Photo Mapping of Cavan Monaghan Includes: Final Report By Cora

Photo Mapping of Cavan Monaghan
Includes:
Final Report
By
Cora Tinney and Nicole Urbanowicz
Completed for: Kawartha Heritage Conservancy
Supervising Professor: Heather Nicol and Mark Skinner, Trent University
Trent Centre for Community-Based Education
Department: Geography
Course Code: GEOG 4700Y
Course Name: Community-Based Research in Human Geography
Term: Fall/Winter 2010-11
Date of Project Submission: April 2011
Project ID: 4125
Call Number:
The support of the Government of Ontario, through the Ministry of Culture, is acknowledged.
The views expressed herein are those of Trent Centre for Community-Based Education and/or its participants
and do not necessarily reflect those of the Programs and Services Branch, the Ministry of Culture, or the
Government of Ontario.
Photo Mapping of the
Rural-Urban Fringe
Development Pressures in Cavan Monaghan
Township
Cora Tinney & Nicole Urbanowicz
Professors: Heather Nicol and Mark Skinner
Trent University and Trent Centre for Community-Based Education
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................4
2. Literature Review ..............................................................................................................5
2.1 Cultural Geography............................................................................................5
2.2 Historical Geography .........................................................................................6
2.3 Rural Geography ................................................................................................8
2.4 Development Pressures on the Rural-Urban Fringe ..........................................9
2.5 Development Pressure in Cavan Monaghan Township ...................................11
2.6 Similar Projects ................................................................................................13
3. Profile of Study Area .......................................................................................................15
3.1 Cavan Monaghan Township…………………………………………………15
3.2 Millbrook .........................................................................................................16
3.3 Cavan ...............................................................................................................18
3.4 Fraserville ........................................................................................................20
4. Methodology .....................................................................................................................22
4.1 Planning Stages ................................................................................................22
4.2 Data Collection: In-Field and Interviews .........................................................23
4.3 Data Organization ............................................................................................25
4.4 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................26
5. Results ...............................................................................................................................27
5.1 Millbrook .........................................................................................................27
5.6 Cavan ...............................................................................................................29
5.6 Fraserville ........................................................................................................31
6. Discussion..........................................................................................................................35
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................38
7.1 Summary…………………………………………………………………….38
7.2 Limitations…………………………………………………………………..39
7.3 Recommendations and Future Research…………………………………….40
7.4 Concluding Remarks………………………………………………………...41
8. References .........................................................................................................................42
9. Appendix...........................................................................................................................44
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ABSTRACT
This project examines current development pressures on areas in the rural-urban fringe
within Cavan Monaghan Township. A selection of photographs were taken within the villages of
Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville in an effort to document the visual character of the township
prior to future development. Municipal documents, in conjunction with the photographs, were
utilized in the analysis process to gain an understanding of the type of pressures Cavan
Monaghan Township is facing in the future and identify the areas facing the most development
pressure.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Working on this project has provided both the researchers with an enjoyable learning
experience. We greatly value this opportunity to build upon our academic learning at Trent
University through the Geography program and to complete hands on research beneficial to our
continued learning in the field. However, the project would not have been so successful without
the help of various individuals along the way. Initial thanks go out to the Kawartha Heritage
Conservancy and their director Suresh Kandaswamy for allowing us the opportunity to complete
this project under his guidance.
The researchers would also like to thank Heather Nicol and Christie Nash for overseeing
the work completed on this project. The continuous support, editing, and workshops were very
appreciated by the researchers, and, as a result, the project was able to move forward despite
obstacles that presented themselves throughout the process. This project would have not been
completed to its full potential without such amazing supervision and guidance from both Heather
and Christie.
Finally, a thank you to Steve Elliott from the Cavan Monaghan Heritage Society and
Karen Ellis from Cavan Monaghan Township for their assistance in providing crucial
information for the completion of this project. Overall, the researchers are very thankful to the
individuals noted above for their continued support and time spent for the duration of this
project.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The rural landscape contains a record of the past, often reflecting cultures of heritage
within it. It is the presence of heritage, illustrated through the landscape, which offers the
surrounding communities a profound sense of place and identity. However, many regions on the
rural-urban fringe of major urban centres are facing extreme development pressures in the
twenty-first century and this is threatening the landscape, and its heritage component
considerably.
The City of Peterborough is a major urban centre which has been steadily growing since
the 1970‟s. As a result of this growth, and the desire of many to move out of the city,
surrounding townships within Peterborough County are being confronted with planning
challenges and various development pressures. Thus, the documentation of the Peterborough
County landscape is essential for future reference and understanding of the area.
The Photo Mapping of the Rural Urban Fringe project was initiated by the Kawartha
Heritage Conservancy, with the intension of creating a photo manual containing landscape and
streetscape images of Cavan Monaghan Township. The central purpose of this project is to
provide a photographic account of distinct areas within the villages of Millbrook, Cavan and
Fraserville which are experiencing extensive development pressure in order to accommodate for
future growth in the County of Peterborough. Moreover, it is important to identify the nature of
development pressure, in addition to the area facing the greatest amount within Cavan Monaghan
Township.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The motivation for this project „Photo Mapping of Cavan Monaghan Township‟ is to
understand the significance of the natural and cultural heritage and landscapes in an effort to
provide sufficient documentation of the area. Many scholars have studied the significance of
landscapes and streetscapes to the cultural identity and history of areas. As discussed by Thomas
McIlwraith (1997), the landscape and streetscape which make-up an area reflect several layers of
life built upon one another, each recounting the historical choices made, and each altering the
appearance of the land. Landscapes represent the fundamental heritage of residents, and they
greatly inspire and shape what they do and learn (Lowenthal, 2007). However, many of these
landscapes are dismissed as significant cultural resources. They are under appreciated by
individuals, although they reveal important information about both the past and present. The
open countryside and village streets are no longer as highly valued, as they once were, due to
technological advancements, as well as the impatience of individuals to get somewhere else
(Lowenthal, 2007; McIlwraith, 1997). Identifying and documenting the rural character and
heritage of Cavan Monaghan Township will aid in presenting the unique features that the area
encompasses, in order to preserve the rural identities of the residents.
2.1 Cultural Geography
Cultural geography, and more specifically, cultural landscapes, represent a significant
component of the Photo Mapping of Cavan Monaghan Township project. Through the photo
mapping of Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville, the current cultural landscape will be recorded and
utilized as a basis for examining the historical changes that have occurred as a result of different
cultural groups interacting with their environment. Moreover, the images can provide planners
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and others with additional information to preserve the cultural heritage that many residents
identify themselves with.
