Coxswains roles and responsibilities

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BGRC Handbook - Coxswains role and responsibilities draft ver 0.7.docx
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Paul Pruszynski
19th April 2015
BGRC Handbook
Coxswains Role and Responsibilities
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17.01.2013
Paul Pruszynski
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Rowing Captain
Robin Carter
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Men’s Captain
Simon Bowler
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Mike Carter, Sara Buchanan
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Jan Thorne
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Paul Pruszynski
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Robin Carter, Jan Thorne
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BGRC Handbook
Coxswains Role and Responsibilities
Preamble
“From the commencement of a rowing session until either a handover of the
gig to another Cox, or the safe mooring or stowage of the gig, the Cox in
charge is responsible for the safety and well being of both the crew and the
gig.”
Assessment of the sea and weather conditions, and the strength or relative
weakness of a crew prior to any row, are the responsibility of that session’s
Cox. The Cox has the responsibility to decide whether to or not to row. If a
more experienced Cox is available for consultation in situ, their opinion should
be sought.
If the mooring is temporary, the Cox concerned is responsible for the gig until
either the gig is stowed ashore safely or another Cox, or club officer, has taken
over responsibility.
1
The roles of a Cox
1.1 Introduction
Coxs are in some ways the most important members of a crew. They are the
individual responsible for the steering of the gig and also giving commands to
the rowers in order to facilitate the safe and efficient operation of the crew as
a unit. The cox is the leader of the crew while on the water, and we expect our
coxs to be leaders off the water as well. The cox is an integral part of the crew,
and can have a large effect on the success of the crew. Unprepared coxs will
impact on the enjoyment that our rowers get form a rowing session.
Unprepared coxs will also have played a large part in many races lost and on
the contrary, races can and have been won with the help of well-prepared
ones.
The qualities a good cox will possess are confidence, intelligence, positive
attitude, the ability to think ahead, and the ability to understand and follow
through on instructions. Other things that will help a cox improve over time is
their willingness to seek out advise from rowers, coaches, and other coxs, and
adapting themselves to better interact with their crews. Just as the rowers are
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Coxswains Role and Responsibilities
constantly trying to improve themselves coxs must also be continually looking
for ways to get better at what they do.
1.2 How to be a good Cox
1.2.1 Learn from other coxswains
Other coxs can be a very good resource. Chances are other coxs will know lots
about the role. Talk to them, watch them. The more knowledge and
experience you have, chances are the better you'll become.
1.2.2 Learn how to row
One of the most important things that a cox must do if they are to master the
art is to learn how to row. Don’t just watch videos or other people row. Jump
in the boat and do it! If you can’t row yourself, your abilities will be limited.
You could know the correct technique, and everything there is to know, but
it’s not the same as actually doing it. Physically taking strokes on the water will
help you to better understand the movements involved which will help you in
correcting the rowers with their strokes.
1.2.3 Motivational skills [key of becoming a great Cox]
You must be able to motivate your crew. During the last 200 meters of a race
when your boat is right next to your opponent, you have to say the right things
to get your crew rowing to their fullest, giving it all they have. Your words have
the power to make them pull ahead. This also holds true for the entire race.
Tell your crew where they are in the race, “500m left to go, pick it up for a
ten!” Tell them where other boats are, “Our bow is on their stern, let’s hit it
with the legs and walk up on them!”
Develop your own style and ask your crew what motivates them. There is no
one simple “magic call” which will make a boat move faster. All crews respond
to different things. What works for one boat may not work for another? You
should develop a broad base of knowledge so that you can put together the
right thing to say at the right time. Don’t be afraid to make mistakes,
sometimes calls just don’t work. Learn from your mistakes.
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1.2.4 Earn respect
As a cox you have responsibility. Don’t go on a “power trip”. Don't let yourself
sound bossy or your crew will immediately tune you out. Learn how to work
with the other members of your team. If your crew respects you and trusts
you, you will have a much better experience and all will be more likely to have
fun in general rowing and do well in races. It's not about you telling them what
to do; it's about you helping them get the most out of their boat. Ask others
how you come across, and be willing to accept their answers.
1.2.5 Know your crew & “Wing Man”
Know the names of every rower in your boat. Don’t just use their number
when talking to them. Sometimes rowers forget where they are sitting. During
general rowing, squad training or a race they will respond better to their own
name rather than to a number. Also, try to build a relationship with the rowers
on your boat, especially your stroke person/“Wing Man”. The person/“Wing
Man” who is stroking plays an important role for the boat. The “Wing Man” is
the one who sets the pace for the gig at all times. Having a great rapport with
the “Wing Man” will help you communicate with the whole boat. When you
need to know how the whole boat is doing usually the “Wing Man” will be the
one who can tell you what’s going on inside the boat. The “Wing Man” will
also help you with your commands meaning he or she can question your
command, but when your “Wing Man” has full faith in you he or she will obey
all your commands without any hesitation. It’s a big plus if your rowers/“Wing
Man” like you.
1.2.6 Personality and Style
Personality is an important issue. Rowers tend to like it if their cox has a
personality. Be able to be serious but have a sense of humour at the same
time. Style is another important part. Style is what you say and how you say it.
Some coxs like to verbally attack their opponents during a race. Some are able
to stay calm the whole race, but still have the control and burning desire. And
some are true motivational masters. Style is up to you. Find what works with
your crew.
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1.2.7 Working with your Rowing Captain / Coach
It is vitally important that a cox knows what the Rowing captain /coach wants
from both them and the crew. Make sure you know the workout for the
practice, or the race plan at the regatta. You will be expected to know these
things, have them written in your notepad, and be able to execute them
without necessarily having them present.
