i.rm` iji - Euroclio

Transcription

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Irena Paradžik Kovačič
Vanja Zidar Šmic
i.rm' Economic
life differences in first
Yugoslavia
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Key question
How much did the economy of First Yugoslavia reflect the
differences and cooperation between nations living in Yugoslavia?
Topic
The module is about economic differences and development in Yugoslavia before WW II. The
main purpose of this module is that the students learn why large economic differences exist
between different regions.. They should understand the origins of economic progress in First
Yugoslavia, economic misunderstandings/stereotypes between Yugoslav nations and the
influence of progress and depression on everyday life and society.
Aims
The students will acquire knowledge about economic differences and development in
Yugoslavia before WW II.
Learning outcoms
• To achieve knowledge about the economic differences between different Yugoslav regions.
• To compare the degree of economic development and progress between different Yugoslav
regions.
• To analyze the role of state in economic development in Yugoslavia before World War II.
• To evaluate effectiveness or vanity of solving economic differences between different
Yugoslav regions.
Teaching guidelines
The teacher will read the introduction to the students and present the theme to the class.
The workshop has two phases – first phase is work in groups (15 minutes), and the second
phase is a presentation of the results of each group and a debate.
©
45
minutes
STEP 1: division into groups
Group 1: INDUSTRY
Group 2: TRAFFIC
Group 3: AGRICULTURE
Group 4: EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE
STEP 2: a teacher gives the instructions for work in groups. Each group also gets these
instructions printed.
STEP 3: work in groups; each group analyses historical sources and answers questions
STEP 4: a presentation of conclusions and used historical sources
STEP 5: debate and summary. After answering the questions we are turning back to the
key question to make a final conclusion.
26
Activity 1:
The first step is an introduction for this topic presented by the teacher.
Yugoslav economic area developed after the World War I. and was assembled from different areas. Less than
10 % of people lived from the industry. Mines, where majority of the capital was foreign, also had an important
function. The working and the middle class paid the price of transition to the new state with big price-increases,
low salaries, and mass unemployment. They were also affected by the financial transactions and currency
unification. In the times between both wars Yugoslavia maintained explicitly agricultural state, with almost 54 %
of export assembled by agricultural products. The most constant economic era was between 1925 and 1931.
The first half of the 1930’s was affected by a severe economic crisis in the state. In the second half of the 1930’s
the economy bloomed again, but only until the World War II, when it backslides again.
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1
Source
Source
The establishment of the Kingdom of SCS
Hutter’s colony in Pobrežje, Maribor.
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map K/alpvina Sftoov. Hrvatov n SJovancav po 1920 oz 1924
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ALBANIJA
| obmotja napovadnaga zdruZavanp a Stop
popravki map 1919
Gabrič, Aleš in Režek, Mateja: Zgodovina 4: učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazije.
Ljubljana: DZS 2011. Page 146.
Source
Tim**
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In 1926, Josip Hutter, in cooperation with the
Austrian company Wenzel Hoffelner, founded
the textile factory JosipHutter& Drug. At first,
the company manufactured only cheap
cotton twill fabric, later, in 1929 they built a
weaving mill, a sewing thread factory in 1937
and a silk weaving mill in 1939. The factory
initially employed 360 workers. By 1949 the
number of employees, working in the factory,
rose to 1.600. After World War II, all private
means of production were nationalised.
Josip Hutter tried to solve the housing
problem of his employees by building houses
and giving soft loans for private house
building to his workers. This is how the socalled Hutter workers’ colony of twenty
houses in Pobrežje was erected in 1937.
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Shanty town Sibirija, Ljubljana
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Repe, Božo: Sodobna zgodovina: učbenik za 4. letnik
gimnazij. Ljubljana: Modrijan 2007. Page 98.
27
Group 1: INDUSTRY
Activity 2:
Group work
Source
1
Industry in First Yugoslavia state
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Repe, Božo: Sodobna zgodovina: učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazij. Ljubljana: Modrijan 2007. Page 97.
THE TASK:
With the help of this map, determine dominant branches of industry in First
Yugoslavia. Determine which industrial branch prevailed in First Yugoslavia.
Source
Source
2
A level of industrial development and education
in Slovenia’s region when entering a new state the Kingdom of SCS.
