THE TUDOR DYNASTY 1485-1603

II.
BRITISH HISTORY
TIMELINE
1500-1600
MTRA. CARMEN TATAY FERNÁNDEZ
ESTADOS NACIONALES
FLL / LLM-INGLÉS
•THE
TUDOR
DYNASTY
1485-1603
BRITISH HISTORY TIMELINE, 1500-1700s
• THE WAR OF THE ROSES, 1455-1485
• THE TUDOR DYNASTY, 1485-1603
• THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE, 1500’S
• THE PROTESTANT REFORM, 1517
• THE ANGLICAN CHURCH, 1536
• THE STUART DYNASTY, 1603
• THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR, 1642-1658
• THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION, 1668
WAR OF THE ROSES, 1455-1485
• THE WAR OF THE ROSES WERE A SERIES OF
DYNASTIC CIVIL WARS BETWEEN SUPPORTERS
LANCASTER AND
YORK, FOR THE THRONE OF ENGLAND.
• SEVERAL WAR EPISODES BETWEEN 1455 AND
1485 (RELATED FIGHTING BOTH BEFORE AND
AFTER THIS PERIOD).
• THE LANCASTER'S HAD A RED ROSE AS A
SYMBOL, AND THE YORK'S HAD A WHITE.
OF THE RIVAL HOUSES OF
RED ROSE
OF
YORK
WHITE ROSE
OF LANCASTER
HENRY VII
TUDORS
TUDOR SOCIETY
• TUDOR SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO FOUR BROAD GROUPS.
AT THE TOP WERE THE NOBILITY WHO OWNED HUGE AMOUNTS
OF LAND.
2. THE GENTRY AND RICH MERCHANTS; GENTLEMEN OWNED
1.
LARGE AMOUNTS OF LAND AND THEY WERE USUALLY
EDUCATED AND HAD A FAMILY COAT OF ARMS
YEOMEN AND CRAFTSMEN. YEOMEN OWNED THEIR OWN LAND.
THEY COULD BE AS WEALTHY AS GENTLEMEN BUT THEY
WORKED ALONGSIDE THEIR MEN; OFTEN WERE ABLE TO READ
AND WRITE.
4. THE TENANT FARMERS WHO LEASED THEIR LAND FROM THE
LARGE LANDOWNERS AND ALSO WERE WAGE LABORERS. THEY
WERE OFTEN ILLITERATE AND VERY POOR.
3.
TUDOR SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM
HOUSING
RICH SOCIETY
• THE NOBLES LIVED IN THE BIG
HOUSES THAT WERE OUT OF THE
TOWNS SO THAT THE AIR AND
WATER WERE CLEANER.
• RICH PEOPLE WORE FINE,
ELABORATE CLOTHES.
• A RICH MAN WOULD HAVE A FINE
HOUSE, WITH MANY ROOMS AND
GLASS WINDOWS, AS WELL AS
LARGE GARDENS.
• WEALTHY PEOPLE AND NOBLEMEN
MIGHT OWN THEIR OWN ARMIES.
• MANY OF THEM MIGHT HELP THE
MONARCH GOVERN
PARLIAMENT.
ENGLAND IN
POOR SOCIETY
• MOST OF THE
POPULATION LIVED IN
SMALL VILLAGES AND
MADE THEIR LIVING FROM
FARMING.
• THEY LIVED IN SMALL
WOODEN HOUSES.
• POOR PEOPLE WORE
SIMPLE, HOME-MADE
CLOTHES THAT WOULD
HAVE TO LAST THEM
MANY YEARS.
INTERESTING FACTS
• THE TUDORS WERE GREAT GAMBLERS AND LOVED
TO BET ON JUST ABOUT ANYTHING; AT ONE TIME
HENRY VIII HAD A BILL FOR £3242 FOR 3 YEARS
GAMBLING WHEN THE WEEKLY WAGE WAS ABOUT 5.
• KING HENRY VIII HAD OVER 78,000 PEOPLE
EXECUTED WHILE HE WAS KING. THAT IS THE SAME
AS 5 PEOPLE KILLED EVERY DAY FOR 38 YEARS.
