Installer training manual

Transcription

Installer
training manual
Contents
Part 1: Theory
- The early days of satellite
- Different types of orbit
- Types of satellite orbits
- Astra 2F footprint & parameters
- The satellite transmission chain
- Theoretical fundamentals
- 1. The volt
- 2. The amp & the watt
- 3. Alternating current – “the sine wave”
- 4. Direct current
- 5. Frequency
- 6. Frequency terminology
- 7. The frequency spectrum
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Satellite bands
- Satellite band usage
- 8. The decibel (dB)
- 9. Lines of latitude and longitude
- 10. The electro-magnetic wave
- 11. The analogue waveform
- 12. The digital signal
- 13. What is modulation?
- 14. Amplitude modulation
- 15. Frequency modulation
- 16. Quadrature phase shift” keyed modulation
- 17. Bandwidth
- 18. Atmospheric noise
- 19. Electronic noise
- 20. Rain fade
- 21. Sun outages
- 22. The satellite frequency groups
- 23. C-band & Ku-band comparisons
- 24. Satellite transmission power
- 25. Free space and atmospheric transmission losses
- Polarisation – H and V
- 26. Polarisation
- 27. What is a reflector?
- 28. Reflector size
- 29. Factors a!ecting gain
- 30. Beam width
- 31. Carrier to noise ratio
- 32. Symbol rate
- 33. Forward error correction - “FEC”
- 34. Bit error rate – “BER”
- 35. Compression
- 36. The LNB
- 37. The feed horn
- 38. LNB –principles of operation
- 39. Workings of the down convertor
- 40. Types of LNBs
- 41. Elevation and azimuth
- 42. The skew
- 43. Decryption
- 44. The coaxial cable
- 45. Coaxial cable impedance
- 46. Coaxial cable D.C. resistance
- 47. Coaxial cable signal loss
- 48. Underground coaxial installation
2 | Installer training manual
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6 - 7
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9 - 26
Page 9
Page 10
Page 10
Page 10 - 12
Page 11
Page 12
Page 12
Page 12 - 13
Page 14
Page 14 - 15
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Page 20
Page 21
Page 22 - 23
Page 23 - 24
Page 24
Page 25
Contents
Part 2: Practical Installation
- 1. Dealing with the client
- 2. Basic test equipment
- 3. Basic tool set
- 4. Reception equipment
- 5. Selecting the installation position
- 6. Setting polarisation offset (“LNB Skew”)
- 9. Installing the mounting bracket
- 10. Installing the mounting bracket
- 11. Aligning the satellite antenna
- 12. Setting the skew
- 13. The cable installation
- 14. Cable installation
- 15. Cable installation – outside wall
- 16. Cable installation – outside wall
- 17. Cable installation – inside wall
- 18. The f connectors
- 19. The f connector
- 20. Earthing
- 21. Installing the decoder
- 22. Signal scan
Page 26
Page 27
Page 28
Page 29
Page 30
Page 31
Page 32
Page 33
This informational booklet has been published as part of the SES Elevate programme in association with specific
broadcast partners. All information held within is the property of SES. Any duplication or use of the information
inside, without prior permission, is strictly prohibited and offenders will be prosecuted.
Installer training manual | 3
Part 1.
Theory
Power at
satellite =
Satellite transmits = 100
0.0000000001
Transmission path loss
Transmission loss
Atmospheric loss
initial power = 1.000
Power to receiving
earth station = 0.00000000001
Other losses:
• RF ineffiencies
• Noise from other RF sources:
- The sun
- The earth
• Power dissipation
• Inefficient amplification
Figure 1. The Satellite Transmission Path
The Early Days of Satellite
Arthur. C. Clarke – 1945
36000 KM
Extra-terrestrial relays
• +/- 36,000 Km above earth appear
to be standing still
• In the 1960’s rockets became powerful
enough to send satellites into this orbit.