Cultural geography is one of the most rapidly growing sub-disciplines within human
geography, focusing on the intersecting ideas of culture, place and space. Cultural geography has
attracted widespread interest because it “explores how social groups engage with their
landscapes, how people construct, and make sense of their places and space” (Atkinson, 2005,
xv). Cultural geographies are involved with understanding the ways in which people achieve
identity, belonging, pleasure and difference throughout society (Atkinson, 2005). Within recent
decades, a series of debates have emerged which have challenged this sub-discipline of cultural
geography. “A new set of theorizations of materialism emerged” within cultural geography
which essentially focus on material processes throughout the world (Crang, 132, 2009). In
addition, recent debates have “contested the focus on the significance and meaning” within the
sub-discipline (Crang, 132, 2009).
The notion of cultural landscapes represents a central principle within cultural geography,
and refers to a natural landscape which has been transformed by a cultural group (DEC, 2009).
Constantly under the influence of any given culture, the landscape in a region experiences
periods of immense change and development, resulting in the product they are today.
Furthermore, landscapes are ever increasingly being viewed as moments in a networked process
of social relations, stretching across time and space by geographers (DEC, 2009).
2.2 Historical Geography
It is evident that historical geography is deeply connected to this project through the
portrayal of Cavan Monaghan Township as a heritage-based community. Through understanding
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the historical geography of the landscapes within the township, the cultural and historical identity
can be documented and maintained for the future. Historical geography is a sub-discipline of
human geography, and is concerned with “the geographies of the past and with the influence of
the past in shaping the geographies of the present and future” (Heffernan, 333, 2009). Coming
into focus in the mid-20th century, historical geography developed quite rapidly, incorporating a
vast number of disciplines and ideologies. Today twenty-first century historical geography tends
to focus on “the recent past, a trend partly determined by the need for reliable, spatially extensive
data, but also influenced by the ideology that historical research should be relevant to
contemporary issues” (Heffernan, 335, 2009). There has been substantial pressure on heritage
communities due to increasing populations and development.
Historical geography has a long history of engagement with the changing landscape,
dating back to after the First World War (Heffernan, 2009). As the twentieth century progressed,
the relationship between historical research and landscapes intensified, becoming interconnected.
Following attacks on spatial science, historical geography became occupied with studying
cultural landscapes, producing literature revealing the social and political construction of
landscapes, and investigating the relationships between landscape, heritage, tourism and identity
(Heffernan, 2009). Historical geographers are concerned with these themes, as well as preserving
the heritage that defines a community. Gentrification and intensification within built areas has
increasingly affected the historical significance of rural communities, and therefore has also
become a concern for many historical geographers. In addition, historical studies of culture have
begun to prevail within the sub-discipline of historical geography. As a result, culture and history
have effectively merged to create „cultural-historical geography‟ and the cultural heritage of
areas have become of importance to geographers today (Heffernan, 2009). Historical geography
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plays a crucial role in this project, as the researchers identify the different pressures that are
affecting the cultural and historical landscapes.
2.3 Rural Geography
The cultural and natural heritage of Cavan Monaghan Township is central to this photomapping project. Culture has been recognized as essential to the organization and operation of
society and geographical enquiry has become more sensitive to the role of culture in all aspects
of life (Morris, 2004). Rural geographers try to understand how particular places, objects,
traditions, practices, and people come to be identified as „rural‟ and the difference that this
makes to how people live their everyday lives (Woods, 2005).
Rural geography is the study of human activity in non-urban areas. A rural region is an
area of low population density, where people mainly reside in the countryside or small villages
(Gregory, Little, and Watts, 2009). Rural geography emerged as a distinct sub-discipline in the
1950s, as the dominance of regional geography faded (Woods, 2005). In the 1970s, there was a
revitalization of rural studies and rural geography. This revitalization included the development
of more intensive and diversified social science rural research, as well as the identification by
researchers of new paradigms of local rural development (Woods, 2009). Throughout the 1970s,
1980s, and 1990s, rural geography moved through three theoretical framings of rurality: “from a
functional perspective that sought to fix rural space through the identification of its distinctive
functional characteristics; to a political-economic perspective that attempted to position the rural
as the product of broader social, economic and political processes; to a perspective in which
rurality is understood as socially constructed” (Cloke, 2006, as cited in Woods, 2009).
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Rural geography remains to be intricately linked to cultural geography and historical
geography, which serve as the foundational concepts for this project. Many historical and rural
geographers are concerned with studying rural settlement patterns throughout history, which
have helped to shape the natural and built landscapes. These settlement patterns are expected to
change, and even disappear, with increasing urban sprawl into rural areas which has occurred
throughout much of Southern Ontario (McIlwraith, 1997). Understanding that the Cavan
Monaghan Township is a rural area will help the researchers to preserve the rural character in the
area.
2.4 Developmental Pressures on the Rural-Urban Fringe
Development pressures affect the natural landscape in various ways. These pressures can
be associated with residential, commercial or industrial development that is occurring in city
centres as well as the rural-urban fringe and rural regions. As the population is increasing and
there is more desire to move away from the city centres, these pressures are more realistic in the
twenty-first century. The existing built environment, in addition to the natural landscapes within
these areas are at risk of experiencing detrimental impacts as a result of these development
pressures. Urban planners are continuously identifying new ways of balancing development and
preserving the natural and built environments that characterize many small, rural townships.
The Peterborough area, including the Cavan Monaghan Township, has evolved
throughout history. There have been a range of landscape effects on the area and increased
settlement has resulted in a transformation from an essentially natural to a more-or-less modified
landscape (Brunger, 2009). The area encompasses a number of features which have contributed
to the sustainability of populations, such as fertile soil, access to waterways, vast forests, and so
on. A diverse cultural landscape has emerged due to the great variation in opportunity provided
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by the natural resources offered in the Peterborough area (Brunger, 2009). The modern landscape
of the Peterborough area reflects the gradual urbanization of southern Ontario society and the
forthcoming extension of Highway 407, the Electronic Toll Road (ETR) from the Greater
Toronto area to link with Highway 115 just south of the Greenbelt, will draw Peterborough
closer than ever to the growing capital of Ontario (Brunger, 2009). Various efforts to preserve
the cultural landscapes will become imperative as greater pressures are exerted on the area.
The rural-urban fringe is a vast area of farmland, rangeland, woodland, desertland, or
semi-open space that lies at the edge of large or small cities (Audirac, 1999). Essentially, the
rural-urban fringe refers to the dividing line between an urban area and the countryside. Dynamic
and complex land use issues emerge which involve more than rural to urban land conversion and
conflicts between developers, environmentalists and farmland preservationists (Audirac, 1999).