You'll need to know what the focus is and what the problems are to
assist the crew.
Your relationship with the Rowing captain / coach:
You have a continuous role with the Rowing captain / coach before,
during, and after races. On race day you become their eyes and
ears.
Communication – always communicate with respect and know that
they will respect your opinion.
The cox has different rights with them than the rowers, as the
Rowing Captain / Coach will see you as a strong support person for
both themselves and the rowers.
Race Days: most rowing captains / coaches have little to say to the
rowers on the race day because they feel that the race is now up to
the rowers because the work is done. They will want to review your
race plan and then will ask you how the race went – try to
remember!
1.3 Duties of a coxswain
In order of importance:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Steering
Safe Management of Crew and Equipment
Giving Commands
Enthusiasm and Motivation
Technical Corrections and Advice to rowers
1.3.1 Steering
Sit still and upright in the seat, bracing the feet against the stretcher; not only
is it detrimental to the set if the cox is not braced, but the beginning of each
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stroke will slam your back into the rear of the seat. Hold the rudder lines
lightly in the V between thumb and forefinger
Move the rudder line away from you on the side to which you want to steer.
To steer right, push your right hand forward, to steer left, push your left hand
forward.
The best time to steer the boat is when your rowers are in the middle of their
stroke. This will reduce drag of the boat when you are not steering. Example:
When the rower is at the catch you need to be ready to steer the turn, push
the rudder line when they are in the middle of the stroke. Hold on to the
rudder line meaning you keep the rudder there until you have acquired your
point. Once you have acquired your point slowly ease the rudder line back into
a straight position.
Since a boat slides through the water, the gig will continue to swing after the
rudder has stopped being used. Therefore, slightly under steer from your final
target. It is vital to anticipate the beginning and end of a corner, or a
correction, otherwise the turn will have to be counteracted, and the boat will
"fishtail".
When steering a straight line, the cox will find it easiest if he/she aims at some
distant object. This is called steering by a point. Use SMALL CORRECTIONS as
soon as the bow strays from this point, rather than making big corrections
later.
Steer with your crew whenever possible by adjusting port and starboard
pressure.
A word about the “trim or set” of the gig. The gig leaning [listing] even a small
amount to either port or starboard will affect the rowers’ ease of rowing and it
can have a turning effect on the boat. A list to the right [starboard] will cause
the gig to constantly turn to the left [port] and vice versa. The then necessary
countering rudder movement to keep the gig on a straight course will
dramatically slow the boat. It is therefore vitally important that you set the
trim of the boat correctly at the start of any session.
It is important to note that the rudder will not start to act the instant you
move the ropes. It takes a couple of strokes to work. This delay time is
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dependant on the speed at which you are moving. If the boat is moving slowly
you will find that steering with the rudder will have very little effect.
Therefore if you are moving very slowly [or are stationary] you will have to
steer using the crew. It is also important to remember that the rudder will
take a corresponding length of time to stop acting so there will be delay
between the rudder being set to the off position and it ceasing to act. In the
light of this, until you are familiar with the responsiveness of the boat, you
should use the rudder before it seems necessary. This anticipation might be
difficult at first but will quickly become second nature. A common error is only
to take the rudder of when you are pointing where you want to go. This can
cause you to over steer because of the delay in the reaction of the boat,
resulting in a zigzag course. You may be told that you should only apply the
rudder during the drive phase. This has its merits on a straight course but may
not work in other circumstances and is difficult to do well. The best approach
is to apply the rudder gently and take it off gently, to leave the rudder on as
long as is necessary and then to gently rake it off again. Try not to ‘pulse
steer’, where you steer a little bit on every stroke. This usually results in a
snaking pattern where you steer and overcorrect, steer and overcorrect, steer
and over correct. It is worth noting that it is the stern that is moved sideways
when you apply the rudder, not the bow. Most of the time the difference is
unimportant but in tight situations this may be crucial. If you want to move
slowly in a straight line you should ask the bow pair to take a stroke. If you
want to move backwards you should ask the crew to back it down.
In an emergency it does not matter how you steer. Use both the crew and the
rudder to ensure that danger is averted.
Remember, there is a "blind spot" directly in front of the gig. Be constantly
scanning the water in front of your gig for obstacles or debris in the water, and
other boats. If necessary, slightly lean over to one side to view directly in front
of your bow.
Finally a not irrelevant point to steering. You can make a lot of effort to steer
with the least effect on balance and speed. However make sure that you get
the basics done as well. – Sit in the middle of the boat, do not move around,
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hold the sides of the boat with your hand to get a better feel and grip in the
coxes seat.
1.3.2 Safe Management of Crew and Equipment
The underlying goal of the Club is 100% safety of both crew and equipment. To
accomplish this a cox must be in control of both the boat and the crew at all
o
times. The cox should have a complete 360 awareness of the immediate
vicinity on land and on the water. This requires keen observation and a great
deal of forethought. A constant and active all round lookout for dangers in
and on the water is vital to the safety of the crew and the gig. As a cox you
must be constantly on the look out for and be aware of other boats, water
movements, obstructions, Marks, flotsam and swimmers etc.
Additionally, the cox must be able to maintain the focus of the crew. Talking in
the boat, joking around, unnecessary movement, and spacing-out will be
highly disruptive to general rowing, squad practice and cannot be tolerated. It
is the job of the cox to keep their crew in line and with their heads in the boat.
Safety is the Coxes first priority. You should never be asked to do anything that
is unsafe. However on occasions others may think an action is safe but you
will disagree. It is important to understand that safety decisions are the coxes
and the coxes alone. If you believe that a certain course of action is unsafe
then, even if other Captains or Coaches ask you to take it, you must not. You
should not fell pressured either by your crew of any of the Clubs Captains into
doing something you believe will compromise safety. Therefore you must be
confident to say that you are nor comfortable with taking a course of action
being proposed.
