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1
Contents
List of Graphs ............................................................................................................................ 4
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 5
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7
1.1
Background- context .................................................................................................................. 7
1.2
Rationale for the study............................................................................................................... 9
1.3
Objective ...................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4
Geographical Coverage and Sample Size ............................................................................. 9
1.5
Study process ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.6
Scope and Limitations ............................................................................................................. 12
1.7
Organization of the report ....................................................................................................... 12
Profile of households .........................................................................................................13
2.1
Sample distribution of households surveyed ....................................................................... 13
2.2
Category of households .......................................................................................................... 13
2.3
Type of house ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.4
Landownership ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.5
Use of land ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.6
Irrigation and source of energy for irrigation ........................................................................ 16
2.7
Debt in the households ............................................................................................................ 17
Current electricity access and consumption .......................................................................19
4.1
Number of villages electrified ................................................................................................. 19
4.2
Energy sources in the households ........................................................................................ 20
4.3
Providers of electric connection ............................................................................................. 21
4.4
Initial charges for the electricity connection ......................................................................... 22
4.5
Purposes for which electricity is used ................................................................................... 23
4.6
Disruption in electricity supply experienced in last one month .......................................... 23
4.7
Backup equipment used in case of power failure ................................................................ 24
4.8
Satisfaction with current electricity supply ............................................................................ 25
4.9
Reasons for dissatisfaction ..................................................................................................... 25
Households not having electricity connection .....................................................................26
4.1
Reasons for household having no electricity ....................................................................... 26
2
5.
6.
7.
4.2
Major source of energy for households with no electricity connection ............................. 27
4.3
Various energy sources used in last one month ................................................................. 28
4.4
Kerosene- use and issues ...................................................................................................... 29
4.5
Firewood- use, procurement, and cost incurred .................................................................. 29
4.6
Animal dung – an important alternative ................................................................................ 31
4.7
Households using pump .......................................................................................................... 31
4.8
Expense incurred per month on energy sources used in the households ...................... 32
Willingness to have an electric connection .........................................................................33
5.1
Perception that electricity connection will help better your lifestyle .................................. 33
5.2
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life of women in the household .... 34
5.3
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life of children in the household ... 34
5.4
Perception of how electricity connection will impact work/income in the household ..... 35
5.5
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life in the village.............................. 36
Awareness and willingness to pay .....................................................................................37
6.1
Willingness to get electric connection ................................................................................... 37
6.2
Aware of the need to pay initial amount for connection ..................................................... 37
6.3
Willingness to pay initial amount for connection.................................................................. 38
6.4
Average amount that can be paid for connection ................................................................ 39
6.5
Aware of the need to pay monthly bill for connection ......................................................... 39
6.6
Average monthly bills to be paid ............................................................................................ 40
Conclusion .........................................................................................................................41
Annexure 1:- List of Villages surveyed ......................................................................................45
Annexure 2- Household questionnaire ......................................................................................52
3
List of Graphs
Fig 2.1: State-wise distribution of APL and BPL households ............................................................... 13
Fig 2.2: State-wise land ownership of the surveyed households........................................................ 14
Fig 2.3: Ownership of agricultural land among surveyed households ................................................ 15
Fig 2.4: Purpose of using the land ....................................................................................................... 16
Fig 2.5: Energy source used for irrigation ........................................................................................... 17
Fig 2.6: Households in debt................................................................................................................. 18
Fig 3.1 Number of villages and households electrified ....................................................................... 19
Fig 3.2 Energy sources in the households ........................................................................................... 20
Fig 3.3: Source of electric connection ................................................................................................. 21
Fig 3.4: Initial connection charges paid by the households ................................................................ 22
Fig 3.5: Satisfaction with current electricity supply ............................................................................ 25
Fig 4.1: Reasons for not having and electricity connection ................................................................ 27
Fig 4.2 Major source of electricity for households with no electricity connection- ........................... 27
Fig 4.3 Willingness to pay the initial amount for connection ............................................................. 28
Fig 4.4: Firewood procurement sources ............................................................................................. 30
Fig 4.5: Households using pump ......................................................................................................... 31
Fig 5.1 Perception that electricity connection will help better your lifestyle..................................... 33
Fig 5.2: Perception that electricity is an essential commodity and not a value added service .......... 36
Fig 6.1 Awareness about need to pay initial connection amount ...................................................... 37
Fig 6.3 Understand to the pay monthly bill for connection ................................................................ 39
4
Acknowledgements
We wish to express our sincere thanks to all households across 240 villages in 16
districts and 8 states covering different geographies where the field work was carried
out for their uninhibited sharing of experiences and expectations. This report is an
effort to present conditions and perceptions of rural population with specific reference
to energy services and their expectation for drawing benefits of a developing nation.
SEDC, Synovate expresses its sincere thanks to Vasudha Foundation and Samvad for
this opportunity to carry out the study and be part of the process to share these voices
with policy makers and decision makers.
5
Executive Summary
Government of India has being trying to achieve 100 % electrification of villages from a long
time which is still not achieved. In terms of achieving the vision of electricity to every household,
we are far behind the target. GOI has taken many initiatives in order to achieve 100% rural
electrification as it is very important for continuing our current growth rate of over 8% GDP. The
Electricity act of 2003 was the first to mention total rural electrification and provided many
provisions for that. Two schemes of GOI, Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna (RGGVY)
and Remote Village Electrification (RVE) were introduced after Electricity act of 2003 to fulfill the
vision. These schemes gave high subsidy for investment in rural electrification infrastructure.
But due to a general perception that people residing in rural areas prefer free electricity and will
not pay for the service has led to scant interest from investors resulting in huge deficit in the
funding process.
The main objective of this survey was to find out actual willingness to pay for monthly electricity
bill as well as initial amount to be paid for electricity connection. We had also examined how this
willingness to pay varies among people as their landownership varies. The survey was
conducted in 240 villages of 8 different states in India across 16 districts.
According to our survey findings 94% villages were found electrified while when it comes to
electricity connections to household only 86% households were found electricity connection.
In a total reversal to the general perception that people in rural areas of India want free
electricity and do not consider it as an essential requirement, during the survey it was found that
there is a significant willingness to pay for electricity (more than 100 rupees per month) and
people consider it as an essential requirement. People are more concerned about issues like
consistency in timings of supply and proper voltage of electricity supply. That is why main
reason of dissatisfaction was found to be irregular supply of electricity. However people are also
concerned about initial amount to be paid for electricity connection as they felt that it is quite
high.
People consider electricity as a need to upgrade day to day life of members of household and
especially women. They also believe that electricity will also play an important role in life of their
children and it will provide benefit to their business and agriculture too. Major purpose of and
usage of electricity in rural areas had been for lighting but it varies depending upon the
landholding pattern of the villagers. As affordability increases it was found that multiple usage of
electricity also increased across the states.
Going by the survey one can assume that there is huge demand for electricity in Indian rural
market which is unsatisfied till now and people are willing to pay for electricity supply and also a
premium over normal price for quality of electric supply service.
6
1.
Introduction
1.1
Background- context
Though Indian GDP is growing with 7 to 8% since last several years still India has around 35% of the
global population without electricity access and in spite of being 90% electrification in villages, only
around 45% of rural households are having electricity connections.
*(CGSD Working Paper No. 30, Improving Electricity Services in Rural India - Vijay Modi, December
2005)
The new definition for electrified village introduced in year 2004-2005 by Ministry of Power.
*(Issued by MOP, vide their letter No. 42/1/2001-D (RE) dated 5th February 2004 and its corrigendum
vide letter no. 42/1/2001-D (RE) dated 17th February 2004.)
According to this definition a village would be declared as electrified, if:
1. Basic infrastructure such as Distribution Transformer and Distribution lines are provided in the
inhabited locality as well as the Dalit Basti hamlet where it exists.
2. Electricity is provided to public places like Schools, Panchayat Office, Health Centers,
Dispensaries , Community centers etc.
3. The number of households electrified should be at least 10% of the total number of households in
the village
Though India has become one of the most sought after country by foreign investors, India is still a power
deficit country with an overall deficit of around 86,000 Million kWh and with daily peak hours demand
shortages of 13,000 Million kWh., Which results in frequent large power cuts ranging daily from around 46 hours in towns and over 8-14 hours a day on an average in villages.
*(Shifting of Goal Posts Rural Electrification in India: A Progress Report)
Ministry of Power (MoP) has introduced many plans to improve generation capacity of India which is
around 1.73 GW currently. MoP has awarded four UMPPs till now and planning to a total of 16 UMPPs of
4000 MW each to increase 64000 MW installed capacity in next 10 years. But as India is growing faster
demand for power is increasing at a faster rate than its availability (for example, peak shortages of 13.3
percent and energy shortages of 10.1 percent) and it is difficult to match it. In order to fill this gap India
should also focus more on energy efficiency and to eliminate disparity of availability of electricity among
people. For energy efficiency India should focus on reducing Transmission & Distribution (T & D) losses.
Our country has huge Transmission & Distribution (T & D) losses which are currently at a high of 32.5%.
In comparison to international standards of 4-8% T & D losses .India’s T & D losses are amongst the
highest in the world. Poor governance in the electricity sector is one of the main reasons for T & D Losses
to continue to be high.
*(www.powermin.nic.in, shifting of Goal Posts Rural Electrification in India: A Progress Report)
High T & D losses are also one of the reasons that there is very limited amount of private investment in
power sector as it requires a large capital expenditure, Things like theft of electricity in distribution,
subsidy given to consumers lead to further low investment in power sector.
7
Government of India has been trying to
improve condition of accessibility, availability
and quality of electricity from a long time
T & D Losses
since it has a direct impact on both GDP of
Theft and natural transmission
country as well as Gini coefficient (measures
losses
inequality among people). GOI launched
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana
Vicious cycle of
(RGGVY) in April 2005, under which it has
subsidy
envisioned electrifying all villages, providing
electricity access to all rural households and
Low invest ment & Poor quality
free connection to all BPL (below-povertyVoltage and frequency line) families by 2010. MoP also launched
Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG)
fluctuations
Program in 2009 under RGGVY, which offers
Equipment repair cost
substantial capital and operating incentives to
off- grid distribution generation projects in
villages
without
grid
connections.
Responsibility to implement RGGVY and
schemes under it has been given to Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC) which has become a
public company recently by launching an IPO.
Though launching Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) and providing a lot of provisions
in Indian electricity act 2003 for rural electrifications still a large number of household in villages which
does not have access to electricity is left. REC provide 90% subsidy for rural electrification projects.