At entering into the Yugoslav state, Slovenia had 275
active industrial facilities, thanks to the industrialization as
th
a continuous process since the start of the 20 century. It
was difficult to find illiterate people in Slovenia, literacy rate
was over 90%. “
Lazarević, Žarko: Razkorak med razvitimi in nerazvitimi – zaviralni
dejavnik modernizacije Jugoslavije? Prispevki za novejšo
zgodovino. Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino. Ljubljana: 2002. Page.
78.
28
3
A level of industrial development of Kosovo in the
Kingdom of SCS.
» In Kosovo,there was no trace of industrialization as a
continuous process. Between the two WW, there were 25
companies of industrial character in Kosovo. From that
number, there were ten mills, two mines, three leather
processing facilities, five metal industry facilities and three
small power plants. Farmers who lived in extreme powerty,
worked according to autarhic principle – producing for own
needs only. On top of that, compared to Slovenia situation,
in Kosovo almost nobody was able to read and write. “
Lazarević, Žarko: Razkorak med razvitimi in nerazvitimi – zaviralni
dejavnik modernizacije Jugoslavije? Prispevki za novejšo
zgodovino. Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino. Ljubljana: 2002. Page.
79.
Group 1: INDUSTRY
Activity 2:
Group work
r
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Source
4
Source
A poster of Ljubljana's
factory Saturnus, a joint
stock company, for
industry of sheet metal
products written in three
official languages
5
Source
6
Advertising for
Brewery
Advertising for Shoe
Factory Peko
©
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Repe, Božo: Sodobna
zgodovina: učbenik za 4. letnik
gimnazij. Ljubljana: Modrijan
2007. Page 115.
:
111
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Slovenska kronika XX. stoletja
1900 – 1941. Ljubljana: Nova
revija 1995. Page 358.
Source
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Slovenska kronika XX. stoletja
1900 – 1941. Ljubljana: Nova
revija 1995. Page 359.
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THE TASK:
• With help of sources
(text and pictures)
compare the most
developed regions with
the least developed.
• Where were
encountered the biggest
differences?
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Hielscher, Kurt: Kraljevina SHS. Knjižara Vera v
Ljubljani, 1926
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Source
7
Source
Market in Ljubljana, Drava banate
(Slovenia) around WWII
8
Market in Prizren, Kosovo.
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Židov, Nena: Ljubljanski živilski trg, odsev prostora in
časa (1920 – 1940), Ljubljana 1994, page 125, original
u vlasništvu Ljubljanske tržnice
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Hielscher, Kurt: Kraljevina SHS. Knjižara Vera v
Ljubljani, 1926
29
Group 1: INDUSTRY
Activity 2:
Group work
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Source
Natural population growth in all areas in First Yugoslavia in ‰, registered in 1931.
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Slovenia
Slovenija
Croatia
Hrvatska
0
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Macedonia
Makedonija
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30
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Montenegro
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Gora
Serbia
Srbija
45
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BiH
60
I
1931
:
Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska struktura Jugoslavije 1918 – 1941. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske 1950. Page 17.
THE TASK:
Determine in which parts of First Yugoslavia the level of natural population growth was the highest.
r
Source
11
The value of industrial production per resident in 1938 (in dinars)
/
Slovenija
Slovenia
Hrvatska
Croatia
Srbija
Serbia
BiH
B&H
Crna Gora
Montenegro
4000
3000
2000
1000
1938
0
THE TASK:
Compare sources 10 and 11. How did an industrial development of individual area affect growth of
natural population? Explain your answer.
30
i
Activity 2:
Group work
Source
Group 2: TRAFFIC
1
Rail network in First Yugoslavia in 1918
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In which part of First
Yugoslavia the rail network
was the most and in which
the least developed?
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Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska historija Jugoslavije. Zagreb: Informator - Zagreb 1968. Pages
304 and 352.
Source
2
Rail traffic development
r
»The state had a powerful influence on a rail traffic development. There were several reasons for it. First reason was a
strong military influence on the rail policy. In the time of monarchy, the army was the strongest political factor and this is why
politicians worked in its best interests. The army had neither the understanding nor the interest of solving an economical
aspect of the rail traffic. The second reason was in the protection of financial interests from foreign investors buying private
railway lines. The third reason was the fact that Serbia has already had an experience with nationalization of private
railways.«
THE TASK:
Explain why did the state influenced the management and construction of railway lines.