Furthermore, there is a distinction between suburbia and exurbia. Exurbs, in particular, are
discrete residential subdivisions located far enough from the urban edge, such that the expanding
city will not reach them in the foreseeable future. They demarcate the boundary between
metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas and contain agricultural uses interspersed with
subdivisions and a scatter of suburban-type houses on private wells and septic tanks (Audirac,
1999). Those living in an exurb generally commute to work daily or less frequently to the city,
relying heavily on telecommunications in order to „work-from-home.‟ It is difficult to anticipate
the rate of rural-to-urban change that will transform exurbia into suburbia. However, as
mentioned above, the expansion of Highway 407 to Highway 115 will contribute to
developmental pressure on Peterborough County. Urban influence will be evident on
Peterborough County when the agricultural areas begin to exhibit the influences of the expanding
metropolitan field (Audirac, 1999). Suburbanization will take place, where suburbs absorb many
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transitional properties and will eventually expand into the exurban counties. It may take time for
these changes to occur, however, impending pressures on the area cannot be ignored.
2.5 Development Pressure in Cavan Monaghan Township
Similar to various other regions within in the Greater Golden Horseshoe, Cavan
Monaghan Township is experiencing considerable development pressures for the future. A
growth analysis study of the Township was completed in late 2006 to determine the future
population growth and subsequent housing demands. Through this report, it was determined that
the population is projected to increase by 15,150 persons by 2031 (Watson and Associates
Economists Ltd., 2006). This significant population increase means that additional housing
developments will be required to house the increasing number of residents. Both this growth
analysis and Cavan Monaghan Township‟s Official Plan Update (2009) indicated that future
growth will be focused in existing settlement areas and those with access to full municipal
services. As a result, Millbrook and Fraserville are the most logical areas for development
offering these features. Within the analysis, much of the future housing growth is directed at
Fraserville-North Monaghan due to the availability of waste water services and designated
residential land (Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., 2006). This would involve the
development of approximately 1,290 gross acres of land for housing between 2006 and 2031
(Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., 2006). Moreover, within Millbrook, 150 gross acres of
residential lands will be required, in addition to the intensification and greenfield development
within the existing built up area (Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., 2006). Overall,
Millbrook and Fraserville will house two-thirds of the projected growth for Cavan Monaghan
Township (Meridian Planning Consultants Inc., 2009). The remaining third will be directed to
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various hamlets including Cavan. It is evident through the various municipal documents that
Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville will be faced with immense residential development pressures
in the future.
In addition to the residential demand, much of Cavan Monaghan Township is also
experiencing commercial or industrial development now and into the future. The anticipated
easterly expansion of the Highway 407 to Highways 35 and 115 in Clarington within the Greater
Golden Horseshoe will greatly influence development in Peterborough County and subsequently
Cavan Monaghan Township. As noted in the Growth Analysis Study, access to major highways
is a critical element for industries offering direct access to the Greater Toronto Area and
ultimately decreasing congestion on the 401 (Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., 2006).
Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville all offer direct access to Highways 115 and 35 and eventually
the 407, making these three areas excellent places for industrial development. Finally,
commercial and entertainment directed development has become a concern within the Township.
With the existing presence of the casino in Fraserville, future commercial development is
inevitable. The current zoning permits future commercial development in the area, encouraging a
clustering of entertainment uses (Clark Consulting Services, 2005). Clearly, the Township of
Cavan Monaghan is facing immense residential, commercial and industrial development
pressure, with much of this directed towards the Villages of Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville.
As a result of these pressures, it is important to document the current landscape for future
reference regarding the cultural landscape and heritage of the Township.
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2.6 Similar Projects
There have been many other photo-mapping projects completed throughout North
America. The Council of the town of Markham, Ontario has documented the cultural heritage
that surrounds both designated and listed properties. Designated properties are those protected by
the Ontario Heritage Act and include individually designated properties and properties in
heritage conservation districts. Listed properties are non-designated properties of cultural
heritage value or interest (The Corporation of the Town of Markham, 2010). The Council has
developed a fully searchable database that the public is able to utilize in order to find heritage
properties in Markham by street address, ward, boundaries, heritage district, date of construction
or architectural style (The Corporation of the Town of Markham, 2010). The database essentially
promotes and enhances an understanding of the cultural heritage within the town of Markham.
The interpretation of the town‟s heritage benefits Markham residents and also draws visitors into
the community seeking out new cultural experiences.
The city of Brantford, Ontario has also undertaken a heritage inventory and has produced
a fully searchable database for the general public to utilize. The Brantford Heritage Inventory
includes architectural heritage status of properties, architectural descriptions of buildings on a
property, historical information relating to a property, photos of buildings and significant
architectural elements, as well as specific reasons for designation for individually designated
heritage properties (The Corporation of the City of Brantford, 2010). The Brantford City Council
developed the project in 2001 and has worked hard to continuously update the information
included within the database. The Council‟s main objective is to provide the information to the
public that establishes the architectural and historical importance of selected properties within
the city (The Corporation of the City of Brantford, 2010). Both councils are constantly adding
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new information to their inventories as it becomes available. The inventories are beneficial to the
communities because information can be added over time and residents can identify what has
changed since the birth of the projects. Improvements to the cultural heritage within the
communities have been a major goal for both councils in order for residents and visitors to enjoy
and learn from the heritage that encompasses these areas.
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3. Profile of Study Area
3.1 Cavan Monaghan Township:
The area that is now known as Cavan Monaghan Township was once a vast area of forest
and swamp land, which was initially settled in 1817 after the surveying of Samuel G. Wilmot
(Brown, 1990). Wilmot surveyed the land, marking out the limits of the then unnamed township
and dividing the area into lots and concessions for future European settlement (Brown, 1990).
Prior to the annexation of land by the British, in 1792, and the arrival of Wilmot, the region was
untouched by Europeans and considered Indian Territory. The native‟s continued to live, hunt,
gather and trap in the area throughout the nineteenth century, although eventually deserted the
region completing with the turn of the century (Brown, 1990). The population of the township
grew rapidly following the division into lots and concessions and the immigration of European
settlers to the area. The population in 1819 was a reported 244 and by 1835, the populated grew
to 2,575 residents, made up of primarily Irish tenant farmers who had the opportunity to own and
work their own piece of land (Brown, 1990).
The region became a flourishing agricultural based township early on, and by the 1830‟s
taverns and grist and sawmills had begun to develop. There were five main established taverns in
the townships nearing the end of the 1920‟s and many others had opened briefly in the following
years, although rarely succeed for more than a few years (Brown, 1990). Mills also began to play
a crucial role in the economic development of the township, most notably in Cavan and
Millbrook. The development of these mills opened many doors for the surrounding communities,
often creating jobs within the region and making the necessities of life more accessible (Brown,
1990). In addition, the increased technology that came with the mill made the development of
commercial buildings, homes and barns much easier.