Balance 10% will be loan assistance on soft terms by REC., electrification of un-electrified Below Poverty
Line (BPL) households is being financed with 100% capital subsidy at 2200 rupees per connection in all
rural habitations. As on 31st December 2010, 89,675 villages have been electrified and 140.70 lakh free
electricity connections have been released to BPL households. The revised Bharat Nirman target for
RGGVY is to electrify 1 lakh villages and to provide free electricity connections to 175 lakh BPL
households by March 2012.
*(www.powermin.nic.in/bharatnirman)
World Bank has tried to find out potential for business model for distributed generation and supply
(DG&S) and policy/regulatory actions that would accelerate the private sector’s involvement in distributed
generation and supply projects with help of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). The analysis
draws extensively from studies of previous efforts in India and other developing countries, detailed
discussions with state power utilities, renewable energy development agencies, private developers and
other key stakeholders, assessments of existing bottlenecks, and successful policy examples.
Results of a field survey conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in two states confirm
that while not all areas can and will pay higher electricity prices, there is a significant market for charging
incremental tariffs for reliable and extended hours of electricity supply.
*(Empowering Rural India: Expanding Electricity Access by Mobilizing Local Resources)
An improved condition of electrification and electricity services can be achieved by adopting a multipronged approach to re-vitalizing energy services in India. Our efforts must be directed towards
implementing best practices in areas like distribution, power generation, tariffs, subsidies and monitoring.
8
1.2
Rationale for the study
Vasudha Foundation proposed a survey on "Ability and Willingness to Pay for Energy Services"
in rural India, primarily to assess and generate information through a field survey about people’s
willingness to pay for electricity. The survey findings presented in the report aims to serve as an
advocacy brief to counter the possible myth by Government and Decision Makers that people
want only free electricity. The hypothesis being, if people are provided with the right quality and
quantity of energy services, they would be willing to pay for the services.
1.3
Objective
The study objective of the field survey was to assess the understanding and acceptance of
energy services among rural population and their willingness to pay for it.
Broad research objective is to obtain information on following:
To assess perceived need for energy services
To assess access and perception of quality of energy services received
To understand level of satisfaction with services available
To determine ability of the rural households to pay for energy services
To assess willingness to pay for energy services and identify determinants for willingness
to pay
1.4
Geographical Coverage and Sample Size
A two stage stratified sampling was used. The following formula was used to arrive at the
sample size. This sample size provides estimates that can be read within a range of +/-10 % at
a 95% level of confidence.
N= Z2 x P x (1-P) x Dx1.1
E2
Z score for 95% confidence level-
1.96
Anticipated proportion 0.50 (In absence of baseline this can be considered as 0.50 which
is a conservative estimate,1)
Design Effect 2 (For Cluster Sampling)
Precision
10%
Technical Note 1, Estimating Sample Size; Sinha Frances, Brar Amit, Mishra Kamal Narayan, EDA Rural
Systems
1
9
Sample size calculated using this formula is 211. To ensure adequate representation in each
cluster, the sample size for each state was rounded off to 240. This sample size of 240 was
distributed across 30 villages selected in two districts. The 30 villages were selected using
PPES method. Sample size distribution across zone, states, and village level is summarized
below.
Zone
North
South
East
West
Table 1.1: Distribution of sample proposed
States
No of
Number of
districts
villages
2
Haryana
30
2
Uttarakhand
30
2
Kerala
30
2
Karnataka
30
2
Jharkhand
30
2
Orissa
30
Maharashtra
2
30
Gujarat
2
30
Total
16
240
Sample Size
per state
240
240
240
240
240
240
241
240
1921
A multi stage cluster sampling was followed as explained below:
Selection of district: In each state, two districts were selected randomly in consultation with
Vasudha Foundation. In absence of any comprehensive data on percentage of electrification at
district and then village level, this selection was done randomly.
Selection of villages: In two selected districts, 30 villages were selected using PPES method.
All villages in the district were listed as they appear in the census list. Sampling interval was
calculated and first village was selected using a random number. Subsequent villages were
selected using the sampling interval.
Selection of households: In each selected village, the team drew a lay out map, met the
sarpanch of senior members to understand the village constitution. Based on the village
constitution, the village was divided into four segments and from each segment two households
were selected. For selection of these two households, the interviewer went to the centre of the
segment and used a pencil tied to a thread and spun the pencil to determine the direction of
starting point. From the starting point, interviewer went to the nearest household for selection of
households meeting the eligibility criteria (land ownership).
10
Sample distribution across land ownership
Rural Households
Irrigated
No
/non
agricultural
irrigated
land
land less
than 1 acre
Village
Number of households per
village
Number of households per
state
1.5
Irrigated
/non
irrigated
land 1-5
acre
Irrigated
land 6+
acres
Total
1
3
3
1
8
30
90
90
30
240
Study process
The study was carried out across 8 states, 16 districts, and 240 villages over a period of 3
months. The following flow chart summarizes the study process.
Preparatory activity (February 2011)
Selection of districts and villages
Development of information domain and data collection tools,
pre testing and finalization of tools and translation of tools
Recruitment and Training of team (Feb- March 2011)
Identifying and recruitment of state and district specific team
2 day training programme at respective states including mock
interviews and dry run. 8 state specific trainings were held
Data Collection (March 2011)
Meeting Sarpanch of the village, understanding of village
profile format, drawing of lay out map, and segmentation at
the village
Data collection by trained team in respective states- total of
240 villages visited by over 30 interviewers over a period of 4
weeks
Analysis and Report Writing (April 2011)
Data editing, translation of open ended responses, coding, and
data entry
Generating out put tables as per analysis plan and report
writing
11
1.6
Scope and Limitations
The study aimed at understanding the ability and willingness to pay for energy services presents
the findings of 240 villages visited in 8 states. The study presents the findings of community’s
perceptions and feedback on existing services extensively. However, due to time and field
constraints, triangulation or validation of data collected with regards to electrification status of
the villages- when it was electrified, provider of service, etc was not possible to be collected.
Another limitations perceived by the study team was absence of any comprehensive collated
data on electrification data in the country. Owing to this the villages were selected through
systematic random selection method using PPES, availability of electricity could not be used as
a variable for selection of the villages.
1.7
Organization of the report
The report is organized to present chapters in line with information areas and enquiry during the
survey. The chapters are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Profile of the households
State wise patterns of current energy consumption
Alternate sources of energy and expenses incurred
Level of satisfaction with current energy provision
Perception of utility of electricity and Willingness to pay
Conclusion
12
2.
Profile of households
2.1
Sample distribution of households surveyed
The survey carried out in 8 states covered 240 villages and 1921 households which were
selected through a systematic random selection. This chapter presents the brief socio economic
profile of the households surveyed.
2.2
Category of households
One of the important variables to assess the economic status of the household is the card
ownership of card that classifies them into APL or BPL depending on their socio economic
status. An equal number of households representing APL and BPL constituted the surveyed
households. Of 1921 households surveyed, an equal proportion belonged to APL (47%) and
BPL (47%) category of households. Remaining 2 per cent had other cards while 3 per cent did
not mention.
State wise distribution of households indicate that majority of the households in Haryana (79%),
Karnataka (72%) and Jharkhand (59%) represented BPL households.
Fig 2.1: State-wise distribution of APL and BPL households
90
79
80
70
72
65
64
63
60
50
40
59
58
42
33
42
38
40
31
30
25
21
22
20
10
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
Maharashtra Karnataka Uttarakhand
241
240
240
APL
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
BPL
Base: 1921
13
2.3
Type of house
Majority (97%) households in the surveyed villages are living in house owned by them while 3
per cent lived in rented houses. Little over one third stayed in a kuccha house where as majority
had cemented pucca house. As expected households with land more than 5 acres owned
maximum percentage of cemented house in comparison to kuccha house. Importantly the
households that were not electrified, three fourth of those stayed in a kuccha house.
2.4
Landownership
Land ownership is one of the indicators of economic status of the households. Agriculture
continues to be a source of livelihood and enquiry was made during the survey about land
ownership. Out of 1921 households surveyed, majority (89 %) reported ownership of land where
as 11 per cent did not own any land. State wise comparison helps understand that the land
ownership was relatively the least in Uttarakhand followed by Orissa. Kerala had the majority
households owning land.
Fig 2.2: State-wise land ownership of the surveyed households
120
100
98
90
89
88
79
80
88
83
71
60
40
28
20
11
16
12
10
17
12
2
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
Of those who own land, more than half (56%) owned either only irrigated land or partly irrigated
land. Remaining households own non irrigated land. Of those who own land, 6 per cent do not
14
own agriculture land where as 13 per cent own more than 5 acres of land. Rest 81 per cent own
land less than 5 acre, with majority 42 per cent owning only less than one acre of land.
Fig 2.3: Ownership of agricultural land among surveyed households
60
56
50
43
40
39
37
43
41
4141
39
45
4243
43
41
36
30
27
20
11
15
13
14
13
14
15
15
10
2
4
14
5
2
1
2
1
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
No agricultural land
241
240
240
Less than 1 acre
1 to 5 acre
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
More than 5 acre
Base: 1921
Also it can be observed that people with larger land ownership had more irrigated land (for more
than 5 acres of land 58% land is irrigated where as only 10% land is only non-irrigated) while for
those households that own land less than 1 acre the percentage of irrigated as well as non
irrigated land was approximately the same (44% irrigated and 42% non irrigated).
2.5
Use of land
The two major uses of land were agriculture and for living (house).The graph below clearly
established the dependency on land as a major source of living. Majority of the households use
the land for agriculture. Only in Haryana, a small percentage of the households also used the
land for business. It can be also observed from figure that maximum percentage of land that is
not used for anything was the small patches of land i.e. less than 1 acre of land .
15
Fig 2.4: Purpose of using the land
100
97
100
93
91
95
98
96
93
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
8
0201
001
2100
0000
0
4
00
2004
2101
0100
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Agriculture
Orissa
240
Business
241
240
240
Not used for anything
Gujarat
240
For Housing purpose
Jharkhand
240
Others
Base: 1921
2.6
Irrigation and source of energy for irrigation
Wells (43%) and Tube wells (30%) were major source of irrigation for households surveyed.
Dependency on rain, river, stream water, canal, and private irrigation were other sources of
irrigation. The difference in source of irrigation was well evident between electrified and non
electrified villages. About 32 per cent depended on tube well for irrigation in those villages that
were electrified, but this was only 7 per cent in non electrified villages. The same difference was
observed between households that were electrified and non-electrified.
Households were further enquired about the energy sources used for irrigation. Electricity and
diesel are two most important sources of energy for irrigation. Electricity alone constituted 59
percent of source of energy for irrigation and 14 per cent irrigation was dependent on diesel. An
important and obvious difference in source of energy was cited for electrified and non electrified
villages and households. Manually irrigating the land was cited by more than one third of
households in villages (44%) and households (34%) which were not electrified. On the contrary
access to electricity led to electricity and diesel being mentioned as primary sources of energy
for irrigation for electrified villages and households (76%) Rented pumps were also identified as
an important source of irrigation for non electrified villages and households.