0
00
36
KM
360
Figure 2. Total Global Coverage
00 K
M
Different types of orbit
Three main types of orbit for satellite communications:
1. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GSO)
90% of the time, Geostation Earth Orbit satellites will be the object of your attention:
They are long way from earth (22,237 miles) but they appear stationary when seen from the earth’s
surface. A signal takes about a quarter of a second to do a round trip from the earth to the satallite and
then back to earth, so there is a noticeable voice delay
2. Non-Geostationary (NGSO)
3. Polar
GSO: Orbital slots:
The location of a satellite is called an orbital slot
The orbital slot is measured in degrees of longitude from the Greenwich Meridian
LEO
MEO
GSO
LEO - Low Earth orbit
MEO - Medium Earth Orbit
GSO - Geostation Earth Orbit
Types of satellite orbit
1. Low and medium earth orbit
2. Polar orbit
Figure 3. Low Earth orbit
•
•
•
•
Figure 4. Polar orbit
+/- 300 Km’s above the earth
Fast orbit
Need tracking
Telecomm use
•
•
•
•
3. High earth orbit
4. Inclined orbit
Figure 6. High Earth orbit
•
•
•
Orbits across north and south pole
Fast orbit
Needs tracking
Telecomms use
Figure 5. Inclined orbit
Further than 40,000 km
Slow orbit
Space exploration
•
•
•
Mostly used by russians to get signals to
and from polar regions i.e. Siberia
Fast orbit
Require tracking
5. Geo-stationary orbit
Figure 7. Geo-stationary orbit
•
•
•
•
•
•
36,000 km from the earth
Above equator
Appears stationary
Orbits around earth at 15o per hour
Does not require tracking
Used mostly for DTH and VSAT
Types of satellite orbit
Astra 2F footprints & parameters
SES-5 Sub-Saharan Africa Ku-band beam
Key data
Orbital location
28.2°E
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Satellitle manufacturer
EADS Astrium
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Design life
15 Years
SES-5 footprints & parameters
SES-5 Sub-Saharan Africa Ku-band beam
Key data
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
out of 6 FSS (36 MHz)
24 BSS (33 MHz)
Design life
15+ years
Satellite manufacturer
Space Systems Loral
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear (Europe
uplink)
The Satellite transmission chain
Satellite transponder
qu
3
U 60
pl 00
in K
k m
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
m fre
K
0 nk
00 nli
36 ow
D
cy
en
Figure 8.The satellite transmission chain
Uplink
• Uplink
Transmits the programmes to the satellite
• Satellite
Converts the uplink frequencies to lower
frquencies amd amplifies them before
transmitting back to earth
• TVRO
Receives the signals, converts
to a lower frequency
• Receiver
De-modulates signal and decrypts for viewing
on TV set
The domestic receive only television site
• Uplink
Concentrates Ku-band signals
• LNB
Amplifies and down converts signals
• Satellite Receiver
De-modulates and descrypts signals
• TV/Monitor
Displays the programmes
Signal
Reflector
LNB
TV
Sat receiver
Figure 9.TVRO (Down link site)
Theoretical fundamentals
Figure 10a. Volt vs millivolt
Figure 10b. Millivolt vs microvolt
1. The volt
2. The amp & the watt
• Electrical force or pressure
• Received satallite signals are small
• Use the millivolt
(One thousand of a volt)
• Use the microvolt
(one millionth of a volt)
The amp can be regarded as the “volume” of
electricity in a wire or circuit
The watt is the amount of power generated when
the volts and amps are multiplied together
Watts is used for the power transmitted by the
satellite, but not for the signals received as these
are too small
The footprint is rated in watts, but this relates to
the power transmitted from the satellite
Figure 11. The AC Waveform
3. Alternating current the sine wave
• The value varies between a positive and equal
negative value over time
• This is the type of waveform transmitted to and
from the satellite
Figure 12. The DC Waveform
4. Direct current
• The one port of the supply always stays positive
and the other always stays negative
• Used for power and switching to the LNB
• Think of D.C as the way a car battery works
Figure 13a. Frequency of 1HZ (one cycle per second)
Figure 13b. Frequency of SHZ (five cycle per second)
5. Frequency
• Number of cycle per second is known
as the frequency
6. Frequency terminolgy
• 1 Hertz = 1 cycle per second
• 1 000 Hertz = 1 kilohertz = 1000 cycles per second
