter
0
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Brine Saturated
Brine/Air Saturated (24hrs)
Godinez, 2013
Wilkinson: Elastic Modulus of Kerogen
b) Gradient Image
d) Storage Modulus (GPa)
a) SEM Image
1 µm
c) Topographic Image
1 µm
2 µm
1 µm
Materials in Scan
Reported Young’s Modulus
Values from Modulus Mapping
Quarz
129.5 GPa
88 ± 31 GPa
8 - 13 GPa
11 ± 3 GPa
PETROLEUM Kerogen
ENGINEERING
Wilkinson, 2013
Saidian: NMR and Clay Characterization
Slurry
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Saidian, 2013
140
Theme 1/Milad
141
Current Capabilities at CSM
SEISMIC & ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
a)
b)
c)
d)
Multi-frequency acoustic and electrical property measurements under pressure
Multi-frequency acoustic measurements (max. 150,000 psi, 1000 °C)
Resistivity measurements under pressure
Uniaxial load frames
FLOW PROPERTIES
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
2-MHz NMR (soon with pressure capabilities)
Nano-Darcy permeability measurements
Conntional poro-perm measurements
Centrifuge to measure capillary pressures
Mercury injection porosimeter
NANO- & MICRO-SCALE MEASUREMENTS
a) Scanning acoustic microscope up to 250 MHz (up to 10 µm resolution)
b) Micro-CT scanner (up to 10 µm resolution)
c) SEM; ESEM; FE-SEM, Nano-indentation system (Material Science)
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES (including those with other departments)
a) QEMSCAN, SEM, XRD, Rock-Eval, and optical microscopy, (Geology)
b) Open Column Liquid Chromatography (Petroleum Engineering)
c) NMR, FTIR, GCMS; MBMS (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
142
Equipment Wish List
Under Construction or ordered
• Pressure tests under SAM and micro-CT
• Geo-centrifuge cell to measure compaction dependent
properties (collaboration with INL)
• Atomic Force Microscope to measure nano-scale acoustic and
electrical properties under stress and heat
Needed Equipment
• Dedicated electrical resistivity system (routine measurements)
• Poly-axial test system (currently under numerical stress tests)
• Tensiometer
• Chemisorption
• GHz-frequency Acoustic Microscope
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization
Conventional and Unconventional Research Outlook
Fall 2013
Prof. Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Resume
• Education
– PhD, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas
– MS, Petroleum Engineering, University of Texas
– MS, Geophysics, Stanford University
– BS, Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University
• Employment
– Academia : University of Texas and Stanford University as Research Faculty
– Oil Industry: Technical and Leadership Assignments
Shell Exploration and Production,
Shell International EP,
Shell Unconventional Resources
– Academia: Colorado School of Mines
• Director of Unconventional Gas Institute (UNGI)
• Harry D. Campbell Chair, Professor of Petroleum Engineering
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Additional Professional Information
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
EPA Scientific Board Member on Hydraulic Fracturing Research
Former President of American Rock Mechanics Association (ARMA)
Faculty Advisor, CSM ARMA Student Chapter
CSM Graduate Council Member and Graduate Admission Committee Member
Author of more than 100 Shell proprietary reports
Author/co-author of over 100 journal and conference proceedings
Holds five U.S. patents and three international patents on exploration, drilling and
stimulation techniques and associated best practices
AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee Member
SEG, SPE, ARMA Editorial Review Committee Member
SEG Research Committee Member
Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Texas
Licensed Professional Geoscientist in the State of Texas
25 Year Club Member SEG, 25 Year Club Member SPE, Life Member ARMA
Members of Pi Epsilon Tau and Sigma Xi
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching at CSM
•
PEGN 590 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011, Fall 2012, Fall 2013)
•
PEGN 593 Advanced Well Integrity (Fall 2011, Fall 2012, Fall 2013)
•
PEGN 498 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2011)
•
PEGN 490 Reservoir Geomechanics (Fall 2012, Fall 2013)
•
PEGN 498 Introduction to Geomechanics (Spring 2011)
•
PEGN 598 Geomechanics for Unconventional Reservoirs (Spring 2011, 2012, 2013)
•
PEGN 592 Shale Reservoir Engineering (Spring 2011, Spring 2012, Spring 2013)
•
PEGN 598 Introduction to Geomechanics (Fall 2010, Spring 2011)
•
PEGN 315 –Field Session I (Summer 2011, Summer 2012)
•
Super School (Summer 2012, Summer 2013)
•
UNGI TOPCORP Training (Summer 2013)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research Focus
•
Coupled Geomechanics and Rock Physics Modeling and
Measurements
–
–
–
•
Static, dynamic, petrophysical and transport characteristics of shale reservoirs and
seal shales, tight gas sands, turbidite and fractured carbonates at in situ stress,
elevated pore pressure and temperature measurements, case studies using field data
and uncertainty analysis
CO2 sequestration impact on geomechanical and flow characteristics of formations
and seal integrity risk assessment
Monitoring the lifecycle geomechanical and flow properties of unconventional