16
Fig 2.5: Energy source used for irrigation
70
60
59
50
40
30
20
14
10
4
0
2
6
5
Rain
Rented
pump
0
0
Electricity
2.7
Diesel
Tank /hose
Mannualy
Kerosen
pump
Natural
Debt in the households
Little over half (27%) households were in debt and 73 per cent households were debt free.
Interestingly, majority of these households in debt belonged to southern states of Kerala and
Kerala. Households in Uttarakhand appeared debt free as only 1 per cent were in debt. It was
interesting to note that more households in electrified villages were in debt as compared to
households in non electrified villages. Another interesting determinant of debt appeared to be
landholding, households owning more than 5 acres of land were more in debt as compared to
those having no land or having less than an acre of land. Majority of those households who
were in debt attributed reasons for debt to agriculture related needs.
17
Fig 2.6: Households in debt
120
99
100
88
83
80
82
75
73
71
55
60
45
40
29
24
25
18
17
20
12
1
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
18
3.
Current electricity access and consumption
This chapter presents the findings related to electrification of villages, state wise distribution of
households having access to electricity, provider, cost incurred for electric connection, and
supply. Out of 240 villages surveyed across eight states, majority of the villages were electrified.
Jharkhand has the least number of electrified villages.
4.1
Number of villages electrified
All households were asked if their village was electrified. Out of 1919 households, 94 per cent
respondents said that their village was electrified where as remaining 6 per cent households
said that their village was not electrified. Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka respondents
reported cent percent electrification while Haryana, Orissa, Uttarakhand and Gujarat majority
(98-99%) said their villages were electrified. With more than half the villages not electrified in
Jharkhand, 60 per cent respondents mentioned about their villages not being electrified. The
level of electrification household wise is encouraging as 86% of the household surveyed were
electrified. The level of electrification bears no relation with the level of land holding as the
response was fairly consistent across all the four groups ranging from 94% to 98%.
Fig 3.1 Number of villages and households electrified
120
100
100
99 100
100
98
100
93
92
99 99
92
99 97
77
80
60
60
35
40
20
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Villages Electrified
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
Households electrified
Base: 1921
19
In survey it was found that around 86 per cent of households had electricity connections across
the eight states. However, on state-wise analysis, Orissa fairs below the average at 77 per cent
and Jharkhand a staggeringly low of 35 per cent. From the responses a clear pattern of
increase in percentage of households electrified vis-à-vis increase of landholding could be seen
with an increment from 82 per cent to 89 per cent. However the percentage of households
electrified incase of respondents with no agricultural land being high of 82 per cent, quantity of
landholding cannot be attributed as a major contributor to having an electricity connection
4.2
Energy sources in the households
Electricity (75%), kerosene (67%) and firewood (61%) were listed as major sources of energy
while animal dung, LPG and animal residue were other important sources of energy identified.
For states like Jharkhand where the level of households electrified is low, firewood, kerosene
and animal residue were the major alternative source of energy in majority of cases (in the rane
of 94-97%).
A clear scale up was seen in case of usage of electricity as the major source of energy vis-à-vis
land holding pattern. The usage increases form 57 per cent in case of households with no
agricultural land to as high as 87 per cent in case of households with more than 5 acres of land
holding. A marginal increase in usage of other major sources as firewood (54% to 69%) and
kerosene (59% to 70%) was also mentioned by households across varying landholdings.
Fig 3.2 Energy sources in the households
80
75
67
70
61
60
50
40
30
28
30
18
20
10
2
0
1
0
0
Electricity
Solar
energy
Firewood Kerosene
LPG
Electric Charcoal
Generator
Animal
Dung
Crop
Residue
Inverter
20
4.3
Providers of electric connection
Major source of electric connection is government /Municipal Corporation which accounts for
approximately 80% of the source of electricity for households. Other key providers of electricity
are private firms’ connections. Other methods of electrical connection as shared by households
also included pulled electricity line from local area line. It is observed that pulled electricity line
from local area line is significant amount (about 29% of total source of energy). An interesting
observation was that this source of electricity is used minimum by large land owners who own
more than 5 acres of land (22%) and it was comparatively more for people with no agricultural
land (57%). Also it can be observed as the amount of land holding increases number of people
using private firms connections increases while government corporations connections
decreases. Considering the response of “high initial fees’’ as a major deterrent for availing
electricity in the perspective that 29% of respondents use pulled electricity from local line, it is
an aspect that calls for attention from providers to make electricity more affordable.
It has been observed that electricity connections made available has been increasing rapidly in
last decade as around 40 per cent of the connections were made available after year 2000 only.
It is low for people with house holding more than 5 acres (around 38%) in compare to 48% for
people having landholdings of less than 1 acre. The efforts towards electrification made in the
last decade has benefited substantial number but the need still remains to direct concerted
efforts towards achievement of the broader objective of 100% rural electrification
Fig 3.3: Source of electric connection
120
100
100
100
92
90
89
83
80
64
60
50
45
40
34
29
20
11
1 0 0
0 0 0
1
1
4
0
0 0
3 0
8
0
0 1
0 1
0
Kerala
221
Haryana
239
Orissa
184
Maharashtra Karnataka Uttarakhand Gujarat
224
221
237
233
Government / Municipal corporation
Private firm connection
Pulled electricity line from local area line
Pulled connection from neighbour
Jharkhand
85
Base: 1644
21
4.4
Initial charges for the electricity connection
About 87 per cent households paid initial charges for electricity connections. Across the various
landholding groups, the response on the above is rather uniform. Considering the amount of
land holding an indicator of the financial well being or “ability to pay”, it can be fairly assessed
that “willingness to pay” the initial charge overweighs the “ability of pay”.
About 61 per cent have paid up to Rs1500/- as initial charges for availing electricity connection.
and balance 16% have spent in the range of Rs.1500/- to Rs.3000/-. Significant 21 per cent
could not recall or know what amount was paid. The pattern is uniform across different
landholding categories. Hence it may be reasonably inferred that the increase in initial charges
has adverse effect on availing connection. In case of all the electrified villages, 60 per cent of
respondents have paid up to Rs.1500/- as initial connection. Thus it can be deduced that a
lower initial charge shall facilitate newer legal connections and thus spread rural electrification.
Fig 3.4: Initial connection charges paid by the households
120
100
97
91
91
91
93
91
80
67
60
60
40
40
33
20
9
9
7
9
3
7
0
Kerala
221
Haryana
239
Orissa
184
224
221
237
Yes
Gujarat
233
Jharkhand
85
No
Base: 1644
It was reported that most of this initial amount paid for connection was paid to the distributing
company only. Up to some extent this amount is paid to neighbor /relative too and this is more
for people holding land less than 1 acre (4%).
22
Households were also enquired about monthly bill being paid. It was shared that for most of the
households (56%), electricity bill paid last month was between Rs 100 to 250/-. Another one
fourth of the households paid amount in the range of Rs 250-500/-. It was interesting to note
that there was no major difference in monthly bill amount of households with no agricultural land
and those having up to 5 acre or more land. Illegal source of energy through electricity line
could be one reason for absence of any difference in monthly bill being paid.
4.5
Purposes for which electricity is used
Households were asked in detail about the purpose for which electricity was used. Given below
is a summary of the responses:
Lighting: Most households use electricity for the purpose of lighting. Overall more than
50 per cent households use electricity for the purpose of lighting which was greater than
50 percent out of their total use of electricity. If we observe in term of different category
relatively less percentage of people with more than 5 acres land use electricity primarily
for lighting indicating use of electricity for other work and agriculture related activities
Cooking: Use of electricity for purpose of cooking is not very high though it is significant
as around 18% people use up to 50% of their total use of electricity for purpose of
cooking. No specific difference was observed in different categories of land holdings.
Use of electric Appliances: Around 60% people use 26 to 50 per cent of their total use
of electricity for electric appliances. It can be inferred that this was the second major use
of electricity consumption after lighting. Households with more landholding seemed to
dominate over other segment people in use of electric appliances clearly indicating
penetration of electrical goods for ease of work and entertainment. Importantly these are
also aspirational goods that households desire and considered
Agriculture: Survey results shows that use of electricity for purpose of agriculture is
minimal in compare to other usage of electricity. There were only 7 per cent of people
who use electricity for agriculture; percentage of electricity use for agriculture was up to
50 per cent of their total use of electricity. Though it can be said out of those people who
use electricity for the purpose of agriculture, people with large landholdings dominates.
Business: Use of electricity for the purpose of business is least out of all other uses of
electricity. It was found that very few people use electricity for business which is even
less than 1% of total respondents.
It can be thus safely inferred that electricity and its use is clearly for basic household chores and
ease of work rather than a luxury for work or business.
4.6
Disruption in electricity supply experienced in last one month
Only 36 per cent of households receive electric supply for more than 20 hours or throughout the
day, while up to 30 per cent households reported having less than 12 hours of electricity supply.
23
A substantial almost one fourth of the households reportedly received supply for less than 8
hours. Only 44 per cent of the electrified villages get supply for at least 16 hours.
To understand the regularity in electric supply, households were asked about power failures for
more than 30 minutes in last one month. About 50 per cent households reported being faced
with the problem of electric supply failure for more than 30 minutes for 24 or more times in a
month (almost every day).
The quality of supply in the states of Karnataka, Jharkhand and Haryana was reported to be
fairly poor as more than 85 per cent of respondents indicated that they face power cuts for more
than 30 minutes for more than 24 times in a month. Dimming of light indicating fluctuations was
also shared by more than one third of the respondents.
It was observed that for significant number of households (around 27%) faced problem of
unavailability of electricity in last one month, more than 100 hours..
4.7
Backup equipment used in case of power failure
Main sources for backup in case of power failure are kerosene wick lamp and candles. Some of
the other important sources used for backup are emergency light, inverter and gas lamp, while
use of solar light and charger light are negligible. People with no agricultural land show
maximum dependency on candles relative to other people. As for use of emergency light is
concerned maximum percentage of it is used by people holding land more than 5 acres.
24
4.8
Satisfaction with current electricity supply
About 65 per cent households were satisfied with current electricity supply while a substantial
one third (35%) expressed their dissatisfaction with current electric supply. Analysis of the state
wise response for the level of satisfaction highlights that household in the state of Jharkhand
(88%), Haryana (78%), and Orissa (67%) the level of dissatisfaction was very high.