• 1,000,000 Hertz = megahertz = 1 000 000 cycles per second
• 1,000,000,000 Hertz = 1 gigahertz = 1 000 000 000 cycles per second
Figure 14. Frequency Spectrum
7. The frequency spectrum
• All these frequencies are sine waves
• It is only the number of oscillations pers second
that are differrent
VLF
L
LF
S
MF
C
HF
VHF
UHF
X KU K Ka
V
SHF
G
ra am
ys m
a
U
vi ltra
ol
et
The electromagnetic spectrum
EHF
W
Satellite bands
• L-band: excusively reserved for mobile satellite
service (MSS). Currently inmarsatand Globalstar,
ICO and others to follow
• C-band: fixed satellite service (FSS) and television
broadcast (BSS). Mainly used in areas of high
rainfall, Asia, Africa and Latin America, due to its
tolerance to “rain fade”. Often used in beams with
widely dispersed power, e.g. Global beams
• Ku-band: FSS and BSS primarily used in North
America and Europe, not least because it aviods
terrestrail C-band Interfarence. Often configured
as high powered spot beams
• Ka-band: The path for broadband services
vai satellite. Very susceptible to atmospheric
attenuation. Commercial use is small today, but
many future projects plan Ka-band systems
Satellite band usage
Bands
Frequencies
Spectrum available
Typical applications
L
1.5-1.6 GHz
50 MHz
Mobile satellite communications
S
2.5 GHz
70 MHz
Mobile satellite communications
C
4-6 GHz
500 MHz
Trunk telephony / data / DTH
X
7-8 GHz
30 MHz
Military / Feeder links
Ku
10-14 GHz
2 GHz
DTH / data
Ka
20-30 GHz
2 GHz
Broadband applications
Q/V
37.5-40.5 GHz
3 GHz
W
71-74 GHz
3 GHz
8. The decibel (dB)
• 54 dBuV= ¼ millivolt
• 60 dBuV= 1 millivolt • 66 dBuV= 4 millivolt
• 57 dBuV= ½ millivolt
• 63 dBuV= 2 millivolt
Remember this is how it reads on your field strength meter!
Figure 15. Latitude and longitude
Figure 15. Electro magnetic wave
9. Lines of latitude &
longitude
10. The electromagnetic
wave
• The lines of latitude run parallel to the equator
• The lines of longitude run from the North to the South
poles and converge at the poles
• These lines decide the elevation, azimuth and skew of
every satellite installation
• All sine waves have a magnetic and electric part at
right angles to each other
• The electrical part determines the polarazation
Figure 16. Analogue signal
11. The analogue
wave form
• The voltage level of this wave form varies with time
• This is the type wave form that is transmitted to and
from the satellite
Figure 17. Digital signal
12. The digital signal
• Only has two values “1” or “0”
• “1” Can be any value
• This is the form used for the television signal that is
modulated onto the satellite frequency
13. What is modulation?
This is the term used whereby the shape of the carrier is
changed by another waveform 1, 000, 000, 000 hertz = 1
gigahertz = 1 000 000 000 cycles per second.
In the instance of satellite television this means the
change of shape of the carrier (or signal) that is used to
transmit the programmes to the satellite by the signal
that contains the picture information
Figure 18. The amplitude modulated signal
Figure 19. The frequency modulated signal
14. Amplitude modulation
15. Frequency modulation
• Only has two values “1” or “0”
• “1” Can be any value
• This is the form used for the television signal that
is modulated onto the satellite frequency
• The modulation signals changes the value of the
frequency and the amplitude
• Immune to noise
• Used in the earlier analogue satellite transmission
frequency
Figure 20. QPSK
16. Quadrature phase shift keyed modulation
• Phase shift used instead of frequency shift
• Each phase shift gives two symbols
• Reduce band width for digital television
Figure 21a. Frequency with no modulation
Figure 21b. Frequency with 1 MHZ modulation
17. Bandwidth
• The carrier without modulation is only a sharp spike
• When modulation is added the signal spreads on either side of the centre frequency
• The more information required the wider the bandwidth gets
• Bandwidth is the limiting technical restaints in satellite transmission
Figure 22. Noise and signal
18. Atmospheric noise
• This noise is created by small molecules rubbing
together on the atmosphere
• Cannot be seen or heared
• Ground noise comes from the ground
• The hotter and drier it is, more ground noise
available
NB! The satellite signal has to travel through this noise!