The most obvious safety concern for the BGRC is the weather. Strong winds,
high swells, fast flowing water, tides or low visibility all make life much harder.
If in the light of conditions you do not feel you can maintain complete control
then you must not go out. Others [Captains, Coxes] may be able to provide
guidance but if you do not feel happy you must not go out. Under certain
conditions you will not be allowed to boat. However if you are permitted to
boat it does not mean that it is necessarily safe to do so and you must still
assess the conditions yourself. Beware of strong winds and strong water flow
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and swells as these will affect your steering and will be a problem when
stationary.
If you think there is a safety hazard of any nature then you must act. Simply
‘hoping it will be OK’ is inadequate. A successful relationship between coxes
and rowers must be built on trust and this has to be earned. Warning the
crew of impending hazards is very important in cultivating that relationship
1.3.3 Giving commands
Your voice, execution of drills and workouts set the tone for your boat. A cox
with a confident voice and precise calling of commands will ensure the focus
of your rowers and the quality of your row.
General
When calling commands, it must be done clearly, be positive, confident, and
with a definite cadence. And you must know what you're going to say before
you say it. REMEMBER, the crew has their hands full trying to row or carry the
boat; they do not have time to interpret your commands. You want to make it
as easy as possible for them to understand and do what you want.
Each time you give a command, you are telling the crew firstly, what they are
going to do, secondly, when to do it, and finally, to actually execute the
command. Each command should be given with a definite rhythm, or pace
(cadence), so the crew can easily predict when to execute.
On land the coxswain will use "ready" or "and" to tell the crews when to move
("steady the gig, ready and move. On the water, the cox will generally give two
strokes prep time, calling the cadences at the Stroke's catch. ("Add bow pair in
two. Two, One, bow pair in.") Rowing has its own list of commands. These
basic commands are those that should be learned in the first week or two, as
they are essential for you to communicate with your teammates.
Attitude:
Have confidence in your ability to make accurate decisions and in
correcting mistakes. Do not apologise. Just make the change in your
command and then continue.
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Demand attention and focus from your rowers on and off the water.
Treat the rowers with respect.
Voice:
Use a deep voice versus a high/shrill squeal.
Don’t be afraid to be quiet as you assess a situation and then make a
decision.
Try not to think out loud.
If you anticipate a tight situation, or there is a wake coming, give the rowers a
calm warning. “Starboards, we’re passing another crew on your side, heads
up.” Or “Wake coming from the port side in 3 strokes.”
As the intensity of rowing increases, your voice needs to remain calm and
relaxed. Do not increase the volume or speed of your voice unless it is for
specific emphasis (i.e., power ten, passing a boat, etc.). Increase the intensity
of your voice rather than the volume.
Your voice affects your rowers. If you talk fast, the rate will tend to increase. If
you panic, your rowers will panic. When you’re nervous, your rowers will be
nervous. It is very important that you remain calm under stress whether you
are lining up for a race or trying to manoeuvre your boat in a tricky situation
during practice.
Use a strong and assertive speaking voice. Never yell or scream at your rowers.
Remember that just because you speak loudly, you do not have to take an
angry tone.
Timing:
Always count your strokes at precisely the same moment as the stroke’s catch.
Calling the count before or after the catch will confuse your rowers and can
lead to unmatched rowing. Never count at the release.
Always tell your crew what they are supposed to do and then say “in two...” or
“on this one...” depending on the situation.
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1.3.4 Enthusiasm and motivation.
Think of it this way: You are in charge of six rowers who are relying on you for
direction, encouragement, and lot information, and their safety. Always try to
be positive!
Coxes should always try to speak with authority, clarity, and confidence. Be
aware that your rowers will hear everything you say as well as the differences
in your voice such as whether you are tense, uncertain, and angry or psyched.
All coxes’ work diligently to obtain a style of speaking that is comfortable for
them and in a tone to which the rowers will respond. Just as you will be giving
feedback to rowers about their technique during their rowing, try to get
feedback from them after rowing about what they like and don’t like about
how you cox them. All rowers have different preferences on what they would
like to hear from their coxs and that also includes male and female. Knowing
this and knowing your rowers will help you determine what to say and how to
say it.
Always be POSITIVE and ENTHUSIASTIC with your crew, you want them to
improve and have fun. Listen to how you're talking to them. Are you too
bossy, too authoritative? Or the opposite - too quiet, too relaxed and
unpredictable? Striking a good balance between too harsh and too nice takes
a bit of practice, but is essential for the cox's relationship with the crew.
If you're giving critique, it will be much more readily accepted if it is phrased in
a positive manner. Avoid words like "don't" and "stop" or generally telling
them what not to do, but instead give them positive suggestions on how to do
things correctly. Sometimes, believe it or not, the cox's job is to lie, if only just
a little. If your boat is being walked through by a boat two lanes over, don't
give them updates on how fast you're falling behind. You must keep your crew
from losing hope, even if it means lying about gaining seats back.
During the race you do not want to repeat the same commands or
motivational words over and over. Have a variety of commands and
motivational words to keep them involved in the race and this is why we have
race plans. Another motivational thing that might help your rowers to excel in
a race is row right next to another boat, but keep your distance to avoid any
violations and hitting their blades. This will definitely pump up your rowers.
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There are many ways to motivate your rower. You can use words, phases,
quotes, or inspirational words.