Dissatisfaction was more among people with large landholdings; about 40 per cent of the
households with land holding more than 5 acres were not satisfied with current electricity supply
that they received.
Fig 3.5: Satisfaction with current electricity supply
120
99
98
100
89
80
88
78
74
67
58
60
42
40
30
26
22
20
12
11
0
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
3
0
0
2 0
1 0
0
0
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
No
DK/CS
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
Base: 1921
4.9
Reasons for dissatisfaction
Major reasons observed for dissatisfaction were irregular power supply, erratic cuts without any
scheduled timing, short duration of electricity supply and implications of poor supply for studying
children in the households. The reason that there was no regularized timing for power supply
was the main factor of dissatisfaction irrespective of their division of land holdings. Whereas
second most important factor for dissatisfaction was not getting up to date news through TV for
people with no agricultural land. However, for people having more than 5 acres of land, the
major dissatisfaction was the total time of power supply being very less.
25
4.
Households not having electricity connection
This chapter discusses findings relating to households that do not have electricity connection,
reasons for no access to electricity connection, alternate sources of energy, cost incurred and
other related enquiry.
Of the total households surveyed in eight states, 14 per cent did not have access to electricity
with majority households in Jharkhand reporting least access to electric connection with only 35
per cent of households having electric connection followed by Orissa where about one fourth of
total household surveyed did not have electricity connection.
The southern states of Kerala and Karnataka reported only 8 per cent households not having
electricity access and 7 per cent in Maharashtra said the same. The situation was comparatively
better in the states of Gujarat and in Uttarakhand where only 3 per cent and 1 per cent
households lacked access to electricity. In Haryana, all households reported access to
electricity. The entire 100% sample HHs has electricity connection in the state of Haryana.
4.1
Reasons for household having no electricity
Households with no access to electricity were enquired about the main reasons for household
having no electricity. The primary reasons cited for no access were their inability to pay initial
connection fee, un affordability of monthly bills and unavailability of electricity in that area. For
states of Orissa and Uttarakhand the major deterrent in not possessing an electricity connection
was the initial fees charged as mentioned by more than two third of the households with no
electricity. For other states too, higher initial connection fee was one of the key barriers as
mentioned by an average of 47 per cent households. Affordability of monthly usage and inability
to pay monthly bills was cited as the next major deterrent mentioned by 21 per cent of the
households.
While reasons for not having electricity were different for different class of people, with no
agricultural landholdings feel main reason for not having electricity was inability to pay
connection fee (52%) while for people with more land holding reasons like unavailability of
electricity in that area (27%) and inability to pay connection fee(27%) were the major
contributors for not having electricity connection. The variance of responses across various
states hinted at the possibility of policy decision on making initial connection charges nominal
and investment in establishment of infrastructure to maximize availability for enhancing the
spread and span of rural electrification.
26
Fig 4.1: Reasons for not having and electricity connection
60
52
47 47
41
50
40
30
20
30
26 27 27
19
27
21 2120
10
9
10
13
13
1010
0
3
9
7
0 0
0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 0
2 0 1 2 0
0
Electricity is We cannot We cannot We cannot
We are
We do not Electric has Due to new
not available pay the afford to pay afford to buy satisfied with see any need been cut
house
in my area connection the monthly electrical the present for electricity
fee
bills
equipment
energy
source
All
4.2
Less than 1 acre
1 to 5 acre
More than 5 acre
Major source of energy for households with no electricity connection
Most important sources of energy in case of no electricity connection are kerosene, LPG, and
firewood. Crop residue, animal dung and generators follow these. It can be observed that
consumption of kerosene for electricity increases as amount of land holding increases, similar
pattern was observed in case of generators and animal dung while in case of crop residue it is
medium and small land owners who use maximum percentage of it.
Fig 4.2 Major source of electricity for households with no electricity connection90
78
80
67
70
60
50
39
40
31
30
20
10
1
4
1
7
0
0
0
0
27
If we compare findings across the states, it may be observed that cent percent families in the
states of Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat and Jharkhand use LPG as major source of
energy whereas in Orissa and Uttarakhand the major sources of energy are kerosene and
firewood respectively. As far as usage of crop residue is concerned 98 per cent families in
Jharkhand, 60per cent families in Gujarat use it as a major source of energy along with LPG
and kerosene, It may be seen that generator use is very minimal and found in only two of the
states i.e. Kerala (33%) and Maharashtra (6%). Fuel used for generators was mainly diesel and
gasoline. Diesel use was more prominent.
4.3
Various energy sources used in last one month
Towards understanding the extent of use of different energy sources by the households,
information was sought regarding use of these alternate energy sources in last one month. As
can be seen in the graph below, kerosene and firewood are used by large majority. Least used
is agriculture residue. Animal dung is also used by a significant percentage specifically in
households with no electricity.
Fig 4.3 Willingness to pay the initial amount for connection
120
99
100
88
89
87
83
99
97
97
86
82
80
80
67
60
50
40
48
47
36
35
34
25
20
20
0
All
HHs in electrified HH in non electrified
villages
villages
Kerosene
Animal dung
Fire wood
Electrified HHs
Non electrified HHs
Agriculture residue
As for expense of animal dung was concern it was very less for most of the people, around 89%
of people have their expenditure less than 50 rupees, only people with more than 5 acres of
land were less in terms of their percentage of total people expending less than 50 rupees per
month.
28
4.4
Kerosene- use and issues
Most of the households (88%) have used kerosene in last one month. It is very interesting to
note that as the landholdings increase the percentage of people who have used kerosene
during the last month also increased. The reason for the increase might be due to the steep
price and availability of kerosene. Average consumption of kerosene was of worth up to 100
rupees. Most of the people procure kerosene from ration shop only while a few people (around
18%) use private shop for procurement of kerosene. It is worth highlighting that people with no
agricultural land (24%) have to depend on to private shops. It may be noted that since the
dependency on kerosene and frequency of requirement is more by the non-electrified HHs than
the electrified HHs, thus the perception of difficulty in availability was expressed more by these
households.
Main usages of kerosene are to start firewood, to light lamps, cooking, for appliances and for
business. Following are different patterns observed for use of kerosene.
4.5
Firewood- use, procurement, and cost incurred
Majority (83%) of the respondents said that they have used firewood during the last one month.
It may be prudent to note here that firewood is considered the second most preferred source of
energy as compared to kerosene (88%).
If we compare between states, 100% from Kerala, 79% from Haryana, 93% from Orissa, 92%
from Maharashtra, 100% from Karnataka, 96% from Gujarat and 97% from Jharkhand said they
have used firewood during last one month. However, there is a huge difference in the responses
of Uttarakhand where only 7% said they have used firewood during last one month.
From among the non-electrified villages most of the respondents (97%) said they have used
firewood during last one month as compared to the electrified villages (82%). Similar trend may
be found in the non-electrified HHs (97%) and electrified HHs (80%). It may be concluded that
people in non-electrified villages as well as non-electrified HHs are more dependent on fire
woods.
Major source of firewood procurement is found to be collection only. When we look at different
classes of land holdings it was interesting to observe that people with no agricultural land has
maximum percentage of firewood procurement by purchase only method relative to others. As
land holding increases it has been observed that collect only method of procurement of firewood
also increases relatively.
If there is comparison between states it may be found that the major source of firewood
collection is purchase only for the states of Haryana (74%) and Orissa (44%) whereas for the
rest of the states the major source is through collection i.e. Kerala (67%), Maharashtra (67%),
Karnataka (70%), Gujarat (78%), Uttarakhand (35%) and Jharkhand (54%).
29
Fig 4.4: Firewood procurement sources
90
78
80
74
67
70
70
67
60
54
50
44
39
40
30
35
24
23
11
22
17
16
20
22
10
25
17
10
10
8
6
0
0
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
Purchase only
241
240
240
Collect only
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
Purchased and collected
Base: 1921
Average spending on firewood in one month was observed around Rs 484/-. However it was
found that as amount of landholdings increases average spending on firewood also increases.
Though average spending on firewood for most of the respondents is between Rs.100 to
Rs.500, if we compare among the states it may be noted that in the State of Haryana 46%
respondents spend between Rs.500 – Rs.1000 and 26% spend more than Rs.1000.
It may also be noted that most of the respondents (58%) in the non-electrified villages spend
between Rs.250- Rs.500 as compared to the electrified villages where the percentage is only
32%. Similarly most of the respondents (42%) in the non-electrified HHs spend between
Rs.250- Rs.500 as compared to the electrified HHs where the percentage is only 32%.
If we look at the pattern of people who goes to collect firewood it is interesting to observe that
overall it is same for men as well as women (25% and 22%). But if we look at it according to
landholding pattern, it can be inferred that for large landholding households more male
members go to collect firewood in compare to others while in households with no agricultural
land more women goes to collect firewood.
30
Animal dung – an important alternative
4.6
About half of the households use animal dung; there is a significant different in usage of animal
dung amongst non electrified households to households with access to electricity. It may be
noted that most of the respondents in Haryana (80%), Maharashtra (63%) Gujarat (61%) and
Jharkhand (95%) reported using animal dung as source of energy during last one month as
compared to the other states where the use was minimal i.e. Kerala (14%), Orissa (17%),
Karnataka (22%) and Uttarakhand (46%).
As expected in Indian male dominant society it is mostly women who goes for animal dung
collection irrespective of their land holding patterns though it can be inferred that as landholding
of household increases this percentage of women going to animal dung decrease from as high
as 90% for people with no agricultural land holdings to 69% for people having land more than 5
acres.
4.7
Households using pump
Only 20 per cent of surveyed households use pump. Majority of households using pumps are
those with access to electricity. Irrigation and filling of water tanks are primary uses of a pump.
Fig 4.5: Households using pump
100
95
93
90
85
83
80
76
80
70
70
60
55
50
45
40
30
30
24
20
17
20
10
5
12
8
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
31
4.8
Expense incurred per month on energy sources used in the
households
Firewood- Almost 53 per cent of people spend more than Rs 250/- for purchase of fire wood,
where as 30 per cent spend less than Rs 250/- The indirect cost of collecting fuel and its
implication on women and household is separate and not included here. Non electrified
households are spending more as compared to those with access to electricity.
LPG- Majority (86%) spend more than Rs 100, with 57 per cent spending less than Rs 250/- It
has been observed that households with no electricity connection spend substantially than
those having access to electricity.
Charcoal- Expenditure on Charcoal is very low and almost half of the people spend only less
than 10 rupees.
Generator: Expenditure on fuel consumption for generators is around 20 only as there is
minimal use of generators. However for people with no agricultural land amount is negligible.
Average spending on repair and maintenance of generators is again negligible for people with
no agricultural land while it is around 200 rupees for people who own land less than 1 acre
32
5.