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The Township of Cavan Monaghan has a rich history of settlement and development
within the Peterborough region, making it very unique from other regions. A considerable
amount of the community is built upon the heritage discussed above, and therefore it is important
to document these elements so they are not lost in transition. Image 1.1 effectively illustrates the
size of the Township of Cavan Monaghan, highlighting the three hamlets of focus.
Image 1.1: Township of Cavan Monaghan. Highlighted are the three hamlets of interest.
Source: Township of Cavan Monaghan <www.cavanmonaghan.civicweb.net>
3.2 Millbrook
The village of Millbrook is centrally located within Cavan Monaghan Township,
stretching three miles long and a mile and a half wide (Brown, 1990). This rather small village
was given the name Millbrook in 1833, during an adjourned meeting held at Mr. Thomas
Johnson‟s Inn in Cavan (Brown, 1990). There were thirteen founding fathers of Millbrook, who
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each received one hundred acres either from the Crown or by purchasing the land themselves
(Brown, 1990). Initially, the establishment of the village began with the Deyell Mill. The
development of the Deyell Mill in 1820-1822 was a joint venture between two men, John and
James, one who owned the land and the other who promised to finance the development (Brown,
1990). The development of numerous other mills followed in the years to come, including a flax
mill, shingle mill, furniture factory and a planing mill (Brown, 1990). This is a result of the close
proximity of streams to the village, and by the 1850‟s, numerous businesses had become well
established within Millbrook and the township as a whole (Brown, 1990).
With the increasing development of mills in the village and the development of the
railway from Port Hope, came drastic change. Eventually, Millbrook became the market town for
the township and began to grow both north and west from the original centre in the 1830‟s
(Brown, 1990). As the population continued to increase as well as increased technology,
significant changes were witnessed to the landscape including the development of grain storage
houses, the extensive building of churches, the erection of a new school house and eventually the
building of elaborate brick homes that represent the villages great heritage of the late 1800‟s
(Brown, 1990). Additionally, the King Street East, or the main street, began to house a number
of well established stores and banks into the early 1990‟s (Brown, 1990). Today much of this
heritage in Millbrook is preserved, although developmental pressures for the future are
threatening the heritage which Millbrook‟s identity is based upon. Image1.2 below illustrates the
specific areas within Millbrook that were included in the photographic inventory and
incorporated in the analysis of development pressures.
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Image 1.2: The village of Millbrook in Cavan Monaghan Township. The streets circled in
yellow represent those included in the photographic inventory.
3.3 Cavan
Cavan, formerly known as Cavanville, was first settled in 1817 by John Deyell, who was
the assistant of Samuel G. Wilmot. Wilmot was an experienced surveyor who was chosen to
survey new townships north of Clarke, Hope and Hamilton, which included the, then unnamed,
Cavan Monaghan Township (Brown, 1990). Deyell chose the name for Cavan and South
Monaghan Townships which he named after counties in his native land of Ireland. Reverend
Joseph Thomson settled in Cavan in 1819 and became the first Protestant minister in the
township (Dyer, 1990). Two post offices emerged in Cavan Monaghan Township on January 6 th,
1830, one in Cavanville and the second in Bailieboro (Bowley, 1990). Many people believed that
Cavan was the centre of the township because business had always been transacted in the village.
A number of industries, including a brickyard, blacksmiths, woollen mills, tailors, flouring mills,
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and so on, all contributed to the well-being of the surrounding farmers and residents (Brown
1990). However, Cavanville continuously vied with Millbrook to be the principle community in
the Township, and in the end, Millbrook was successful in this endeavour.
Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Cavan has undergone many changes
to its natural and built landscape. The village remains to be a historical site within the Cavan
Monaghan Township. The Cavan store, Cavan Community Hall, and Maple Leaf Park are some
of the oldest landmarks that are still presently used today. The historical village of Cavan is an
important representation of Cavan Monaghan Township and therefore is included in this study.
Image 1.3 below effectively displays the area of focus for the photo inventory, which revolves
around the centre of Cavan containing the Cavan store and gas station.
Image 1.3: The hamlet of Cavan in Cavan Monaghan Township. The area within
the yellow area was included in the photographic inventory and analyzed for
development pressure.
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3.4 Fraserville
Fraserville, also known as Frazerville, was first surveyed by Colonel Arthur Williams
who laid out the village in both the Cavan Monaghan (44 lots) and the South Monaghan
Township (over 100 lots) (Brown, 1990). The spur line to Peterborough of the Port Hope,
Lindsay and Beaverton Railway crossed the boundary road between Cavan and South Monaghan
Townships, and thus, Fraserville emerged. In the late nineteenth century, there was a post office,
a grain elevator, a railway station, two hotels, a bank, blacksmith, and grocers (Brown, 1990).
More recently, in 1972, Fraserville witnessed the opening of the Kawartha Downs Raceway
which has attracted new tourists to the area. Unfortunately, in the summer of 2009, there was a
fire which destroyed an unoccupied house and damaged the Fraserville post office.
The Kawartha Downs Raceway has proved to generate a substantial amount of income
for Cavan Monaghan Township. However, Cavan Monaghan Township is experiencing potential
developmental pressures from the expansion of the Highway 407 to Highway 35/115. Increased
development and traffic could alter the landscape of Cavan Monaghan Township dramatically in
the near future. There could also be an increased number of tourists who are looking to explore
the natural landscapes of Cavan Monaghan which could alter the built environments of the
villages within the township in order to accommodate them. Image 1.4 below displays the area
surrounding the Kawartha Downs Raceway and OLG Slots where the majority of development is
expected to occur and highlights the area of focus for the photo inventory.
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Image 1.4: The hamlet of Fraserville in Cavan Monaghan Township. The area outlined in
yellow represents the area photographed for the inventory and evaluated in terms of
development pressures.
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4. METHODOLOGY
The overall purpose of this project is to create a photo inventory manual of heritage sites
and landscapes within the Township of Cavan Monaghan. In an effort to accomplish this overall
objective, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be utilized. Quantitative methods
usually refer to statistical and mathematical modelling approaches generally utilized to
understand social and physical relationships (Winchester, 2005), while qualitative research
methods are concerned with explaining human environments and human experiences
(Winchester, 2005). Quantitative methods will be utilized to collect data, such as photographs
and GPS locations, in order to create the mosaic and add to the Kawartha Heritage
Conservancy‟s database. Once completed, qualitative methods may be applied to any interviews
that may occur throughout the research project. The following details the methods utilized by the
researchers to complete this project.
4.1 Planning Stages
Initially the researchers determined the areas of focus (i.e. hamlets), which will be those
experiencing most developmental pressure, through research and discussion with the host
organization and subsequent stakeholders. A meeting was held to discuss the areas of focus and
an agreement was made to include the villages of Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville in the study.