19. Electronic noise
• Every electronic circuit generates noise
• The higher the gain the more noise is generated
• The noise is also caused by molecules movement
• The noise figure (N.F) On the side of the LNB shows the amount of noise the LNB generates
• The lower this figure the better it is
Figure 23. Sun outage
Figure 24. Fading solaire
Figure 23. Affaiblissement dû à la pluie
20. Rain fade
21. Sun outages
• The rain drops are much larger than the wavel length
of the Ku-band signals
• Some of the signal is also absorbed in the rain
drops and the energy is lost in heat as it warms the
rain drops
• Some of the signal is reflected
• The sun is the biggest generator of noise
• In March and September the sun is directly behind the
satellite
• The noise level is much higher than the signal level
Figure 24
22. The satellite frequency groups
• L-band
• C-band down link
• C-band up link
• Ku-band down link
• Ku-band up link
The L-band frequency is a much lower frequency so that
the signal can be transmitted down the coax cable
If the signals at C-band and Ku-band were transmitted
down the coax cable the signal losses would be too high
23. C-band & Ku-band comparison
C-band
• Minimal rain fade
• Reflectors are much larger
• Prone to Terrestrail interference
• Lower frequency
Ku-band
• Suffers from rain fade
• smaller reflectors required
• No terrestrail interference
• High frequency
24. Satellite transmission power
•L
ow power transonders
2,5 Watts per channel
•M
edium power transponders
55 Watts per channel
•H
igh power transponders
>110 Watts per channel
•T
his power is not enough and is increased
by the antenna gain (effective isotropic
radiated power)
•T
ypical E.I.R.P. used across African can be
44 dBW (25120 Watts)
25. Free space & atmospheric transmission losses
• E.I.R.P. from satellite 25120 Watts = 44 dBW
• Transmission loss through space 200 dB
• Signal received on earth -157 dBW = 0,0003 pw
• one pico watt is one millionth of a watt!
So we are receiving close to nothing!
Polarisation - H & V
Geostationery arc
RI
ZI
N
TA
L
LI
N
EA
R
PO
LA
RI
ZA
TI
O
N
VE
RT
IC
AL
LI
N
EA
R
PO
AR
IZ
AT
I
O
N
Linear
Polarisation
Satellites
H
O
Earth
Figure 23. Polarisation H & V
Figure 25. Vertical and horizontal signals
Figure 26. The difference between off-set and prime focus
26. Polarisation
27. What is a reflector?
• Satellite transmission can re-use the same frequencies
but on two different polarities
• The polarity refers to the electricity part of the signal
• Polarity can be vertical, horizontal, right hand circular
or left hand circular
Prime focus
• Usually used for C-band
• Signal blockage not that important due to reflector size
Off-set
• Usually used on Ku-band
• No signal blockage
Figure 27. Wave concentration at LNB
28. Reflector size
29. Factors affecting gain
• The larger the reflector the more of the wave front
can be intercepted
• This means more gain focuses all the signal onto
the LNB
• The higher the frequency the higher the gain (A 2m
reflector will have a gain of 36 dB AT C-band and 45dB
at Ku-band)
• The accuracy of the reflector surface
• Over-illumination
• Under-illumination
Figure 28. Beam width
Figure 29. Carrier to noise
30. Beam width
31. Carrier-to-Noise ratio
• This is defined as the angle between the
half power points
• The larger the reflector the smaller the beam width
• The smaller the beam width, the harder to find the
signal, but the higher the signal level.
• This is the ratio used to express the level of the signal
to the level of the noise
• The better this level the better the reception
• When the ratio is low the receiver cannot discriminate
between the signal and the noise
In digital measurement another measurement known as signal-to-noise is used, but the carrier is still very
important as a good c/n creates a good s/n
32. Symbol Rate
• The symbol rate can be defined as the number
of digital “symbols” modulated onto a carrier in
one second
• With QPSK there are two digital “BITS” per symbol
• With 8PSK there are three digital “BITS” per symbol
• DVB-S2 allows QPSK as well as higher order
modulation schemes including 8PSK, 16-APSK
and 32-APSK
• In a 36 MHZ transponder the rate is usually 27,5 million
to 30 million symbols per second
• When the ratio is low the receiver cannot discriminate
between the signal and the noise
33. Forward error
correction – “FEC”
• These refer to the extra bits transmitted for correcting
errors in the signal received.
• There is a standard set of values expressed in a fraction
1/2 = One of every two bits used for error correction
2/3 = One of every three bits used for error correction
3/4 = One of every four bits used for error correction
5/6 = One of every six bits used for error correction
7.8 = One of every eight bits used for error correction
• The higher the carrier-to-noise ratio, the less error
correction are needed
34. Bit Rate Error - “BER”
• This read out shows the proportional rate of incorrect bits
that are received in the bit-stream
• Bit-error rates can be measured before error correction
(pre-corrected) or after (post-corrected).