Willingness to have an electric connection
5.1
Perception that electricity connection will help better your lifestyle
Most of the respondents believe that electricity connection will help them lead a better lifestyle
as 55 per cent agreed to this. Around 24 per cent households were unsure about access to
electricity and how it will help better their lifestyle. While comparing the states it was seen that in
the States of Orissa (55%), Maharashtra (100%), Karnataka (99%), Gujarat (77%) and
Jharkhand (100%) this perception was stronger as compared to other states. It is prudent to
mention here that in the previous analysis of households having electricity connection, it had
been seen that most of the HHs in the other states already have electricity connections i.e.
Kerala (92%), Haryana (100%) and Uttarakhand (99%).
Fig 5.1 Perception that electricity connection will help better your lifestyle
120
100
100
99
100
99
92
77
80
56
60
55
45
44
40
23
20
8
1
0
1
0 0
1 0
1
0
0
0 0
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
No
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No response
Base: 1921
If we compare between the electrified villages and non-electrified villages, there is distinct
difference in this response, as 97 per cent non electrified households believe that access to
electricity will help them better their life style as compared to only 48 per cent of electrified
households who said this. Similar difference in response was observed amongst non-electrified
villages (94%) than electrified villages (53%).
33
5.2
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life of women in
the household
Households when asked about how electricity can impact women in the household, listed the
following benefits- being able to work during the night (17%), access to information including
health related programs on the television (30%), It was interesting to observe that apart from
bringing more light, the most preferred use would be to watch television, which brings both
entertainment and information. The people who live in rural areas greatly appreciate these
benefits and are willing to pay for these services to access this basic amenity and improve their
quality of life.
Benefits of electricity for women were also clear in responses of households to following
statements. Households perceived the benefit of electricity in doing domestic chores and
ensuring good health as they recognized the ill effects of kerosene (an alternate source used for
lighting and/or cooking)
Statements
Response Total
To use kerosene or oil is
harmful for the health.
Agree
Disagree
Agree
Disagree
69
23
85
5
Agree
Disagree
80
5
Electricity helps with
domestic tasks and care
of the children.
The health of women
will improve if
electricity is made
available to the
household
5.3
Electrified Non
Electrified Non
Village
Electrified
Household electrified
(N=1811) Village(N=108) (1644)
household
(276)
68
90
67
83
23
8
25
11
85
96
85
86
5
3
5
5
81
5
72
16
83
4
62
12
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life of children in
the household
As far as the perception of the respondents on electricity connection and its impact on the
children’s life was concerned almost all the responses related to education. 40% said it is
important for children’s education, 42% said children can study well, 13% said children can
study during the night and few of them also mentioned that there will be no problem to the eyes
of children while reading and writing. These responses are also reiterated in the table below:
34
Electrified
Village
(N=1811)
Non Electrified
Village(N=108)
Electrified
Household
(1644)
Non electrified
household
(276)
94
93
99
93
99
Disagree
Agree
0
93
0
93
0
99
0
92
0
99
Disagree
Agree
1
81
1
80
0
95
1
78
0
97
Disagree
13
13
4
15
2
Statements
Response Total
Electricity is very
important for children’s
education.
With electrical light
children can study at
night
Reading with electrical
light is better than with
the light of candles or
lamp.
Agree
5.4
Perception of how electricity connection will impact work/income in
the household
When asked about how electricity connection will impact their work, the major responses related
to ease for the families in completing daily household chores. Some of the responses were that
it will help in their household works (27%), it will help in filling water at house (12%) and food
can be cooked in the night (18%). It was clear from all the responses that electricity connection.
Below table also highlights benefits of electricity in gaining better access to information, safety
of women, and financial burden for non electric energy sources that were currently uses.
Statements
Response
Our household is happy
with the lighting system
that we have in our
home.
Monthly spending for
non-electric energy
sources is/was a
financial burden for my
family.
Even without electricity
women in my
household feel safe to
go out in the evenings.
Agree
Total
Electrified
Village
(N=1811)
54
Disagree
Agree
36
Disagree
Agree
31
Disagree
54
Non Electrified
Village(N=108)
57
33
60
7
88
61
31
37
32
33
17
59
62
29
23
75
Non electrified
household
(276)
60
49
38
53
Electrified
Household
(1644)
50
39
40
51
22
70
35
5.5
Perception of how electricity connection will impact life in the village
Continuing with the responses on perception of benefits, households were also enquired about
how access to electricity can impact their village. While most responses highlighted collective
benefit for the women, children, and households, access to information in form of news on
television and radio, information useful for agriculture activities, health issues and entertainment
was expressed by majority. Households with or without electricity reiterated through their
responses that electricity was no longer a value addition services for their life but an essential
commodity.
Fig 5.2: Perception that electricity is an essential commodity and not a value added service
120
97
100
89
97
89
88
80
60
40
20
4
1
4
1
4
1
0
All
Electrified Villages
Non electrified Villages
Agree
Electrified HH
Non Electrified HH
Disagree
.
36
6.
Awareness and willingness to pay
This chapter builds on the findings and learning on access to electricity and level of satisfaction
with available services among the rural population surveyed. This chapter discusses about rural
population’s awareness about need to pay for electricity connection and also their willingness to
pay for these services.
6.1
Willingness to get electric connection
All households who do not have an electric connection were asked if they are willing to seek
electric connection. Of 102 households not having electric connection, 96 were in Jharkhand.
Overwhelming majority of 99 per cent expressed their willingness to seek electric connection.
6.2
Aware of the need to pay initial amount for connection
Awareness about the need to pay the initial amount for connection is limited. Only 48% of all
respondents were aware that an initial amount is to be paid when requesting for a new
connection. This awareness varied across the states as shown in the graph below. It is
interesting to see that Haryana shows zero awareness. Gujarat which has the largest share of
connection through private provider reports 76 per cent awareness whereas Jharkhand with
lowest percentage of electrified households also shows a significant level of awareness.
Fig 6.1 Awareness about need to pay initial connection amount
120
100
100
93
84
76
80
60
49
43
40
24
21
16
20
8
8
0
0
1
1
0
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
37
If it is compared between the electrified villages and non-electrified villages, it is interesting to
note that the awareness level among the electrified villages (47%) is quite low than the nonelectrified villages (68%). Similarly, between the HHs who have electricity connection (42%)
awareness is less than the non-electrified villages (80%). This can be inferred to understand
that those households with no electricity connection are seek information and explore channels
to seek connection thus creating a environment conducive for provider.
6.3
Willingness to pay initial amount for connection
About half (40%) of the rural population surveyed expressed their willingness to pay the initial
amount for connection. People’s willingness to pay corresponds to their awareness about the
need to pay. As can be seen in the graph below, the willingness to pay is relatively higher in the
states of Maharashtra (98%), Karnataka (56%), Gujarat (76%) and Jharkhand (63%) as
compared to the states of Kerala (8%), Haryana (0%), Orissa (19%) and Uttarakhand (2%).
A positive aspect is that households in non-electrified villages (89%) and having no electric
connection are willing to pay the initial amount for connection (89%). This is an overwhelming
majority and only underscores the felt need of rural population for the basic amenity of
electricity.
Fig 6.2 Willingness to pay the initial amount for connection
120
98
100
76
80
63
56
60
48
44
43
40
20
24
19
8
0
0
2
2
8
2
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
38
6.4
Average amount that can be paid for connection
All those who were willing to pay the initial amount (N=769) were enquired about the average
amount that they are most likely to pay. More than half of the respondents express their
willingness to pay an average amount of INR 250 to INR 1000/-. A small proportion (13%) of
households in southern states though having connection said that they would be willing to pay
more than INR 1000/- .Average amount for Jharkhand was INR 247, Uttarakhand was INR 325,
and Orissa was INR 440/-.
6.5
Aware of the need to pay monthly bill for connection
Awareness about monthly bill payment was about 50%. This awareness was cent per cent in
Maharashtra and Jharkhand followed by Karnataka (98%). Interestingly, in Orissa, only 20 per
cent of the households were aware about this requirement.
Fig 6.3 Understand to the pay monthly bill for connection
120
100
100
98
100
78
80
60
43
40
22
20
20
8
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
Kerala
240
Haryana
240
Orissa
240
241
240
240
Yes
Gujarat
240
Jharkhand
240
No
Base: 1921
39
6.6
Average monthly bills to be paid
Monthly bill is a recurring cost for electric connection, though the awareness about this
requirement and willingness to pay is high, the amount that the households are willing to pay is
less than INR 100/- for 65 per cent of the households. Another 20% expect it to be less than
INR 250/- clearly indicating and establishing need for electricity connection at an affordable
cost. This was also reflected in the response where 97 per cent of households in non electrified
villages or households agreed that electricity is not a value added services but an essential
commodity.
While households having electricity connection also mentioned amount about 250/- less number
of non electrified households were willing to shell out more than INR 250/- .Economic ability was
clearly one determinant that influenced the expected amount to be paid as households with no
land holding or less than an acre clearly expressed to pay amount less than Rs 250/- as
compared to households with increased land holding who were willing to pay up to INR 500/-.
40
7.
Conclusion
The study to assess the ability and willingness to pay for energy services in rural areas is
conducted in eight states of India (Haryana, Uttarakhand, Jharkand, Orissa, Kerala, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, and Gujarat). Following are some of the major conclusions of the study.
From the survey it was found that on average 85% households has electricity connection with a
little variation based on landholding pattern. As the size of landholding increases there is a
slightly higher chance of a household having electricity connection. If we compare between the
states, it could be observed that while there is 100% electrification in the study villages of
Maharashtra, Kerala and Karnataka it is the lowest in Jharkhand as 40% of the study villages
are not electrified, while in Haryana, Orissa, Gujarat and Uttarakhand only 1% of the study
villages are not electrified. If we take a state-wise analysis, Jharkhand and Orissa are far below
the overall average at 35% and 77% respectively. The study indicates that a more focused
approach should be followed in the states of Jharkhand and Orissa in providing electrification.
Coming to the usage of electricity, currently it is being used mainly for lighting and domestic
usage. Some of the other uses of electricity are in cooking, agriculture and business. It is
observed that while electricity is basically used for lighting, as the rate of land ownership
increases people tend to use electricity for other purposes like cooking, business and agriculture
also.
Survey results show that use of electricity for purpose of agriculture is minimal when compared
to other forms of usage of electricity. Only 7% of people use electricity for agriculture purpose.
This trend was mainly observed in Gujarat, Haryana and Maharashtra where majority of the
land holdings are irrigated and electricity is one of the major sources of energy for irrigation.