• THE TUDORS KNEW THAT SUGAR ROTTED THEIR
TEETH, AND SINCE SUGAR WAS SO EXPENSIVE,
WOMEN USED TO DELIBERATELY BLACK THEIR
TEETH OUT TO LOOK ROTTEN, BECAUSE IT SHOWED
THEY COULD AFFORD TO BUY SUGAR.
EDUCATION
• BOYS BEGAN SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 4 AND MOVED TO
GRAMMAR SCHOOL WHEN THEY WERE
7.
• GIRLS WERE EITHER KEPT AT HOME BY THEIR PARENTS TO
HELP WITH HOUSEWORK OR SENT OUT TO WORK TO BRING
MONEY IN FOR THE FAMILY.
• AT SCHOOL, PUPILS OFTEN HAD TO SPEAK IN LATIN; THEY
WERE ALSO TAUGHT
GREEK, RELIGION AND MATHEMATICS.
• THE BOYS PRACTICED WRITING IN INK BY COPYING THE
ALPHABET AND THE
LORD'S PRAYER.
• THERE WERE TWO TYPES OF SCHOOL IN TUDOR TIMES:
• THE PETTY SCHOOL: TAUGHT YOUNG CHILDREN TO READ.
• THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL: TAUGHT BOYS LATIN.
• GIRLS COULD MARRY AT THE AGE OF 12, BOYS AT 14.
TUDOR ECONOMY
• DURING THE 16TH CENTURY TRADE AND INDUSTRY GREW
RAPIDLY AND
ENGLAND BECAME A MORE COMMERCIAL COUNTRY.
• PEASANTS BROUGHT THEIR SURPLUS PRODUCE TO WEEKLY
MARKETS TO SELL; ALL KINDS OF MANUFACTURED GOODS LIKE
SHOES AND POTTERY WERE ON SALE IN TOWNS.
• ENGLAND WAS A MAJOR TRADING CENTER FOR GOODS LIKE
CLOTH, SALT, SUGAR, COAL, COPPER, TIN AND WOOLS.
• MERCHANTS GREW RICH IN TUDOR TIMES AS LOTS OF PEOPLE
WERE BUYING
ENGLISH GOODS AROUND THE WORLD.
• IN THE 16TH CENTURY SOME WOMEN WORKED SPINNING CLOTH.
• SOME WOMEN WORKED IN FOOD PREPARATION SUCH AS
BREWERS, BAKERS OR CONFECTIONERS; ALSO THEY SOLD
FOODSTUFFS IN THE STREETS.
THE TUDOR DYNASTY, 1485-1603
• THE TUDOR DYNASTY OR HOUSE OF TUDOR WAS A PROMINENT
•
•
•
•
EUROPEAN ROYAL HOUSE OF WELSH ORIGIN THAT RULED THE
KINGDOM OF ENGLAND AND ITS REALMS, INCLUDING THE LORDSHIP
AND KINGDOM OF IRELAND, FROM 1485 UNTIL 1603.
ITS FIRST MONARCH WAS HENRY TUDOR (HENRY VII), MATERNALLY
FROM A LEGITIMIZED BRANCH OF THE ENGLISH ROYAL HOUSE OF
LANCASTER.
THE TUDOR FAMILY ROSE TO POWER IN THE WAKE OF THE WARS OF
THE ROSES, WHICH LEFT THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER, TO WHICH THE
TUDORS WERE ALIGNED.
FIVE TUDOR MONARCHS RULED THEIR DOMAINS:
ISSUES AROUND THE ROYAL SUCCESSION (INCLUDING MARRIAGE,
DIVORCE, AND THE SUCCESSION RIGHTS OF WOMEN) BECAME MAJOR
POLITICAL THEMES DURING THE TUDOR ERA.
TUDOR MONARCHS
• THE TUDORS REIGNED FROM 1485 UNTIL 1603.
• THERE WERE 5 CROWNED MONARCHS AND LADY JANE GREY
REIGNED AS
QUEEN FOR JUST 9 DAYS.
• FIVE TUDOR MONARCHS RULED THEIR DOMAINS:
• HENRY VII (1485-1509)
• HENRY VIII (1509-1547), HE WAS THE ONLY MALE-LINE
HENRY VII TO LIVE TO THE AGE OF MAJORITY
• EDWARD VI (1547 -1553)
• MARY I (1553-58)
• ELIZABETH I (1558-1603)
• THE TUDOR KINGS AND QUEENS WERE VERY POWERFUL AND
MALE HEIR OF
THEY ARE NOTED FOR THE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE EXECUTED
DURING THE PERIOD.