resources, deepwater formations, HPHT and geothermal reservoirs and their seal
integrity for environmentally friendly, economically viable production from
challenging reservoirs
Integrated Real Time Reservoir Characterization
–
Deformation, well Integrity, formation evaluation and monitoring in Inclined and
horizontal wells, compaction, subsidence, sanding
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
3rd Generation Coupled-Geomechanics-Flow
Characteristics UNGI Geomechanics Laboratory
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
UNGI
Stress Path Dependent Rock Properties and Fracture Effect
Terzaghi’s Law eff = v - Ppore
Mokhtari and Tutuncu (2013)
Mese and Tutuncu (2000)
12000
CL=3.916E-6 psi-1
Stress (psi)
9000
6000
3000
Axial Strain
Radial Strain
0
-4.E-03
0.E+00
4.E-03
8.E-03
1.E-02
Strain
CL=1.393E-6 psi-1
10000
6.E-03
8980 psi
PHyd
5.E-03
PPore
Peff
Strain
5000
3.E-03
2500
2.E-03
Effective Stress = 300 psi
0
0
500
1000
1500
Time (Min)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
2000
0.E+00
2500
Strain
Stress (psi)
7500
Integrated Reservoir Characterization
Rock Properties and Strength
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wellbore Stability/Wellpath OptimizationUNGI
(with Mogi-Coulomb vs. Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria)
Kadyrov and Tutuncu, 2012, ARMA 12-445
Compressive Failure
Mogi-Coulomb
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
MW (gr/cc)
Compressive Failure
Mohr-Coulomb
MW (gr/cc)
Effect of Eccentricity on Herschel-Bulkley Fluids
Mokhtari and Tutuncu, 2012, ARMA 12-235
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Creep Recovery Measurements and Modeling for Rheological
Characterization of Drilling and Fracturing Fluids
Fracture Fluid Proppant Carrying Capacity and Barite Settling
URTeC 1571583 – Bui and Tutuncu (2013)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Mechanical, Transport Property and Strength
Measurements and Modeling
Mokhtari et al. (2013)
18000
Pc=3390 psi, E=2.01 Mpsi
Deviatoric Stress (psi)
16000
EF-1-1V
14000
12000
EF-1-1V
Pc=2260 psi,
EF-1-1V --> E=1.30
10000
EF-1-2V
8000
6000
4000
Pc=1130 psi,
EF-1-1V --> E=0.7
2000
EF-1-2V
0
0
0.02
0.04
Axial Strain
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
0.06
Reservoir Characterization and Upscaling
Coupled Core Measurements and Reservoir Modeling under In Situ
Stress, Elevated PP and Temperature
•
Reservoir Scale: Seismic, Sonic, Density
Resistivity, Imaging log, NMR data and analysis
•
Core Scale: Direction dependent acoustic and mechanical properties,
strength, porosity, permeability measurements under realistic in situ stress
conditions using elevated pore pressure and elevated temperature,
fractured (natural and induced) reservoir characterization, fluid-rock
interaction effect on mechanical, acoustic, flow characteristics and strength
•
MicroScale: CT-Scan, AFM, SEM, NMR, Surface Area, XRD,
gas adsorption and dielectric coefficient
measurements for micro-scale characterization
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Coupled Geomechanics and Fluid Flow
Experiments and Modeling Projects
•
UNGI Geomechanics laboratory equipped with directional deformation, acoustic and
permeability measurements and custom designed elastomers enabling seismic 0-200 Hz,
100 KHz and 1 MHz ultrasonic frequency measurements using single core plug at in situ
stress and elevated pore pressure and temperature conditions
•
Simultaneous measurements of acoustic, mechanical, permeability and strength
anisotropy under elevated pore pressure conditions using fracturing and drilling fluids
•
Unconventional shale database for building up correlations between static and dynamic
moduli at true in situ stress, elevated pore pressure state and enhanced models
incorporating coupled fluid flow and geomechanics
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Use of Shale-Fluid Interaction
for Maximizing SRV and Optimum Fluid Design
4500
Confining Pressure
4000
3500
Circulating Pressure
Pp = 3140psi
3000
PRESSURE (psi)
Pore Pressure
2500
dPp = 1604psi
2000
1500
Circulation
of 8% w/w
NaCl
solution
1000
Pp = 1536 psi
Circulation of
Sodium Silicate
Fluid with
20%w/w Nacl
Saturation
with 8% w/w
NaCl solution
500
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Mese (2000)
10000
12000
14000
16000
Time (min)
•
•
•
•
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Uncertainty in SRV estimation
Evidences in support of microseismic
Fluid Composition effect on fracturing
Discrete Fracture Network Modeling with
integrated field and lab data
Mechanical Property Change at Various Effective
Stresses – CO2 Injection and Production Effect
Guan and Tutuncu, 2012 – ARMA 12-234
Pe=10MPa
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Pe=6MPa
Cement Sheath Integrity Modeling
Bui and Tutuncu, 2013, ARMA 13-341
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Operation Safety and Environment
(SAGD Crater,
Total-Canada)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Anchor-handling tugboats battle the blazing remnants of the
off shore oil rig Deepwater Horizon (US Coast Guard, photo
100421-G-XXXXL- Deepwater Horizon fire)
http://ungi.mines.edu
UNGI
The Unconventional Natural Gas
and Oil Institute (UNGI)
UNGI
Dr. Azra N. Tutuncu, P.E., P.G.