There is no variation among small landholders and large holders in their preference for using
electricity for irrigation although large landholders tend to depend more on diesel and other
forms of energy due to their higher purchase power. Use of electricity for the purpose of
business is least out of all other uses of electricity. It was found that few people use electricity
for business which amounts to less than 1% of total respondents.
There is a positive perception among the people that electricity will help them gain access to
knowledge through television and radio which can be helpful for them in their agriculture and
business activities. The respondents also felt that electricity will have a positive impact on the
life of women as it will improve their health and working conditions. Majority of people also
agreed that electricity will help in studies of children and they will be able to spend more time for
studies as it would enable them to study during nights also.
Most of the respondents perceived that electricity connection will help to lead a better lifestyle.
Around 55% responded that electricity connection will bring positive impact in the lives of
women in the village as it would enable them to finish their work easily and thereby providing
them an opportunity to maintain a better lifestyle. They opined that the major impact of electricity
connection in the life of women will be they will be able to work during the night (17%), they
41
would be able to see various programs including health related programs in television (30%),
and women would be able to finish their work in proper time (20%). It is interesting to observe
that apart from bringing more light, the most preferred use would be to watch television, which
brings both entertainment and information. People consider that electricity will improve condition
of women in household by helping them in taking care of children and other domestic tasks. It
can be concluded that a clear perception is established that electrification shall lead to
improvement of quality of life and it would also decrease burden on women in terms of collection
of firewood, animal wastes as an alternate source of clean energy. This last part came out more
in the responses of people from Jharkhand.
For states like Jharkhand where the level of house hold electrification is low, Firewood,
Kerosene and Animal residue are the major alternative source of energy in majority of cases
(94-97%). While in the other study states main sources for backup in case of power failure are
Kerosene wick lamp and candles. Some of the other important sources used for backup are
emergency light, inverter and gas lamp, while use of solar light and charger light are negligible.
People with no agricultural land show maximum dependency on candles. While emergency light
is mostly used by people holding more than 5 acres of land.
If we compare between the states, it may be observed that 100% families in the States of
Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat use LPG as major source of energy whereas in
Orissa and Uttarakhand the major sources of energy are Kerosene and firewood respectively.
As far as usage of crop residue is concerned 98% families in Jharkhand, 60% families in
Gujarat use it as major source of energy along with LPG and Kerosene, It may be seen that
Generator usage is minimal and to be found in only two of the study States i.e. Kerala (33%)
and Maharashtra (6%). If we compare between states it may be seen that except Uttarakhand
(35%), in all other states the kerosene usage ranges between 88% - 100%.
Most of the respondents in the States of Maharashtra (62%), Jharkhand (48%) and Uttarakhand
(48%) mentioned that kerosene is costly. A striking 86% respondents in Kerala said that most of
the time they found it out of stock. As far as Haryana is concerned almost 50% respondents
said they either buy it from other places or from black market, 20% said it is costly and another
20% said it is not available timely and we have to buy it from general stores.
From the study we can conclude that people are facing lot of trouble in finding alternative
sources of power when electricity is not available due to their unavailability and high costs and
the question arises why people are not going for electrification instead of trying for alternative
sources. Across the study states it was found that people are dissatisfied with the service of
electricity connections. Major reasons for dissatisfaction are irregular power supply, frequent
power cuts and in the case of agriculture, improper timings. This cuts across all respondents
irrespective of land holding and also among all the study states. If we see the results of the
survey, only 44% of the electrified villages get at least 16 hours of electric supply while there are
23% villages which get less than 8 hours of electricity supply.
42
The quality of supply in the states of Karnataka, Jharkhand and Haryana is fairly poor as more
than 85% of respondents indicated that they face power cuts of more than 30 minutes duration
for at least 24 times in a month. Overall 30% people face problem of dimming of light very often.
People who do not own any agricultural land face this problem most severely as 41% of those
people face this issue of dimming of light very often.
Analysis of the state wise response of the level of satisfaction shows that in the states of
Jharkhand, Haryana, Orissa the level of dissatisfaction is very high at a range of 67% to 88%.
Dissatisfaction is more among people with large landholdings. 40% of the people of land holding
more than 5 acres are not satisfied with the electricity supply they are getting. Major reasons
observed for dissatisfaction were irregular power supply without any timing, smaller amount of
supply time and affect on children’s study due to unavailability of electric supply. These are
some of the problems being faced by the respondents across the study states regarding electric
supply. Despite this it was found that majority of the respondents are willing to go for a new
electricity connection due to the obvious benefits it would provide and the improvement it will
bring about in their living conditions. There are of course some deterrents in going for a new
electricity connection. Chief among them is the high initial amount to be paid during the
beginning of electricity connection.
In Orissa and Uttarakhand the major deterrent in possessing an electricity connection is the
initial fees charged for 60 to 67% respondents. For other sates this is also the major factor but
of a lesser magnitude at an average of 47%. Affordability of monthly usage is the next major
deterrent with 21% response. The willingness to pay the initial fee is more in the States of
Maharashtra (98%), Karnataka (56%), Gujarat (76%) and Jharkhand (63%) as compared to the
States of Kerala (8%), Haryana (0%), Orissa (19%) and Uttarakhand (2%).
While comparing the states it was seen that in the States of Orissa (55%), Maharashtra (100%),
Karnataka (99%), Gujarat (77%) and Jharkhand (100%) there is a greater willingness to have
an electricity connection. If we compare between the electrified villages and non-electrified
villages, it is clearly seen that there is a greater willingness among respondents of nonelectrified villages (94%) to have electricity connection for a better lifestyle than electrified
villages (53%). Similar pattern may be seen among the HHs having and not having electricity
connections. There is much higher willingness among HHs not having electricity connection
(97%) to go for a connection than HHs already having connections (48%).
Almost half of the people have expressed their willingness to pay initial amount for connection.
Only 21% of people have responded negatively. It may be observed from the study that with the
increase in the landholdings there is an increase in the willingness to pay for the initial fee for
connection.
Majority of people want to keep their monthly bill less than 100 rupees irrespective of their land
holdings. While it can be also observed that this percentage is slightly low for people who own
more than 5 acres of land and almost no one among people with no agricultural land want to
pay more than 500 rupees as their monthly bills. At the same time from the survey it emerged
43
that 72% of the respondents are willing to pay a monthly bill of more than Rs. 250/- and across
the states most of the respondents are ready to pay even to the tune of Rs. 500/- per month
except in Jharkhand, Orissa and Haryana.
From the above observations it becomes evident that people perceive electricity connection as
a means of development and better quality of life as it is enabling them to gain knowledge,
improving the living conditions of women, and providing opportunities for their children to have a
better education. Also people who do not have an electricity connection are facing problems to
acquire alternate sources of energy like kerosene etc and are finding it costlier and hazardous
too.
Despite this, there still are some deterrents in going for an electricity connection as the quality of
supply was not good and duration of supply was very irregular across the states with majority of
the respondents in some states being particularly unhappy with the electricity services being
provided.
Apart from this the most striking point to emerge from the survey had been the high initial cost
to be paid for getting an electricity connection. Even here people are willing to pay up to Rs.
1500/- and when it comes to paying the monthly electricity bill majority of the people are willing
to pay even to the tune of Rs. 500/- provided there is better quality of service delivery. Thus the
hypothesis that people in rural areas want free power is not true.
Some of the policy recommendations to emerge from the study are as follows –
Increase in initial charges has an adverse effect on availing electricity connection as the
ability to pay such a high amount varies among various groups in the rural areas.
Emphasis should shift from availability of electricity to availability of quality electricity.
Special focus should be given to states like Jharkhand and Orissa where the HHs with
electricity is much lower than the averages in other states.