1.3.5 Technical Corrections and Advice to Rowers
There is a tremendous amount of information a knowledgeable cox can see
and feel from the cox seat. Blades moving in perfect unison, both in drive and
recovery speed as well as height, roll ups, clean catches and releases with
appropriate puddles are all hallmarks of good rowing and can be clearly seen
from the stern. Likewise, variations in these motions are much like symptoms,
indicating to the trained eye what the body is doing incorrectly. Additionally,
the feel of how the boat lifts at the catch and runs at the release gives the cox,
who is not in constant motion, a unique ability within the boat to diagnose the
power performance.
1.3.6 What to Look For:
This section highlights what, as the coxswain, you should be looking for in the
way of rowing technique and fundamentals during a rowing session. In the cox
seat, you are in a prime location to pick up on what the boat and rowers are
doing. You will also be able to feel the affect of small changes in rowing style
to the set and/or speed of the gig. Talk with the stroke rower to get a sense of
what they are feeling during the pieces.
Body Position
At the catch, the rower is preparing to take a stroke. Proper positioning here
will ensure that the legs initiate the drive and take the bulk of the load. Check
to see that shins are 90 degrees to the hull, backsides are on the leading edge
of the thwarts, knees are either together or slightly separated, and that the
back is not hunched or bowed.
At the finish, the stroke is complete. Proper positioning here allows the blade
to exit cleanly at the release and a quicker transition into the recovery. If done
correctly, the boat will have an even set leading up to the next catch. Look for
a slight lay back into the bow, knees flat or very slightly bent, the athlete’s
head looking forward rather than into their lap, body lying along the centre
line of the boat rather than over either gunwale, and that the outside elbow is
dropped away from the body and the oar handle is close in to the upper chest.
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Drive and Recovery Sequence
From the catch the legs will start the drive followed by the back and ending
with the arms. In novice crews the drive will be segmented so that the back
will only come on when the legs finish. The arms are then the last to move
once the back is done. More experienced crews should aim for all three to end
at the same time. This allows for a more efficient acceleration of the oar
through the water.
This sequence is reversed on the recovery. The hands will accelerate quickly
from the body, which will help the back to get in the proper catch position
early. The knees start to break only when the hands have passed over them.
This is key when attempting higher stroke ratings.
Blade work
The oar is the only direct contact the rower has with the water, therefore
blade work will have a large impact to how the gig reacts during each stroke
cycle. Basic things like whether the blade is over squared (skips on top of
water surface) or under squared (digs too deep) are easy to spot. Different
blade depths will also affect balance. The blade should be just below the
surface. You should also watch for timing at the catch and finish, softer
catches rather than one that is hard and aggressive, pressure that is
maintained on the oar handle to help correct leans to either side on the
recovery, and pulling higher into the body rather than into the lap. This last
one will help correct rowers that tend to washout at the finish.
Recovery control
Once the oars leave the water at the release, the gig will begin to slow down.
The speed of the return up to the catch will determine how much the boat will
slow down. Key terms here are RUSH and RATIO. Rushing into the catch will
have the same effect as putting the breaks on a car. You will feel the boat jerk
or ‘check’ at each catch if there is too much rush. On lower stroke rate
sessions look for a 3:1 ratio. That means that for a one second drive, there
should be a three second recovery before the next catch. As the stroke rate
increases, this ratio will decrease, but the recovery should always be a little
longer than the drive. More experienced crews can try to pull themselves up
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with their feet on the recovery. By pulling the body towards the stern of the
boat, the boat will maintain its forward acceleration.
1.3.7 End of Practice
Take a few minutes after rowing to review the row with your crew [and rowing
captain / coach]. Find out what worked and what did not. The Rowing Captain
/ Coach will also want to use this time to give feedback.
1.4 More on Steering, stopping and turning
1.4.1 Steering Basics:
Push the steering cable in the direction you want to turn.
Keep on course by picking and maintaining a point high enough on the
horizon, so that you can always see it over your rowers.
Make small adjustments to keep the boat on course.
Be aware that sharp steering will affect the set of the boat and may
disrupt the rowers’ focus.
The cox may ask for more pressure on one side to assist in steering
around a turn. However, this should not be a frequent request.
Do not lean to either side. Keep your body weight centred and low in
the boat.
To steer the boat to one side when it has momentum and is coming to a
stop, have one side hold down or drag their blades.
During practice, boats should remain approximately one oar length
apart, and should remain parallel while rowing. If your boat gets behind
the other boat, ask for more pressure; if your boat gets ahead of the
other boat, add in a few pauses until the other boat comes even.
1.4.2 Advanced Steering:
The lag time between rudder application and hull response is from ¾ of
a stroke to 1½ full strokes.
The rudder mechanism needs to be tight otherwise coxswains can
unintentionally move the rudder in trying to stabilize their own bodies.
Keep even pressure on the steering cables until you want to adjust your
course. This will keep the rudder from wandering on its own.
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Movement of the cox can cause rowers to continually adjust to
variables they cannot control.
You can increase your stability by grasping both gunwales and the
steering cable simultaneously. Hold the steering cable with 2 fingers
only.
1.4.3 When to Steer:
Turning slows the boat because of rudder drag and because the rowers
have a harder time setting the boat.
Try to minimize your turning.
Anticipate the need to steer, as the boat begins to move off course and
make small corrections early.
Try to steer while the blades are in the water.
Try not to steer when the blades are out of the water.
The boat accelerates on the drive and decelerates on the recovery.
Steering is less responsive the slower the boat is moving.
1.4.4 Coxing Style:
When adjusting a point have your 5 or 6 ease pressure while your 1 or 2
seat rows. This will let you spin your boat without moving forward or
backwards.