Director of UNGI
Harry D. Campbell Chair in Petroleum Engineering
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
UNGI Faculty & Staff
UNGI
(50+ Faculty)
•
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•
•
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•
•
•
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Brian Asbury
Jennifer Aschoff
Linda Battalora
Michael Batzle
Jerry Boak
Mary Carr
Tzahi Cath
John Curtis
Kadri Dagdelen
Tom Davis
Rod Eggert
Alfred W. Eustes
William Fleckenstein
Ramona Graves
Marte Gutierrez
Todd Hoffman
John Humphrey
Tissa Illangasekare
Hossein Kazemi
Carolyn Koh
Ning Lu
John McCray
Carrie McClelland
Mark Miller
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Joe Chen, Al Sami, Denise Winn-Bower, Daisuke Katsuki
•
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•
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•
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Jennifer Miskimins
Mike Mooney
Dag Nummedal
Erdal Ozkan
Piret Plink-Bjorklund
John Poate
David Pyles
Andre Revil
Rick Sarg
Paul Sava
Dendy Sloan
Kathleen Smits
Steve Sonnenberg
Amadeu Sum
Azra Nur Tutuncu
Ilya Tsvankin
Craig van Kirk
Yu-Shu Wu
David Wu
Yuan Yang
Xiaolong Yin
Terry Young
UNGI Research Consortia Strategy
Coupled and Integrated Multiscale
Measurements and Modeling (CIMMM)
UNGI
• Multidisciplinary integrated collaborative effort between CSM UNGI, major and
independent oil companies, global service companies, DOE Laboratories, NETL
Strategic Shale Center, other federal and state government organizations and
academic institutions for fundamental shale research
• Conduct integrated R&D projects using consortia sponsor data to enhance our
fundamental understanding of nano to reservoir scale dependent shale reservoir
characterization, drilling, hydraulic fracturing and production related alterations
• Establishing an IN SITU SHALE LABORATORY, a mid-size pilot site containing
underground facilities to
 Collect multidiscipline operation data
 Monitor in situ stress from exploration to field abandonment
 Study environmental impact of operations on land, surface, groundwater, air
 Calibrate the multiscale integrated models prior to delivery to the industry
and government sponsors
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
CSM UNGI Gas Leaders Training Effort
for Domestic and International Regulators UNGI
• The Department of State UGTEP award to accelerate
international engagements and learning of technical and
regulatory effort
• GE and ExxonMobil foundation awards $1 million each to
provide regulators and policymakers access to the latest
technological and operational expertise in assisting their
oversight of shale development. This is a CSM-UNGI effort in
partnership with Penn State University and The University of
Texas at Austin with the first training has been offered at CSM in
August 20-24, 2013 (TOPCORP Pilot).