44
Annexure 1:- List of Villages surveyed
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Shehera
Shehera
2516
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Kalol
Adadra
1350
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Godhra
Orwada
1003
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Shehera
Boriya
847
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Halol
Champaner
730
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Shehera
Bodidra khurd
657
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Shehera
Morva
573
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Lunawada
Kaslal
508
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Shehera
Tarsanag
462
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Kalol
Madhvas
405
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Ghoghamba
Gundi
369
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Morwa (Hadaf)
Chopada Bujarg
338
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Halol
Dhariya
306
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Lunawada
Ukedi
264
Gujarat
Panchmahal
Halol
Panelav
223
Gujarat
Junagadh
Sutrapada
Sutrapada
3832
Gujarat
Junagadh
Una
Gir Gadhada
1439
Gujarat
Junagadh
Bhesan
Ranpur
1046
Gujarat
Junagadh
Junagadh
Dungarpur
894
Gujarat
Junagadh
Sutrapada
Lati
731
Gujarat
Junagadh
Una
Mota Desar
615
Gujarat
Junagadh
Una
Umej
548
Gujarat
Junagadh
Mangrol
Dhelana
498
Gujarat
Junagadh
Manavadar
Vekri
448
Gujarat
Junagadh
Mendarda
Gundala
398
Gujarat
Junagadh
Talala
Pipalva
352
Gujarat
Junagadh
Manavadar
Chikhlodra
311
Gujarat
Junagadh
Malia
Jalondar
279
Gujarat
Junagadh
Malia
Chuldi
245
Gujarat
Junagadh
Vanthali
Dungri
210
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Ismailabad (317)
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Thanesar
Josar (428)
965
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Thanesar
Barwa (5)
867
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Pehowa
Murtzapur (48)
771
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Pehowa
Kalsa (1)
600
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Shanti Nagar Alias Kurri (286)
544
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Patti Jhamra Shahbad
461
2184
45
No
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
(Part)(253)
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Pehowa
Ramgarh Alias Rohar (60)
385
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Jandheri (Part)(240)
349
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Ajrawar (314)
314
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Thanesar
Baraut (81)
283
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Samalki (219)
263
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Pehowa
Jakhwala (20)
244
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Pehowa
Mandi (415)
226
Haryana
Kurukshetra
Shahbad
Dhakala (269)
200
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Maheshari(293)
1651
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Ghatal Mahaniawas(291)
1083
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Manethi(28)
845
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Bharawas(145)
714
Haryana
Rewari
Bawal
Khandewra (50)
607
Haryana
Rewari
Bawal
Raj Garh (47)
549
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Khaleta(17)
482
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Bhatsana(301)
432
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Tint(41)
392
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Bhudpur(116)
350
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Malpura (295)
334
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Ladhuwas Ahir(129)
290
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Chandanwas(251)
269
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Kishangarh(110)
249
Haryana
Rewari
Rewari
Khushpura(4)
215
Jharkhand
Gumla
Palkot
Palkot
Jharkhand
Gumla
Thethaitangar
Thethaitangar
863
Jharkhand
Gumla
Gumla
Phasia
737
Jharkhand
Gumla
Thethaitangar
Meromdega
605
Jharkhand
Gumla
Jaldega
Orga
481
Jharkhand
Gumla
simdega
Sogra
432
Jharkhand
Gumla
simdega
Jokbahar
390
Jharkhand
Gumla
Kolebira
Dom Toli
363
Jharkhand
Gumla
Kamdara
Renrwa
333
Jharkhand
Gumla
simdega
Taisra
308
Jharkhand
Gumla
Jaldega
Silanga
274
Jharkhand
Gumla
Thethaitangar
Binjhiyabandh
255
Jharkhand
Gumla
Kurdeg
Khalijor
237
Jharkhand
Gumla
Gumla
Barisa
219
Jharkhand
Gumla
Kurdeg
Chhotkibiura
202
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Deoghar
Rohini
966
1397
46
No
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Chitra
451
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Deoghar
Chanddih
409
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Sarwan
Bhandaro
378
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Pandaniya
349
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Devipur
Bhojpur
323
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Palojori
Patharghatia
306
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Palojori
Chhaglajor
287
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Devipur
Narainpur
270
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Badiya
261
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Sabaijor
243
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Jamuasol
233
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Palojori
Paharudih
220
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Karon
Nawadih
211
Jharkhand
Deogarh
Sarwan
Dundiya
202
Karnataka
Dharwad
Kundgol
Saunshi
2285
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Garag
1679
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Uppinbetageri
1268
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Tadakod
1105
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Mugad
893
Karnataka
Dharwad
Hubli
Kirasur
745
Karnataka
Dharwad
Hubli
Bhandiwad
681
Karnataka
Dharwad
Kundgol
Kubihal
624
Karnataka
Dharwad
Navalgund
Belavatagi
515
Karnataka
Dharwad
Kundgol
Hiregunjal
456
Karnataka
Dharwad
Kundgol
Sankalipur
408
Karnataka
Dharwad
Navalgund
Shanawad
352
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Guledakoppa
305
Karnataka
Dharwad
Dharwad
Dori
258
Karnataka
Dharwad
Kundgol
Hosakatti
224
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Honavar
Manki
3241
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Bhatkal
Kaikini
1778
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Bhatkal
Bengre
1454
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Honavar
Karki
1274
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Ankola
Belambar
933
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Yellapur
Madnur
771
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Haliyal
Mangalawad
671
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Mundgod
Chigalli
584
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Honavar
Mahime
505
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Honavar
Navilgone
429
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Kumta
Bargi
359
47
No
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Ankola
Halvalli
307
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Yellapur
Kalache
268
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Siddapur
Kyadgi
236
Karnataka
Uttara Kannada
Sirsi
Naroor
209
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Alakode
7456
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Payyavoor
5285
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
New Naduvil
4351
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Kottiyoor
3905
Kerala
Kannur
Kannur
Kunhimangalam
3653
Kerala
Kannur
Kannur
Ezhome
3566
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Mokeri
3448
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Manathana
3092
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Keezhur
2963
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Peringome
2827
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Pulingome
2650
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Manantheri
2524
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Kankole
2136
Kerala
Kannur
Taliparamba
Alapadamba
1876
Kerala
Kannur
Thalassery
Tholambra
Kerala
Idukki
Devikulam
Kannan Devan Hills
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Kattappana
9000
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Ayyappancoil
8049
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Konnathady
7222
Kerala
Idukki
Thodupuzha
Vannapuram
6439
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Vathikudy
5576
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Parathodu
5316
Kerala
Idukki
Peerumade
Upputhara
5004
Kerala
Idukki
Peerumade
Vagamon
4415
Kerala
Idukki
Devikulam
Vellathuval
3431
Kerala
Idukki
Thodupuzha
Idukki (Part)
3069
Kerala
Idukki
Udumbanchola
Udumbanchola
2822
Kerala
Idukki
Thodupuzha
Karikkode (Part)
2671
Kerala
Idukki
Devikulam
Mankulam
2422
Kerala
Idukki
Devikulam
Keezhanthoor
Maharashtra
Nashik
Niphad
Pimpalgaon Baswant
4780
Maharashtra
Nashik
Deola
Lohoner
1571
Maharashtra
Nashik
Malegaon
Patane
1190
Maharashtra
Nashik
Baglan
Antapur
889
Maharashtra
Nashik
Sinnar
Vadgaon Pingala
735
Maharashtra
Nashik
Chandvad
Dhodambe
626
1208
16249
843
48
No
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Maharashtra
Nashik
Baglan
Sompur
543
Maharashtra
Nashik
Yevla
Nimgaon Madh
472
Maharashtra
Nashik
Niphad
Nimgaon Wakada
421
Maharashtra
Nashik
Nashik
Mahirawani
373
Maharashtra
Nashik
Dindori
Haste Dumala
338
Maharashtra
Nashik
Niphad
Vijay Nagar
305
Maharashtra
Nashik
Surgana
Narul
272
Maharashtra
Nashik
Igatpuri
Bortembhe
239
Maharashtra
Nashik
Sinnar
Aundhewadi
206
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Sangli
Jat
Arag
Bhilwadi
Mangle
Gotkhindi
Malewadi
Savarde
Mahuli
Pare
Devikhindi
Surul
Gondilwadi
Kakachiwadi
Thabadewadi
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
Maharashtra Sangli
Jat
Miraj
Palus
Shirala
Walwa
Palus
Tasgaon
Khanapur
Khanapur
Khanapur
Walwa
Palus
Walwa
KavatheMahankal
Jat
Orissa
Anugul
NALCO
Balaramprasad(Part)
Orissa
Anugul
Samal Barrage
Seepur
852
Orissa
Anugul
Colliery
Danara
722
Orissa
Anugul
Anugul
Balasinga
639
Orissa
Anugul
Anugul
Chheliapada
575
Orissa
Anugul
Colliery
Jaganathpur(part)
495
Orissa
Anugul
Kishorenagar
Dhaurapali
431
Orissa
Anugul
Palalahada
Batisuan
397
Orissa
Anugul
Kishorenagar
Himitira
378
Orissa
Anugul
Bantala
Hamamira
351
Orissa
Anugul
NALCO
Ankula(Part)
319
Orissa
Anugul
Bikrampur
Teheranpur
284
Orissa
Anugul
Handapa
Solanda
254
Orissa
Anugul
Bantala
Jamunda
232
Orissa
Anugul
Anugul
Bedasara
201
5607
2668
1946
1593
1307
1114
949
826
691
601
515
439
363
297
Shedyal
231
1332
49
No
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Orissa
Khorda
Balipatna
Bhakarsahi
Orissa
Khorda
Tangi(P)
Gopalprasad
763
Orissa
Khorda
Balipatna
Makundadaspur
632
Orissa
Khorda
Jatani
Rathipur
578
Orissa
Khorda
Jatani
Ogalapada
510
Orissa
Khorda
Balianta
Uparasahi
472
Orissa
Khorda
Khordha(P)
Muktapur
436
Orissa
Khorda
Jankia(P)
Orabarasingh
404
Orissa
Khorda
Chandaka(P)
Bhatakuri
351
Orissa
Khorda
Tangi(P)
Taladihi
323
Orissa
Khorda
Chandaka(P)
Kujimahal
291
Orissa
Khorda
Khordha(P)
Jhinkijhari
265
Orissa
Khorda
Jankia(P)
Ambhabil
244
Orissa
Khorda
Khordha(P)
Thakurpada
223
Orissa
Khorda
Jankia(P)
Aranga
205
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Kalagarh Colony
2085
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Padampur Sukhran
1368
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Jonk
921
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Srinagar **
Srikot Gagnali
858
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
F-1
838
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Sitabpur
819
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Lansdowne
Satpuli Sain
713
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Balasaur
530
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Thali Sain
Kainyur
487
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Lansdowne
Kimgarhi Gawani
445
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Neenbuchaur
335
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Ghamandpur
287
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Ratanpur
249
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Lalpur
234
Uttarakhand
Pauri
Kotdwara
Mawakot
203
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Khatyari
944
Uttarakhand
Almora
Ranikhet
Talli Riuni
466
Uttarakhand
Almora
Ranikhet
436
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
Uttarakhand
Almora
Bhikia Sain
Irha Avam Chak Malla
Bayera,Ta
Masi
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Dugal Khola
339
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Golna Karariya
325
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Sunoli Mafi
265
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Dasoli Badiyar
257
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Pachchisi
245
1279
381
50
No
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
State
District
Tehsil
Gram Panchayat
No of HHs
Uttarakhand
Almora
Ranikhet
Khira
239
Uttarakhand
Almora
Ranikhet
Ashgoli Avam Chakpatal Ravb
229
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Ara Salpar
219
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Balai
214
Uttarakhand
Almora
Bhikia Sain
Matakhani
206
Uttarakhand
Almora
Almora
Chami
200
51
Annexure 2- Household questionnaire
STUDY ON ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR
ENERGY SERVICES IN RURAL AREAS
State
District
Name of the Village
Interview Date
Start Time
End Time
Duration of interview
Name of the interviewer
Name of the Supervisor
Quality Check by
AC
SC
BC
Signature
Supervisor
Field Executive
Field Monitor
Namaste. I am __________ from Synovate SEDC, which is a specialized research and consultancy centre in
Synovate a global research company. We carry out studies on various social issues. Currently we are carrying out
a study to assess the willingness and ability to pay for energy services in rural areas. This information would be
useful for organizations that intend to reach various rural areas to provide and improvise the energy services. We
would be grateful if you can give us some time and participate in this survey. This would take about 30 minutes.
Before I start if you have any questions related to study you could ask. Further, at any point during the survey if
you do not want to answer any questions or chose to not be part of the survey you can opt out.
If the respondent consents, thank the respondent for their time and begin or if does not consent, say thank you
and end.
I certify that the nature and purpose, the potential benefits and possible risks associated with participating in this
research have been explained to the volunteer.
Q No
Question
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Name of the respondent
Address
Religion
Caste
Tribe
Category of HH
7.
Characteristics of
household members
starting with self
Responses
APL
BPL
Others- Specify
Codes
Instructions
Column No
1
2
3
Kindly refer the codes for
various options from the
table below
52
Q No
Question
S.no.
Name
Relationship
with Head
of HH
Code
Age
Self
1
<18
yrs
Husband
2
Wife
Responses
Relationship
with Head
of the HH
age
Codes
Instructions
Sex
Educational
Qualification
Occupation
Column No
Monthly
Income
Sex
Code
Educational
Qualification
Code
Occupation
Code
Monthly
Income
1
Male
1
Never
attended
school
1
Agriculture on
own land
1
> 3000
19-24
yrs
2
Female
2
2
Agriculture on
others land
2
30015000
3
25-30
yrs
3
3
Labourer
3
5001 –
10000
Daughter
4
31-35
yrs
4
4
Own business
4
10001 –
15000
Son
5
36-40
yrs
5
Higher
Secondary
5
Industry
worker
5
15001 –
20000
Brother
6
> 40
years
6
Diploma
6
Self employed
6
20001 25000
Sister
7
Degree and
Above
7
Government
job
7
>25001
Father
8
Mother
9
Code
Primary
Upper
Primary
Secondary
53
Q No
Question
FIL
10
MIL
11
Responses
Codes
Instructions
Column No
Others
specify
QNo
Question
Responses
8.