When making a gradual turn, steer during the drive and straighten the
rudder during the recovery.
When making a sharp turn it is OK to keep the rudder to one side.
However, tell your rowers when you are “on the tiller” and again when
you’re “off the tiller”.
1.4.5 Steering Practice:
Refrain from steering for a given number of strokes. If your boat
naturally steers straight, you will see how little you need to steer. If
your boat tends to pull to one side you may need to find which rower(s)
is being out-pulled. Over steering may hide what is really happening in
the boat.
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1.4.6 Stopping:
When having a crew stop you can give the command, “In two.... stop
the boat”. Always say when you want your crew to stop before you say
stop the boat. Say, “stop the boat” as the blades go through the water.
You can stop your boat by holding down all six oars. You can keep your
boat from moving by having all six square their blades and hold water.
Rowers should stop with their “hands away” and their blades off the
water, and feathered.
Always stop your crew even with the other boats or immediately pull
your boat even after you have stopped by using your stern pair to row.
Maintain your point and keep boats parallel while stopped. You should
always be adjusting your point, so that you are ready to go when the
practice is ready to continue. Communicate to other coxs what you are
doing and if you need their help.
1.4.7 Turning Around:
Always turn your boat into the wind, unless that causes you to violate
any traffic pattern.
Always begin the turn by backing first.
Maintain a set boat during the entire turn.
Unless otherwise directed, turn your boat one side at a time [i.e., ports
to back, starboards to row, ready back, row, back”, etc.]
If two or more boats are turning, stagger the boats so that all boats can
turn without collision.
Always turn your boat so that you end up facing in the right direction
for the traffic pattern when you finish your turn.
1.4.8 Miscellaneous:
Always ask questions if you do not understand an instruction.
Contribute your ideas to the Rowing Captains and club Coach. Communicate
problems/concerns (i.e., not understanding instructions, internal boat
conflicts, etc.) to your Rowing Captains and Club Coach.
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There should be no talking in the boat other than from you or unless rowers
are responding to a question or have an emergency (i.e., broken equipment,
injury, etc.).
Use silence to your benefit by letting the rowers hear the rhythm and listen for
the bubbles, while giving yourself a break too. If you talk nonstop, rowers will
tune you out.
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2
Coxs responsibilities when in charge of a gig and a
crew
2.1 At the Boathouse
The Cox must satisfy him/herself that:
The Gig is seaworthy [Bung in, no holes, Rudder, pintails, Mooring lines,
fenders]
There are spare pins
There is a Bailer and Bucket aboard
The Safety Box containing a first aid kit, fog horn, whistle, compass,
flares, knife, space blanket has been stowed on the gig
A functioning fully charged VHF radio is available.
If required the oars are tallowed
The selected oar set has been stowed on the gig
That Lifejackets are available for all the crew and the Cox
The gig is prepared as much as possible before leaving the boathouse
All ‘lifts’ are done safely with THWARTS ONLY being used for all club
wooden boats
When lifting the gig that there are an even number of people on each
side evenly spaced along the gig
That both trolleys are well under the gig before moving off
The rower on the front trolley is aware not to pull to hard so as to pull
the trolley from under the gig and that all the crew are aware there job
is to push the gig.
When preparing the gig it is club policy that rowers carry only one oar at a
time.
2.2 Regarding the crew the Coxswains must:
Check that their designated crew are present and that
The crews ICE numbers are available
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They are aware of the crews rowing capabilities and that they are
currently well and without injury
The crew are dressed appropriately for the prevailing weather and
water conditions paying particular attention to correct footwear for the
Clubs wooden gigs
They have assigned crew members to their rowing positions before
boarding
The crew work as a Team from the moment they start getting the gig out until
as a Cox you change crews, or put the gig back in the boathouse.
2.3 On the Road
The Coxswains must ensure that:
They plan and announce manoeuvres in advance - take charge at all
times
They are aware of the safety aspects of manoeuvring the gig on the
highway and they have consideration for the safety of the crew AND the
public.
The gig maintains on an even keel whilst being moved
All rowers hold the gig on a down slope taking the weight of the boat
They have reminded the rower guiding the front trolley that the gig
follows where they go, remind those pushing that the gig will move
away from them.
They pay due consideration to other road users, the club is on display!
2.4 Launching
The Coxs must ensure that:
They have assessed the local water and weather situation
They have made a launch plan and assessed all current and local
hazards
They clearly explain their plan
They make full use of persons on shore
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They designate appropriate ‘players’
If rowing short handed to a pontoon or steps, mooring lines are
accessible on the gig and a ‘reception’ person is available to catch the
gig
They remind rowers to use the inner end of the oar as a boating pole,
NOT the blade.
In line with Club Policy that they are wearing Lifejackets whenever
coxing regardless of their swimming ability or the prevailing conditions
They are conversant with correct retrieval procedures in the event of a
‘Man Over Board [MOB] incident
2.5 Commencing a session
The Coxs should adhere to the following procedure:
Ensure that the Coastguard has been informed of the departure of the
gig and the purpose of the session
When clear of traffic ensure all the crew are prepared and the gig is
trimmed.
In the case of squad training sessions the Coxs should familiarise
themselves with the training session notes and make sure they
understand them before commencing the session. If in any doubt the
coxswain should consult with a Rowing Captain as required
Make sure that the nature of the session [Intensity and Duration of each
component] is tailored to the crew in the gig and the prevailing rowing
conditions.
Communicate the proposed session to the crew
Warm Up with 5 - 10 mins of steady rowing [Squads may have warmed
up ashore]
After the warm up and the crew have settled their positions commence
the rowing session
Be aware of changing water and weather conditions and be prepared to
terminate the session and safely return to harbour.