PHOTO GALLERY
END OF THE WAR OF THE ROSES
• THE WAR ENDED WITH THE VICTORY
OF THE EARL OF RICHMOND, HENRY
TUDOR, WHO FOUNDED THE HOUSE
OF TUDOR, WHICH SUBSEQUENTLY
RULED ENGLAND AND WALES FOR
117 YEARS.
• HENRY VII BROUGHT PEACE TO
ENGLAND AFTER MORE THAN 30
YEARS OF WAR.
• AT THE END OF THE WAR, HENRY
TUDOR, A LANCASTRIAN, MARRIED
THE NIECE OF THE LEADER OF THE
YORK.
• THEY PUT THE WHITE ROSE AND THE
RED ROSE TOGETHER AS A SYMBOL
OF UNITY AND THE TUDOR ROSE
WAS BORN.
HENRY VII, 1485-1509
• HENRY VII CAME TO THE THRONE AFTER
DEFEATING RICHARD III AT THE BATTLE OF
BOSWORTH FIELD IN 1485.
• HE WAS A SERIOUS MAN AND FACED MANY
CHALLENGES TO HIS PLACE ON THE
THRONE, THE MOST NOTABLE BEING FROM
LAMBERT SIMNEL AND PERKIN WARBECK.
• HE MARRIED ELIZABETH OF YORK,
DAUGHTER OF EDWARD IV UNITING THE
HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK AND
ENDING THE WARS OF THE ROSES.
• HENRY SUCCESSFULLY ESTABLISHED THE
TUDOR DYNASTY AND WHEN HE DIED IN
1509, HIS SON'S SUCCESSION WAS NOT
CHALLENGED AND ENGLAND WAS A RICH
AND PROSPEROUS COUNTRY.
HENRY VIII, 1509-1547
• HENRY VIII IS THE BEST KNOWN OF THE
TUDOR MONARCHS, HE WAS THE SECOND
SON OF HENRY VII AND BECAME KING
BECAUSE HIS BROTHER, ARTHUR HAD DIED.
• HE MARRIED HIS BROTHER'S WIDOW,
CATHERINE OF ARAGON WHEN HE BECAME
KING, BUT DIVORCED HER WHEN SHE DID
NOT PRODUCE A MALE HEIR TO THE THRONE.
• IN ORDER TO GAIN HIS DIVORCE, HENRY HAD
TO ESTABLISH THE CHURCH OF
AND END CATHOLICISM.
ENGLAND
• HENRY WENT ON TO MARRY ANOTHER FIVE
WIVES - ANNE BOLEYN, JANE SEYMOUR,
ANNE OF CLEVES, KATHERINE HOWARD AND
KATHERINE PARR.
• ANNE BOLEYN AND KATHERINE HOWARD
WERE EXECUTED FOR TREASON.
• HE DIED IN 1547.
HENRY VIII
MARY I
EDWARD VI
ELIZABETH I
EDWARD VI, 1547-1553
• EDWARD VI, SON OF HENRY VIII
AND JANE SEYMOUR (WHO DIED
VERY SHORTLY AFTER GIVING
BIRTH TO EDWARD), CAME TO THE
THRONE AT THE AGE OF 9 YEARS.
• HE WAS A SICKLY CHILD AND THE
COUNTRY WAS RUN BY HIS
PROTECTORS: FIRSTLY, THE DUKE
OF SOMERSET, HIS MOTHER'S
BROTHER, THEN BY THE DUKE OF
NORTHUMBERLAND.
• EDWARD DIED AT THE AGE OF 15
IN
1553.
LADY JANE GREY, 1553
• SHE WAS CHOSEN TO BE QUEEN BY THE DUKE
NORTHUMBERLAND IN AN ATTEMPT TO KEEP
ENGLAND A PROTESTANT COUNTRY.
NEXT IN THE LINE OF SUCCESSION WAS HENRY
VIII'S ELDEST DAUGHTER, MARY.
MARY WAS A CATHOLIC AND HAD SWORN TO
RETURN ENGLAND TO CATHOLICISM.
THE PUBLIC DID NOT APPROVE OF JANE'S
SUCCESSION AND SUPPORTED MARY'S CLAIM
TO THE THRONE.