31
Activity 2:
Group work
Group 2: TRAFFIC
rtHir*1
Source
3
Source
4
Family - child in cradle on a donkey,
Busovača (BIH)
M
Road traffic
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www.siol.net/tv/naj_gledano/2011/04/
kdo_neki_tam_poje.aspx) (10. 5. 2013)
Hielscher, Kurt: Kraljevina SHS. Knjižara Vera v Ljubljani, 1926
Source
5
ROAD DEVELOPMENT
»Road development was, despite of domestic
concrete, asphalt factories, plenty of labour force,
long-lasting unemployment because of the crisis and
long, chronic and insufficient employment of rural
population, very slow. Some main roads (Zagreb –
Belgrade, Belgrade – Skopje, main roads in Serbia,
Montenegro, Croatia, Vojvodina, Bosnia and
Macedonia) were in a very bad condition and often
life-threatening. Since the need for traffic was bigger
than the construction of roads, cars often had to drive
on the life-threatening roads. On some sections
passengers had to get out of their vehicles and walk
through some dangerous parts on foot. They had to
walk through the clouds of dust in plain landscapes,
filled with sand in the dry season. But in the rainy days
they would sink in the mud and search for oxen to
help them out.«
Source
6
The picture of Ljubljana from 1903 with the
new technological acquisition – the tram.
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Slovenska kronika XX. stoletja 1900 – 1941. Ljubljana:
Nova revija 1995. Page 17.
Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska struktura Jugoslavije 1918 –
1941. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske 1950. Page 116.
THE TASK:
With help of sources above explain in what conditions were Yugoslav roads in times between both
wars. How did these conditions affect the economic development?
32
Activity 2:
Group work
Source
r
1
Source
Employed persons by main occupation 1921
2
Employed persons by main occupation 1931
Poljoprivreda,
stocarstvo,
sumarstvo
i ribarstvo
Agriculture,
livestock,
forestry
and fishing
Industrijaand
i obrt
Industry
crafts
Trgovina,
kredit
promet
Trade,
credit
andi traffic
javna sluzba,
i slobodna
zanimanja
Public
service,vojska
the army
and freelancers
Drugaprofessions
zanimanja iand
lica persons
bez zanimanja
Other
without occupation
Agriculture,
livestock,
forestry
and fishing
Poljoprivreda,
stocarstvo,
sumarstvo
i ribarstvo
Industry
and
crafts
Industrija
i obrt
Trade,
credit
andi traffic
Trgovina,
kredit
promet
Public
the army
and freelancers
javna service,
sluzba, vojska
i slobodna
zanimanja
Other
without occupation
Drugaprofessions
zanimanja and
i licapersons
bez zanimanja
5%4%
4%
4%
3%4%
9%
11%
76%
80%
THE TASK:
Which economic branch employed the largest number of population? Which economic branch, in
comparison to 1921, records the biggest growth of employees?
r
Source
3
Agronomic structure of Yugoslavia
<ispod
2 ha2 ha
do 5 ha
2od- 52 ha
5 do
5od- 20
ha20 ha
od -20
20
60do
ha60 ha
P
0
20
40
60
80
Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska historija Jugoslavije. Zagreb: Informator - Zagreb 1968. Page 322.
Source
4
Register of peasant properties in Yugoslavia
r
»The first and the only register of peasant properties in Yugoslavia was made in 1931. Results were inadequate, because
only 42 % of Yugoslav area (10.6 mio ha) were included. There were no records of other areas (58 % or 14.3 mio ha), no
records of what these areas were or what was their economic potential. /.../ Most farms, in the size of 2 ha or less, were in
Dalmatia, Montenegro, Croatia, and Slovenia. /.../ Peasant estates of this size used most of their land for cultivation, and
were therefore too small for livestock farming.«
Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska struktura Jugoslavije 1918 – 1941. Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske 1950. Pages 38 and 39.
THE TASK:
Analyse the table and determine which peasant estates, according to their size, were predominating
in First Yugoslavia. How did the size of estate affect a survival of peasant family?
33
Activity 2:
Group work
Source
5
Source
6
Farm in Pavlovac, Croatia
Peasant’s house near Ilidža (BIH)
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Team of oxen, Ohrid, Macedonia
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34
With a help of sources explain what was the life
of peasants looked like. In what way the
peasants in the First Yugoslavia state cultivate
the land?