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3
General requirements:
Please be aware that any rules / guidelines not adhered to could jeopardise
the Club’s use of West Bay Harbour and membership of the CPGA.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
All coxs shall satisfy their respective Rowing Captain that they are in good
health with adequate vision and sound hearing. In cases of doubt, medical
advice should be obtained.
Coxswains are responsible for the safety / welfare of all members of the
crew and passengers whilst in the gig as well as the gig itself.
Coxswains shall assess the weather conditions / rowing ability of the
rowers.
Coxswains shall decide whether to cancel rowing.
Coxswains shall ensure that every member of the crews of which they
have charge is aware of the appropriate safety procedures at all times.
Coxswains shall sit on the Cox’s seat and only stand if absolutely necessary
Coxswains shall be in charge of the VHF Radio.
Whenever possible Coxswains should have the use of a mobile telephone.
Coxswains must wear lifejackets [conforming to BS3595] or buoyancy aids
whilst afloat
Juniors [U16] and all Learn to Row individuals [L2R] must wear an
appropriate life jacket at all times when in a Club Gig.
Coxswains of Junior crews [under 16 years] shall have a successful CPGA
Enhanced Criminal Records Bureau Disclosure certificate.
Coxswains must be aware of the dangers and symptoms of Hypothermia.
Steering a gig, in training or in a race is a highly responsible role. The
Coxswain is responsible for the gig being steered. Commands have to be
given and discipline exerted.
Only signed off coxes shall cox Juniors and L2R individuals.
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4
The knowledge that the Coxswain must develop:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Learn and use simple commands for gig control both on and off the water.
Use them correctly, clearly and instinctively.
Be conversant with safety and rescue procedures in the case of an
accident.
Ensure that crews are using safe rowing equipment.
Know how to use a VHF Radio and have knowledge of radio etiquette.
[See Appendix 1]
Understand the basic commands and signals of other water users.
Be aware of all commercial ship / dock movements.
Understand and carry out safety procedures and regulations applicable to
the water they use, especially those relating to right of way, powerboats,
sailing craft and commercial shipping etc.
Understand local navigation rules of the water.
Keep well clear of all commercial boats in the Harbour.
On unfamiliar water, become acquainted with local regulations and
practices and of the existence, nature and location of particular hazards
before going afloat.
Recognise and respect the rights and needs of other water users.
Watch out for swimmers at all times.
Watch out for unexpected floating objects.
Be aware of weather and water conditions and arrange the planned
session to avoid any danger.
When crews are rowing away from home water, the Coxswain shall
ascertain the local code of practice, and at regattas, any special traffic
rules to be observed, and ensure crews fully understand them.
Coxswains of junior crews should be aware that youngsters are unlikely to
be able to generate a high level of body warmth, so they need more
protection.
Coxswains should be aware of life-saving and resuscitation techniques.
Coxswains of beginners and juniors have an extra responsibility. Those
who are new to the sport are likely to concentrate on their own rowing to
the exclusion of all else, and are thus likely not to be aware of
approaching danger. Beginners must never be allowed on the water
unsupervised.
Novice Coxswains shall have undertaken the BGRC Cox Training Course
and be trained at sea by senior Coxswains.
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20. In the case of an accident in which damage to equipment and/or an injury
have occurred, the Cox must complete an official Accident Report and
send it to their respective Captain; the Cox must report the incident to the
Club Chairman and Rowing Captain, also the parent / guardian of all
juniors involved. All serious incidents shall be reported to the CPGA.
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5
The Principles of Survival Strategies
Survival is the ability to look after yourself and other people in an emergency.
The principles of personal and group survival are the same. They require
careful consideration.
5.1 Survival Strategies
Survival in a deep-water emergency depends on the individual’s ability to use
knowledge, judgement, skill and fitness to cope with the situation. It is
important to remain calm and where possible consider the following
procedure:
5.2 Pre Entry
If it is possible then entry should be delayed for as long as possible. A Mayday
call should have been made prior to entry into the water if at all possible.
Before entering the water check:
Lifejackets are being worn and are correctly fastened.
Availability of assistance.
Establish who is in charge (Coxswain).
Number of people in the group and their abilities.
Availability of buoyancy and other aids.
Environmental conditions
Removal of hazardous items of clothing
Method or means of survival
5.3 Entry
It should be understood that entry is likely to be sudden and unexpected. And
even if the water is up to the gunwales the crew should try and stay in or on
the gig.
Entries should be carried out calmly and with control.
Plan entry carefully.
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Minimise risk and injury.
Select correct method of entry for conditions
5.4 Immersion
Immediately following entry:
HELP and HUDDLE survival methods are valuable in any situation
Float, Scull or Tread water in a relaxed manner.
Put on or Secure Lifejacket.
Hold on to Buoyancy aid for support and stay with the boat.
5.5 Personal Survival
Only swim when absolutely necessary.
It is essential to conserve body heat and energy.
If you are alone use the HELP survival method.
5.6 HELP (Heat Escape Lessening Posture)
If you are wearing a lifejacket you should adopt the HELP position to conserve
energy and heat.
Keep your legs together and in a tuck position.
Press both arms against your upper body.
Keep your head out of the water.
5.7 Group Survival
Appoint a Leader (Coxswain).
Keep together.
Stay with the boat.
Supervise and look after the weaker swimmers.
Use survival and buoyancy aids.
Support each other (HUDDLE).
Avoid danger and tiring action.
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Encourage each other.
5.8 Huddle
The Huddle position is useful for small groups wearing lifejackets. It works on
the same principle as the HELP position by reducing loss of body heat.
Press the sides of your chests together.
Press lower bodies together.