In addition to the identification of the areas of focus, a more distinct scope was defined. Within
each of the identified hamlets, significant areas were highlighted based on the changes they have
faced in the past and the potential for development in the future. It was these areas that were
focused on for the photographic inventory, as illustrated in Images 1.2-1.4 above.
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4.2 Data Collection: In-Field and Interviews
In-Field Data Collection:
In order to compile sufficient amounts of data to be included in the manual, extensive
field work was completed. The methodology used for data collection for this project was similar
to that of previous projects in Geography 4700, such as the Cultural Mapping of Minden Hills
and Cultural Heritage Inventory of Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan Township. The field work
involved the collection of various photographs for each of the hamlets, which will included
landscape, streetscape and built feature images. The researchers collected panoramic photos with
a digital camera personally owned by one of the researchers. In addition, the global positioning
system (GPS) locations were collected and recorded for each of the photographs, also owned by
one of the researchers. There were a number of important elements to remember when collecting
this data. Below are the basic steps that were used for in-field data collection.
Prior to Departure
Prior to departure it was important to plan ahead of time where the researchers would be
focussing their data collection of images and GPS locations for that specific day, as well as
notifying the Kawartha Heritage Conservancy of the planned field work and location. Based on
the sites provided by Karen Ellis at Cavan Monaghan Township, the hamlets were placed in a
priority list for completion by the researchers. Millbrook was completed first, as it contained the
most areas to be photographed. The hamlet of Fraserville was completed second due to the
strong evidence of development pressure and the importance of documenting this area. Finally,
Cavan was completed last, as it was the remaining site to be documented and experiencing the
least amount of pressure. Additionally, the researchers ensured that the digital camera and GPS
P a g e | 24
were fully charged before departing for data collection. The odometer reading of vehicles was
also recorded prior to departure for in-field data collection.
Upon Arrival at Village Destination:
Upon arrival to the pre-determined destination, photos of streetscapes and landscapes
were taken at intervals to ensure a comprehensive inventory is collected. As the photos were
being taken by one researcher, the other researcher was recording the GPS location at the same
location as the photo image. Photos were taken from the opposite side of the focus of the image
to guarantee a direct view of the sites.
Upon Return:
Upon Return from in-field data collection, the odometer reading was recorded. In
addition, the photographs were uploaded onto a password protected computer and stored in the
appropriate file. The images were further saved on a USB memory stick to ensure their security
and backing. GPS locations were inputted into the appropriate spreadsheet on a password
protected computer. The photo numbers were inputted according to identification numbers given
when transferred to the computer.
Interviews:
A limited number of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and planners were
conducted throughout the duration of this project. Semi-structured interviews have some degree
of pre-determined order; however there is flexibility in regards to questions being asked (Dunn,
2005). The interviewer‟s may also probe the informant for any additional details based on the
P a g e | 25
information already provided. Interviews are a good way to gain access to information regarding
opinions, experiences and events that have taken place (Dunn, 2005).
For the purpose of our research project, semi-structured interviews were conducted with
key stakeholders and various planners. These individuals were approached by the researchers
following the completion of the photographs. The questions asked were fairly general and the
participants were probed to provide any additional knowledge and experiences regarding the
development pressures in the area. During the interview process, important information provided
by the interviewee was transcribed and later utilized in the results of this project. The types of
pre-determined questions asked included:
1. What can you tell us about development in the chosen hamlets?
2. Do you know if there have been any developmental pressures in the past and if there are
any current pressures on the areas?
3. What types of developmental pressures is the area experiencing?
4. What are causing these pressures?
4.3 Data Organization
The data collection process for this project was well-defined and organized accordingly
for optimum results. All of the data collected, including photographs, GPS locations and
interview dialogue, were kept on a password protected computer to ensure safe keeping. The data
collected in-field (i.e. photographs and GPS locations) was organized in to separate folders
pertaining to each village, and folders according to street names on the password protected
P a g e | 26
computer. The organization of data in this way will ensure for an effective usage of time and,
subsequently, easier data analysis.
4.4 Data Analysis
Content Analysis:
Following the in-field data collection, a number of municipal documents were consulted
to gain an understanding of the development pressures taking place within the areas of focus.
These documents included the Fraserville Secondary Plan: Township of Cavan-Millbrook-North
Monaghan, Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan Growth Analysis Study and Township of Cavan
Monaghan Official Plan Update: Growth Options Discussion Paper. Each of these documents
were thoroughly reviewed and examined by the researchers to aid and enhance the knowledge
obtained through additionally methods.
Photo Analysis:
Finally, a limited photo analysis of the images taken during the in-field data collection
process was conducted. The photo analysis included the identification and classification of
images as either streetscape or landscape, in addition to whether they contained homes,
agricultural land, natural features or vacant lots. These details were noted in the spreadsheet
containing the GPS locations. Further analysis of these photographs should be completed in the
future as the landscape is altered and the changes are made visible.
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5. RESULTS
From January 2011 to March 2011, the researchers took 225 pictures in three different
villages in Cavan Monaghan Township: Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville. Within each of these
villages, specific areas were identified by the Cavan Monaghan Planning Director, Karen Ellis,
and thus, we focused our photo inventory on areas that are experiencing the most developmental
pressures within the Township.
5.1 Millbrook
Within the Cavan Monaghan Township, it is evident that Millbrook has been developed
extensively compared to the other villages. Historically, Millbrook has experienced the most
developmental pressure with the commercialization of the downtown area and the newly
constructed subdivisions. Millbrook is a town of heritage and has a unique natural landscape that
encompasses a conservation area, a creek running through the village, as well as numerous
forests, wetlands and meadows. Cavan Monaghan Township is currently working on a new
official plan to accommodate the projected growth of the region. The village of Millbrook will
primarily face residential development pressures in the future, with relatively small commercial
or industrial pressures when compared with the hamlet of Fraserville. Municipal documents
indicate greenfield development and the intensification and revitalization of historic buildings
within the existing built up urban area of Millbrook to accommodate population growth in the
future (Watson and Associates Economists Ltd, 2006; Meridian Planning Consultants Inc, 2009).
Overall, approximately 350 residential units are expected to be required for the population
increase in the village within the next 20 years, which may dramatically alter the natural
landscape and existing streetscapes (Meridian Planning Consultants Inc. 2009).
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Some of the lands in the village are environmentally sensitive and inappropriate for
growth, and thus, developers must look outside the boundaries of Millbrook to construct
residential dwellings. A number of residential development projects were approved in the 1980s
within the village. However, as noted by Karen Ellis, many of these homes were built in the
floodplain. This results in high groundwater which creates issues among residents. Today,
development in an area such as this would not be approved by urban planners. For example,
McGuire Drive and Nina Court were photographed by the researchers as a representation of this
type of development, as shown in Image 1.5 and 1.6 below.