QUEEN JANE REIGNED FOR JUST 9 DAYS IN
JULY BEFORE MARY SUCCESSFULLY TOOK THE
THRONE.
JANE AND HER HUSBAND, GUILDFORD DUDLEY,
SON OF THE DUKE OF NORTHUMBERLAND,
WERE BEHEADED.
OF
•
•
•
•
•
MARY I, 1553-1558
• MARY I (FEBRUARY 18, 1516/NOVEMBER 17, 1558) WAS
THE ELDEST DAUGHTER OF HENRY VIII AND THE ONLY
SURVIVING CHILD CATHERINE OF ARAGON AND WAS A
COMMITTED CATHOLIC.
• QUEEN REGNANT OF IRELAND FROM JULY 19, 1553 AFTER
SUCCEEDING HER SHORT-LIVED HALF BROTHER, EDWARD
TO THE ENGLISH THRONE., UNTIL HER DEATH; THE 4TH
CROWNED MONARCH OF THE TUDOR DYNASTY.
VI,
• SHE IS REMEMBERED FOR RESTORING ENGLAND TO ROMAN
CATHOLICISM IN THE PROCESS, SHE HAD ALMOST 300
RELIGIOUS DISSENTERS BURNED AT THE STAKE IN THE
MARIAN PERSECUTIONS, EARNING HER THE SOBRIQUET OF
"BLOODY MARY".
• HER RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM WAS
REVERSED
ELIZABETH
BY
HER
SUCCESSOR
AND
HALF-SISTER,
I.
• SHE MADE HERSELF EVEN MORE UNPOPULAR BY MARRYING
PHILIP OF SPAIN AND LOSING CALAIS, ENGLAND'S LAST
POSSESSION IN FRANCE.
• MARY DIED IN 1558, PROBABLY OF CANCER OF THE WOMB.
RELIGIOUS PERSECUTIONS
ELIZABETH I, 1558-1603
• ELIZABETH I BECAME QUEEN AFTER HER
MARY I DIED WITHOUT AN HEIR.
SHE WAS THE DAUGHTER OF HENRY VIII AND
ANNE BOLEYN.
SHE UPHELD PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND
AND HER WILL WAS THE LAW.
SHE DID NOT MARRY AND WAS KNOWN AS
THE VIRGIN QUEEN.
DURING ELIZABETH'S REIGN THE AGE OF
SISTER
•
•
•
•
EXPLORATION BEGAN WITH EXPLORERS SUCH
AS FRANCIS DRAKE CLAIMING NEW LANDS
FOR ENGLAND AND INTRODUCING NEW
MATERIALS AND FOODS.
• THE AMERICAN STATE,
• VIRGINIA, IS NAMED AFTER HER. WHEN
ELIZABETH
ENDED.
DIED IN
1603 THE TUDOR LINE
TUDOR QUEENS
QUEEN MARY I
QUEEN ELIZABETH I
QUEEN ELIZABETH I, 1558-1603
• QUEEN ELIZABETH I, CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST
ABLE
TUDORS:
• SHE ENCOURAGED THE EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST
OF NEW LANDS WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE BRITISH
SEA DOGS _FRANCIS DRAKE AND JOHN HAWKINS_ IN
AMERICA AND OTHER CONTINENTS, IT WAS THE ORIGIN
OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
• DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA, 1558; ENGLAND
BECAME THE LEADING NAVAL POWER IN
EUROPE.
• ENGLISH RENAISSANCE, THE GOLDEN AGE OF
ELIZABETHAN THEATER WITH SHAKESPEARE,
MARLOWE, ETC.
THE PROTESTANT
REFORM IN ENGLAND
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
• THE REFORMATION WAS LED
BY MARTIN LUTHER, A MONK
FROM GERMANY.
• HE SAID THAT THE ROMAN
CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS
CORRUPT AND THAT IT SHOULD
BE REFORMED.
• KING HENRY VIII WAS
INITIALLY OPPOSED TO THE
IDEAS OF LUTHER.
• HE WAS PRAISED BY THE
POPE FOR A PAMPHLET THAT
HE WROTE IN 1521 THAT
CRITICIZED THE GERMAN
MONK.