Put arms around each other’s backs at waist level.
5.9 Without a lifejacket
Hold on to the side of the gig.
Use an oar as an additional floatation aid.
Adopt the HELP or HUDDLE posture if possible.
Stay as still as possible.
Scull, float & tread water.
5.10 Think positively
Make a plan.
Stay afloat and try and keep as much of the body as possible out of the
water.
Relax.
Hold on to a buoyant aid (e.g. oar and boat).
Retain clothing.
Swim slowly if you have to.
Change position / stroke regularly to lessen muscle fatigue.
Keep your eyes open.
Breathe regularly and in a controlled manner.
Attract attention by raising one arm above your head
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5.11 Signals in emergency situations
Red Flares / Orange Smoke Signal.
Slow and repeated raising and lowering of an outstretched arm to the
side.
Six blasts of a whistle (or fog horn) at 1-minute intervals.
Shout.
5.12 Remember if you find yourself in cold water
Keep calm.
Float quietly, clinging where possible to a buoyant aid / boat.
Use HELP to help reduce loss of heat from your body.
Use the HUDDLE position where there is more than one person in the
water.
Stay with the boat.
Even exceptional swimmers can be overcome by shock and cold within
very short distances.
Do not remove clothing except for heavy items.
Avoid immersing your head in the water.
Supervise and look after weaker swimmers.
Encourage each other.
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6
Appendix 1 – Marine VHF operation
VHF radio signals travel in straight lines and can be blocked by solid objects
(like waves, when a boat is low in the water, or harbour walls when inside a
harbour)
VHF radios EITHER ‘transmit’ the operators voice OR ‘receive’ in general they
cannot do both at the same time!
So, when you speak you must firmly depress the ‘transmit’ button on the side
of the radio. When you listen for a reply, you must release the pressure on
transmit button otherwise you will not hear the caller.
6.1 VHF Channels
When using the radio as a coxswain you are transmitting your messages over a
selected and restricted set of radio frequencies. For convenience these
frequencies have been divided into a number of ‘channels’ so that as a user
you have no need to know the actual frequencies. This use of numbered
channels makes for very easy operation by simply selecting the appropriate
channel number.
There are 59 channels for maritime use and it is important that the coxswain is
familiar with the restricted channels and does not use them or misuse
available channels. Every channel is dedicated to a particular use. Some
channels are dedicated exclusively but others are shared.
In gig to shore communication the shore station dictates the particular
channel, but with gig-to-gig communication it is the gig called which
nominates the channel.
Table 1: International VHF Channels for use by Coxswains
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Channel
Function
Comment
0
HM Coast Guard –
Private
Do not use at any time
6
Inter-ship Channel only
For gig to gig or gig to other boat
communication
8
Inter-ship Channel only
For gig to gig or gig to other boat
communication
16
Distress Safety and
Calling
Used to make initial contact but must be
cleared to working channel ASAP
67
Small Ship Safety
Channel
For use by small craft and for the
exchange of SAFETY information in
situations that do not justify the use of
distress or urgency procedures
70
Digital Selective calling
Must NEVER be used for voice
communication
72
Inter-ship Channel only
For gig to gig or gig to other boat
communication
77
Inter-ship Channel only
For gig to gig or gig to other boat
communication
HM Coast Guard
HMCG use these Channels for routine
weather and safety broadcasts
10&73
Channel 16 has been set aside as the principle CALLING channel. Channel 16
acts as a central meeting place or clearing house where everybody first meets
everybody else before changing to an appropriate working channel. It is
therefore usual procedure to leave the VHF radio switched on and listening to
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Channel 16 all the time. If anybody wants to contact the gig they will call on
Channel 16.
However it is important to note that Channel 16 is also used for DISTRESS and
URGENCY messages. Therefore communication on this Channel must be kept
to a minimum.
Coxswains should avoid the use of certain channels:
Channel 13 in Weymouth as this is used by the Queens Harbourmaster
for talking to warships.
Channel 9 should be avoided in major ports as this is used by UK pilot
vessels and harbour tugs and
Channel 10 as it is used for pollution control activities
6.2 Making a routine call
Make sure the radio is switched on, and the Volume turned up. If it’s making a
buzzing noise, select ‘squelch’, and turn this up or down to get rid of it. Select
Channel 16.
Start your call by ‘hailing’ the person you want to speak to.
6.2.1 Format for calling
There is an agreed calling procedure in use in the UK. Calling the harbour
master, Coastguard or another vessel it takes the following form:
YOU, YOU, this is ME, ME Over
[YOU refers to the person you are calling, ME refers to the name of the gig you
are on]
Once contact is established the agreed procedure is as follows:
YOU this is ME, YOUR MESSAGE, Over
This exchange will continue using this format until you have concluded your
conversation.
The exchange is concluded by both parties signing OUT as follows:
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YOU this is ME [MESSAGE] OUT and the other party will respond in
similar fashion
6.2.2 Use of the terms OVER and OUT
The terms OVER and OUT have very specific meaning and must be used
accordingly.
The term OVER is used to indicate to the listener that you have finished your
part of the conversation and are handing over the channel to them to answer
you. When they have finished their response they will also conclude with the
term OVER handing back the channel to you. This will continue until you have
completed the conversation.
An exchange in terminated by the term OUT. The use of the term OUT by
either party indicates to the other that you have no more to say and are
ending the conversation. It is important that BOTH parties indicate they are
leaving the conversation by using the term OUT.
It is also clear from the meaning of these two terms that you never conclude a
conversation with “OVER and OUT”. This is a contradiction and improper use
of the terms. Reiterating, the use of the term OVER indicates that you are
expecting a response and OUT indicates you are terminating the conversation
so therefore you cannot at the same time do both!!