Activity 2:
Group work
Source
Group 4: EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE
1
90
Employment structure of population in
1931
67,5
Poljoprivreda,
sumarstvo
i ribolov
Agriculture,
forestry
and fishing
45
Industrijaand
i zanat
Industry
trade
Trgovina,
bankarstvo
i saobracaj
Trade,
banking
and traffic
Javni servis,
slobodne
profesije,
Public
service,
freelancers,
army vojska 22,5
Ostaleprofessions,
profesije, bez
profesija
Other
without
a profession
0
Slovenija
Hrvatska
Srbija
BiH
Crna Gora Makedonija
THE TASK:
From the source 1 copy the area in First Yugoslavia that had the highest share of employees in
individual sectors:
Source
2
Relation between female and male
workers in Drava Banate
Hazmerje stevila zenskih in moskih
delavcev u Qrauski banovinivhgn.
Pri QU20u i>£jubl}aru jebiloiavarouamh
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(3319*)
atlaok in
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lit
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deUuceo
Gdstotek delauk stalno raste /
The ratio of the number of women and
men workers in the Dravska province in
1931.
In an insurance company in Ljubljana
was insured 30764 (33,49 %) of female
and 61084 (66,51 %) of male workers.
The percentage of female workers is
constantly growing.
Gabrič, Aleš in Režek, Mateja: Zgodovina 4:
učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazije. Ljubljana: DZS
2011. Page 162.
THE TASK:
Why did the portion of employed
women changed, especially in the
times of great economic crisis?
3
Salary diffrences
»Miners and skilled workers had higher salary, while women and
children, particulary in textile industry, had lower salary.«
Mirković, Mijo: Ekonomska struktura Jugoslavije 1918 – 1941. Zagreb:
Nakladni zavod Hrvatske 1950. Page 47.
.
Source
rm
i
Source
4
Female workers in Drava banate
»The time after the World War I brought to Slovenia an era of quicker
enployment. of the gender that was in 19th century traditionally
“employed” with working at home.«
Gabrič, Aleš in Režek, Mateja: Zgodovina 4: učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazije.
Ljubljana: DZS 2011. Page 162.
.
Source
5
Women employees
»After World War I portion of women among employees in industry
was less than a quarter and in the times of crisis just about 40
percents.«
Repe, Božo: Sodobna zgodovina: učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazij. Ljubljana:
Modrijan 2007. Page 115.
Source
6
Female labor force
»/../the percentage of female labor force, compared to the total
number of employees, increases every year, so it grew from 19,41 to
26,87 per cent in the period 1923-1933; therefore, in a decade for
about 7%. It is interesting to compare this raise in female labor force
with earlier mentioned raise of rural population that cannot be
employed in agriculture.«
Kukoleča, Stevan: Industrija Jugoslavije 1918-1938. Balkanska štampa.
Beograd. 1941, pg.. 94
35
Activity 3:
Debate and Summary
Jill
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.
.
->
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The teacher encourages students to help formulate a conclusion.
They try to answer the following questions:
1. What were the the economic differences between different Yugoslav regions?
2. What was the degree of economic development and progress between different Yugoslav regions?
3. What was the role of state in economic development in Yugoslavia before World War II?
4. What was the effectiveness or vanity of solving economic differences between different Yugoslav
regions?
ANSWERS:
The majority of industry was on the North and Northeast, prevailing small industrial and trade companies.
*
Development of industry was obstructed by bad traffic connections, especially throughout North and South.
The vast of the population lived from agriculture, mainly on small estates. The most important economic
measures were the Agrarian reform and the abolition of feudal, half-feudal, and colonial relations. The
J
reform was executed slowly and inconsistently.
The share of female employees increased, because they represented the cheapest workforce.
4
At the end teacher show.•: pupils /students
one more source and makes a conclusion - it is a
summary of what the students through the analysis of the resources should recognize about the
Yugoslav industry.
l
4
»There were three different and conflicting economical branches: Serbian bourgeois exploited political
hegemony, freeloaded fiscal policy, loans, investments, state enterprises, bonds' speculations, war loans,
and provision to the army;
Croatians tried to control financial capital, whereas Slovenians took advantage
J
»• »
of the large Yugoslav market and inexpensive raw materials for its processing industry.«
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Repe, Božo: Sodobna zgodovina: učbenik za 4. letnik gimnazij. Ljubljana: Modrijan 2007. Pages 97 and 98.
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i.rm` iji - Euroclio

Transcription

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