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
UNGI Consortia Strategy
Coupled and Integrated Multiscale
Measurements and Modeling
25,000 psi
10,000 psi
10,000 psi
Pore Pressure
~ 10,000 psi
UNGI (2012)
•
Numerical multiscale model
for gas flow in unconventional,
low-permeability reservoirs
incorporating Klinkenberg effect,
non-Darcy flow, and adsorption
terms and coupling these functions
with geomechanical models for
integrated model
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
True triaxial measurements
using single core to measure
vertical and azimuthal Vp, Vs
(ultrasonic, 100 KHz and
seismic), perm anisotropy,
resistivity and deformation
simultaneously at elevated
pore pressure and temperature
Vaca Muerta
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
UNGI CONSORTIA
Eagle Ford
(CIMMM)
UNGI CIMMM Project Subcategories
UNGI
• Subgroup A - Coupled Nano/Micro and Core Scale Measurements and
Modeling
• Subgroup B -Solutions for Drilling Challenges in Low Permeability
• Subgroup C - Nano to Reservoir Scale Fluid Flow Measurements and
Modeling in Gas and Oil Shale Reservoir
• Subgroup D - Stimulation Experiments and Modeling in Gas Shale
Reservoirs
• Subgroup E - Hydrates as Unconventional Gas Reservoirs: Coupled
Experimental and Modeling
• Subgroup F – Environmental Challenges and Regulatory and Safety
Aspects
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Stress-Dependent Permeability
UNGI
Katsuki et al., 2013, URTeC 1619487
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
UNGI
High Field NMR Measurements and Modeling
200
smectite - T1
180
2.5
Kaolinite1 -T1
Alzahrani et al., 2013
160
2
140
120
1.5
T2, ms
T1, ms
100
80
1
60
40
0.9
Clay Swelling
0.8
0.5
0.7
0
0.6
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
S/V, 1/nm
20
0.5
Ionic Concentration, Molarity
500
45
450
40
400
35
350
0.4
Calculated Total S/V vs.
Porosity
Relaxation S/V DI water
0.3
Relaxation S/V 8% KCL
30
300
25
T2, ms
T1, ms
250
20
200
15
150
10
100
50
5
Shale-T1
0
0
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
Ionic Concentration, Molarity
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
3.5
0.2
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
Calculated Porosity, ratio
0.82
Vaca Muerta Anisotropic Geomechanical Properties
Core and Log Data Coupling and Upscaling
LOG(Static Elastic Coefficient)
Willis et al., 2013
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
R² = 0.9191
0.0
0.5
1.0
LOG(Dynamic Elastic Coefficient * Density)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
1.5
Multiscale Measurements and Modeling
Stress Anisotropy from Seismic and Logs
CORE SCALE
RESERVOIR SCALE
NANO SCALE
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wendy Wempe
• Education
– BS, UC Santa Cruz, Earth Science, 1994
– Ph.D., Stanford University, Geophysics, 2000
• Employment
– CU Boulder, Cooperative Institute for
Research in Environmental Sciences
(CIRES), Research Associate
– Schlumberger Water Services,
Petrophysicist
– Colorado School of Mines, Research
Assistant Professor
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wempe’s Research Foci
Developing practical mathematical conceptual/heuristic
models to explain phenomena related to:
1. Modeling the electrical and elastic responses to
changes in bound fluid content, wetted states, and
relative permeability
2. Electrical-elastic rock physics modeling and
petrophysical evaluation
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wempe, CSM
173
Wempe et al. 2013 Research Projects
1. Electrical - Elastic modeling in tight gas sands and the
influence of pore shape (including micro-fractures) on
measurement.
2. Resistivity - velocity petrophysical charting
3. NMR T2 wettability index estimation, using conventional
USBM and Amott WI as ground truth in tight oil sand.
4. NMR T2 pyrite correction model
5. Pore scale characterization (micro-XCT & QEMSCAN) and
applications to rock physics modeling and transport
properties
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wempe, CSM
174
Wempe Research Projects Since 2000
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Domain I
Domain II
New Upper Resistivity Bound
Domain III
Total Porosity(V:V)
New Resistivity – Sonic
Petrophysical Charting
Formation Factor, (unitless)
Free Fluid (V:V)
(Bourbie and Zinszner, 1985)