6.2.3 A example of a routine call
First listen to radio traffic to make sure you are not going to be speaking over
somebody else. Depress and hold the transmit button, and slowly say, for
example:
Portland Coastguard, Portland Coastguard, this is Rowing Boat Bucky
Doo, Rowing Boat Bucky Doo, Over.
Release the transmit button, and await a reply. If there is no reply within 10
seconds, repeat the transmission.
Portland Coastguard will reply asking for information.
If you have non-urgent business, reply saying
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Portland Coastguard this is Bucky Doo I have routine traffic over
Portland Coastguard, or whatever other station you have contacted, will
suggest a change of channel suitable for such an interchange. In our area
Channel 73 is used for the coastguard routine traffic.
Once they have responded and indicated a channel to change to, you need to
confirm you have received the message. Transmit and respond:
Portland Coastguard this is Bucky Doo going channel 73 and standing
by, over
From then on always prefix your reply with:
Portland Coastguard this is Bucky Doo [this way the other station is reassured
that they are still talking to the correct person].
If you wish to continue the conversation say “over’ just before you release the
transmit button. If you are finishing the conversation say ‘out’. Never “over
and out “!
6.2.4 Emergency VHF Radio protocols [MAYDAY & PAN-PAN]
Distress and emergency situations fall into their own category and there are
specific procedures and protocols that must be followed in such cases. To
qualify for a distress signal the situation must satisfy one important
consideration:
“There must be grave and imminent danger to a Person or Ship requiring
immediate assistance.”
Distress is announced using the term MAYDAY. This prefix must only be used
for distress traffic and except in a distress situation the word MAYDAY should
never be used on the radio even in conversation.
Emergencies that do not fall into the distress category but where an urgent
message needs to be passed concerning the safety of a person or boat use
urgency messages prefixed by PAN-PAN.
Transmissions concerning the safety of navigation are prefixed SECURITE.
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As the MAYDAY signal is broadcast and can be received by any nationality,
boat, etc. there is a special sequence that must be followed if rescue is to
arrive quickly. Check the radio is on; transmit at high power on Channel 16.
First, the distress call to alert the world to the boats plight:
MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY this is rowing gig ME, ME, ME
Second, the distress call is immediately followed, without waiting for any
acknowledgment by the distress message, as follows:
MAYDAY, ME,
My position is [give location]
Nature of the Distress, followed by
Assistance Required, followed by
Number of People Affected, followed by
Any Other Information,
OVER
Listen for response and repeat as necessary.
You can also contact the shore by using Mobile phones if available
West Bay Harbour Master: 07870240636
Portland Coastguard: 01305 760439
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7
Appendix 2 - Agreed command terms as used by BGRC.
The following are commands / terms and their meaning that must be used by
all coxswains
OARS UP FROM THE BOW – 1 and 2, followed by 3 and 4, followed by 5
and 6 rowers raise oars to the upright position, or to signify that rowers
are ready to take instruction, simply OARS UP
LOWER OARS OVER WATER – rowers are now ready to row
COME FORWARD READY TO ROW – cox can now make sure that all
rowers are ready
ROW – commence rowing
BACKWATER - everyone backwater
BOW SIDE BACKWATER – make sure BOW SIDE is said first
STROKE SIDE BACKWATER – make sure STROKE SIDE is said first
QUARTER POWER – often used when turning the boat
60 PER CENT, 100 PER CENT ETC. - to adjust power in the stroke
HOLD WATER – use oars in water to hold boat in position
STOP – emergency stop, slap blade flat on the water, sink blade and
turn 90 degrees
BOX STROKE – usually stroke side, short straight-arm rowing using leg
power, fast – used mainly for buoy turns
EASY UP – stop rowing and relax
HARD TEN – ten hard strokes, often used in multiples of ten and also in
pyramids to signal increase in oar pressure without increasing stroke
rate
UP/DOWN THE RATE – to increase or decrease the stroke rate
SHIP OARS – oars returned to the upright position
STOW OARS – oars laid down from the bow to stern
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8
Appendix 3 – Summary
Steering, Manoeuvring and Commands
Take responsibility for the position of the
gig in the water
Cox a straight line course
Steer mainly using the rudder when the
blades are in the water
Manoeuver by commanding different
members of the crew to row
Assist steering using increased rowing
pressure on one side
Spin the boat in different direction safely
and in an appropriate area
Explain how to use the stream and/or
wind to assist spinning the boat
Safety
Obey local traffic regulations, avoiding
hazards
Maintain a good lookout and awareness
of stationary obstacles to avoid collision
Maintain an awareness of other water
users at all time
Continually monitor and assess
conditions
Maintain safety of the crew and others
Enthuse, encourage and motivate the
crew
Be a positive influence on crew members
through planning, behaviour and
communication
Earn the respect of the crew with
consistently good standards and coxing
Equipment and Clothing
Check equipment to be used meets the
requirements of safety guidance of the
club and the CPGA
Ensure appropriate clothing is being
worn by crew for the conditions
Check all crew members are wearing [or
have with them] appropriate clothing
and have drink bottles
Check that life jackets are available
Lifting, Launching and landing
Command safe manoeuvring of the boat
from the shed (where to stand and
directional guidance)
Command safe movement of the boat
and oars in the launching area
Specify reasons for boating and landing
in the correct direction
Follow the plans for the outing including
warm up and cool down
Command the crew to enter and exit the
boat in a safe and orderly manner
Steer safely to the landing point;
supervise safe lifting of the boat from
the water to the trolleys.
Supervise the checking, cleaning and
putting away of the equipment
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