Image 1.5: McGuire Drive in Millbrook, Cavan Monaghan Township.
Image 1.6: Nina Court in Millbrook, Cavan Monaghan Township.
These subdivisions were intended to be connected to one another by road. However, due to the
sensitive lands in the area, this was not possible and they are now only connected by sewage
lines underground. Future population growth and subsequent residential development within
Millbrook will require “a total of 150 gross acres of additional residential lands are also required
P a g e | 29
for the Millbrook Ward” with the expansion of the current urban boundary (Watson Associated
Economists Ltd, 2006).
Huston Street was photographed by the researchers to display that there is still room for
development within the village boundaries. There are a number of farmers‟ fields located along
this street, particularly nearing the sound end which could potentially be developed into
residential areas. There are also newer homes that have been developed in recent years closer to
King Street, the main street of Millbrook. This is only one example of how residential
development is pushing further outside Millbrook‟s downtown core and altering the natural
landscape
Both Gravel Road as well as Anne Street encompass older homes and vacant lots. Both
are located on either side of the Millbrook Conservation area and incorporate natural features in
the streetscapes. The Cavan Monaghan Township is seeking to incorporate more residential
development in order to attract residents and boost the area. With future development pressures,
this natural landscape could be threatened by higher density dwellings to accommodate a rising
population within the boundary of Millbrook. These pressures could be intensified depending on
Fraserville‟s position on future development in the Township.
5.2 Cavan
The hamlet of Cavan is a representation of an historic age in Cavan Monaghan Township
and is currently at a crossroads in terms of future development. At one time, Cavan played a
considerable role in the functions of the Township; however this is no longer the case. There has
been very little development pressure from a commercial or industrial perspective in recent years
in Cavan, although limited future residential development is possible. Approximately 7% of
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growth is directed to existing hamlet settlement areas resulting in 15 new lots suggested for the
small hamlet of Cavan (Meridian Planning Consultants Inc., 2009). The lack of significant
development pressures within Cavan is a result of the need for private wells and septic, in
addition to the focus of development in serviced areas, representing 66% (Meridian Planning
Consultants Inc., 2009). Millbrook offers full municipal services and Fraserville has the potential
to offer these services as well, which may help to explain the increased pressures for those areas
of Cavan Monaghan Township.
As witnessed through the photo taking process, Cavan‟s landscape is composed of
primarily unoccupied, forested areas, as well as a few older single-dwelling residences which are
illustrated in Images 1.7 and 1.8 below.
Image 1.7: Older single-dwelling homes located on Highway 10 in Cavan, Cavan
Monaghan Township.
Image 1.8: Forested area on the north side of Highway 7A in Cavan, Cavan Monaghan
Township.
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These images may seem irrelevant at this time, especially since the hamlet of Cavan is not
experiencing significant development pressures; nevertheless, it is important to document the
natural landscape of this area for future reference in the event that development does occur.
5.3 Fraserville
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, Fraserville has been under the most
development pressure, particularly in terms of commercial and industrial development projects.
It is important to note that Fraserville is zoned as approximately 60% industrial/commercial
development and 40% residential development (Ellis, 2011). The Townships land use plan and
zoning, as seen in Image 1.9 below, ultimately allows for the extensive commercial and
industrial development of valuable agricultural land in the future.
Image 1.9: Fraserville Land Use Plan Map. Source: Township of Cavan Monaghan
<www.cavanmonaghan.civicweb.net>
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Clearly, the area south of Highway 115 on either side of Highway 28, which is primarily
characterized by significant agricultural land at this time as seen in the photos taken by the
researchers, is zoned as commercial/entertainment and employment areas, focussing growth in
this area. It is important to note that there are a very limited number of existing industrial and
commercial uses in Fraserville at this time, as Images 2.0 and 2.1 represent the only other
developments in addition to the OLG Slots at Kawartha Downs.
Image 2.0: Pepsi Factory in Fraserville, Cavan Monaghan Township.
Image 2.1: Esso Gas Station in Fraserville, Cavan Monaghan Township.
However, this is expected to change in the future as a growing number of developments
transform the landscape. The Growth Analysis Study conducted in 2006 indicated that
Fraserville is in the prime location for future industrial expansion, which will require “a total of
801 gross acres to accommodate 5,328 new employees and 4.4 million sq.ft.” of industrial
development within the next 20 years, in additional to another “96 gross acres of serviced lands”
(Watson and Associates Economists Ltd., 2006, vii). In order to accommodate this increasing
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development, services such as sewage and water infrastructure, need to be provided to
Fraserville. This has been a primary concern for all levels of government, who have been
involved in implementing these services to the area. The federal and provincial government have
committed to providing $20 million to an estimated $30 million project for water and sewage
infrastructure (Ellis, 2011). The remaining $10 million would be provided by the Cavan
Monaghan Township in order to provide the full municipal services needed for future
development in Fraserville (Ellis, 2011). This has yet to occur as there has been immense public
outcry over the issue.
In 2003, increased pressures were evident because of the OLG Slots, and the Kawartha
Downs and Speedway. Specifically, there was a proposal for an international sports facility,
known as Intersports, that was designated for the area adjacent to Kawartha Downs (Clark
Consulting Services, 2005). This development would include motels, hotels, meeting and
convention centres, recreation facilities, parking, restaurants, maintenance areas etc. acting as a
commercial hub for the Township (Clark Consulting Services, 2005). Image 2.2 illustrates a
portion of the area across from OLG Slot at Kawartha Downs and Speedway that the proposed
Intersports complex would be developed on. This project could still potentially occur, and
therefore, it is important to photograph the natural landscape and agricultural land as it stands
today given that the area could look considerably different in the years to come if this
commercial development takes place.
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Image 2.2: Agricultural Land across from OLG Slots at Kawartha Downs and Speedway in
Fraserville, Cavan Monaghan Township.
Finally, the Places to Grow initiative promotes compact and liveable communities,
directing growth to fully serviced areas within the Township. There is significant interest in
Fraserville and Cavan Monaghan Township is uncertain of the development that will take place
in the area, due to the current issues regarding full municipal services in the area. However, if
council approves the official plan and water and sewer services are provided, Fraserville could
become a much more urbanized community, thus dramatically altering the existing landscape.
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6. DISCUSSION
Development pressures affect the natural landscape in various ways. These pressures can
be associated with residential, commercial or industrial development that is occurring in city
centres as well as the rural-urban fringe. As the population is increasing and there is more desire
to move away from the city centres, these pressures are more realistic in the twenty-first century.
The natural landscape is at risk of experiencing detrimental impacts as a result of these pressures.
Urban planners are continuously identifying new ways of balancing development and preserving
the natural environment.