MARTIN LUTHER
THE ANGLICAN CHURCH
• HENRY VIII ORDERED BIBLES TO BE PUBLISHED IN ENGLISH
AND TOOK MUCH MONEY AND LAND FROM THE CHURCH.
• ENGLAND GOT TRANSFORMED FROM A CATHOLIC TO A
PROTESTANT NATION.
• BY 1603 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN THIS COUNTRY
WAS COMPLETE.
• FOLLOWING THE BREAK AWAY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH
FROM ROME BY HENRY VIII, ORDINARY PEOPLE'S
EXPERIENCE OF RELIGION UNDERWENT A GRADUAL CHANGE.
• THE FORM OF SERVICES, THE LANGUAGE USED, AND THE
AMOUNT AND RICHNESS OF DECORATION IN CHURCHES
BECAME IMPORTANT ISSUES.
ENGLISH REFORMATION
• THE CHURCHES OF THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION HAVE THEIR
•
•
•
•
HISTORICAL ROOTS IN THE ENGLISH REFORMATION, WHEN KING
HENRY VIII (R. 1509-1547) WISHED TO OBTAIN A DIVORCE THAT
THE POPE WOULD NOT GRANT.
THROUGH THE ACT OF SUPREMACY OF 1534, THE KING MADE
HIMSELF THE "SUPREME HEAD" OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN
PLACE OF THE POPE.
KING HENRY DISSOLVED ENGLAND'S MONASTERIES, DESTROYED
CATHOLIC SHRINES, AND ORDERED THE GREAT BIBLE (IN ENGLISH)
TO BE PLACED IN ALL CHURCHES.
HOWEVER, HENRY ALLOWED FEW DOCTRINAL CHANGES AND VERY
LITTLE CHANGED IN THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF THE COMMON ENGLISH
WORSHIPPER.
UNDER HENRY VIII, AND THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND REMAINED
ALMOST FULLY CATHOLIC WITH THE EXCEPTION OF LOYALTY TO
ROME.
THOMAS CRANMER
• A POWER STRUGGLE BETWEEN
ENGLISH PROTESTANTS AND
CATHOLICS ENSUED DURING THE
REIGNS OF EDWARD VI AND MARY I.
• UNDER KING EDWARD, ARCHBISHOP
OF CANTERBURY THOMAS CRANMER
CONTRIBUTED A GREAT DEAL TO THE
PROTESTANT MOVEMENT, INCLUDING
THE FIRST TWO VERSIONS OF THE
BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER (1549
AND 1552) AND THE 42 ARTICLES
(1553).
• AFTER THE ASCENSION OF THE
CATHOLIC "BLOODY MARY" TO THE
THRONE IN 1553, ENGLAND WAS
RESTORED TO CATHOLICISM, MUCH OF
THE REFORMING WORK UNDER KINGS
HENRY AND EDWARD WAS UNDONE,
AND THOMAS CRANMER WAS BURNED
AT THE STAKE.
ANGLICANISM
• PROTESTANTISM FINALLY EMERGED VICTORIOUS UNDER QUEEN ELIZABETH I (R.
1558-1603).
• IT WAS UNDER ELIZABETH THAT "ANGLICANISM" TOOK SHAPE, ESTABLISHED ON
THE NOTION OF A VIA MEDIA BETWEEN CATHOLICISM AND PROTESTANTISM
(SPECIFICALLY REFORMED PROTESTANTISM).
• ELIZABETH APPOINTED PROTESTANT BISHOPS, BUT REINTRODUCED A CRUCIFIX IN
HER CHAPEL, TRIED TO INSIST ON TRADITIONAL CLERICAL VESTMENTS, AND MADE
OTHER ATTEMPTS TO SATISFY CONSERVATIVE OPINION.
• THE 42 ARTICLES WERE REDUCED TO 39 AND THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER
WAS REISSUED. THE 39 ARTICLES AND THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, WHICH
TOGETHER EXPRESSED THE FAITH AND PRACTICE OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND,
WERE SUFFICIENTLY VAGUE TO ALLOW FOR A VARIETY OF INTERPRETATIONS ALONG
THE CATHOLIC-PROTESTANT SPECTRUM.
• AFTER ELIZABETH, CALVINIST INFLUENCES WERE DOMINANT FOR A TIME, BUT HIGH
CHURCHMEN REGAINED CONTROL OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND IN THE
RESTORATION OF 1660.