Obviously the BER post-correction will be better
Examples:
3 X 10-2 = 3 incorrect bits per 100 bits
3 X 10-3 = 3 incorrect bits per 1,000 bits
3 X 10-4 = 3 incorrect bits per 10,000 bits
3 X 10-5 = 3 incorrect bits per 100,000bits
3 X 10-6 = 3 incorrect bits per 1,000,000 bits
3 X 10-7 = 3 incorrect bits per 10,000,000 bits
35. Compression
36. The LNB
• This is the term used in a digital transmission to reduce
the bandwidth requirements
• This is achieved by only transmitting the required
information as per scene or the movement within
a scene
• Acronym for “Low Noise Block Down Converter”
• Situated in front of the reflector at the focal point
• Does not tune to single frequency but receives a
group of frequencies
• Amplifies this group of frequencies to a
high level without introducing excessive noise
• Converts this group of frequencies to a lower
frequency called L-band
Downconversion
Figure 30. Front of LNB Feed Horn
37. The feed horn
• It is the tube in front of the LNB also known
as the “waveguide”
• Contains the two probes (Antenna) for the
vertical and horizontal polarisation
• This is the only part of the installation that
can discriminate between horizontal and
vertical polarisation
Figure 31. LNB block diagram
38. LNB - Principles of
operation
• The switch selects between Vertical (13V) and
horizontal (18V) polarity
• The LNA “Low noise amplifier”, amplifies the low
Ku-band signal
• The down converter converts the Ku-band to L-band
39. Workings of the down
converter
40. Types of LNBs
When the 22KHz tone is selected the higher oscillator
(10600 MHz) is selected. When there is no 22KHz tone,
the lower oscillator (9750 MHz) is selected
This LNB has a single output that switches between high
band and low band, vertical and horizontal
The oscillator frequency is subtracted from the
incoming Ku-band frequency to provide an L-band
frequency.
I.E. 11130-9750 = 1370 MHz I 12562-10600 = 1962 MHz
This LNB has two outputs and each port switches
independently between horizontal, vertical, high band
and low band
The result falls within the L-band (950-2150 MHz)
If the wrong oscillator is selected the resultant
frequency falls outside the L-band
Single universal
Twin universal
Quad
This LNB has four ports that all switch independently
Quattro
This LNB has four dedicated ports
- high vert
- high hor
- low vert
- low hor
41. Elevation and Azimuth
• The azimuth is the angle clockwise to the right of north
• The elevation is the angle above the horizon.
Sonde
verticale
Figure 32. The Skew
42. The skew
• The skew aligns the two probes with the electrical part
of the received satellite signal
• This gives maximum discrimination between
horizontal and vertical signals
• Has to be done to provide the best BER and C/N
Figure 33. Le procédé d’encryptage
Installer training manua | 23
43. Decryption
Figure 33. Cable Cross Section
44. The coaxial cable
•
•
•
•
Centre conductor can be solid copper or copper clad
steel - “skin effect”
Dielectric is usually air blown P.E. foam
Shield is usually a combination of aluminium foil
and braid for cost saving
Outer sheath is usually PVC, but has to be P.E. for
underground use
Figure 33. Impedance
45. Coaxial cable
impedance
•
•
•
•
•
TV cable has an impedance of 75 ohm
This is written on the side of the cable
“D” and “d” play a big part in the calculation
Sharp bends and too small cable clips compress
the outer sheath and changes the impedance
Has to be done to provide the best BER and C/N
NB. Impedance changes causes mismatches, and mismatches
cause signal losses, reflections and all sorts of signal problems!
46. Coaxial cable D.C.
resistance
47. Coaxial cable signal
loss
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
This is measured with a multimeter
A good cable should have a reading between 15
and 20 ohm per 100m
Solid copper core has a lower D.C. resistance than
copper clad steel
When voltage is supplied to the LNB a high D.C.
Resistance causes a volt drop.
If the 18V (horizontal) is supplied to the LNB
the voltage at the LNB might be too low and the
LNB will stay in vertical mode. Result = no
reception on “h”
•
All coaxial cables have a signal loss
The higher the frequency the higher the signal loss
Use a cable with a loss of +/- 30 dB per 100m at
2150 MHz
Avoid 75 ohm video cable (stranded inner core) as
this does not work at all.
PVC
PE
48. Underground coaxial installation
•
•
•
Direct burial has armoured sheath
Other underground coax always in conduit
PVC absorbs moisture - causes signal loss
Part 2.