Formation Factor
• Bound fluid – free fluid
model development
• Empirical resistivity upper
bound development
• Effects of fluids, mineral
surfaces and bacterium on
wetting hysteresis
• Resistivity – sonic
petrophysical charting
technique development
• Electrical – elastic pore
shape theoretical modeling
New free fluid – bound fluid model
Total Porosity, Ø
New Porosity Domain Theory
Wempe and Mavko (2001)
Ø = Øie
Ø = Øe
Ø = Øe + Øie
Domain I
Isolated Pores
Domain II
Connected Grains & Pores
0Øp
100% mineral
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Domain III
Suspended Grains
1
Øc
Total Porosity
100% fluid
176
Free Fluid tolune (V:V)
New Free Fluid – Total Porosity Model
Wempe (2000)
FFwetting  A(f  f p ) m
Domain I
Domain II
0
0.2
0.4
Domain III
0.6
0.8
fc
A
(f c  f p ) m
1
Total Porosity, Ø (V:V)
Data: Bourbie and Zinszner, 1985
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Wempe, CSM
177
Changes in Wetting Hysteresis
Due to Microbial Activity
Wempe et al (2003)
Wilhelmy plate results:
Clean Glass Plate
Diesel Aged Glass Plate
80
Water
Broth
Diesel
Bacterium
Contact Angle, q
40
0
80
40
0
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
0
2
4
6 0
Dipping Depth (mm)
2
4
6
New Empirical Resistivity Upper Bound
Wempe (2000)
Formation Factor, R/Rw
R
Total Porosity, Ø
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Total Porosity, Ø
Resistivity – Velocity Bounds and Reservoir
Characterization
Wempe (2000)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
New Resistivity – Velocity
Petrophysical Charting Technique
Wempe (2000)
F - Vp Bounds
R/Rw - f Bounds
R1-max/Rw
R1-min /Rw
R1-max/Rw
f1ex-min
f1ex
Vp - f Bounds
R1-min /Rw
Vp1-max/Vw
Vp1-min /Vw
Vp1-max/Vw
Example Porosity, f1ex
Minimum Porosity, f1ex-min
Maximum Porosity, f1ex-max
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Vp1-min /Vw
f1ex f1ex-max
181
Dual Pore Shape Modeling in Tight Sandstones:
Theoretical electrical and elastic modeling approach
Ou & Wempe (in progress)
Modeling disk-shaped micro-cracks closing with increased effective stress
(Ou, 2013)
Formation Factor
P-wave Velocity (km/s)
(Ou, 2013)
Total Porosity, Ø
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Total Porosity, Ø
Tight Sand Pore & Mineral
Characterization and Associations
Wempe (in progress)
Tight Sand μCT Image
Tight Sand QEMSCAN Mineral Map
High-density
pyrite
~5 μm
~5 μm
Low-density
pore
Pore
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Quantitative approaches and studies of
flow and transport in reservoirs
An introduction of research projects
– Fall 2013
Yu-Shu Wu, PhD
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Resume
• Education
–
–
–
–
PhD, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1990
MS, Reservoir Engineering, U. of California at Berkeley, 1988
MS, Petroleum Engineering, Southwest Petroleum U., 1981
BS (Eqv.), Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum U., 1976
• Employment
– Petroleum Engineer, Research Inst. of Petroleum Exploration and Development
Beijing, China, 1982-1985
– Hydrogeologist, HydroGeoLogic, Inc., Herndon, VA,1990-1995
– Staff geological scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA,
1995-2008
– Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines (2008-current)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching
•
•
•
•
PEGN 424: Reservoir Engineering II (Spring)
PEGN 414: Well Test Analysis and Design (Fall, 2009; 2010; 2011)
PEGN 315: Field Session I (Summer, 2009 and 2010)
PEGN 598A: Introduction of Geothermal Science and Engineering (Spring,
2010)
• PEGN 608: Multiphase Flow in Porous Media (Fall, 2009)
• PEGN 515: Reservoir Engineering Principles (Fall)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research focus
• Reservoir dynamics and simulation
• Coupled processes of multiphase flow, chemical transport,
and heat transfer in EOR operations
• Fractured and unconventional reservoirs
• CO2 EOR, storage and utilization
• Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)
• Unconventional reservoir simulation
• Simulation of hydraulic fracturing
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
EMG Research group
• The Energy Modeling Group (EMG) is a research organization
in the PE Dept. consisting of faculty, graduate students,
visiting scholars, and post doctoral fellows.