• IN THE LATTER 17TH AND EARLY 18TH CENTURIES, ANGLICANISM WAS
CHARACTERIZED BY ITS EMPHASES ON REASON, SIMPLE DEVOTIONAL RELIGION
AND MORAL LIVING.
• AFTER ABOUT 1690, THE CONTROVERSY QUIETED DOWN AND THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND SETTLED INTO THE FORM THAT STILL CHARACTERIZES IT TODAY.
BOOK OF COMMON PRAYERS
• THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY SHOWED SIGNIFICANT DISCONTENT WITH THE ROMAN
CHURCH:
• MARTIN LUTHER'S 95 THESES WERE NAILED TO THE DOOR OF THE CHURCH IN WITTENBERG IN
1517, AND NEWS OF THIS CHALLENGE HAD CERTAINLY REACHED ENGLAND WHEN, 20 YEARS LATER,
THE ANGLICAN BRANCH OF THE CHURCH FORMALLY CHALLENGED THE AUTHORITY OF ROME.
• HENRY VIII DISSOLVED THE MONASTERIES AND ABBEYS IN 1536.
• THERE IS A PUBLIC PERCEPTION THAT HENRY VIII CREATED THE ANGLICAN CHURCH IN ANGER OVER
THE POPE'S REFUSAL TO GRANT HIS DIVORCE, BUT THE HISTORICAL RECORD INDICATES THAT
HENRY SPENT MOST OF HIS REIGN CHALLENGING THE AUTHORITY OF ROME, AND THAT THE
DIVORCE ISSUE WAS JUST ONE OF A SERIES OF ACTS THAT COLLECTIVELY SPLIT THE ENGLISH
CHURCH FROM THE ROMAN CHURCH IN MUCH THE SAME WAY THAT THE ORTHODOX CHURCH HAD
SPLIT OFF FIVE HUNDRED YEARS BEFORE.
• DEFINING THE NEW CHURCH
• THE NEWLY-SEPARATED ANGLICAN CHURCH WAS GIVEN SOME FORMAL STRUCTURE IN 1562 DURING THE REIGN
OF ELIZABETH I.
• THE ANGLICAN BELIEF SYSTEM IS BASED IN THE HOLY BIBLE AND THE ARTICLES OF RELIGION; TRADITION
EMBODIED IN THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER.
• THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER WAS PRODUCED IN 1549; THE LATIN LITURGY WAS RADICALLY
SIMPLIFIED AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, AND FOR THE FIRST TIME A SINGLE 'USE' WAS ENFORCED
THROUGHOUT ENGLAND.
• IT HAS BEEN REVISED NUMEROUS TIMES SINCE THEN, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT REVISION BEING THE FIRST, IN
1552. ALL REVISIONS SINCE THEN, BEFORE THE MODERN ERA, WERE VERY CONSERVATIVE REVISIONS.
• THE 1662 ENGLISH BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER FORMS THE HISTORICAL BASIS FOR MOST ANGLICAN LITURGY
AROUND THE WORLD.
• W HILE SEVERAL COUNTRIES HAVE THEIR OWN PRAYER BOOKS, ALL BORROW HEAVILY FROM THE ENGLISH
TRADITION ROOTED IN CRANMER'S ORIGINAL WORK.
THE SPANISH ARMADA
&
BRITISH SEA DOGS
THE SPANISH ARMADA
• 1588: THE SPANISH ARMADA OF 132 SHIPS
SAILS FOR ENGLAND. ENGLAND'S NAVY CONSISTS
OF 34 SHIPS AND 163 ARMED MERCHANT
VESSELS.
• JULY 29TH 1588: THE SPANISH ARMADA WAS
SIGHTED OFF THE COAST OF
ENGLAND.
• JULY 30TH 1588: THE ENGLISH EXCHANGED
SPANISH ARMADA.
• AUGUST 8TH 1588: THE ENGLISH NAVY
DESTROYS THE SPANISH ARMADA.
FIRE WITH THE
ELIZABETH I AND THE SPANISH ARMADA
• THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH
ARMADA IN 1588 HAS LONG BEEN
HELD AS ONE OF ENGLAND'S
GREATEST MILITARY
ACHIEVEMENTS.