There is a proposed extension of the Highway 407 from Brock Road Pickering through to
Highways 35 and 115 in Clarington. The extension will be a tolled highway owned by the
provincial government. The preliminary designs of the extension depict that the highway will
eventually cross through the Greenbelt area (in phase two of development), which will have a
significant impact on the natural landscape. The extension will also provide greater accessibility
to areas along Highway 115, including the Cavan Monaghan Township.
Highway 407 is an example of how the rural-urban fringe is moving further away from
the large city centre of Toronto. In recent years, younger and richer people living within Cavan
Monaghan Township are commuting to Toronto for work. There is increasing pressure to
develop to the west of Peterborough, similar to the patterns witnessed in Toronto and the
surrounding area. The extension of Highway 407 will make commuting easier and thus, more
people will begin to move away from the city and the Greater Toronto Area. Increasingly, people
are searching for a rural lifestyle and Cavan Monaghan Township offers this as of right now.
In addition to Highway 407, GO Transit now runs from Oshawa to Peterborough, making
stops along the Highways 35 and 115, including a stop in Cavan. This means of transportation
P a g e | 36
enables people to live further from the city centre as commuting to work every day becomes
unproblematic. There is also the imminent expansion of the Peterborough airport, which could be
detrimental to the village of Fraserville. The airport‟s runway is being extended from 5,000 to
7,000 feet which means that bigger aircraft will be able to land. There is also construction of a
new central apron and air terminal building, as well as groundside commercial development
(Government of Canada, Canada‟s Economic Action Plan, 2010). Even though the airport will
contribute to economic growth, to the creation of jobs and to new business opportunities within
Peterborough and the surrounding area, the expansion will negatively affect the natural
landscape. Increased air traffic and noise pollution will be detrimental to residents living in close
proximity. The probable increase in industrial/commercial development to accommodate for
more flights and increased shipments of goods will significantly alter the landscape of Fraserville
and the other areas of the Cavan Monaghan Township. This may also contribute to residential
development within the surrounding area of the airport because of job opportunities and new
business endeavours. As the population increases, the Township will have to accommodate more
residential developments which can significantly alter the natural landscape.
Wind turbine development is also prospected for Cavan Monaghan Township in the near
future. Whispering Woods Wind Farm, a 10-megawatt facility, is to be built on privately owned
agricultural land east of Millbrook and west of South Monaghan. This project has angered some
Millbrook residents who fear possible health effects from living near industrial turbines (Bower,
2010). There is also the concern for decreased property values and damage to water systems
because of how far underground the foundation supports would have to go (Bower, 2010). The
social pressures from the current residents of the Township are evident because they do not want
their rural landscapes to be altered. Furthermore, current residents do not want their livelihoods
P a g e | 37
to be interrupted by urban dwellers. Many are concerned about how fast things are changing. The
current residents enjoy the rural setting and the small-town feel that the villages within Cavan
Monaghan Township have to offer. They do not want increased development and do not want the
areas to become urbanized. It seems as though the urbanization of Cavan Monaghan Township is
quickly approaching. Developmental pressures are continuously going to affect the area and the
population will increase significantly in the near future due to increased accessibility.
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7. CONCLUSION
7.1 Summary
Development pressures have become an issue that many areas are facing in recent years,
particularly on the rural-urban fringe. The focus on this project was on Cavan
Monaghan Township, located on the fringe of the City of Peterborough and a short distance from
the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The GTA has been facing increased residential, commercial
and industrial development in recent years, which is expected to intensify in the future. The
hamlets of Millbrook, Cavan and Fraserville were specifically identified and included in the
photo inventory. Valuable agricultural land, natural features and historic streetscapes
characterize a large majority of this rural township, which are each threatened by
development pressures.
As a result, it is important to document these features for future reference, as the
landscape may change dramatically in the years to come. Evidently, Fraserville has been
experiencing the greatest development pressure in recent years, and much of the expected growth
and development is projected to take place in this area of Cavan Monaghan Township. Important
and highly valued agricultural land currently characterizes this area and is in jeopardy of
destruction with commercial and industrial development. Millbrook‟s future development is
primarily centred on increasing residential units, while being closely linked to Fraserville.
Finally, the hamlet of Cavan is a significant representation of the Township and is currently at a
crossroads in terms of development. This study has revealed that there are considerable
development pressures on Cavan Monaghan Township, particularly in Millbrook, Fraserville and
Cavan. Thus, it is essential that these areas are documented in a photo inventory.
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7.2 Limitations
The final project was completed successfully, although the researchers were faced with a
number of limitations during the completion of this study which altered the original plan
considerably. Initially the project was to take a historical approach, photographing areas
throughout the Township and completing archival research on specific sites of interest within
each region. Thus, the researchers would be concerned with the cultural heritage of these sites
and how they help to define the rural character of the township. However, due to unforeseen
circumstances, this approach was no longer applicable and the project changed direction in midFebruary, 2011. Instead, the project assumed a planning approach, looking specifically at the
development pressures taking place. The timeframe for this project was relatively limited in the
first place, commencing in September 2010 and ending in April 2011, and the change in
direction only intensified these time constraints. As a result, a more in-depth and thorough
analysis of the development pressures could not be completed.
In addition to the time constraints discussed above, the time of year for the majority of
this project, and primarily the data collection process, was not ideal. Although the images
illustrate the presence or absence of buildings, historic homes, industries or commercial
businesses etc., many of the natural features cannot be fully observed due to the accumulation of
snow covering the ground. Identifying the quantity and quality of the natural environmental
features in each settlement area was not a primary concern for this particular project; however it
would have been beneficial to observe these elements.
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7.3 Recommendations and Future Research
The opportunity for future studies utilizing similar methods, including the collection of
photographs, is certainly possible and therefore should be conducted in late spring, summer
and/or fall. This is especially important if the study involves the observation and identification of
the natural features in the landscape. Similarly, future images taken to be added into the
Kawartha Heritage Conservancy should also be conducted when a minimal amount of snow is on
the ground to ensure all features are visible, including those that help to define the heritage and
rural landscape of the region.
This study represents a mere fraction of research that may be completed within Cavan
Monaghan Township. The original study proposed, which was intended to examine the natural
and built heritage that defines the Township, would be a very interesting study to be completed.
Many individuals identify with these elements, while numerous others migrate to these areas to
experience the historical heritage the Township has to offer. Moreover, future research could be
conducted on the potential for wind turbine development in Cavan Monaghan Township. The
development of wind turbine farms is a very real possibility for the Township, and if this
development occurs, the landscape would be changed dramatically, therefore, the current state of
these areas should be documented. In addition, there is clearly some hesitation by residents as
seen through the “Stop Wind Turbines” signs located on properties, and therefore the views of
residents in Cavan Monaghan Township on this development could be examined. Finally, Karen
Ellis had indicated that there are some considerable social pressures on the Township by the
residents to maintain the rural lifestyle and landscape. This would be a very interesting approach,
and next step to this project, in understanding the pressures a rural town on the rural-urban fringe
of major urban centres is experiencing.