Practical Installation
Figure 34. Friendly and happy installer
1. Dealing with the client
2. Basic test equipment
You are not only representing yourself
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pleasant telephone manners
Always return calls A.S.A.P.
Don’t argue with the subscriber
Arrive on time
Dress neatly
Speak to the subscriber courteously
Don’t lie
•
•
•
•
Field strength meter
(Minimum requirements signal)
Level indication, carrier-to-noise, pre- and post bit
error correction and spectrum analyser)
Multimeter (for voltage and continuity checks)
Compass (to indicate azimuth)
Inclinometer (to indicate elevation)
Remember:1st impressions count!
3. Basic tool set
•
•
•
•
•
Hammer/Electric drill with
masonry and steel
Side cutter
Glue gun
Amalgamating tape
Fish tape
•
•
•
•
Set of ring and flat
spanners
Knife
Spirit level short and long
ladder
Adjustable spanner
•
•
•
•
•
Set of star and flat screw driver
Long nose pliers
Plumb line
Hammer
Extension lead
4. Reception equipment
•
•
Use the correct size reflector for your country
as specified
A small reflector will provide a usable signal but will
not be reliable and cause premature loss of signal
5. Selecting the installation
position
• Find the azimuth, elevation and skew from the
city table
• Try and find a place at the back or side of the building
to install the dish
• Do not install the dish at the front close to front door
• Avoid a line of sight to the satellite that has a tree or
other obstacles in the way
• If there is no other installation area first discuss this
with the client
Figure 35a. Wrong! Signal Blocked
6. Setting polarisation
offset (“LNB skew”)
position
• Check the city tables for the polarisation offset
(“LNB Skew”)
• Don’t forget to do final skew adjustment for the best
“BER when antenna has been aligned!
• Ensure that there is no obstructions in the signal path
• Remember that the received signals are weak and will
not provide good results when there are obstructions!
position
9. Installing the mounting
bracket
• Clear path with no obstruction
• Spirit level
• 4x Wall plugs and bolts
• Hammer
• Correct size masonry drill bit
• Hammer drill
• It is important that this bracket be installed
vertically as it looks neat and allows for correct
antenna alignment!
10. Installing the mounting bracket
• Drill one hole and fit the bracket to the wall
• Place the spirit level on the side of the bracket, move until vertical and mark the other three holes
• Drill the three remaining holes and fit the bolts
• Tighten the bracket securely
• The Bracket must be tight as any movement will cause signal loss, especially in windy conditions!
11. Aligning the satellite antenna
Step one
• Assemble the antenna according to the
manufacturers instructions
Step seven
Step two
• Select the spectrum facility or signal level reading on
the field strength meter
• Ensure that the elevation adjustment is set on the side
of the antenna
• Use a compass to obtain the approximate azimuth
• Move antenna slowly left and right until a peak signal
is found
• If not, adjust elevation up or down and repeat process
Step three
Step eight
• Refer to attached elevation appendix and set the
elevation mark on the side of the antenna to the
approximate elevation setting
• Do not over tighten the bolts, but allow for
some movement
• Set the skew on the LNB to the value for your city per
the city tables
Step four
• Mount the antenna on the mounting bracket and
tighten the mounting bolts, but not too tight as the
antenna still needs to be moved on the pole
Step five
• Connect your field strength meter and cable to the LNB
Step six
• Set your field strength meter to the parameters found
in the installation spec
• When a peak is found move the antenna slowly up and
down and left and right until you are satisfied that the
antenna is peaked
• Tighten all the bolts on the antenna
Step nine
• Now use the field strength meter to read the C/N, the
pre- and post BER and the signal level. Write this down
for future reference
Step ten
• In areas of high elevation pour a cup of water into
the reflector
• If some of the water remains than drill a 5mm hole in
the antenna
• Paint this hole with rust proofing afterwards
Satellite parameters:
Astra 2F parameters
SES-5 parameters
Key data
Key data
Orbital location
28.2°E
EADS Astrium
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Design life
15 Years
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Design life
15+ years
Space Systems Loral
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
(Europe uplink)
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
24 BSS (33 MHz)
12. Setting the skew
This is the only way of choosing between vertical and horizontal!
• Use the spectrum facility on the field strength meter, choose 13V for vertical and rotate LNB until spectrum
is at its lowest
• Or use the BER reading on the meter and rotate LNB until the pre-BER is at its best
• Or look at the signal quality reading on the decoder
• Rotate the LNB for the best reading
This is very important!