• THE SUCCESSFUL DEFENSE OF
THE KINGDOM AGAINST INVASION
ON SUCH AN UNPRECEDENTED
SCALE BOOSTED THE PRESTIGE OF
ENGLAND'S QUEEN ELIZABETH I
AND ENCOURAGED A SENSE OF
ENGLISH PRIDE AND NATIONALISM.
Elizabeth I's Spanish Armada speech,
delivered at Tilbury, Essex, England 1588
MY LOVING PEOPLE, WE HAVE BEEN PERSUADED BY SOME THAT ARE CAREFUL OF OUR SAFETY, TO
TAKE HEED HOW WE COMMIT OURSELVES TO ARMED MULTITUDES FOR FEAR OF TREACHERY; BUT, I
DO ASSURE YOU, I DO NOT DESIRE TO LIVE TO DISTRUST MY FAITHFUL AND LOVING PEOPLE.
LET TYRANTS FEAR; I HAVE ALWAYS SO BEHAVED MYSELF, THAT UNDER GOD I HAVE PLACED MY
CHIEFEST STRENGTH AND SAFEGUARD IN THE LOYAL HEARTS AND GOOD WILL OF MY SUBJECTS;
AND, THEREFORE, I AM COME AMONGST YOU AS YOU SEE AT THIS TIME, NOT FOR MY RECREATION
AND DISPORT, BUT BEING RESOLVED, IN THE MIDST AND HEAT OF THE BATTLE, TO LIVE OR DIE
AMONGST YOU ALL - TO LAY DOWN FOR MY GOD, AND FOR MY KINGDOMS, AND FOR MY PEOPLE,
MY HONOR AND MY BLOOD EVEN IN THE DUST.
I KNOW I HAVE THE BODY OF A WEAK, FEEBLE WOMAN; BUT I HAVE THE HEART AND STOMACH OF A
KING - AND OF A KING OF ENGLAND TOO, AND THINK FOUL SCORN THAT PARMA OR SPAIN, OR ANY
PRINCE OF EUROPE, SHOULD DARE TO INVADE THE BORDERS OF MY REALM; TO WHICH, RATHER
THAN ANY DISHONOR SHOULD GROW BY ME, I MYSELF WILL TAKE UP ARMS - I MYSELF WILL BE
YOUR GENERAL, JUDGE, AND REWARDER OF EVERY ONE OF YOUR VIRTUES IN THE FIELD.
I KNOW ALREADY, FOR YOUR FORWARDNESS, YOU HAVE DESERVED REWARDS AND CROWNS, AND,
WE DO ASSURE YOU, ON THE WORD OF A PRINCE, THEY SHALL BE DULY PAID YOU. FOR THE
MEANTIME, MY LIEUTENANT GENERAL LEICESTER SHALL BE IN MY STEAD, THAN WHOM NEVER
PRINCE COMMANDED A MORE NOBLE OR WORTHY SUBJECT; NOT DOUBTING BUT BY YOUR
OBEDIENCE TO MY GENERAL, BY YOUR CONCORD IN THE CAMP, AND YOUR VALOR IN THE FIELD,
WE SHALL SHORTLY HAVE A FAMOUS VICTORY OVER THESE ENEMIES OF MY GOD, OF MY KINGDOM
AND OF MY PEOPLE.
BRITISH SEA DOGS
• ELIZABETHAN PRIVATEERS WERE LAWFUL
PIRATES WHO WERE AUTHORIZED BY THEIR
GOVERNMENT AND SOVEREIGN TO ATTACK THE
TREASURE SHIPS OF ENEMY NATIONS.
• THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT ISSUED ‘LETTERS
OF MARQUE’ TO THE FAMOUS
ELIZABETHAN
PIRATES WHICH LICENSED THESE SAILORS TO
PLUNDER ENEMY SHIPS
- SPANISH SHIPS.
FRANCIS DRAKE
JOHN HAWKINS
SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1543-1596
• HE WAS A PIRATE TO THE SERVICE OF QUEEN ELIZABETH I OF
•
•
•
•
•
ENGLAND.
IN 1572 QUEEN ELIZABETH COMMISSIONED DRAKE AS A
PRIVATEER TO SAIL FOR THE AMERICAS.
DRAKE WAS THE FIRST TO PASS FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE
PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA.