Type of House
Individual Cemented (Pucca)
Kuccha
Any Other, Specify
1
2
9.
Do you own this house?
10.
Do you own any land in
this village?
If yes, how much land do
you own
Owned
Rented
Yes
No
Less than 1 acre
1 to 5 acre
More than 5 acre
Only irrigated
Only non irrigated
Partly irrigated and partly non irrigated
Agriculture
Business
Not used for anything
Any other, Specify
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
Yes
No
Well
Tube well
Tank
Any other, Specify
1
2
1
2
3
11.
Codes
12.
Is the land that you own
13.
Can you state for what
purpose the land is
primarily used?
14.
If land is used for
agriculture, is it irrigated?
15.
If yes, what is the source
of irrigation?
16.
What source of energy is
used for irrigation?
Electricity
Diesel
Another, Specify
1
2
17.
Are you or any of your
family members in debt?
Yes
No
1
2
18.
If yes, what are the
reasons for the debt
Instructions
Column
No
54
QNo
Question
19.
Can you tell us how much
is the debt?
What is the source of
water in your house
20.
21.
22.
23.
Responses
Government Pipeline within the house
Government pipeline outside the house
Tanker
Well
Hand pump
Any other, specify
Current Energy Consumption
Is your village electrified? Yes
No
What are the sources of
Electricity
energy used in your
Solar energy
house?
Firewood
Kerosene
LPG
Electric Generator
Charcoal
Animal Dung
Crop Residue
Any other, Specify
Codes
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
25.
What is the source of
electric connection to
your household?
Government / Municipal comnnection
Private firm connection (specify name)
Pulled electricity line from local area line
Pulled connection from neighbour
Any other, Specify
1
2
3
4
26.
Did you pay any initial
connection charges for
the electricity?
If yes, can you specify the
amount?
Whom did you pay the
amount to?
Yes
No
1
2
To the distributing company
To the neighbor / relative
1
2
27.
28.
Column
No
1
2
3
4
5
Does your house have an Yes
electricity connection?
No
For Households having Electric connection
If yes, when was the
electric connection made
available to your house?
24.
Instructions
55
QNo
Question
Responses
Codes
Instructions
Column
No
Any other, Specify
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
What is your average
monthly bill for electricity?
Whom do you pay the
monthly bills to?
Can you tell us what your
last bill amount was?
(Request to see the last
bill receipt paid)
Can you list the purposes
for which electricity is
used in your house and
on an average what is the
percentage of electricity
usage for the same.
Does your household use
any incandescent light
bulbs?
If yes, kindly state the
numbers and number of
hours they are used.
35.
How many hours per day
does your home typically
have electricity service?
36.
How many days per
month does your
household typically have
electricity service?
Over the past one month,
how many times has the
household’s electricity
services failed for more
than 30 minutes?
Over the past one month
could you estimate the
amount of hours (in total)
electricity supply has not
been available to your
home due to electricity
cuts or blackouts?
Over the past one month
37.
38.
39.
To the distributing company
To the neighbor / relative
Any other, Specify
Purpose
Lighting
Cooking
Electrical appliances
Agriculture
Business
Any other, Specify
1
2
Percentage
1
2
3
4
5
Yes
No
Type of
light
25 Watts
50 Watts
75 Watts
100 Watts
1
2
Number of
bulbs
Summer
Winter
Hrs of usage
Monsoon
Normal
Irregular
1
2
Number of times
Never
Don’t know
1
2
3
Often
1
56
QNo
Question
Responses
Rarely
Never
2
3
40.
how often did the
household experience
dimming of light?
In case of power failure,
what backup equipment
does the household use,
if any?
Candles
Kerosene wick lamp
Gas lamp
Generator
Any Other, specify
1
2
3
4
Are you satisfied with the
current electricity supply
to your household?
Yes
1
No
2
41.
42.
Codes
Instructions
Column
No
If no, can you state the
reason for the same
For Households having no Electric connection
43.
Kindly state the reason
for no electricity
connection to your
household.
Electricity is not available in my area
We cannot pay the connection fee
We cannot afford to pay the monthly bills
We cannot afford to buy electrical
equipment
We are satisfied with the present energy
source
We do not see any need for electricity
Any Other, specify
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
44.
In absence of electricity,
which is the major source
of energy used in your
household?
Solar energy
Firewood
Kerosene
LPG
Generator
Charcoal
Animal Dung
Crop residue
Any other, Specify
45.
What is your current
expenditure per month on
energy sources used in
your household
Solar energy
Firewood
Kerosene
LPG
Generator
Charcoal
Animal Dung
5
6
57
QNo
Question
Responses
Codes
Instructions
Column
No
Crop residue
Any other, Specify
46.
47.
48.
Use of Kerosene
In the past one month did
your household use
Kerosene?
How many liters of
Kerosene do you use per
month and at what price?
From where do procure
your monthly quota of
Kerosene?
49.
Is Kerosene easily made
available to you?
50.
If no, what are the
problems faced by you in
procuring kerosene from
the market?
For what purposes does
your household use
kerosene for? What
percentage of kerosene is
used each month for
these purposes?
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Use of Generator
Does your household
have a generator?
Ownership of the
generator
Yes
No
1
2
The ration Shop
Private shops
Any other, Specify
1
2
Yes
No
1
2
Purposes
To start firewood
To light lamps
Cooking
Appliances
Home Business
Any Other, Specify
Percentage
What is the type of fuel
the generator uses and
state the monthly
expenditure incurred on
the same.
Yes
No
Owned (Specify total cost)
Leased (Specify monthly payment)
Rented (Specify monthly rent)
Fuel
No. of
Average
liters/month expenditure
/month
Diesel
Gasoline
On an average, how
much do you spend per
month on repairs and
maintenance of the
generator set?
Kindly state the number
of incandescent light
Type of
light
Number of
bulbs
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
Hrs of usage
58
QNo
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
Question
Responses
bulbs energized by the
generator and number of
hours they are used.
25 Watts
50 Watts
75 Watts
100 Watts
Purpose
Lighting
Cooking
Electrical
appliances
Agriculture
Business
Any other, Specify
Can you list the purposes
for which the generator is
used in your house and
on an average what is the
percentage of your
household monthly
spending on generator
set is for the purposes
mentioned.
Use of Firewood
In the past one month did
your household use
firewood at home?
How does your
household obtain
firewood?
Codes
Instructions
Column
No
Percentage
Yes
No
1
2
Purchase only
Collect only
Purchased and collected
Any other, Specify
1
2
3
If purchased, can you
specify how much is
spent on the same over a
period of one month?
If collected, can you
specify how many times
did your household
collect firewood last
month?
What is the approximate
distance travelled to
collect the firewood?
Generally, who from the
household goes to collect
the firewood?
Men
Women
Both
Children
Use of Agriculture Residue
In the past month did
Yes
your household use
No
agriculture residue at
home?
Can you specify how
many times your
household collected
agriculture residue last
month?
What is the approximate
distance travelled to
1
2
3
4
1
2
59
QNo
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Question
collect the agriculture
residue?
Use of Animal Dung
In the past month did
your household use
animal dung at home?
Can you specify how
many
times
your
household
collected
animal dung last month?
Who usually collects
animal dung at your
household?
Use of Pumps
Does your household
have any pumps?
If yes, how many?
For what activities does
your household utilize the
pumps?
If yes, How?
76.
Would you like to have
access to electricity
connection in your
house?
If no, Why?
Codes
Yes
NO
1
2
Men
Women
Both
Childern
1
2
3
4
Instructions
Column
No
Irrigation
Filling up water tanks
Any Other, Specify
Can you specify what the
average monthly expense
on the pumps is?
Willingness to have an electricity connection
Do you think having an
Yes
electricity connection will
No
help better your lifestyle?
75.
77.
Responses
1
2
Yes
1
No
2
1
2
3
78.
If yes, How do you think
electricity will impact the
lives of women in your
household
60
QNo
Question
79.
How will it impact
children
80.
How will it impact your
work/ income
81.
How will it impact your
village
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Willingness to pay
Are you aware that to get
an electric connection
you need to pay initial
connection charges?
Are you willing to pay the
initial amount for getting
the electric connection?
How much can you pay
for getting the electric
connection?
Are you aware you have
to pay monthly bills once
you get the electric
connection?
How much can you pay
for the monthly bills?
Responses
Codes
Yes
No
1
2
Yes
No
1
2
Yes
No
1
2
Instructions
Column
No
A few statements on usefulness of electricity have been listed down. Kindly tell us if you
agree or disagree with the statements.
S.no
Statements
Agree
Disagree
Can’t say
1.
Electricity is very important for
children’s education.
1
2
3
2.
With electrical light children can
study at night
1
2
3
Column No
61
S.no
Statements
Agree
Disagree
Can’t say
3.
Even without electricity it is easy
to read at night in the home.
1
2
3
4.
Reading with electrical light is
better than with the light of
candles or lamp.
1
2
3
5.
Our household is happy with the
lighting system that we have in
our home.
1
2
3
6.
To use kerosene or oil is harmful
for the health.
1
2
3
7.
A solar PV home system is a good
source of electricity.
1
2
3
8.
Electricity helps with domestic
tasks and care of the children.
1
2
3
9.
The monthly electric bill is or
would be a financial burden for
my family.
1
2
3
10.
Monthly spending for non-electric
energy sources is/was a financial
burden for my family.
1
2
3
11.
Even without electricity women in
my household feel safe to go out
in the evenings.
1
2
3
12.
The electricity makes it easy to
have information and the news.
1
2
3
13.
Watching TV provides/ will
provide my household with great
entertainment.
1
2
3
Column No
62
S.no
Statements
Agree
Disagree
Can’t say
14.
News and information from radio
and television provide good
information relevant for
conducting business.
1
2
3
15.
and television provide useful
information about agricultural
activities.
1
2
3
16.
and television provide good
knowledge on family health
issues.
1
2
3
17.
The health of women will improve
if electricity is made available to
the household
1
2
3
18.
Electricity is an essential commodity
for me rather than a value added
service
1
2
3
Column No
63
64

View Document - Vasudha Foundation

Transcription

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