• EMG's mission is to develop state-of-the-art reservoir
modeling technology and advanced simulation tools for
research, teaching, and field applications in the areas of
subsurface energy and natural resources, and environmental
science and engineering.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project #1
• Title: “Simulation of Coupled Processes of Flow, Transport and
Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers, ” the research project funded
by US DOE and sponsored by CMG, Oct. 2009-Sept. 2014
• Research Team
– CSM: Yu-Shu Wu, Hossein Kazemi, Xiaolong Yin, Jeffery
Chen, and Phil Winterfeld
– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Karsten Pruess/Curt
Oldenburg
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project #2
• Title: “Development of Advanced Thermal-HydrologicalMechanical-Chemical (THMC) Modeling Capabilities for
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS),” the research project
funded by DOE and sponsored by CMG, Jan. 2010-Dec. 2013
• Research Team
– CSM: Yu-Shu Wu and Hossein Kazemi
– Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL): Tianfu Xu
and Keni Zhang
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project #3
• Title: ““Development of Non-Contaminating Cryogenic
Fracturing Technology for Shale and Tight Gas Reservoirs,”
funded by DOE’s RPSEA program, August 2012-August 2015
• Research Team
– CSM: Yu-Shu Wu, Jennifer L. Miskimins and Xiaolong Yin;
Timothy J. Kneafsey (Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory); and Bryant Morris and Shannon Osterhout,
Pioneer Natural Resources
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project #4
• Title: “Water Handling and Enhanced Productivity from Gas
Shales,” funded by DOE’s RPSEA program, 2013- 2015
• Research Team
– CSM: Yu-Shu Wu
– USC: Kristian Jessen et al.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research project #5
• Title: “Development of a Tight Sand Gas Reservoir Simulator for
Optimizing Single Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Design
and Production,” funded by CNPC-USA, 2013- 2015
• Research Team
– CSM: Yu-Shu Wu, Phil Winterfeld, and Xiaolong Yin
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Current projects and students
• EGS modeling
– Yi Xiong (PhD)
• Modeling of CO2 sequestration
– Shihao Wang (MS)
– Cong Wang (PhD)
– Long Cai (MS)
• Cryogenic fracturing
– Bowen Yao (MS)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research/thesis topics
• Next generation reservoir simulation technology-Integrated
modeling approaches
• Coupled processes in multiphase flow, rock
deformation/geomechanics, chemical reaction, and heat
transfer for EOR
• Flow and phase behavior in CO2-EOR
• Hybrid modeling approach for fractured reservoirs
• Simulation of rock fracturing
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Fluid Dynamics, Porous Media, and
Suspensions
A Summary of Research Projects
Fall 2013
Xiaolong Yin
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Resume
• Education
– PhD, Chemical Engineering, Cornell University, 2006
– MS, Mechanical Engineering, Lehigh University, 2001
– BS, Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Peking
University, 1999
• Experience
– Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering, Colorado
School of Mines (2009-current)
– Postdoc, Chemical Engineering, Princeton University,
2006-2008
• Activities
– Members: SPE, AGU, APS, AIChE
– Associated Editor – SPE Journal (2012-current)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching and Research
• Classes taught
–
–
–
–
PEGN 310 Reservoir Fluid Properties
PEGN 315 Summer Field Session
PEGN 511 Advanced Phase Behavior
PEGN 601 Applied Mathematics
• Research interests
–
–
–
–
Porous media flow and transport
Particle- and bubble-laden multiphase flows
Lattice Boltzmann method
Enhanced oil recovery and reservoir fluid phase behavior
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Current Projects / Students
• Instability in gas-solid flows in fluidization and risers, National Science
Foundation, CBET, 2012-2015, PI.
• Slip flow of gases through nanopores and Klinkenberg effect, American
Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, DNI, 2012-2014, PI.
• Hydraulic fracturing fluid invasion and flowback in tight gas sand and
shale, RPSEA Unconventional, 2011-2014, PI with Neeves (Co-PI).
• Cryogenic fracturing for unconventionals, RPSEA Unconventional, 20122014, Co-PI with Wu (PI) and Miskimins (Co-PI).
• Modeling of combined phase equilibrium and geochemical reactions for
CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers, DOE NETL, 2009-2013, Co-PI with Wu
(PI), Kazemi (Co-PI), and Chen (Co-PI).
• Collaborative Projects with UNGI, MCERS, UREP, EMG
• 4 PhD (1 co-advise), 4 MS (1 co-advise)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Process and Objectives of Pore-Scale Simulation
Pore geometry
from measurement
or stochastic
construction
Pore-scale direct
numerical &
physical simulations
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Multiphase flow:
Geometry constructed
directly from micro- or
nano-scale imaging
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Relative permeability
“Particulate” systems:
Stochastically
constructed geometries
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Process and Objectives of Pore-Scale Simulation
Pore geometry
from measurement
or stochastic
construction
Pore-scale direct
numerical &
physical simulations
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Numerical Simulation
• Lattice Boltzmann for single- and multiphase flows in
the continuum regime
• Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) for flows with
non-continuum effects
Multiphase flow:
Physical Simulation
• Micro- and nanofluidic porous media analogs
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
Research Topics – Non-Darcy Flow
• 2D/3D high-speed non-Darcy flows
– Direct numerical simulations show that
Darcy’s law begins to fail as Rek ~ O(0.1)
– Forchheimer’s law becomes valid at Rek ~ O(1)
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
Re k  U k 
Permeability reduction with increasing Re
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Newman and Yin, SPE J, 2013, 18:12-26.
Research Topics – Slip Flow
• Direct simulation of slip flow in nanopores
– Slip is a non-continuum flow effect that
increases the permeability of gas in nano
pores
– Microscopic slip gives rise to Klinkenberg
effect
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
Us 
2 

Wall slip
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
U

n
averaging
 b
k app  k 1  
 P
Klinkenberg law
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Research Topics – Multiphase Flow in Porous
Media
• Simulation of water and surfactant
flooding in microfluidic physical porous
media models
Stitiched photos of water
(top) and surfactant
(bottom) flooding at
breakthrough. The model
porosity is 20% and
permeability is 150md.