HE RAIDED THE CITY OF NOMBRE DE DIOS IN PANAMA AND
RETURNED TO ENGLAND BRINGING SPANISH GOLD AND
PLUNDER.
IN 1577 QUEEN ELIZABETH SELECTED HIM TO BE THE HEAD OF
AN EXPEDITION THAT WAS TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD.
IN 1581 HE WAS KNIGHTED SIR FRANCIS DRAKE ON BOARD
THE GOLDEN HIND BY QUEEN ELIZABETH.
• IN 1587 DRAKE ATTACKED AND DESTROYED THE
SPANISH FLEET AT CADIZ - REFERRED TO AS
'SINGEING PHILIP OF SPAIN'S BEARD'
• IN 1588 HE WAS APPOINTED VICE ADMIRAL OF THE
NAVY THAT DESTROYED THE SPANISH ARMADA:
• 1595: SIR FRANCIS DRAKE EMBARKS ON HIS LAST
VOYAGE TO THE CARIBBEAN WITH SIR JOHN
HAWKINS (WHO DIES OF FEVER ON THE VOYAGE).
• 1595: SIR FRANCIS DRAKE WAS SENT TO ATTACK
SPANISH SETTLEMENTS IN THE WEST INDIES BUT HE
ALSO DIED ON THE JOURNEY HOME.
• JANUARY 28TH 1596: SIR FRANCIS DRAKE DIED ON
BOARD THE DEFIANCE AGED ABOUT 55.
SIR JOHN HAWKINS
• 1560: JOHN HAWKINS FORMS A SYNDICATE OF WEALTHY
MERCHANTS WHO INVEST IN THE SLAVE TRADE.
• 1561: JOHN HAWKINS MAKES HIS FIRST VOYAGE TO THE
•
•
•
•
WEST INDIES.
1562: JOHN HAWKINS HIJACKS PORTUGUESE SLAVE SHIP AND
TRADES THE SLAVES IN THE CARIBBEAN BEGINNING
ENGLAND'S PARTICIPATION IN THE SLAVE TRADE.
APRIL 1563 HAWKINS REACHES NORTH OF HISPANIOLA.
1564: JOHN HAWKINS SECOND VOYAGE TO THE WEST INDIES
AND GUINEA. QUEEN ELIZABETH TAKES A SHARE OF LOANS
HIM ONE OF HER SHIPS.
1567 JOHN HAWKINS DEPARTS ON THIRD VOYAGE.
• 1560:
JOHN HAWKINS FORMS A SYNDICATE OF WEALTHY
MERCHANTS WHO INVEST IN THE SLAVE TRADE.
• 1568 HAWKINS FIGHTS THE SPANISH AT BATTLE OF VERACRUZ AND
THEN IN MEXICO; HE LOOSES 2 SHIPS WHICH PRECIPITATES AN
UNDECLARED STATE OF WAR.
• 1569: SIR JOHN HAWKINS BECAME AN ELIZABETHAN PRIVATEER.
• 1571 JOHN HAWKINS ACTED AS A DOUBLE AGENT IN A PLOT WITH
FELIPE II TO ASSASSINATE QUEEN ELIZABETH I; HIS INFORMATION
HELPED WILLIAM CECIL, LORD BURGHLEY, TO HAVE THE MAIN
CONSPIRATORS ARRESTED AND EXECUTED.
• 1577: JOHN HAWKINS RETURNED TO THE FAMILY BUSINESS OF SHIP
BUILDING AND STARTED BUILDING NEW ENGLISH WAR SHIPS.
• 1588: JOHN HAWKINS IS KNIGHTED FOR HIS BRAVE SERVICE
FIGHTING THE ARMADA.
• 1595, 12 NOV: SIR JOHN HAWKINS WENT ON ANOTHER VOYAGE TO
THE CARIBBEAN AND DIED IN PUERTO RICO.
CONCLUSION
• THE PERIOD 1500 TO 1750 WAS ONE OF
BRITAIN.
• THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES AND THE
DAWN OF WHAT HISTORIANS CALL “THE
EARLY MODERN PERIOD” SAW THE
GREAT CHANGE IN
EMERGENCE OF MANY OF THE FEATURES
OF THE UNITED KINGDOM THAT WE
KNOW TODAY.