13. The cable installation
• Use a long masonry drill that can go straight through the wal
• Use a vacuum cleaner or tape a bag under the hole that is being drilled
• Make sure there are no water pipes or electrical conduits in the wall
• Do not press too hard on the drill
• Fill the hole around the cable with filler once the cable is installed
• Only use a good quality 75 ohm 7mm cable. A good cable has a signal loss of +/- 30dB per 100m at 2GHz
Figure 38a. The plumb line
15. Cable installation
• Place bag or vacuum cleaner under the hole
outside wall
• Use a plumb bob for installing the cable vertically
on the outside wall
Figure 38b. Using a spirit level for horizontal cable
• Use a spirit level to draw horizontal lines on the
wall for the cable installation
Figure 39a. Coax cutting measurements
inside wall
• Do not install the cable in the middle of the wall
• Install the cable on the skirting board or in the corners
of the room
• Use a hot glue gun instead of cable clips wherever
possible
• Do not bend the cable sharply as this causes
mismatches!
• Only use the correctly sized cable clips as small cable
clips compress the cable and cause mismatches!
Figure 39b. Coax cutting measurements
18. The F connectors
• These are the approximate cutting dimensions
• Twist the braid to one side as modern cables have a small
amount of braid and this provides some strength
• Cut the cable with a knife or a special cutting tool
Figure 39c. F connector centre core
Figure 40. Earthing
19. The F Connector
20. Earthing
• Fit only the right sized connector
• Compression or crimp type connectors may be used
but require the correct tools
• The centre core only needs to protrude by 1mm
• Must be done in accordance with the local laws
and regulations
• Diagram shows a simple methode
• Earthing must ALWAYS be done
21. Installing the decoder
• Connect satellite cable to the LNB on the back of decoder
• Connect the AV leads and RF cable from the decoder to the TV set
• Insert batteries into remote control
• Ensure that the smartcard is in the correct slot
• Switch on decoder and TV set
• Select the installation “menu” on the decoder remote and configure the necessary parameters for signal reception
22. Signal scan
Satellite parameters:
Astra 2F parameters
SES-5 parameters
Key data
Key data
Orbital location
28.2°E
EADS Astrium
Coverage
West Africa, Europe
Launch date
28 September 2012
Polarisation
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
Launch vehicle
Ariane 5 ECA
Total transponders
Ku-Band: Europe: 48
Africa:12
Ka-Band: 3
Launch date
10 July 2012
Launch vehicle
Proton Breeze M
Design life
15+ years
Space Systems Loral
Design life
15 Years
Polarisation
C-band: Circular
Ku-band: Linear
Ka-band: Linear
(Europe uplink)
Transponders
C-band: up to 22
(36 MHz equivalent)
Ku-band: up to 24
24 BSS (33 MHz)
• Perform signal scan via the menu
• When completed, note the signal strength and signal quality values and mark them on the installation form.
• Make sure that these values are higher than the mimimum “pass/fail” specifications. If not, you need to re-optimise
the antenna adjustments (azimuth, elevation, and skew, until the decoder passes the required signal quality level
Before doing anything else, perform a “forced download” to ensure that the
decoder has the latest software parameters for signal reception
Finishing off
• Make sure the client has completed and signed the subscriber agreement form
• Complete the “post-installation-sign-off” form with the signal and quality levels and make sure the subscriber
signs this form
• Clean up your mess!
SES satellite fleet
May 2013
SES Johannesburg
The Pivot
Block E 2nd floor
Montecasino Blvd
Fourways
Johannesburg
South Africa
Email: [email protected]
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
SES Accra
SES Satellite Ghana Ltd.
1st Ringway, No. 4
Ringway Estate
Osu
Accra
Ghana
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
SES Addis Ababa
7th Floor
Medhaneyalem Building
Bole Subcity
Wereda 03/04
Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
Contact number: +27 (0) 11 081 8200
For more information about SES, visit
www.ses.com/africa or send an
email to [email protected]
Printed in August 2014.
This manual is for informational
purposes only, and does not
constitute an offer from SES.
SES reserves the right to change the
information at any time, and
assumes no responsibility for any
errors, omissions or changes. All
brands and product names used
may be registered trademarks and
are hereby acknowledged.

Installer training manual

Transcription

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