Capillary number = 10-5
(water flooding) and 10-4
(surfactant flooding)
PDMS Microfluidic Porous
Media Micromodel
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Xu, Ok, Xiao, Yin, Neeves. Submitted to Phys. Fluids, 2013.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Research Topics – Pore-Scale Transport
• Simulation of dispersion of solute or
nanoparticles in porous media
Single-phase flow:
- Non-Darcy flow
- Slip flow
- Transport
Multiphase flow:
-Capillary pressure
-Trapping
UP Flow field in a porous medium made up
by 40-m spherical beads. BOTTOM Two
Brownian tracer species are advected by
the flow and mix in the porous medium.
RIGHT After the tracers leave the porous
medium, the mixing level is assessed based
on the concentration profiles.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
-Microemulsions
-Nanoparticles
-Macromolecules
Research Topics – Suspension Dynamics
• Instability in particle
lifting using gas/liquid
Yin, Zenk, Mitrano, Hrenya, J. Fluid Mech. 2013, R2, 727
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
• Taylor dispersion of
heat / mass in sheared
particle suspensions
Metzger, Yin, Ouamar, J. Fluid Mech. 2013, 724:527-552
Peer-Reviewed Publications (2012-2013)
• Wu QH, Ok JT, Sun YP, Retterer ST, Neeves KB, Yin XL, Bai BJ, Ma YF,
Optic imaging of single and two-phase pressure-driven flows in nanoscale channels, Lab Chip 13:1165-1171, 2013.
• Newman MS, Yin XL, Lattice Boltzmann simulation of non-Darcy flow in
stochastically generated 2D porous media geometries, SPE J. 18:12-26,
2013.
• Metzger B, Yin XL, Ouamar R, Heat transfer across sheared suspensions:
Role of the shear-induced diffusion, J. Fluid Mech. 724:527-552, 2013.
• Yin XL, Zenk J, Mitrano PP, Hrenya CM, Impact of collisional vs. viscous
dissipation on flow instabilities in gas-solid systems, J. Fluid Mech. 727,
R2, 2013.
• Wu MJ, Xiao F, Johnson-Paben, RM, Retterer ST, Yin XL, Neeves KB,
Single- and two-phase flow in microfluidic porous media analogs based
on Voronoi tessellation, Lab Chip 12:253-261, 2012.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Conference Papers (2012-2013)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Petunin VV, Labra C, Xiao F, Tutuncu AN, Sun J, Yin XL, Porosity and permeability
change under stress and correlation to rock texture, 5th Biot Conference on
Poromechanics, 2013.
Mokhtari M, Alqahtani AA, Tutuncu AN, Yin XL, Stress-dependent permeability
anisotropy and wettability of shale resources, URTeC 1555068, 2013.
Wu QH, Bai BJ, Ma YF, Ok JT, Neeves KB, Yin XL, Optic imaging of two-phase flow
behavior in nano-scale fractures, SPE 164549, 2013.
Teklu TW, Alharthy N, Kazemi H, Yin XL, Graves RM, Minimum miscibility pressure in
conventional and unconventional reservoirs, URTeC 1589572, 2013.
Teklu TW, Ghedan S, Graves RM, Yin XL, Minimum miscibility pressure determination:
modified multiple mixing cell method, SPE 155454, SPE EOR OGWA, 2012.
Zhang RL, Yin XL, Wu YS, Winterfeld PH, A fully coupled model of nonisothermal
multiphase flow, solute transport, and reactive chemistry in porous media, SPE
159380, SPE ATCE, 2012.