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7.4 Concluding Remarks
This project is a building block for future studies concerning Cavan Monaghan Township
and subsequent additional rural townships on the rural-urban fringe. Development pressures in
Cavan Monaghan Township are proving to be significant issues for planners, as well as residents.
The photographs taken during the project will be beneficial for future reference reading the
natural landscape and streetscape that characterized Millbrook, Fraserville and Cavan in the
twenty-first century. Furthermore, the images taken and corresponding GPS locations will be
added to the Kawartha Heritage Conservancy‟s database which will eventually be made available
for viewing to the general public via the internet. Overall, it is hoped that this project sheds light
on the development pressures Cavan Monaghan Township is facing in the twenty first century,
documenting the natural landscapes and streetscapes that characterize the region and are in
danger of being transformed considerably.
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8. RESOURCES
Audirac, I. (1999). “Unsettled views about the fringe: rural-urban or urban-rural frontiers?” in
Furuseth, O.J. and Lapping, M.B. (Eds.), Contested Countryside: The Rural-Urban
Fringe in North America. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
Bower, E. (2010). “Millbrook Project A Worry For Neighbours” in The Peterborough Examiner
(December 11th, 2010). Retrieved from:
http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2886200 on March
20th, 2011
Brown, Q. (1990). This Green and Pleasant Land: Chronicles of Cavan Township. Millbrook
and Cavan Historical Society
Brunger, A. (2009). “Chapter 7: The Culture Landscape of Peterborough and the Kawarthas” in
Adams, P. and Taylor, C. (Eds.), Peterborough and the Kawarthas, Third Edition (119154). Peterborough: Trent University, Department of Geography.
Clarke Consulting Services. (2005). “Fraserville Secondary Plan: Township of Cavan-Millbrook
North Monaghan”. Accessed 23 February 2011. Available:
http://cavanmonaghan.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx
Cloke, P., Marsden, T. and Mooney, P.H. (Eds.) (2006). “Handbook of rural studies”. London:
Sage Publications, Ltd.
Crang, M. (2009). "Cultural Geography" in Gregory, D. (Ed.), The Dictionary of Human
Geography Fifth Edition (129-133). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
DEC (2009). “Cultural Landscape” in Gregory, D. (Ed.), The Dictionary of Human Geography
Fifth Edition (133-134). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Dunn, K. (2005). “Interviewing” in Hay, I. (Ed.), Qualitative Methods in Human Geography (pp.
79-105). New York: Oxford University Press
Ellis, K. (2011). Director of Planning, Cavan Monaghan Township. Interview Monday, March
14, 2011. See Appendix for transcript.
Government of Canada, Canada‟s Economic Action Plan (2010). “Government Celebrates
Peterborough Airport Improvements.” Retrieved from:
http://www.actionplan.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3559 on March 20th, 2011
P a g e | 43
Heffernan, M. (2009). “Historical Geography” in Gregory, D. (Ed.), The Dictionary of Human
Geography, Fifth Edition (332-335). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Little, J. (2009). “Rural Geography” in Gregory, D. (Ed.), The Dictionary of Human Geography,
Fifth Edition (659-660). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
Lowenthal, D. (2007). “Living With and Looking at Landscape” Landscape Research 32(5): pp.
635-656
McIlwraith, T.F. (1997). Looking for Old Ontario: Two Centuries of Landscape Change.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Meridian Planning Consultants Inc. (2009) “Township of Cavan Monaghan Official Plan
Update: Growth Options Discussion Paper” Accessed on 23 February 2011. Available:
http://cavanmonaghan.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx
Morris, C. and Evans, N. (2004). “Agricultural turns, geographical turns: retrospect and
prospect” Journal of Rural Studies 20(1): pp. 95-111
The Corporation of the Town of Markham (2010). Accessed on 27 December 2010. Available:
http://www.markham.ca/Markham/Heritage/Heritage_indentify.htm
The Corporation of the City of Brantford (2010). Accessed on 27 December 2010. Available:
http://www.brantford.ca/residents/WorkingLearning/Learning/BrantfordHistory/Pages/Br
antfordHeritageHeritageInventory.aspx
Watson and Associates Economists Ltd. (2006). “Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan Growth
Analysis Study” Accessed on 23 February 2011, Available:
http://cavanmonaghan.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx
Winchester, H.P.M. (2005). “Qualitative Research and its Place in Human Geography” in Hay, I.
(Ed.), Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography (3-18). New York:
Oxford University Press.
Woods, M. (2005). Rural Geography: Processes, Responses, and Experiences in Rural
Restructuring. London: Sage Publications, Ltd.
-------- (2009). “Rural geography: blurring boundaries and making connections” Progress in
Human Geography 33(6): pp. 849-858
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9. APPENDIX
Notes from Interview with Karen Ellis, Director of Planning at Cavan Monaghan
Township.
Fraserville
- Early 2000s (2003)
- Pressures because of slots/car track
- Proposal for international sports facility, residences, commercial components
- Look at full municipal services
- Transportation infrastructure in the area
- Commercial land use led to secondary plan
- Sewage treatment plant – got approval
- 20 million dollars of to provide services from government – 10 million of which to
township
- Pipe water from Millbrook to Fraserville – huge public outcry
- Places to Grow – compact, liveable communities
- Official plan amendment never approved – no piping from Millbrook
- Significant interest in Fraserville – not sure what will happen (uncertainty)
- If council goes through with official plan, see a much more urbanized area
- Expansion of Peterborough airport
- 60% commercial/industrial; 40% residential
Millbrook
- New official plan – growth projections (350 residential units)
- Some land environmentally sensitive (inappropriate for growth) – outside the boundary
for residences
- Servicing upgrades
- If Fraserville doesn‟t go, the growth for the area will have to go to Millbrook (684
residences)
- Traditional forms of development not appropriate – higher density dwellings needed
- Sewage tratment issues; new recreational complex
- Significant historical area
- Environmental challenges
- More development to boost the area
- Expand downtown
- Subdivisions – floodplain, high groundwater – issues among residences
- McGuire and Nina connected by sewage lines underground
Cavan
- Private well and septic systems
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-
Not the centre – representative of an historic age – significant changes
Not the same
Additional Notes:
- 407 pressure
- Younger/richer than everyone else – more people commuting to city
- Pressure to develop to the west of Peterborough
- GO bus is another pressure
- Provincial legislation requires 20 years of potential to develop land
- People want the rural lifestyle
- General pressures from people of the public
- Social pressure – more people working at home (should they move to a commercial or
industrial area?)
- Wind turbine pressure