Zhang RL, Yin XL, Winterfeld PH, Wu YS, A fully coupled model of nonisothermal
multiphase flow, geomechanics, and chemistry during CO2 sequestration in brine
aquifers, TOUGH Symposium, 2012.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Dr. Luis E. Zerpa
•
Assistant Professor, Petroleum Engineering
Department, Colorado School of Mines
•
Previous to CSM, Assistant Professor at the
University of Zulia, Venezuela
•
Consulting experience in reservoir simulation
studies of an industrial offshore chemical EOR
pilot project; Venezuelan National Oil
Company (PDVSA)
•
B.S. (2001) and M.S. (2004) in Mechanical
Engineering from the University of Zulia
•
Ph.D. in Petroleum Engineering from the
Colorado School of Mines (2013)
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Teaching and Research
CSM Courses:
• PEGN 423 Petroleum
Reservoir Engineering I
Research Areas:
• Reservoir simulation and
characterization
Courses taught in the past (U. of Zulia):
•
Numerical Analysis
•
Surrogate Models and Optimal Design of
Complex Systems
•
Optimization for Engineers
•
Data Mining for Oil Industry
•
Exploration and Production
Fundamentals
•
Integrated Optimization of Oil Production
Systems
•
Reservoir Simulation and Applications
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
• Enhanced oil recovery
• Flow assurance and
multiphase flow
• Gas hydrates in nature as
potential energy resource
Current Research Projects
• Integration of microseismic data and reservoir modeling for
waterflood monitoring
– Funded by Saudi Aramco, in collaboration with Dr. Hossein
Kazemi (MCERS-CSM) and Dr. Thomas Davis (RCP-CSM)
• Modeling gas hydrate formation in oil and gas flowlines
– In collaboration with Dr. Carolyn Koh, Dr. Amadeu Sum and Dr.
Dendy Sloan, Directors of the Center for Hydrate Research at
CSM
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Seismic-Driven Reservoir Simulation and Monitoring of
Waterflood Processes in Carbonate Reservoirs
Project objectives:
Funded by,
• Develop a reservoir fluid flow and
geomechanics model to quantify stress
changes that promote microseismic events
Shear stress
• Use microseismic data to improve reservoir
characterization
Increase pressure
Decrease temperature
Effective normal stress,
Stress change during water injection
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Principal Investigators:
Dr. Hossein Kazemi
Dr. Thomas Davis
Dr. Luis Zerpa
A Model for Gas Hydrate Formation in Oil and
Gas Flowlines (CSMHyK)
Water Entrainment
Hydrate Growth
Agglomeration
Plugging
Intrinsic kinetics
or
transport
resistances
Particle
aggregation via
capillary
attraction
Plugging from
viscosity increase
Gas
Oil
Water
Surface area
between
water/hydrocarbon
phases
Empirical
correlation
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
dmgas
dt
 uKB As T
(Pressure drop
increase)
Model Allows Estimation of Hydrate Plugging Risk
Fluid distribution
Low hydrate plugging risk
High hydrate plugging risk
• Liquid loading = 90 vol. %
• Water cut = 30 %
• GOR = 570 scf/STB
• Liquid loading = 79 vol. %
• Water cut = 32 %
• GOR = 894 scf/STB
Zerpa, L.E., Sloan, E.D., Koh, C.A. and Sum, A.K., 2012. SPE
160578-PA, Oil and Gas Facilities, 1(5): 49-56.
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Quantifying Hydrate Plugging Risk in Oil Systems
(PhD Student: P. Chaudhari)
Risk Quantifying Parameter
• Proposed model for hydrate
plugging risk
Risk Quantifying Parameter =
Low Risk
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
= f (mixture velocity, liquid
loading, emulsification properties,
water cut, hydrate amount,
pipeline diameter, fluid
properties)
f (Inertia, Collision)
f (Agglomeration, Accumulation,
Bedding, Adhesion, Drag)
Medium Risk
High Risk/Plugging
CSMHyK Application on Field Case Study
(PhD Student: P. Chaudhari)
• BP field case study
• Can CSMHyK help to
understand the system
response upon shut-in/restart?
Day 2 – Day 8
Water ingress
Oil & Gas
Water
Hydrate
Water Ingress
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Future Research Plans
Global flow assurance perspective
• Formation of solid deposits
(hydrate, wax, asphaltene, and
mineral scale)
• Main goal: develop predictive
tools for design and
optimization of flow assurance
techniques
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Future research plans
Production from unconventional energy resources
•
•
•
Gas hydrate bearing sediments
Application of surface chemistry
concepts
Gas production from hydrate
bearing formations
Production from gas shale
Conventional
Small volumes easy
to develop
Heavy Oil
Extra-Heavy
Oil
Unconventional
KG Basin, India (2008)
Conventional
Reservoirs
Large volumes difficult
to develop
Increased break-even
price required
Tight Gas
Basin-centered Gas
Increased technology
requirements
Coal Bed Methane
Bitumen
Shale Gas
Oil Shale
Gas Hydrates
Oil
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING
Gas
Gas Shale
Acknowledgements
• Supporting Staff
–
–
–
–
–
Ms. Denise Winn-Bower
Ms. Patricia Hassen
Ms. Theresa Snyder
Mr. Al Sami
Mr. Joe Chen
• Mr. Tim Marquez (1980) and donors
to the new Petroleum Engineering
Building - Marquez Hall
PETROLEUM
ENGINEERING

Research project - Colorado school of mines petroleum engineering

Transcription

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